War and peace genre history of creation presentation. The history of the creation of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace. Reflects a deep philosophical meaning; it is ambiguous

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THE CONCEPT OF THE NOVEL

• 1856 – “... I began to write a story with a well-known direction and a hero who should be a Decembrist returning with his family to Russia”
• 1825 - “Involuntarily I moved from the present to 1825, the era of my hero’s errors and misfortunes”
• 1812 - “To understand him, I needed to be transported to his youth, and his youth coincided with the glorious era of 1812 for Russia”
• 1805-1807 - “I was ashamed to write about our triumph in the fight against Bonaparte’s France, without describing our failures and our shame.”
• “So, returning from 1856 to 1805, I intend to take not one, but many of my heroines and heroes through the historical events of 1805, 1807, 1825 and 1856.”

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• modernity through the eyes of the Decembrist
• the era of delusions and misfortunes of the hero - the Decembrist
• era of popular celebration
• era of failures and defeats
• from the story of a hero to the fate of a people

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TITLE OPTIONS

• "Three Pores"
• "1805"
• "All's well that ends well"

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• WORLD

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MiРЪ - universe; one of the lands of the universe; our land, globe, light; all people, the whole world, the human race; community, society of peasants; gathering.

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• MiРЪ – the universe, the whole world, all people; peasant community
• PEACE – absence of war, harmony, silence, peace opposition between war and peace (antithesis) war invades the life of the world participation in war peasant world

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Artistic Features novel

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ABOUT THE GENRE

The work has the original genre form of a novel - an epic. This is a story about the fate of the Russian people during the era of the Napoleonic wars.

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NOVEL - EPIC

EPIC - the largest genre form an epic that depicts a large period of historical time or a significant, fateful event in the life of a nation.

The epic is characterized by:

• wide geographical coverage
• a reflection of the life and everyday life of all layers of society
• nationality of content

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Pictures of history:

• Battle of Shengraben, Battle of Austerlitz, Peace of Tilsit, War of 1812, fire of Moscow, partisan movement

Social and political life:

• Freemasonry, the activities of Speransky, the first organizations of the Decembrists

Huge spaces:

• St. Petersburg, Moscow, Bald Mountains and Otradnoe estates, Austria, Smolensk, Borodino

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“In the novel, family and historical scenes are fundamentally commensurate and equal in significance”

S. Bocharov

Depicting the life of all walks of life:

• Nobility, officials, army, peasants

Wide panorama of everyday scenes:

• Balls, receptions, dinners, hunting, visits to the theater, etc.

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CHRONOLOGY OF THE NOVEL

• Volume I 1805
• Volume II 1806-1811
• Volume III 1812
• Volume IV 1812-1813
• Epilogue 1820

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"Every historical fact it is necessary to explain humanly" L. N. Tolstoy
For the historian... there are heroes; for an artist... there must be people.
The historian deals with the results of an event, the artist deals with the very fact of the event. But the artist... must be guided, like the historian, by historical materials.
“The subject of history is the life of peoples and humanity...
The movement of peoples is not produced by power, not by mental activity, not even by a combination of both, as historians thought, but by the activity of all people taking part in the event...”

Epic novel "War and Peace"

All the passions, all the moments human life... all the sorrows and joys available to man - everything is in this picture!

Critic N. Strakhov

• The history of the creation of the novel.
• Historical background and problems.
• The meaning of the novel's title, characters and composition.
• The beginning of the novel. Meet the main characters.

The history of the novel

"War and Peace"

1863 - 1869

Years of work on the novel

Meeting with Pushchin and Volkonsky; story "Decembrists"

1857

Uprising on Senate Square, “the era of delusions and misfortunes... of a hero”

1825

Patriotic War, “a glorious era for Russia”; novel "Three Pores"

1812

War with Napoleon in alliance with Austria; first chapters - "1805"

1805

Historical basis of the novel

Three stages of Russia's struggle with Bonapartist France

1805 – war in Austria

I volume

1812 – 1813 – Patriotic War

III - IV volumes

1806 – 1811 - war in Prussia II volume

1820 - the time of the creation of secret societies

Epilogue

• Causes of military failures of 1805 – 1806
• The role of individuals in history.
• The role of the Russian people in the war with Napoleon.
• The role of the nobility in the state.
• The identity of a true citizen of Russia.
• Peasant question.
• Women's question.

