The violin is the queen of the orchestra.
(Slide 1,2) Disputes about when and where this legendary musical instrument, do not subside to this day. Some historians suggest that the bow appeared in India, from where it came to the Arabs and Persians, and from them it passed to Europe. Over the course of musical evolution, there have been many different versions of bowed instruments that have influenced modern look violins. Among them are the Arab rebab, the German company and the Spanish fidel, the birth of which occurred in the 13th-15th centuries. It was these instruments that became the progenitors of the two main bowed instruments - the viol and the violin. Viola appeared earlier, she was different sizes, they played it standing, holding it on their knees, and later on their shoulders. This type of viol playing led to the appearance of the violin.
Some sources indicate the origin of the violin from the Polish instrument skripitsa or from the Russian skripli, the appearance of which dates back to the 15th century. For a long time, the violin was considered a common instrument and did not sound solo. It was played by wandering musicians, and the main place for its sound was taverns and taverns.
(Slide 3.4) What characterized the classical type? Fidel? (German Fiedel, from Latin fides - string) - stringed bowed instrument. It is one of the most common in countries medieval Europe bowed instruments. Fidel early period had a shallow spade-shaped body (~ 50 cm in length), made together with a short neck from one piece of wood. A round head with vertically positioned pegs, rather than side ones, like on a violin, a round resonator hole in the middle of the top soundboard under the strings (near the string bridge), straight shoulders, five strings tuned in thirds and fourths.
(slide 5,6,7) Characteristic for Rebecca The features were a mandolin-shaped body, directly connecting to the neck (there was no separate neck on this instrument), and a tuning box with transverse pegs. Rebeck had three strings, tuned in fifths. In any case, the rebeck fifth scale g d1 a1 was established even before the advent of the classical violin. This was a typical tuning of folk instruments, corresponding to the tessitura of the human voice. They played the rebec, holding it in a horizontal position (a braccio). ( slide 8-11)
(slide 12,13) Many facts point to the early development of folk bowed instruments in Poland and Russia. In Rus', according to testimony ancient monuments, bowed instruments have been known for a very long time, but none of them developed enough to later become an instrument symphony orchestra. The oldest ancient Russian bowed instrument is beep. In its purest form, it had an oval, somewhat pear-shaped wooden body, with three strings stretched over it. They played the whistle with an arched bow, which had nothing in common with the modern one. The time when the gudok originated is not known exactly, but there is an assumption that the “beep” appeared in Rus' along with the penetration of “eastern” instruments - domra, surna and smyk. This time is usually determined by the second half of the XIV and the beginning of the XV centuries. The first work for violin was written in 1620 by the composer Marini and was called “Romanesca per violino solo e basso”.
Tracks 1,2
(slide 14) Appearance violins classical type, like the development of many genres of violin music, is usually associated with Italy. And truly wonderful Italian masters, the great performers and composers of the past made invaluable contributions to this process. The heyday of the Italian violin school, which began in late XVI century, lasted more than two centuries and had a huge impact on European musical art.
(slide 15) In the 16th century, Italian craftsmen, who were engaged in the production of viols and lutes, began making violins. They clothed the instrument in perfect shape and filled the best materials. Gasparo Bertolotti is considered the first master to make the first modern violin.
So, the violin received its most perfect embodiment by the end of the 17th century. History has retained in its memory the names of the great violin transformers and linked the development of this instrument with the names of three families of violin makers. The main contribution to the transformation and production of Italian violins was made by the family Amati. (slide 16) They made the timbre of the violin sound deeper and more delicate, and the character of the sound more multifaceted. The main task They executed the task that the masters set for themselves excellently - the violin, like the human voice, had to accurately convey emotions and feelings through music. ( slide 17,18) A little later, there in Italy, world-famous masters worked to improve the sound of the violin Guarneri And Stradivarius, whose instruments are currently valued at fortunes. (slide 19) And Francois Tourte- a master of the 18th century - is revered as the creator of the modern bow. The “classical” look of the bow created by Tourte has been preserved almost unchanged.
