Find out for yourself about the origin of any thing. The history of ordinary things. Matches, pillow, fork, perfume. Let there be fire

Development 3. Theme: Fun get-togethers

Target - create conditions for:

Expanding children's understanding of familiar objects, the history of their origin and diversity;

Development of memory, attention, curiosity, creative and logical thinking, speech;
- education careful attitude to things, respect for one’s homeland, its customs and traditions.

Equipment: The class is decorated like a Russian hut: embroidered towels, towels, a table with an embroidered tablecloth and treats, presentation, music.

Progress of the lesson

1. Meeting guests

Teacher: Please, dear guests! We have been waiting for you for a long time, we won’t start the holiday without you! We have prepared some fun things for you to suit every taste. A nursery rhyme for some, truth for others, a song for others, and delicious treats for everyone. We have a place and a kind word for each of you. Can everyone see it, can everyone hear it?

On the ruins, in the light
Or on some logs,
There were gatherings
Old and young.
Were you sitting by a torch?
Or under the bright sky -
They talked and sang songs
And they danced in a circle.
And how they played! On the burners!
Ah, the burners are good!
In a word, these gatherings
They were a celebration of the soul.
The life of people is marked by a century,
The old world has changed.
Nowadays we're all screwed
Personal dachas or apartments.
Our leisure time is sometimes shallow,
And what can I say:
It's boring to live without gatherings,
They should be revived.

Today we have fun gatherings, and we will talk about the history of things. Every item somehow ends up in our home. Are you interested in knowing where things come from? Why?

Children: learn folk traditions, customs, life of people.

Teacher: When people had gatherings, a cricket sat behind a warm stove and listened to what they were talking about. Lyuba will sing us a song about a cricket.

A girl sings a song about a cricket.

2. How did hot air balloons originate?

Teacher: Do you like balloons? Does anyone know who invented them?

The very first balloons were made by the Indians in Mexico from the intestines and stomachs of animals. They dried them in a certain way, decorated them, inflated them and used them not for entertainment, but for sacrifice. In medieval Europe, traveling artists and troubadours traveled with similar balls made from animal entrails. First balloon made from rubber by the English scientist Michael Faraday in 1824. He needed the ball for experiments with hydrogen. Like toys, the balls appeared a year later.

Let's hold a small competition. Each of you is given a ball and a string. You need to inflate the balloon as quickly as possible and tie it with a string. The first one to lift the inflated balloon above his head wins.

Well done, you did a great job!

3. Ancient Russian bread products

Teacher: Did you know that bagels, bagels, sushki are ancient Russian bread products, without which not a single tea party could be had before, both on weekdays and on holidays. Even today, residents of many cities and villages willingly buy bagel products, which make up a significant group of bread products. The choice is large: sugar, plain, mustard, milk, butter, vanilla, pure, with poppy seeds and others. An indispensable part of the production of bagels is scalding the test rings with boiling water. In Ukraine, bagels are still called “ scalded" There is an opinion that these bagel products came from Poland to Ukraine several centuries ago, and from there they migrated to Russia. Bagels and dryers are essentially canned bread - they can be stored for a long time without losing their consumer qualities. Warriors who went on long campaigns; messengers delivering important news; travelers discovering new lands - they all took light dried slices of bread or crackers with them on the road. On huge sailing ships that plied distant seas and oceans, there were special dry holds that contained supplies of these products for the crew for a period of 6 months to 1 year. This group of products includes crackers and various bread sticks, sweet and salty straws. But still, sushi and bagels were and remain a favorite delicacy for most children.

Dressed up students sing ditties.

Hey, laughing girls,

Sing some ditties!

Sing quickly

To please your guests!

If there was no water,

There wouldn't even be a mug!

If there were no girls,

Who would sing ditties?

Two old ladies went on a spree,

We ate eight ounces of bread

They ate it and didn't crack it,

Well, isn't it interesting?

It's nothing at all

Bread is getting more expensive

We'll give it anyway

To the next door neighbor.

I eat bread from morning to night,

Buns from night until morning.

It's a lot of fun

Mom and I have evenings.

Buns are good for lunch,

Bread, loaves and cheesecakes.

Delicious bread will feed everyone,

There is no better bread in the world.

Teacher: What proverbs do you know about bread? Let's try to explain what the following statements mean?