The meaning of the novel's title, characters and composition

• In the novel over 550 actors.

Not only bloody battles that bring death, but also the separation of people, their enmity, misunderstanding, selfish calculation.

Not only a peaceful life without war, but also that community, that unity that people should strive for.

• “War” and “peace” - which determines the grouping of images in the novel.

• "War"

• "World"

antithesis

Distribute heroes into groups

"People of the World"

"People of War"

Andrey Bolkonsky

Vasily Kuragin

Pierre Bezukhov

Old Prince Bolkonsky

Anatol Kuragin

Alexander I

Napoleon

Natasha Rostova

Princess Marya

A.P.Scherer

"War and Peace" is one of the few in the world XIX literature V. books to which the title is rightfully attached epic novel . Events of large historical scale. Life is public (not private) forms the basis of its content; it is revealed historical process , achieved extraordinary wide coverage of Russian life in all its layers and as a result of this it is so large number of characters , in particular characters from the folk environment; it shows Russian folk life » (L.D.Opulskaya.)

True - false (vol. 1, part 1 – 3)

• We meet Pierre and Andrey in the A.P. Scherer salon. YES
• Pierre is the illegitimate son of a count. YES
• Natasha Rostova danced with Prince Andrei at her birthday. NO
• Pierre proposed to Helene to marry him. NO
• Princess Marya accepted Anatoly Kuragin's proposal. NO
• Volume I describes two major battles - Austerlitz and Schöngraben. YES
• N. Rostov was wounded in the Battle of Austerlitz NO
• Prince Andrei was wounded in the Battle of Austerlitz. YES

Heroes of the novel (vol. 1, part 1., chapter 1 – 5)

• The naturalness of the first acquaintance with the hero through his appearance, as happens in life.
• The deep psychological content of the portrait, the expression through it of changes in feelings and moods.
• Allocation in appearance hero 1 – 2 permanent signs that emphasize the character’s character.

A smile is the mirror of the soul

Heroes

Metaphors of smiles

Prince Vasily

Prince Hippolyte

Helen Kuragina

Princess Lisa

Princess Drubetskaya

Prince Andrey

Pierre Bezukhov

mask

coquette weapon

grimace

screen

anti-smile

squirrel with mustache

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Slide captions:

“To live honestly, you have to struggle, get confused, make mistakes, start and give up, and start again and give up again, and always struggle and lose, but peace is spiritual meanness» L.N. Tolstoy

Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”: history of creation, originality

“All passions, all moments of human life, from the cry of a newborn child to the last flash of feeling of a dying old man, all the sorrows and joys available to man - everything is in this picture!” N. Strakhov

Lesson plan: The history of the creation of the novel “War and Peace” The historical basis of the work Problems of the novel “War and Peace” The meaning of the title of the work The genre of the work

“Every day of labor you leave a piece of yourself in the inkwell” “War and Peace” ↓ 1863 – 1869

1857 meeting with the Decembrists Pushchin and Volkonsky 1825 uprising on Senate Square 1812 Patriotic War of 1805 - 1806 The war of Russia in alliance with Austria “I tried to write the history of the people”

A huge amount of material has accumulated about historical events 1805-1856 and the concept of the novel changed. The events of 1812 were at the center and the Russian people became the hero of the novel. 1857 After a meeting with the Decembrists L.N. Tolstoy conceived a novel about one of them. The story “Decembrists” 1825 “Involuntarily from the present I moved to 1825, the era of errors and misfortunes of my hero” 1812 “To understand my hero, I need to be transported to his youth” 1805 “I was ashamed to write about our triumph without describing the failures of our shame"

Variants of the title of the novel “Three Times” “1805” “All’s well that ends well” “War and Peace”

2. The historical basis of the novel Volume 1 - 1805 Volume II - 1806-1811 Volume III - 1812 The climax of the novel - Battle of Borodino Volume IV - 1812-1813 Epilogue - 1820 15 years

3. Problems of the novel Causes of military failures of 1805 – 1806

The role of individuals in military events and in history (Kutuzov, Napoleon)

The problem of true and false patriotism

Searching for the meaning of life (Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre Bezukhov)