But in the development of the violin and its implementation in real life, things were less favorable. It is very difficult to convey in a few words the entire long and varied history of this development and improvement of violin technique. It is enough just to note that the appearance of the violin caused many opponents. But not everyone liked everything about the violin that had already been established by that time by the great Cremonese. Many tried to change the ratios adopted by Stradivari, and no one, of course, succeeded. The most curious thing, however, was the desire of some of the most backward masters to return the violin to the recent past and impose on it the outdated features of the viol. As you know, the violin had no frets. This made it possible to expand its sound volume and perfect the technique of violin playing. However, in England these qualities of the violin seemed “dubious”, and the “intonation” of the instrument was not accurate enough.
(slide 20) Only thanks to the great violinists, who moved the technique of violin playing decisively forward, the violin took the place it rightfully deserved. In the 17th century, these virtuoso violinists were Giuseppe Torelli and Arcangelo Corelli. In the future, Antonio Vivaldi put a lot of work into the violin ( slide 21) and, finally, a whole galaxy of wonderful violinists with Niccolo Paganini at the head. (slide22)
Track 3.4
(slide 22) A modern violin has four strings tuned in fifths. The top string is sometimes called a “fifth”, and the bottom string is sometimes called a “basque”. All the strings of the violin are gut or gut, and only the “bass” is entwined with a thin silver thread or “gimp” for greater fullness and beauty of sound. Currently, all violinists use a metal string for the “fifth” and exactly the same, but only entwined with a thin aluminum thread for softness, the A string, although some musicians also use a purely aluminum A string without any “gimmickry”. In this regard, the metal string for E and the aluminum string for A made it necessary to enhance the sonority of the D strings, which were still veiny at that time, which was achieved with the help of an aluminum “gimp”, which, like a “basque”, wrapped around this latter and, by the way, it served her well. However, all these events greatly upset true connoisseurs, because the sonority and harshness of the sound metal strings in other cases it can be very noticeable and unpleasant, but there is nothing to do and you have to put up with the circumstances.
The strings of a violin, tuned to suit the instrument's requirements, are called open or hollow, and sound in order of descending perfect fifths from E of the second octave to G minor. The order of the strings is always considered from top to bottom, and this custom has been preserved since ancient times in relation to all bowed and string instruments"with a handle" or "neck". Notes for the violin are written only in the "treble clef" or clef of G.
The concept of “open” or, in orchestral usage, an empty string, implies the sound of the string along its entire length from the bridge to the saddle, that is, between those two points that determine its actual height when tuning. The length of the string is usually determined by the same points, since in the orchestra it is precisely sounding part strings, and not its “absolute value”, concluded between the neck and the pegs. In sheet music, the open string is indicated by a small circle or zero placed above or below the note.
In some cases, when the musical fabric of the work requires it, you can tune the string down a semitone in order to obtain the F-sharp of the small octave for the “basque” or the D-sharp of the second for the “fifth”.
Track 5.6
(slide 25-28) The development of the violin has not stopped even today. Appeared Electronic violin- combination of acoustic violin with electronic means. They are distinguished by body structure: with frame body, which performs only the function of a frame, without affecting the sound created. (the sound created by a violin without an electronic part is very quiet).
with resonating body, like an acoustic violin, which gives “volume” to the sound created, but the absence of a f-hole (holes in the body) does not allow the instrument to sound loudly separately from the electronic one. The electric violin is more often used in non-classical music of popular genres such as rock, metal, pop music.
Track 7
The violin is the most common bowed string instrument, enjoying incredible popularity since the 16th century as a solo and accompanying instrument in an orchestra. The violin is rightly called the “queen of the orchestra.” In the 17th century, the violin became a solo participant orchestral composition. In a modern orchestra, there are about 30% violinists of the total number of musicians. The range and beauty of the sound of a musical instrument is so wide that works of all genres of music are written for the violin. The world's great composers wrote many unsurpassed masterpieces, where the main solo instrument was the violin.
Khabarovsk is now actively discussing the sale of an apartment, which rumor attributes to the ex-governor of the Khabarovsk Territory Vyacheslav Shport. The apartment is located in the city center (Volochaevskaya St., 168), a 5-minute walk from Lenin Square, where the regional government building is located. 4-room apartment with an area of 116 sq. meters is sold for 27 million rubles.
A representative of a real estate agency told a DVhab.ru journalist that the apartment in this ad does not belong to Shport, but I would not rush to conclusions. I think we will find out the answer when it becomes clear whether Shport will leave Khabarovsk after losing the elections or not.