At lunch, bread is everything.

The river's banks are red, and lunch is pies.

Bread is father, water is mother.

There is not a piece of bread, and there is melancholy in the upper room.

4. Candy tree

Teacher: Answer this question: am I right that almost everyone here loves chocolate? Of course, almost all people love him. Please listen to one story.

Once upon a time, a Mexican gardener named Quetzalcoatl, endowed with the talent of planting wonderful gardens, grew one inconspicuous tree, which he called “cocoa”. The seeds of its fruits, similar in appearance to cucumbers, had a bitter taste. But the drink prepared from them was capable of giving strength and dispelling melancholy. For this ability to eliminate the eternal companion of fatigue, people valued cocoa as worth its weight in gold. Quetzalcoatl, receiving huge profits from the sale of cocoa, became quite arrogant and soon imagined himself equal to the almighty gods. And, having filled the cup of their patience, he was punished - he lost his mind. In a fit of rage, the gardener mercilessly destroyed all the plants except one - this tree turned out to be cocoa. I told you a legend, but in fact, cocoa was discovered by the Mayans who lived on the Yucatan Peninsula around the 1st century AD. Considering them a divine gift and realizing the miraculous power of the sharp-bitter drink obtained from the seeds of this tree, the Mayans set up cocoa plantations and began to earnestly pray to Ek Chuah, the god of cocoa, asking him for favor towards people and help in growing a good harvest.

Guys, so you don't get bored, we'll hold a small competition. We will compete in groups of two. You need to taste the type of chocolate with your eyes closed.

5. The most ancient holiday

So, please remind me, who was the first to discover the wonderful properties of chocolate? (Mayan Indians)

Tell me, please, what holiday is just around the corner? (New Year) Do you know that this is the oldest of all existing holidays? During excavations of ancient Egyptian pyramids, archaeologists found a vessel on which was written: “The beginning of a new year.”

In Rus', the New Year was celebrated on March 1. In the 14th century, the Moscow Church Council decided to consider September 1 as the beginning of the New Year according to the Greek calendar. And only in 1699, Peter I, returning from a trip to Europe, by a special decree, ordered “from now on, summers will be counted” from January 1.

6. Oh, come on, tell me...

And now for you guys,

I'll tell you riddles.

I know, I know in advance -

You are a savvy people.

History of the toothbrush

It was a long time ago. One morning a man woke up in a cave with a bad taste in his mouth. He took the twig, chewed the end and began brushing his teeth. This was the very first toothbrush. The toothbrush with which we now brush our teeth appeared quite recently. But people are coming up with more and more new toothbrushes. Did you know that there is a musical toothbrush? It was invented specifically for children. This brush plays a melody when you brush your teeth correctly, and if you brush your teeth incorrectly, the music does not play.

Slipping away like something alive

But I won't let him go,

The point is quite clear:

Let him wash his hands for me.

History of soap

Previously, there was no soap, and people washed themselves with flour and clay. And then they began to make soap from goat, lamb and bovine fat and added ash. Soap was hard, soft and liquid. Previously, soap was very expensive, so only rich people could buy it. Poor people washed and washed with lye. What is lye? They took wood ash, poured boiling water over it and put it in the stove. Then they took it out and washed, and washed their clothes in the same way. Toilet soap is also called washing soap. Nowadays soap is made from substances such as fat, oil, and aromatic substances to make the soap smell delicious.

Guess what this thing is -

A sharp beak, not a bird,

With this beak she

Sows and sows seeds.

Not in the field, not in the garden -

On sheets of paper in your notebook.

History of the pen

A long time ago, people wrote with real quills. They took feathers from geese, ravens, and peacocks. The tip of the feather was first cleaned, then cut at an angle and sharpened so that it was very thin. When the feather became dull, it was again cut at an angle and sharpened again. And then they wrote. One man who had to write a lot came up with a pen made of steel. And everyone began to write with steel pens, they even made them from silver and gold. They were expensive. Then they came up with a fountain pen - it did not need to be dipped into an inkwell. They took a tube with a pointed end. A straw was inserted inside the tube and liquid was poured. The liquid gradually flowed down to the pointed end, and then the tube was drawn along the paper. And even later they invented a ballpoint pen with thick paste, which we now write with. A lot of pens have been invented. Comes with a calendar electronic watch and even with a calculator.