4. The meaning of the title of the novel: war, peace, bloody battles, battles, misunderstanding, enmity, separation of people, the life of a people without war is “community, that unity to which people should strive”

5. The genre of the work “War and Peace” is one of the few books in world literature of the 19th century to which the name novel - epic is rightfully attached. Events of a large historical scale, general life (and not private) form the basis of its content; it reveals the historical process, achieves an unusually wide coverage of Russian life in all its layers, and as a result of this, the number of characters, in particular characters from the people’s environment, is so large; it shows Russian national life.” L.D. Opulskaya novel - epic

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Summary of the integrated lesson "The history of the creation of songs about the Great Patriotic War by poets and composers of the Tver region."

The lesson was held as part of the work of the Russian Music Teachers' Association on February 24, 1011. The purpose of the lesson: to develop students' interest in studying the historical past of the Tver region. An integrated lesson in music and local history...

"War and Peace": the history of the creation of the epic novel

The presentation tells the history of creation and features of Leo Tolstoy's epic novel "War and Peace"...

Problems of the epic novel Causes of military failures; The role of personality in military events and history; Reasons and role guerrilla warfare in the Patriotic War of 1812; The role of the Russian people in the Patriotic War of 1812; The role of the nobility in the state; The role of women in society; A person’s spiritual quest, the purpose and meaning of his life, etc.

The history of the creation of the novel “War and Peace” The novel “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy devoted seven years of intense and persistent work. September 5, 1863 A.E. Bers, father of Sofia Andreevna, wife of L.N. Tolstoy, sent from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana a letter with the following remark: “Yesterday we talked a lot about 1812 on the occasion of your intention to write a novel relating to this era.” It is this letter that researchers consider “the first accurate evidence” dating the beginning of L.N.’s work. Tolstoy's "War and Peace". In October of the same year, Tolstoy wrote to his relative: “I have never felt my mental and even all my moral powers so free and so capable of work. And I have this job. This work is a novel from the time of 1810 and 20s, which has been occupying me completely since the fall... I am now a writer with all the strength of my soul, and I write and think about it as I have never written or thought about it before.”

Initially, Tolstoy conceived a novel about a Decembrist who returned after a 30-year exile in Siberia. The novel began in 1856, shortly before the abolition of serfdom. But then the writer revised his plan and moved on to 1825 - the era of the Decembrist uprising. But soon the writer abandoned this beginning and decided to show the youth of his hero, which coincided with the formidable and glorious times of the Patriotic War of 1812. But Tolstoy did not stop there either, and since the war of 1812 was inextricably linked with 1805, he began his entire work from that time. Having moved the beginning of the action of his novel half a century into the depths of history, Tolstoy decided to take not one, but many heroes through the most important events for Russia.

Tolstoy called his plan to capture the half-century history of the country in artistic form “Three Times.” The first time is the beginning of the century, its first decade and a half, the time of the youth of the first Decembrists who went through the Patriotic War of 1812. The second time is the 20s with their main event - the uprising of December 14, 1825. The third time is the 50s, the unsuccessful end of the Crimean War for the Russian army, the sudden death of Nicholas I, the amnesty of the Decembrists, their return from exile and the time of waiting for changes in the life of Russia. However, in the process of working on the work, the writer narrowed the scope of his initial plan and focused on the first period, touching only on the beginning of the second period in the epilogue of the novel. But even in this form, the concept of the work remained global in scope and required the writer to exert all his strength.

At the beginning of his work, Tolstoy realized that the usual framework of the novel and historical story would not be able to accommodate all the richness of the content he had planned, and began to persistently look for a new one. art form, he wanted to create literary work completely unusual type. And he succeeded. "War and Peace", according to L.N. Tolstoy is not a novel, not a poem, not a historical chronicle, it is an epic novel, new genre prose, which after Tolstoy became widespread in Russian and world literature.

During the first year of work, Tolstoy worked hard on the beginning of the novel. According to the author himself, many times he started and gave up writing his book, losing and gaining hope of expressing in it everything that he wanted to express. Fifteen versions of the beginning of the novel have been preserved in the writer’s archive. The concept of the work was based on Tolstoy’s deep interest in history, philosophical and socio-political questions. The work was created in an atmosphere of boiling passions around the main issue of that era - about the role of the people in the history of the country, about their destinies. While working on the novel, Tolstoy sought to find the answer to these questions.