To begin with, according to tradition, I will quote the announcement:
"The designer renovation was carried out in classic style made of expensive branded materials: Italian wallpaper on the walls, Belgian laminate made of natural wood on the floor, Versace porcelain tiles, luxury sanitary ware in the bathrooms, countertops made of natural marble, porcelain sink, mirrors covered with 24-karat gold foil. The entire apartment is equipped with luxurious Italian-made furniture Giorgio Amati Design (Italy) made of solid wood with gilded elements. In the bedrooms and living room, the classic technique of combining wallpaper is used - companions in a stucco frame, stucco elements, moldings, cornices, corner elements. An undoubted feature of the living room is the portal with stained glass inserts made in real technology Tiffany. The mirror in the hallway was made using ancient technology using gold leaf, all rooms have Spanish and Austrian lamps and chandeliers, and in the living room a handmade fresco with a bas-relief in a plaster frame became a significant accent. The ceiling is decorated with handmade stucco. On the loggias there is copper forging made to order. The apartment has a videophone, a clean entrance, a new elevator, the kindest neighbors, a cozy, well-kept asphalt courtyard, and your own parking space in the underground parking lot! The house is located in a very convenient location near the park, a 2-minute walk from the city's red line, where banks, shops, and all developed infrastructure are located; 5th gymnasium, lyceum information technology, business center Felix City, shopping center House of Life, FC Global, Lenin Square - administration of the Khabarovsk Territory."
Let's start with the master bedroom! We immediately understand that the apartment is decorated in popular style“Gypsy baroque” - what is at least the headboard of the bed worth? 
Pay attention to the closet. “Chic Italian furniture” from the ad looks exactly like this. 
The owners tried to make themselves a French balcony, but it is located inside plastic glazing - it turned out to be as ugly and cheap as possible. But from the flower pots and decorative lizards we can guess that a granny lived in the family! 
Granny helped in decorating not only the balcony, but also the guest bedroom. Rate the bedspread and lambrequins as in best houses 90s 
In the hall, the eyes again run wide from the chic Italian furniture. The sideboards are simply amazing! 
And this painting! And this vase! And this graceful column! 
You can’t just go ahead and make kitchen doors without stained glass. 
The kitchen, by the way, is too simple. For my 27 million I want more! It’s good that grandma’s lambrequins remain. 
How can one figure out that the governor did not live in this apartment after all? There is no golden toilet here! There was only enough money for a stand for a brush. 
Okay, more on the mirror frame and towel holders. 
Another washbasin 
The bathroom is also poor, not even a jacuzzi. Not to mention the fact that they forgot the gilding. 
And this is the meditation hall. A person just comes here, sits on the sofa, looks at the wall and relaxes. 
If you haven’t figured it out yet, this is “the classic technique of combining wallpaper companions in a stucco frame.” 
U ordinary people the companions are cats and dogs, and the owners of this apartment have wallpaper. Because if a cat or dog appears in the house, all this wallpaper is fucked. 
Slavic wardrobe? 
Entrance of an elite house 
The luxury house itself. Well, I don’t know... If I were the governor, I would never settle here. 
All photos:
The violin Amati is crying quietly,
And the face of this violin is sad,
How can she get to that wall?
This room is beautiful but large.
The subtle sound of almost a child,
Flew through the golden pears,
That voice was so high
It was as if he had come out of human souls.
Stradivari, or Amati's friend,
Were often in the role of executioners,
Not embarrassed by the famous nobility,
They got the name of the violinists.
And musicians fly around the world,
The pear tree sings
And his familiar peals,
They continue to go among the people,
And be proud of the wonderful article violin,
A cello sings next to her,
Stradivari, or Amati's friend,
They drown out the tender pipe. Boris Mezhiborsky http://www.stihi.ru/2013/01/31/12573 Violin…. That many instruments, sometimes strikingly different from each other and popular throughout Europe, inevitably had to create something that would include all the best. In one country or another, prototypes of the current violin appeared, national schools for the production of a new instrument were born, and the first virtuosos appeared. Already in XVI-XVII centuries Large schools of violin makers have developed in several European countries. In Italy - G. da Salo, G. Magini (Brescia); families Amati, Guarneri, A. Stradivari (Cremona); D. Montagnana, Santo Serafin, F. Gobetti, do. Gofriller (Venice); the Grancino and Testore families, C. F. Landolfi (Milan); the Galliano family (Naples); the Guadagnini family, which made violins in Turin for two hundred and fifty years. The last of the twenty masters of this dynasty died in Turin in 1948.