Black Ivashka –

Wooden shirt,

Where he leads his nose,

He puts a note there.

If you sharpen it,

Draw whatever you want:

Sun, sea, mountains, beach...

What is this?...

History of the pencil

People used to paint with charcoal. They took a burnt twig from the fire and drew. The pencil consists of a wooden sleeve and a lead. The lead is the heart of the pencil. Pencils are hard and soft. Hard ones write palely, soft ones write brightly. There are so many pencils! There are pencils with brushes and pencils with erasers. There is a pencil with a magnifying glass at the end, pencils with bells. There are pencils with calendars, with the alphabet, with road signs. They also produce pencils that smell delicious when you write with them.

Look, we have opened our mouths,

You can put paper in it

Paper in our mouth

Will split into parts.

History of scissors

About 1000 years ago, one person came up with the idea to connect two knives with a nail, and bend their handles into rings - and that’s what scissors turned out to be. Scissors were made of iron and silver and beautifully decorated. Scissors have their own specialties. Some were intended for hairdressers, others for doctors. Today there are scissors that are used to trim bushes on lawns, butcher poultry, cut fabrics, and cut cakes.

Well done, you have confirmed your knowledge of riddles!

7. Musical instruments.

In the 17th century, a number of different mechanical musical instruments were created that reproduced this or that melody at the right moment: barrel organs, music boxes, gramophones, gramophones, etc.

The first apparatus for recording and reproducing sound was created in 1877 by Thomas Edison. Despite its widespread use, attempts to create more advanced sound recording devices continued.

The German designer Lindström invented a device called parlograph. This device was adapted for recording dictation of speeches and negotiations.

Gramophone invented in 1888 by an American engineer German origin E. Berliner. Booth gramophones had the highest sound quality and cost fabulous money at that time.

Organ organ. There is a legend that already in the 6th century BC. Confucius spent seven days continuously enjoying the sound of melodies on the “ribs of the tiger” (metal plates that produce sounds of different pitches), it is believed that this mechanism was invented in 1796 by the Swiss mechanic Antoine Favre.

In Western Europe this mechanical musical instrument appeared at the end of the 17th century. At first it was a “bird organ” for training songbirds, and then it was adopted by wandering musicians.

This is how a musical instrument appeared for those who cannot play. You turn the knob and music plays. The most popular hit of that time was “Charmant Katarina” (in French). The name of the instrument, the organ organ, comes from the name of the song.
The barrel organ came to Russia at the beginning of the 19th century, and the acquaintance of Russians with the new instrument began with the French song “Charman Catherine”. Everyone immediately liked the song very much, and the name “Katerinka” or “Lee barrel organ” firmly stuck to the instrument. There is also an assumption that the primary name was not the barrel organ, but the shirmanka.
And it came from the screens, from behind which Pulcinella, the organ grinder’s almost always companion, calls on onlookers and the curious with his ringing voice. First in Russia barrel organs appeared at the end of the 17th century. People called them “Katerinkas”.

Story music boxes begins in 1796. It was then that a Geneva watchmaker made the first musical mechanism. At first, such simple mechanisms were built into perfume bottles and watches.

Your grandmothers still remember how it sounded gramophone. And some of you have such a musical instrument at home as music player, and with it a set of records. Let's hear how it sounds.

Now is the age of computer technology. And we can listen to music using a computer.

8. Exhibition of antiques.

I told you the history of some things, and now you will tell us the history of things that are in your home and have family value for you. Let's take a look at our exhibition of antiques.

Children show off antiques brought from home.

Teacher: You are on the verge of new discoveries. While you are still schoolchildren, your task is to study well. Perhaps one of you will become a scientist or inventor and create something that all people, your children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, will know about. Remember, he who remembers the past worries about the future! Try to learn more about the things that surround us!

We are surrounded by a world of things.

We sometimes don't notice them.

They are reflections of people,

Former joy and sorrow...

Ah, old trash, priceless trash,

All that we are rich in in life...

Sometimes you remind us

About who we once were.

And we end our fun get-togethers with sweet treats for tea. Never be discouraged, receive gifts from us!

