A) Red corner
B) Blue corner
B) Dining corner
D) Front corner
What would you call this corner in the house? In the front corner of the hut there was a red corner. This is the spiritual center of the house. There was a dining table nearby. In the corner there were icons decorated with an embroidered towel.
Seating the guest in red corner, they said: "Meet
not with flattery, but with honor."
Sleeps in summer
In winter it burns
Mouth opens
What they give, he swallows.
What do you know about the Russian stove?
And how many fairy tales were told to children on the stove!
In which fairy tales is the stove mentioned?
What tool would we not be able to see near the stove?
A) Iron grip
B) Poker
B) Wooden shovel
D) Mop
In almost every hut one could find:
A) Loom
B) Printing press
B) Drilling machine
D) Lathe
A) Polavoshniki
B) Polati
Determine what was called...
The place under the beds was a kind of hallway and was called: A) the hostess’s corner
B) owner's angle
B) angle for punishment
D) corner for children
Chests were made large and small. Chests are a mandatory part of the hut. They stored clothes, canvases and other household utensils.
What did they keep in the chests?
The space from the stove to the front wall was intended for the kitchen - kut. The hostess was in charge here, everything was adapted for cooking. At the window, closer to the light, there was a spinning wheel, and next to it there was a cradle - an unsteady one.
A shaky cradle is a hanging cradle. A cot is an ideal place for a newborn to sleep; it is much smaller, more convenient and cozy than a crib, and it creates a feeling of safety and comfort. Silent and smooth rocking reminds the baby of sensations familiar before birth. This is how children fell asleep for many centuries in a row.
A) Cradle
B) Cradle
D) Crib
The most ancient device for lighting a hut is considered to be a “fireplace” - a small depression, a niche in the very corner of the stove. A burning splinter was placed in the fireplace; a well-dried splinter gave a bright and even light. A splinter was a thin sliver of birch, pine, aspen, oak, ash, and maple. A little later, lighting appeared with a torch inserted into the “Svetets”. And to catch the falling embers, they placed a trough of water under the light. On major holidays, expensive and rare candles were lit in the hut to provide full light.
A) Flashlight
B) Candle
B) Light bulb
D) Svetets
There are embroidered white towels on the walls; the floor is a table, the benches have been scraped; on the beds there are lace frills - valances; The frames of the icons are polished to a shine...
For good owners, everything in the hut was sparkling clean.
Review questions:
- Why do people decorate their homes?
- What can the decor of a peasant hut tell you about?
- Name the elements of the hut
- Which corner was the spiritual center of the house and what events could take place here?
- What role did the stove play in life? peasant family?
Long winter evenings they cut bowls and spoons, hollowed out ladles, weaved, embroidered, wove bast shoes, tues, and baskets.
Almost everything in the hut was done by hand.
Target: To form in students figurative ideas about organization, the wise structure of man internal space huts
Visual range: Drawings of the interior of a peasant home; reproductions; ICT presentation
Literary series: L. May “In a low light ...”, V. Belov - a statement about the Russian stove, children's books with illustrations of a Russian hut.
Preparing for the lesson. Set up for the lesson.
Update background knowledge
By what principles was it decorated? appearance peasant hut.
Why did people decorate their homes?
Formation of new knowledge
(On the screen there is an image of a hut, frame No. 5) Russian hut... We have already met with it more than once in our lessons, and we return to this image again. Man, feeling unprotected from cosmic forces and elements, sought to create his own world, his own home - kind and cozy. We are already familiar with the pattern of the decorative elements of the hut, its design: the pediment of the hut is the forehead, the front part is the face, the windows are the eyes. The log hut is a model of the world - a combination of three cosmic elements - sky, earth and the underworld.
Verb, purse and timber
The house was built with a carved porch
With deliberate manly taste
And each with their own face.
V. Fedotov
But let's, guys, mentally enter a peasant's home ( an image of the interior of the hut appears on the screen, frame No. 6)
In a low room with a casement window
The lamp glows in the twilight of the night:
The weak light will completely freeze,
It will shower the walls with trembling light.
The new light is neatly tidied up:
The window curtain turns white in the darkness;
The floor is planed smooth; the ceiling is level;
The stove collapsed into a corner.
On the walls there are installations with grandfather’s goods,
A narrow bench covered with a carpet,
Painted hoop with an extendable chair
And the bed is carved with a colored canopy.
Here there is the same order that is observed in nature, everything is like in nature - harmonious and perfect.
The ceiling is the sky, the floor is the earth, the underground is the underworld, the windows are light.