M. Dobrutsky and the Groblich and Danquart families worked in Poland. In Austria and Germany J. Steiner, Kdotz family. Later, French masters came forward - N. Lupo, J.-B. William; Russians - I. A. Batov; Czech - T. Edlinger, J. O. Eberle. Information that the earliest examples of a professional classical violin were made by the German master Caspar Duiffoprugar (Tiefenbrucker) (c. 1515-1571), who worked in Lyon, is unreliable. It is known that he made viols, gambas, and lutes. It is possible that in recent years He also worked on the design of the violin, taking the French folk bowed instrument vielou as a basis, which could contribute to the emergence of the so-called French small violin. In any case, not a single identical violin of his has reached us. Science also has not entirely accurate information regarding the activities of the head of the Bresci instrumental school, Gaspar da Salo (Bertolotti) (1540-1609). Only eight instruments attributed to him remain, but their authenticity is highly questionable. Initially, Gasparo da Salo studied viol in the Salo Cathedral Chapel, then made instruments in the family workshop with his grandfather and father. From 1562 he began working in Brescia, in the workshop of Girolamo Virchi (c. 1523 - after 1574). He made viols, gambas, lutes. Several beautiful violas of his work have survived, as well as a double bass played by the famous D. Dragonetti. The violins attributed to Salo are for the most part rather crudely made and contradict the fame that the master enjoyed. There are also doubts about Salo’s ownership of the violin that Paganini owned, bequeathing it to Ole Buhl. The violin was inlaid with Benvenuto Cellini, who carved the head of an angel and the figure of a siren (the violin is kept in People's Museum in Bergen). Judging by the violas made, Gasparo da Salo was the first to embody the classical image of the instrument - the formula of the contours of the body, the convexity of the soundboards, their uneven thickness, and used a double mustache. True, the body was still quite massive and the spring was machined together with the lower deck. The sound of his violas is dark, matte, approaching viols. The varnish is dark bronze. But the first to approach the classical form of violin and viola known to us today were masters from the Amati family. The Amati were an Italian family of craftsmen from Cremona who made violin instruments (cellos and violins), the first mention of which dates back to 1097. Andrea Amati (1520-1578), who made his first violin in 1555, became the founder of the Cremona violin school. The name Amadus was on the labels of the violins he made. He is credited with inventing the design of the modern violin. Based on the images of violins preserved in ancient paintings, one can see that even during the life of Andrea Amati, the model of the violin was significantly different from the instruments that began to be made in Brescia and Cremona. 
What is surprising is that the violin makers considered to this day to be the best lived and worked in a small Italian city Cremona. 
Why Cremona? Northern Italy? Look at the people you know classical works places - Parma and Verona, Modena, Milan, Brescia... It’s probably not for nothing that Stendhal and Shakespeare placed their heroes in these regions... The industrial north of Italy, which did not exist at that time... Or maybe the special air, the character of the inhabitants, the species of trees... Nowadays it’s no longer guess. But it was in this city that great masters worked - Amati, Stradivari and Guarneghi... Perhaps, only the school of violin makers in Brescia, located very close, could compete with the Cremona school. It is believed that the founder of the Amati dynasty, Andrea, studied with the masters of the Brescian school. 
It is believed that it was Andrea Amati who became the very first master in the world who began producing the violins we are familiar with today. His violin design became popular and achieved unprecedented success, first among the musicians of Cremona in the 16th century, and then throughout Europe. To make his musical instruments - and in addition to violins, he made violas and cellos - Andrea Amati used spruce and wavy maple. At the age of 26, he began putting his own stamp on instruments and opened a workshop with his brother Antonio. 
At this time, the plague swept across Europe and his parents and sisters died from this terrible disease. Amati for the first time regulated the selection of wood, characteristic of the Cremonese school: sycamore (wavy maple) from Dalmatia and Bosnia (which was used for gondola oars in Venice) and spruce (less often fir) from the southern slopes of the Alps for the top deck. He also determined the tone of the varnish - lighter, dark yellow with a bronze and reddish tint. 