Lyudmila Okolovich, teacher of pedagogy at Slavgorod Pedagogical College, Altai Territory, Anastasia Nepomnyashchaya, student of group 31, Elena Yantsen, student of group 31, winners of the VII All-Russian competition for class teachers “Wise Owl”

In the attached file is the presentation “History of Writing”

The presentation “Toy Pantry” is posted on a file hosting service and is available for downloading at the link: http://narod.ru/disk/62827884001.501573d711a112ca87960a4d216c58e3/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0 %B2%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BA.rar.html

The presentation “Fun Gatherings” is posted on a file sharing service and is available for downloading at the following link:

After millennia human history we have come to understand that our daily lives revolve around certain things. Essentially, there are many things that we take for granted without thinking about where they came from and how they became part of our routine. However, there are amazing stories behind some of the things we encounter every day.

1. Metric system

There are only three countries in the world that do not use the metric measurement system - Myanmar, Liberia and the United States of America. Liberia has already partially adopted it, and Myanmar is in the process of transition, leaving the US alone. Recently, a proposal to switch to the metric system was presented to the Hawaii State Legislature, but was rejected because it did not receive enough support.

For the rest of the world, the metric system is a necessary part everyday life. It was first introduced in France in 1795 and soon became popular throughout Europe, eventually reaching Asia, Africa and the rest of the world. Its origins can be traced back to the explosive atmosphere of the Great French Revolution, when angry peasants demanded a unified system of weights and measures. The government wanted to make the system “natural, eternal and ideal”, describing the entire Earth.

The French Academy of Sciences sent its most respected astronomers, Pierre François-André Méchain and Charles Messier, to accurately measure one ten-millionth of the distance between the equator and the North Pole. This distance was to be known as a "meter". To do this, Messier had to go north to Dunkirk, and Méchain had to go south to Barcelona.

Their journey was not without danger, as they were often mistaken for spies. After arriving in Barcelona and sending the results of his data, Méchain suffered an accident. While he was recovering, war broke out between France and Spain, and he became an enemy of the nation, placed under house arrest. Having nothing else to do, Mechain began to carefully study all 10,000 of his records and, to his horror, discovered an error. The astronomer returned to France and found that it was too late to make any corrections, but he was still determined to find the most accurate record. Unfortunately, upon returning to Barcelona he contracted malaria and died.

2. Spices, seasonings and other flavorings

In the past, every pinch of salt or pepper or spoonful of sugar required enormous effort to obtain. Salt was needed to preserve raw meat and other foodstuffs for long voyages, so it was more valuable than it is today. Salt caravans crossed the Sahara Desert, finding their way through the stars, wind and sand dunes. West Africa, one of the poorest regions today, prospered between 800 and 1500 AD due to the abundance of salt deposits in the region.

However, the salt trade began much earlier. The city of Solnitsata in modern Bulgaria, the oldest known city in Europe, was a salt production complex that was the envy of the entire Balkans. It is believed that between 4700 and 4200 BC the city flourished thanks to the import of salt.

Civilizations have risen and fallen, but salt has always been present in the human diet. It was of such importance that the English word "salary" is derived from the Latin "salarium", meaning the money given to Roman soldiers to buy salt.

Meanwhile, sugar consumption likely began in New Guinea 10,000 years ago, where cane was chewed like licorice sticks. Knowledge of this sweetener reached the Asian continent, where Indians began making powder from it after 500 AD. The ancient Greeks referred to "a type of honey similar to salt" and thought that sugar was a medicine. Later, when the crusaders returned to their villages and castles, they spoke of the delicious "sweet salt".

European travel to the Americas and Asia was spurred by the promise of enormous wealth and mountains of spices, especially black pepper, which only the rich could afford. Black pepper was also used in the mummification ritual of ancient Egyptian pharaohs, and Ramses II famously had his nose stuffed with black pepper. Pliny once complained that Rome spent too much money on pepper: in fact, 50 million sesterces were spent on importing pepper from India every year. Pepper was such a hot commodity that it became known as “black gold” and was used as a convertible currency. For example, Alaric, the first king of the Visigoths, and Khan Attila demanded more than one ton of spices for peace.

3. Selfie

Technological advances in photography allow us to capture beautiful moments on film or digital media, but the process of creating them took thousands of years. The idea of ​​photography was first mentioned by the Chinese philosopher Mo Tzu in the 5th century BC, and even Aristotle is known to have used a “camera obscura” to observe an eclipse a century later.