(Frame No. 7) Ceiling associated in popular ideas with the sky; The matitsa (the middle beam supporting the wooden ceiling) personified the Milky Way. Path in the sky.
(Frame No. 8) There were half-shoulders under the ceiling, with peasant utensils on them. The dishes were usually wooden or clay. And near the stove they reinforced a wooden flooring - a floor. They slept on the floors.
(Frame No. 9) Almost every hut had a loom - red, on which women weaved.
(Frame No. 10) For newborns, an elegant cradle was hung from the ceiling of the hut. The cradle was secured on a flexible pole to the mother.
(Frame No. 11 ) Floor – land; homespun rugs - paths sent in the direction from the door to the front windows - were a figurative expression of the idea of a path-road.
Underground symbolized the lower, underground world.
(Frame No. 12) Window-eye – connection with the big world, white light. The house looked at the world through windows - eyes; it connected the world of home life with the outside world.
To illuminate the hut in the evening, a torch or kerosene lamp was used. A kerosene lamp was hung from the ceiling or placed on a table.
Simple peasant house consisted of one large room, conditionally divided into two main centers - spiritual and material.
Under material center we understand the world of objects intended for our body, health, well-being. In a peasant house, the source of all this was the OVEN - a nurse, a protector from the cold, a healer from diseases. It is no coincidence that the stove is a common character often found in Russian fairy tales.
Name fairy tales where the stove is an active character.
("By pike command”, “Geese-swans”)
(Frame No. 13) “What is in the oven is all on the table,” says the Russian proverb. What is there in it? What can you “throw” on the table? Coals and firebrands, or what? This question can only be asked by a person who has never seen a Russian stove - a heating structure that has been popular on Russian soil since the beginning of the 15th century. This stove serves not only to heat the home, but also for cooking. You can use it to dry food for future use – mushrooms, for example (and you can also dry felt boots after a winter walk). It was possible to “warm the bones” of old people on the stove - for this purpose it was equipped with a couch. You could even wash yourself in the stove. Pay attention to individual details and the shape of the stove. In front of the mouth of the furnace there was a hearth on which the cast iron pots were placed. Small depressions in the walls of the oven were used for drying splinters or, in winter, for drying mittens. Under the hearth, at the bottom of the stove, you can see a recess for storing firewood.
The furnace of the furnace (the vaulted cooking chamber) could be heated to 200 degrees, and this is a very high temperature - after all, water already boils at 100 degrees. Bakers know that this is exactly the temperature required to bake bread. Experts in Russian cuisine will add that a heated crucible retains heat for hours - which means you can “drown” milk in it, cook crumbly porridges, cook roasts. The taste of food cooked in a Russian oven is not forgotten.
(Frame No. 14) Near the mouth of the furnace there are iron grips, which are used to place cast iron in the furnace and take it out of the furnace. There is also a poker and a shovel for baking bread nearby.
(Frame No. 15) Listen, guys, how powerfully, wisely, and deeply in Russian, the writer V. Belov, an expert on peasant life, wrote about the stove: “The stove fed, watered, treated and consoled, sometimes babies were born on it, and when a person became decrepit, it helped to withstand the brief death throes with dignity and calm down forever. A stove was needed at any age, in any condition, position. It cooled down along with the death of the entire family or house... The warmth that the stove breathed was akin to spiritual warmth.”
(Frame No. 16) Red corner (front, large, holy) – facing southeast. The east was associated with the idea of paradise, blissful happiness, life-giving light and hope; they turned to the east with prayers, spells, and incantations. The epithet “red” has a lot to do with it. Remember, the girl is beautiful...Red bench, red windows, red corner.
Red means beautiful, main. In the red corner there was a shrine, decorated with dry medicinal herbs and, on holidays, snow-white towels with embroidery and lace. The red corner represented the dawn. In this part of the hut, important events in the life of the family took place; the most dear guests were seated in the red corner, on a red bench at the table.
(Frame No. 17) A simple peasant hut, and how much wisdom and meaning it has absorbed! The interior of the hut is just as high art, like everything that the talented Russian people created.
Let's look at the image of a village hut from photographs and paintings by artists.
Practical workDraw a fragment of the interior of the hut with the main objects.
Sequence of images of a peasant interior:
1. Options for the compositional solution of a peasant interior: image of the corner of the front wall with two adjacent side walls. (Frame No. 18)
2. fit into the interior (optional) a stove, bench, etc.
3. execution in color (practice the “log” stroke, execution of furnishings and household items)
Lesson summary
Analysis of student work.
Homework: Select illustrations of peasant household items.