In order to truthfully describe the events of the Patriotic War of 1812, the writer studied huge amount materials: books, historical documents, memoirs, letters. “When I write history,” Tolstoy pointed out in the article “A few words about the book War and Peace, “I like to be faithful to reality down to the smallest detail.” While working on the work, he collected a whole library of books about the events of 1812. In the books of Russian and foreign historians, he found neither a truthful description of events nor a fair assessment of historical figures. Some of them uncontrollably praised Alexander I, considering him the conqueror of Napoleon, others exalted Napoleon, considering him invincible.

Having rejected all the works of historians who depicted the war of 1812 as a war of two emperors, Tolstoy set himself the goal of truthfully covering the events great era and showed the liberation war waged by the Russian people against foreign invaders. From the books of Russian and foreign historians, Tolstoy borrowed only genuine historical documents: orders, instructions, dispositions, battle plans, letters, etc. He included in the text of the novel letters from Alexander I and Napoleon, which the Russian and French emperors exchanged before the start of the war of 1812; the disposition of the Battle of Austerlitz, developed by General Weyrother, as well as the disposition of the Battle of Borodino, compiled by Napoleon. The chapters of the work also include letters from Kutuzov, which serve as confirmation of the characteristics given to the field marshal by the author.

When creating the novel, Tolstoy used the memoirs of his contemporaries and participants in the Patriotic War of 1812. Thus, from “Notes about 1812 by Sergei Glinka, the first warrior of the Moscow militia,” the writer borrowed materials for scenes depicting Moscow during the war; in “The Works of Denis Vasilyevich Davydov” Tolstoy found materials that served as the basis for the partisan scenes of “War and Peace”; In the Notes of Alexei Petrovich Ermolov, the writer found a lot of important information about the actions of Russian troops during their foreign campaigns of 1805–1806. Tolstoy also discovered a lot of valuable information in the notes of V.A. Perovsky about his time in captivity by the French, and in S. Zhikharev’s diary “Notes of a Contemporary from 1805 to 1819,” on the basis of which the novel describes Moscow life at that time.

While working on the work, Tolstoy also used materials from newspapers and magazines from the era of the Patriotic War of 1812. He spent a lot of time in the manuscript department of the Rumyantsev Museum and in the archives of the palace department, where he carefully studied unpublished documents (orders and instructions, dispatches and reports, Masonic manuscripts and letters from historical figures). Here he became acquainted with the letters of the maid of honor of the imperial palace M.A. Volkova to V.A. Lanskaya, letters from General F.P. Uvarov and other persons. In letters not intended for publication, the writer found precious details depicting the life and characters of his contemporaries in 1812.

Tolstoy stayed in Borodino for two days. Having traveled around the battlefield, he wrote to his wife: “I am very pleased, very pleased with my trip... If only God grants health and peace, and I will write a Battle of Borodino that has never happened before.” Between the manuscripts of War and Peace there is a piece of paper with notes made by Tolstoy while he was on the Borodino field. “The distance is visible for 25 miles,” he wrote, sketching the horizon line and noting where the villages of Borodino, Gorki, Psarevo, Semenovskoye, Tatarinovo are located. On this sheet he noted the movement of the sun during the battle. While working on the piece, these short notes Tolstoy developed unique pictures of the Borodino battle, full of movement, colors and sounds.

Throughout the seven years of intense work that writing “War and Peace” required, Tolstoy’s elation and creative fire did not leave him, and that is why the work has not lost its significance to this day. More than a century has passed since the first part of the novel appeared in print, and War and Peace is invariably read by people of all ages - from young men to old people.

During the years of work on epic novel Tolstoy stated that “the artist’s goal is not to undeniably resolve the issue, but to make one love life in its countless, never exhausted, manifestations.” Then he admitted: “If they told me that what I write would be read by today’s children in twenty years and would cry and laugh over it and love life, I would devote my whole life and all my strength to it.” Many such works were created by Tolstoy. “War and Peace,” dedicated to one of the bloodiest wars of the 19th century, but affirming the idea of ​​the triumph of life over death, occupies an honorable place among them.