The most important thing is to change the sound of the violin. He managed to achieve a soft, unusually beautiful sound, close to the human voice (soprano). The not very strong, chamber-like tone of his violins and the ease of sound production corresponded to the aesthetic standards of the era and ensemble practice. Andrea worked on making instruments for the "24 Violins of the King" ensemble of France, Charles IX. For the King's orchestra he made a total of 38 violins, including treble and tenor violins. Some of them have survived. The violins he made bear the coat of arms of King Charles IX of France. Today, the oldest surviving violin from this collection was made by him in 1560. Andrea Amati died in 1578 and passed on his skills to his sons, Antonio and Girolamo. His sons, Antonio Andrea (1555-1640) and Hieronimo (Girolamo) (1556-1630) continued their father's work and later worked together on making violins. Amati's instruments had a characteristic yellow varnish The model created by Andrea Amati was brought to the highest perfection by his grandson, Hieronimo's son, Nicola Amati (1596-1684). He was an outstanding master who sensed the new demands of the era, the need to create a truly concert instrument. This forced us to move to a slight increase in the size of the body (“large model”), reducing the convexity of the decks, increasing the sides, and deepening the waist. Special attention he paid careful attention to the selection of wood according to his acoustic properties, improving the deck adjustment system (interval - second), deck impregnation (primer) and varnish elasticity. His varnish is golden-bronze with a reddish brown tint, transparent. Design changes made it possible to achieve greater strength and durability of the sound while maintaining its beauty, silveriness, characteristic “spiciness of the bouquet,” and color. His instruments are still highly valued by violinists. Nicola Amati managed to create a school of violin makers, educate genuine creators of the violin, among whom are A. Stradivari, A. Guarneri, F. Ruggeri, P. Grancino, Santo Serafin, as well as his son Hieronimo Amati (1649-1740), who completed the work father. 
The Weiner brothers described the relationship between Nicola Amati, Antonio Stradivari and Andrea Guarneri very figuratively in their novel “A Visit to the Minotaur.” The book clearly shows two storylines, connecting the Middle Ages and modern times. The drama of great masters, their searches, thoughts, impulses. Read the novel. This is both a wonderful detective story and a story about the greatness of the Spirit and the history of the creation of a Miracle... I guarantee that you will not regret it. It was this novel that made me type “Stradivarius violin” into YouTube and plunge into magical world, which I knew nothing about before... Nicolo improved on the violin design that had previously been accepted by creating instruments that had a stronger and more dynamic sound. Today, very few of the instruments he made remain and they are extremely valued for their ideal shape and soft sound timbre, close to the sound of a female soprano. A distinctive feature of the violins created by the Amati school of violin makers was special shape f-holes Amati brought the type of violin developed by his predecessors to perfection. In some larger format violins (364-365 mm), the so-called Grand Amati, he enhanced the sound while maintaining the softness and tenderness of the timbre. With the grace of form, his instruments produce a more monumental impression than the work of his predecessors. The varnish is golden yellow with a slight brown tint, sometimes red. Excellent cellos too Nicolo Amati. Very few violins and cellos created by the most famous master of the Amati family, Nicolo, have survived - a little more than 20. Unfortunately, the distance ended with Nicolo Amati... His son, Girolamo, never achieved the mastery of his ancestors and was unable to pass on the magical gift of the Amati family…. But there remained disciples, great disciples. And yet, there are great instruments with which we can still listen great music, fall and rise, die and be born again... 
About everything that has been dear to people for centuries,
Who will sing to us more soulfully and tenderly?
The deck is pressed tightly to the chin,
Like the letter S - two cutouts on it.
The flexible bow touched the elastic strings and you froze, holding your breath:
Excited and warm violin voice
Unique, like the voice of a nightingale.
My first violin
MY FIRST VIOLINIt was given to me at
music school.
The violin was new
shiny smelled like pine needles
and varnish.
I'm scared at first
was to her
touch, that's how she is
seemed gentle and
fragile.
But over time I
I'm used to it.
This is how our
friendship!!!
Origin story
Violin - bowed stringmusical instrument. Has a folk
origin, modern appearance violin
acquired in the 16th century, received widespread
spread in the 17th century.
Has four strings.
As folk instrument violin
especially widespread
received in Poland, Ukraine, Romania and
Yugoslavia.
Violins were made in many countries, but the best violin makers lived in Italy. This is Andrea and Nicolo Amati, Andrea and Giuseppe
Guarneri....Nicolo Amati taught
Antonio's violin making
Stradivarius, whose violins
considered unsurpassed
violin masterpieces
skill. It seemed like a simple matter:
Bow, strings, body
discreet -
Craftsman made it from wood
Its rough and simple.