Addition
Presentation on the topic of the lesson “ Inner world Russian hut” -
Development of a teacher's visual arts lesson fine arts MBOU secondary school No. 2
Kokorina G.N. Program: B.M. German.
First academic quarter. Lesson #3. Class: 5
Fine arts lesson in 5th grade
Subject : “Home is space. The inner world of a Russian hut"
Lesson type: lesson on the integrated use of knowledge
Lesson objectives: To cultivate love for the Motherland, its traditions and folk culture. Promote the development of creative and cognitive activity. To promote the formation of practical skills in working with a specific material (watercolor, crayons, paper, brushes).
Subject goal:
Understand the specifics of the figurative language of DPI. Use the symbolism of the ancient Slavs, means of expression ornamental composition. Draw sketches of the interior of a Russian hut. Be able to use graphic materials and expressive means of ornamental compositions (laconicism, generalization, expressiveness of the visual motif; rhythm, symmetry) in creative work.
Meta-subject goal:
UUD
Personal: realize the need respectful attitude to the culture of the people, works of decorative and applied art;
Understand the roles of culture and art in human life;
Be able to observe and fantasize when creating figurative forms;
Be able to cooperate with comrades in the process of joint activity, correlate your part of the work with the general plan;
Regulatory:
be able to plan and competently carry out educational activities in accordance with the assigned task,
Find solutions to various artistic and creative problems;
Be able to rationally build an independent creative activity,
Be able to organize a place of study.
Cognitive:
search and select the necessary information; ability to create artistic image, aesthetic assessment the meaning of the item and the interior of a peasant home, and student work.
Communicative:
be active in solving cognitive problems
be able to discuss and analyze your own artistic activity and the work of classmates from the standpoint of the creative tasks of this topic, in terms of content and means of expression
Visual and didactic materials:
General class: posters “Stages of interior construction”, “Solar signs”.
Literary series: poems by I. Denisov.
Musical series: folk songs.
Video series: presentation
Teaching Concepts (on the board): decor, design, interior, horseman, red corner.
Forms of training organization: frontal, individual.
Lesson plan:
Organizational moment;
Communication of new material;
Practical work;
Exhibition of works;
Consolidation of new knowledge
Summing up.Presentation
Lesson progress:
Hello guys, I will be glad to talk to you today and expect to be surprised by your drawings.
(Teacher shows the class the first slide)
Since ancient times, man has built his own home. Having walked the path from the cave to the palace, people tried to create a safe space. “HOME” why did this space come to be called that way?
(Student reflections)
In fact, these three letters are very symbolic:
D- looks like a structure, structure;
ABOUT– among almost all nations, it is a symbol of amulet;
M- reminds us of a fence, a fence separating us from the outside world.
(demonstration of the second slide)
In the perception of the ancient Slavs, our ancestors, the hut was the personification of the universe. Their worldview was based on the concept of a three-dimensional world, that is, the world was divided into three parts:
Rule (overworld)- the world of the gods, where the gods rode across the sky in chariots drawn by winged horses. The symbol of this world is a bird, which also symbolizes the feminine principle. How affectionately is a woman often called in fairy tales? In which fairy tale is a woman compared to a bird?
(students’ answers: duck, swan; Princess - swan), etc.
Reality (middle world)- the world where you and I live. We came to white light to do good. The World of Reveal is the union of heaven and earth, the birth of the human race. The symbol of the middle world is the horse - it is strength, valor, goodness and courage. It symbolizes masculinity, remember in which fairy tales a horse helps a person?
(students’ answers – “The Little Humpbacked Horse”; “Sivka - Burka”)
Nav (lower world)- the dark world of the dead, that light. The symbol of this world is the snake. And what kind negative heroes do you know fairy tales?
(student answers: Serpent Gorynych, Baba Yaga, Koschey the immortal, Viy...)
In fact, ancient legends (Russian Vedas) speak of the prince of darkness who ruled the world of Navi, and he had two children: a beautiful, but treacherous and evil daughter - Yaga Vievna, and a cruel, stately, tall brunette son - Koschey Vievich . Later, in Russian fairy tales, people made them not so beautiful and attractive.
Let's try to determine how the concept of the three-dimensionality of the world was reflected in the architecture of the Russian dwelling - the hut.
(students' reflections)
- Roof of the house- honor the sky. A symbol of the heavenly chariot, that’s why each owner crowned his roof with a ridge (okhlupen). The roof is crowned with a proud horse - okhlupen. He soars like a bird that has carefully covered with its large wings a house - a nest where people live.
Remember what the image of a horse symbolized? (Sun).