The medieval craze for mirrors led to the creation of self-portraits, and the first “selfie” is believed to have been taken in 1839 by Robert Cornelius, an amateur chemist and photography enthusiast from Philadelphia. Using the daguerreotype, a technology that only lasted for a few months, Cornelius stood slightly to the side of the center, peering into the mechanism before taking a photo. On back side The photo has the inscription “World's first light painting" Decades later, group selfies became fashionable, as evidenced by a photograph of Joseph Byron and his friends from 1909. Even Grand Duchess Anastasia, the unfortunate daughter of the Romanovs, fell under the influence of fashion in 1914.

4. Cutlery

Initially, forks were used only during cooking, and while eating, everyone used only their fingers and knives. However, by 1004 AD, forks were also used during meals in the Middle East and the Byzantine Empire, although they were only served to the rich.

After a Byzantine princess married the Doge of Venice, his subjects were shocked when she brandished cutlery during a feast. They considered using a fork an insult to God, because “why do we need a fork if God gave us fingers”? They mocked the princess for her “luxury habits” and refusal to “touch food.” When the princess died a few years later, it was called God's punishment.

The practice slowly caught on in parts of Europe centuries later. In 1608, the English traveler Thomas Coriat described how Italians “cut meat with a knife, holding it with a fork on the other side, and those who touch the dish with their hands violate the rules of good manners.” Coriat tried to spread these rules of table etiquette in England, but the English rejected him, calling Coriat "Furcifer" and "Fork Bearer".

The British remained indifferent to the fork even after it became popular in France during the reign of the Sun King Louis XIV, who made sharpened knives illegal. Even as late as 1897, British sailors preferred to eat without forks because they were considered “unmanly.”

On the other side of the world, the Chinese used chopsticks more than 5,000 years ago, when branches were first used to lift large pieces of food out of pots. Around 400 BC, the Chinese began cutting food into small pieces, so using large knives was no longer necessary. Even Confucian teachings advised the use of chopsticks instead of knives, because “a noble and honest man... should not have a knife at the table.”

The use of chopsticks spread throughout East Asia. The ancient Japanese used them for ceremonial purposes, so the sticks should not be left sticking out in the rice bowl as they resemble incense sticks used during funerals. Likewise, Koreans believed that the closer you held the tips of your chopsticks, the longer you would be single. And while the villagers used wooden sticks, the members royal family they used silver ones, believing that they would turn black if the food was poisoned.

5. Playing cards

The 52-card deck is generally believed to have Arab origins, either from the Egyptian Mamluks or the Spanish Arabs. The playing card system was very similar to today's: four suits and high cards, otherwise known as pictures. However, royal courts were dominated by men at the time, so, strange as it may seem now, the decks did not include ladies.

Initially, the suits were: cups, swords, coins and wands. These later evolved into the familiar spades, clubs, hearts and diamonds. The practice of using suits could have come from China, which already had its own version of playing cards since the 800-900s AD.

As the popularity of cards grew, there was a need to regulate their practical use. In 1674, Charles Cotton published The Complete Player, and ten years later, paper money was issued in America in exchange for playing cards, which served as promissory notes. Maps even reflected the political situation: during the Renaissance, they were decorated with bright images of Christian or philosophical content.

Meanwhile, revolutionaries in France began playing the game "Ace High!", imagining the triumph of man over monarchy. They also replaced kings, queens and jacks with "liberty, equality and fraternity" due to their disdain for royalty. Napoleon's rise to power later reversed many of the radical changes adopted by the revolutionaries.

6. Toilet paper

The use of toilet paper dates back to at least 6th century China, when a scholar named Yang Zhitui declared: “Paper on which there are quotes from the five classics or the names of sages, I dare not use for toilet purposes.” When Muslims visited China in the 9th century, they were stunned by Chinese practices, noting with disgust that the Chinese "don't care about cleanliness - they don't wash with water, but wipe with paper!"

The history of toilet paper did not develop for several hundred years, until in 1391 the Chinese emperor ordered its mass production. The Bureau of Imperial Supplies was tasked with producing 720,000 sheets of paper measuring 0.6 x 0.9 meters annually for the Emperor's personal use.