Simple tool
wooden,
And how wonderful it sounded!
No wonder the Slavs fell in love
His soulful song.
Born in love and
hope,
He laughed, and he sang, and he cried:
In the hut - rude, like
before,
And in the castle - sparkling
varnish. And the master worked, and the shavings
She lay down on the floor in a curl,
And the strings rang obediently
Under a thin, elegant bow.
Simple, skillful hands
Invested in a violin solo
Living, singing sounds -
Almost human voice.
It contains all the intonations of speech,
And tears, and sadness, and a smile...
And the world whispers in admiration:
“Your Majesty Violin!” It is known that masters are very picky
chose materials
We walked through the forest and among many trees,
first of all, the oil was chosen by the “singers”,
those. noticed which spruce they sit on most often
birds, then auditioned for a doctorate
tube to evaluate melodiousness.
The tree was cut down in winter when it was dormant. AND
They didn’t knock him down, but carefully lowered him to the ground.
The secret of making tools was kept
secretly and passed from father to son, from
master to student. Violin in the orchestra
the main instrument is the queen of the most
famous concert halls. Not in a hurry, not in a hurry
Violin. master violin gets along
The bow will cut through the f-holes, barely breathing
will pull you up, stroke the bar,
Corrects the soundboard, curl,
Apply varnish carefully.
Now he did everything he could
Now you can play the violin!
Sing, queen, laugh, cry,
Your voice and your figure are well built.
How lucky is your violinist?
Let him be worthy of you!
N. Manushkina “Violin”
Such an unusual structure
SO UNUSUALSTRUCTURE
Was created
violin as an analogue
human
vote. Still,
even on the most
modern
technology failed
synthesize
timbre
human
voices and violins.
Leo Tolstoy said
LEO TOLSTOY SPEAKED"If you want,
so that your children
grew up
good
people - teach
them to play on
violin." Famous violinists
Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) - Venetian abbot.
Composer, violinist, teacher, conductor.
Niccolo Paganini (1782-1840) - Italian violinist and
guitar virtuoso, composer. One of the most prominent personalities
musical history of the 18th-19th centuries
Johann Strauss (father) (1804-1849) - Austrian composer,
violinist and conductor.
Johann Strauss (son) (1825-1899) - Austrian composer,
conductor and violinist, recognized as the “King of the Waltz”
Leonid Kogan (1924-1982) - Soviet Jewish violinist
origin, teacher, professor at the Moscow Conservatory,
People's Artist of the USSR.
Vladimir Spivakov (12 September 1944) - Soviet and Russian
violinist and conductor of Jewish origin, People's Artist
USSR, founder and director of the chamber orchestra “Virtuosi”
Moscow
Composer - genius: WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART
COMPOSER – GENIUS:WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART
Eminent Representative
Viennese classical
schools of composition,
violinist - virtuoso,
harpsichordist, organist.
He wrote many
sonatas, concerts for
violins.
Vladimir Spivakov
Soviet and Russian conductor,violinist, teacher. Art
director and chief conductor
National Philharmonic
orchestra of Russia and
State chamber
orchestra "Moscow Virtuosi"
President of Moscow
International House of Music.
Until 1997, Vladimir Spivakov played
violin by master Francesco
Gobetti, given to him by the professor
Yankelevich. Since 1997, the musician has been playing
on Antonio's instrument
Stradivarius, which was given to him in
lifetime use patrons -
fans of his talent.
GERMAN VIRTUOSO VIOLINIST DAVID GARRETT
David plays two violins: AntonioStradivarius 1716 (4.5 million euros) and
Giovanni Battista Guadagnini 1772
(acquired in 2003 for $1 million).
Garrett is considered one of the most
successful stars classical music V
world, released 10 albums, 2 million
CDs were sold only
album "Encore". David has several
awards, among them: Golden Camera,
Gold and Platinum Plates.
Why Sherlock Holmes and Einstein played the violin
WHY SHERLOCK HOLMES AND EINSTEINPLAYED THE VIOLIN
Violin lessons are great for developing
brain. While playing a piece on the violin, a person can
accidentally solve some difficult problem
intellectual task
This property of the violin is wonderful
was known to Sherlock Holmes.
According to Conan Doyle, the detective played
on the violin when he needed to think about something. Perhaps the most famous physicist -
Einstein was a passionate violinist.