Our ancestors were able to capture their observations of the movement of the sun across the sky in the figurative structure of the pediment of the house. Skate and sun signs on the towel symbolize midday sun at zenith, left end of the piers – morning rising, and the right one - evening setting.
Look at the patterned boards - towels, boards laid down. What kind of image did you see? (Circles with diamonds, diamonds and rectangles, small holes, zigzags, protrusions.)
The elegant ornamental rows on the piers are a figurative expression of heavenly water. What else did you see on the pediment?
The pediment and window casings are especially elegant. The surface of the pediment seemed to have grown with fancy herbs and flowering bushes. On the frontal board, which runs along the top of the log house, plant branches spread and fantastic creatures live.
Which? Who's to say? (half people - half fish, magical birds, good-natured lions, terrifying maned lion-dogs).
Fabulously outlandish images personified the lower, underground world, which seemed mysterious and enigmatic to man. The roof gable was necessarily decorated with solar signs. The ceiling in the house was painted blue, a symbol of the sky.
Walls in a hut whitewashed with white lime, honoring the world of Reveal. The windows, like the eyes of the hut, were also decorated with amulets, and the window frames were made in the form of a cross, which was protection and symbolized the four cardinal directions and the sun.
Floor- honor to the lower world (Navi) - painted in brown-ocher tones, paying tribute to the mother - Damp Earth, the mysterious lower world.
(demonstration 3 slides)
The interior of the hut was conventionally divided into two halves: female and male.
But I still believe after the frost,
To the Russian stove, greetings and warmth,
Where more than once under a sheepskin coat,
Heavy as a cloud
Grateful for my human destiny,
Forgetting from all the troubles to come,
I fell asleep happy to the songs on the trumpet.
I. Denisov.
(Whose half is at the stove?)
The Russian stove is a home, a place surrounded by reverence for the entire peasant family: it is a source of existence and well-being. The stove is a clean place; you cannot spit on the stove or burn garbage in it. The guest who entered the hut, first of all, leaned his palms against the stove, thus paying respect to the mistress of the house and asking for favor from the brownie.
By the window there was a bench with a back on one side (Konnik) - this place was considered the male half. On long winter evenings, men did handicrafts here, weaved bast shoes, carved spoons from wood, etc.
The spiritual part of the hut was located in the “red” corner. The most important thing in the hut was the left (red) corner, in which an ICON decorated with towels was placed. The icon was always hung with its front side facing the east, where the sun rises - the embodiment of kindness. Everyone followed this rule: be it a peasant hut, royal chambers or merchant mansions. In case of any misfortune or fire, the icon was the first to be taken out of the hut.
All significant events family life marked in the red corner. A table was placed here, at which both everyday meals and festive feasts and rituals took place. During the harvest, the first and last ears of corn were placed in the red corner - this promised well-being in the family, home, and the entire household. Daily prayers were held in the red corner. They tried to keep the red corner always clean and elegantly decorated. The red color in our tradition means, first of all, divine fire - compare the words “red”, “beautiful” and “steal”, i.e. sacrificial fire. Red is sharply ambivalent. In ancient times, it symbolized deity, life, amulet, strength, purification, masculinity, action, health, love, dominion, the sun, on the one hand, and war, anger, hunting, lightning, blood, sacrifice, fire of the underworld, death on the other. It was decorated with embroidered towels, popular prints, and postcards. The most beautiful household utensils were placed on the shelf near the red corner, valuable papers and objects were stored. people cared very much about their souls because they believed in an afterlife.
(demonstration 4 slides)
As if birds were ringing -
How much light and warmth...
Grandma will lay down a rainbow
From threshold to table.
All doubts are garbage:
Even a hut on the ground,
But guests are walking across the sky
Directly towards the sun on the table.
Everyone wipes their feet
And passes without breathing
Where the rainbow plays
Like a grandmother's soul.
Long rugs in a hut were called rainbows. It was customary for the Russian people to cover everything up, to hide it from prying eyes. Because there was huge amount home-woven curtains, tablecloths, and towels decorated with embroidery. In mythology, the rainbow symbolizes the connection between the natural and supernatural worlds, the bridge between heaven and earth. The rainbow is a symbol of fertility, life itself (the rainbow sent to Noah after the flood), its many colors. Such multicolor is inherent in paradise,
ideal image nature, festive wedding clothes of a woman
(demonstration of slide 5)
Every hut has a hook on the ceiling, who knows what it is for?
(students' reflections)
The cradle was hung on this hook, where the baby was rocked.