About 300 years later, Joseph Gayetti introduced packaged toilet paper called "medicinal paper." The sheets were coated with aloe to soothe inflammation, and each package of 500 sheets sold for $0.50. Joseph's name was printed on each package to remind people who the source of their relief was.

7. Feminine hygiene products

In ancient Egypt, menstruation was likely viewed in a positive light. It was associated with the Nile, which was a symbol of renewal and fertility, and may have been used for medicinal purposes. For example, it was believed that if you smeared menstrual blood on your breasts, they would become more erect. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans used a wide variety of materials to create tampons, such as papyrus, wool, animal skins and even herbs.

It wasn't until 1896 that Joseph Lister, the same man who convinced millions to rinse their mouths and wash their hands before treating patients, inspired the Johnson brothers to create packaged menstrual pads known as Lister towels. Unfortunately for Johnson & Johnson, as their company is called today, this project failed because women were simply not yet ready to buy such things in public.

In 1998, Arunachalam Muruganantham was tired of listening to his wife complain about using “nasty rags” instead of sanitary pads during menstruation. After his wife said that such things were outrageously expensive, Muruganantham decided to come up with cheaper pads, but he had one problem: he had no idea how the menstrual cycle worked. In an effort to find out, he made a “uterus” filled with goat blood and hid it under his clothes to test the absorbency of his invention. Every time he washed clothes, the villagers thought he had become a pervert, gone crazy, or was possessed by demons, but his sanitary pads eventually earned him an innovation award from the Indian President.

8. Bras

The ancestor of the modern bra was created in 1910, when 19-year-old Mary Phelps Jacob was preparing a dress for an upcoming ball. She chose a dress that showed off her rather broad figure, but found corsets too restrictive. Instead of a corset, she asked the maid to bring two handkerchiefs and a ribbon.

Ladies of high society asked young Mary how she was able to move and dance so freely, and four years later she received a patent for a “backless bra.” Although Mrs. Jacob is historically credited with inventing the bra, recent archaeological finds indicate that women were wearing bras as far back as the 1400s.

In the decades following Jacob's breakthrough, the bra went through a series of transformations. A special place among them is occupied by “Wonderbra”, created in 1964 by Louise Poirier for the “Canadelle” brand. However, contrary to popular belief, the idea of ​​the push-up bra originated much earlier. It was first developed by Frederick Mellinger in 1946 and soon became all the rage in Hollywood. But, of course, the strangest item is the Nipple Bra, a nipple-exposing bra created in the 1970s, when visible nipples were considered the height of sexiness. © www.surgpu.ru

Divorce rate in modern society is at an all-time high, and old-fashioned people consider couples who break up after mere hours of marriage due to such mundane reasons as snoring to be a mockery of the institution. However, divorce was a fairly common practice in ancient civilizations.

In Ancient Egypt, marriage had no legal consequences: husband and wife were considered a man and a woman simply living under the same roof. Thus, divorce and remarriage were widespread. In Greece, the matter reached the judges and was examined in detail. In Japan, if the husband refused to give a divorce, the wife could choose to live in the temple for three years, after which the marriage was automatically dissolved. Viking women could easily leave their husbands if they could not provide for the family.

In medieval England, divorce was strictly a church matter. Ironically Anglican Church, which was created as a result of the Pope's refusal to divorce Henry VIII from his first wife, became even tougher than the Catholic Church, which it tried to overpower. Changes were only possible thanks to Caroline Sheridan, wife of MP George Norton.

Sheridan was abused by her husband and found solace only in caring for her children and writing. Norton once advised her to become "friendlier" to Lord Melbourne, just to accuse her of adultery in 1836. Norton lost the case, but continued to live with the children and take his wife's income, which forced Sheridan to campaign for the rights of married women in Britain. She lobbied statesmen, published pamphlets and even wrote to Queen Victoria herself. Sheridan's penetrating words regarding harsh and unequal marriage laws influenced the passage of the Infant Custody Bill of 1839 and the Marriage and Divorce Act of 1857.

10. Crime and punishment

Crime and punishment as an instrument of the state were written about in the Code of Laws of Hammurabi, which was declared the “law of retribution” for those who violate it. The Greeks, for example Plato, prescribed imprisonment for crimes such as treason or debt to the government. Because the poor were unable to pay, they were often imprisoned, resulting in maximum penalties being imposed.