He spoke more than once about
what if he hadn't taken up
science, it probably became
would be a musician. Classes
he didn't leave the violin
all my life, playing sonatas and
quartets along with
making discoveries in
science.
Violin or acoustic violin (Italian violino, French violon, German Violine or Geige) is a bowed stringed musical instrument of high register. It is of folk origin, acquired its modern appearance in the 16th century, and became widespread in the 17th century. Has four strings.
The shapes of the violin were established by the 16th century. By this century and early XVII century include the famous violin makers the Amati family. Their instruments are beautifully shaped and made of excellent materials. In general, Italy was famous for the production of violins, among which Stradivarius and Guarneri violins are currently extremely highly valued.
The first ancestors of the violin appeared in Europe around the 10th century AD. These were fidel and rebeccaca. They are still very far from the appearance of our modern violin, looking like short, fat ones with a thick neck and a pot-bellied body. Fidel was shaped like a pear, Rebeck was similar to him with his same pear-shaped body, so he was often called fidel too. The number of strings ranged from 2 to 5, and both instruments were played with a bow, which was unknown in Europe at that time. Their bows had an arched shape with a loose fastening horsehair. While playing, the instruments were held in an upright position, resting on the knee. But sometimes the musicians held the instrument, leaning it on their shoulder or chest. These oriental instruments were so loved in Europe that for centuries neither folk, church, nor court musicians could do without them.
From rebekkakaa came the pachette, which got its name from the fact that dance teachers carried it in their pocket (in French Pochette - pocket). After all, it was so small, only cm, but it had a loud, sharp sound. We played it with the instrument resting on the shoulder; it was very convenient - we could simultaneously show dance figures students from noble aristocratic families. Fidel and Rebecca are the European grandfathers of the violin. plows
By the end of the 15th century, all sorts of modifications gave rise to the viol, which also had a huge variety of shapes and sizes. Like the rebekkakai, it was played in a vertical position, with the arched bow held still palm up, but the shape of the viol, close to the shape of the guitar, already resembled a small double bass. Her image is often found in paintings by Renaissance artists, because until the 18th century she was adored in aristocratic salons for her soft, gentle, matte sound. The violin combines the shape of the vial, the dimensions of the fiddle and rebecca and the sharp sound of the pashet.
To aristocrats she seemed rustic, if not vulgar. It sounded among ordinary townspeople, artisans and peasants. But starting from the 17th century, the violin began to compete with the viol. And ultimately, in the 18th century, when concerts in large halls became popular among the young bourgeoisie in European cities, the violin completely and irrevocably replaced European culture salon viola. A despicable simpleton conquers the aristocratic world...
The great masters Stradivari, Guarneri, Amati, who created the classical design of the violin and a straight bow, with a rigid fastening of the hair, which is held with the palm down, which gave unprecedented freedom of virtuosity. They increased the strength and flight of its sound, but removed its harshness and creaking (it was not for nothing that the Slavs called it a violin), turning it into an ideal of unearthly, magical beauty. This and brilliant composers- violinists Corelli and Vivaldi, who wrote beautiful timeless music for the violin, becoming more beautiful and modern with each century. The last person to put an end to this story, or rather a big exclamation mark, was the great Paganini. Antonio VIVALDI Nicolo Paganini Violin Amati Arcangelo Corelli
Antonio Stradivari or Stradivarius (Italian: Antonio Stradivari; December 1737) famous master of string instruments, student of Amati. About 650 instruments of his work have survived.
The legendary sound of the German master's violins is caused by wood treatment against bugs. Maple that was used famous masters XVIII century, probably to preserve the wood, which influenced the warmth and power of sound of the legendary instruments. Varnish is also of considerable importance. “The complexity of the chemical process and the fine grinding of the mineral powder contained in the varnish coating suggest that local chemists or pharmacists were masters of their craft. Perhaps I am blasphemous, but, in my opinion, Stradivari did not have his own formula, and he borrowed all the substances and the method of making varnish from a local pharmacist,” says Nagivari.
Going back to the origins of the creation of the first violins, I would like to note that the modern production of bowed string instruments cannot be compared with how the master “gave birth” to each violin back in the early 16th century. The most interesting thing is that each violin had its own “voice” and was a unique creation of human hands. Today you can buy a violin of this level only at auction or buy it from a private collection