(demonstration of slide 6)
The cradle was also necessarily decorated with patterns of amulets.
-We learned so many interesting things today, and I suggest you draw the interior of a Russian hut.
Where do we start?
(students' reflections)
Choosing a compositional solution.
Detailed drawing items.
Underpainting.
Color rendering of details.
-Requirements for independent work students:
Aesthetics of work.
The drawing conveys the features of the way of life of Russian peasants.
Completeness of the composition in color.
4. Individual work with students.
5 . Exhibition of works(self-assessment).
SUMMARY OF THE LESSON.
What is the wisdom of arranging the living environment of a Russian hut?
What new terms did you learn in class today?
D/Z - Select illustrations for fairy tales depicting the interior decoration of a hut.
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Slide captions:
The inner world of a Russian hut Completed by: Okhapkina Nadezhda Nikolaevna, art teacher, MBOU " High school No. 35" Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod region
Russian villages fit surprisingly harmoniously into the surrounding nature. Feeling his home was a part of nature, where everything is subordinated to order, purpose and beauty, the peasant felt protected and strong, and therefore free.
The peasant perceived his home as special world. The house had three vertical tiers, reminiscent of three worlds. The ceiling, attic and roof were likened to the world above, bright, transformed.
The hut was reminiscent of the mastered, earthly, sanctified world in which human life took place.
The basement (underground) reminded of an evil world, evil spirits. It was considered a great punishment if the prankster was locked underground.
The entire porch was decorated with carved openwork valances. There were steps leading up to the porch. The porch is the “open arms” of the house. It connects him with the street, his neighbors. “To live in neighbors is to be in conversations.” Let's go up to the porch and open the door.
Entering the hut, willy-nilly, everyone must bow to the owners, otherwise you might get a bump on your forehead: the door to the hut is low. And the threshold, on the contrary, is high, so that there is less wind. The threshold was given special meaning: it was considered the boundary between the internal and external worlds. They crossed it with prayer and the sign of the cross.
The air in the hut is special, spicy, filled with the aromas of dry herbs and baked dough. Upon entering the hut, you will immediately notice the stove; it occupies almost half of the hut. The whole way of life, the whole life of a peasant, is connected with the stove. It’s not for nothing that they say: “The oven heats and cooks, bakes and fries. She will feed, dry and delight the soul.”
In front of the mouth of the stove there is a well-arranged shelf - a wide thick board on which pots and cast iron pots are placed.
Near the mouth of the oven there are iron grips at attention, which are used to place pots in the oven and remove them.
There was also a wooden tub with water near the stove.
The stove was covered with a wall on the side or a box was attached in the form of a cabinet with doors - a golbets. It was often painted bright colors, depicted birds and animals on it.
The corner to the right of the stove was called the woman's kut. The hostess was in charge here, everything was equipped for cooking.
The other corner, to the left of the stove, was called red, that is, beautiful. The red corner was facing southeast. He received the first rays of the sun and, as it were, personified the dawn. Here, on an elegant corner shelf (shrine), icons were placed and a lamp was burning. In the red corner there was a table where the whole family dined. This part of the house was the most honorable. If the owner wanted to show special respect to the guest, he invited him to the front corner.
From the door to the side wall there was a shop - a horse shop, this was the place of the male half. Here, on autumn and winter evenings, men repaired shoes, made crafts, and repaired horse harnesses.
Shelves with utensils were strengthened under the ceiling, and wooden floorings were arranged near the stove - floors, on which people slept. And during get-togethers or weddings, children would climb in there and gaze with curiosity at everything that was happening in the hut.
A significant place in the hut was occupied by a wooden weaving mill - krosno, on which women weaved. Its individual parts were often decorated with round rosettes - signs of the sun, as well as sculptural images of horses.
For a newborn, an elegant cradle was hung from the ceiling. Rocking gently, she lulled the baby to the melodious song of a peasant woman.
When dusk fell, they burned a torch. A forged light was used for this.
Rainbow homespun rugs stretched across the floor. They truly resembled a road running along the ground. In many northern villages, houses with painted interiors have been preserved. Sometimes it seems that the whole world fits into an ancient house: trees and grass, birds and animals, earthly and heavenly, visible and invisible.
The house resembles a ship on which a family sails and escapes on the turbulent sea of everyday life, where everyone lives in harmony with each other and in harmony. A simple village hut, but how much wisdom and meaning it has absorbed! The interior of the hut is as high art as anything created by the talented Russian people.
Literature Goryaeva N.A., Ostrovskaya O.V. Decorative and applied arts in human life: A textbook on fine arts for grade 5. 2013.
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