However, in most cases, justice was achieved in a simpler and faster way. In Rome, if you were rich, you faced house arrest, and if you were poor, you faced the executioner's blade or the slave market. In some cases, the criminals offered to voluntarily leave their homes and go into exile. Criminals held captive while awaiting trial were called publica vincula or carcer.

By the 1570s, workhouses had become common, to which vagabonds were sent as labor as a substitute for harsher punishments. In the 1680s, Quakers began to agitate for the introduction of imprisonment as a replacement for the death penalty. A century later, Pennsylvania abolished the death penalty for some crimes, while many called for reform, arguing that "an indiscriminate system of punishment encourages criminals to be equally indiscriminate." Currently in the United States, only 32 states still have the death penalty.

The practice of notifying the public of an offender may have its origins in the Bible. After Cain killed his brother Abel, he was marked by God to stand out among other people and be forever shamed for his crime. By the 1700s, the practice of singling out criminals had spread. For example, adulterers were required to wear scarlet letter"A" (from "adulterer"), blasphemers - "B" ("blasphemy"), drunkards - "D" ("drunk"), guilty of manslaughter - "M" ("manslaughter"), and thieves - " T" (“theft” - theft).

Entertaining stories of creating brands, books, architectural structures, social phenomena, mythological creatures, cosmetics, transport, food, dishes and drinks, household items that surround us in everyday life and much, much more.

Boris Pasternak is rightfully considered one of the brightest Russian poets and writers of the 20th century. It was he who came up with the idea to combine prose and poetry in one work, which caused a flurry of criticism from his contemporaries, but was appreciated by his descendants.

In particular, we are talking about famous novel"Doctor Zhivago", the last part of which is dedicated to the poems of the main character. The reader learns that Yuri Zhivalo is a subtle lyricist and a lover of rhymed phrases in the first chapters of the novel. However, Boris Pasternak tries not to distract readers lyrical digressions, therefore, he decides to combine all the poems of Yuri Zhivago into a separate collection.

The first poem attributed to the authorship of the main character is called “Winter Night”. Later it was often published as an independent literary work called “Candle” and was even set to music, adding to the repertoire of Alla Pugacheva and the ex-leader of the Gorky Park group Nikolai Noskov.

Veterinarian John Dunlop was an inventive and observant man. He also loved his son very much, who, in turn, loved to ride the bicycle that his father gave him. It was only when it was necessary to go onto paved streets that riding became a real torture for the boy, since the cyclist was subjected to hellish shaking - solid tires provided good grip, but not comfort. And then Dunlop came up with a simple but effective idea - he removed the cast tire and instead wrapped a specially shaped wheel with a tube glued together from several strips of rubber and filled with air - the prototype of a modern tire. The ride immediately became much more comfortable.

Experts from France have calculated that a woman “eats” from 4 to 6 kg of lipstick during her life. A man “eats” twice as much from a woman’s lips. Let's try to find out how harmful it is for the body and, in general, learn about the path of evolution of lipstick.

Many people mistakenly believe that this type of decorative cosmetics appeared only in ancient Egypt and was the invention of the famous Queen Cleopatra. In fact, the desire to make their lips brighter arose among primitive women. Already in the layers ice age archaeologists find red sticks, pointed with a characteristic cone. This is the cosmetics of prehistoric coquettes. Edward Taylor, in his famous book “Primitive Culture,” noted that lipstick is a secondary product in relation to the paints of the primitive artist.

As soon as the women saw the stone women and primitive figurines with painted lips, they immediately transferred their artistic experience to the original. Lipstick was made as follows: hollow plant stems were filled with a red dye. Since time immemorial, three types of natural dyes have been used for cosmetics: minerals - cinnabar (mercury sulfide) and red lead (iron oxide); biological dye carmine and vegetable dyes - saffron and henna.

"Max Factor - the father of modern cosmetics"

Max Factor is a famous cosmetics empire named after its founder Max Factor (real name Maximilian Abramowicz Faktorowicz), who was born on September 15, 1877 in the city of Zduńska Wola. This city is part of the Lodz Voivodeship, hence the confusion and incorrect indication in many articles of the city of Lodz as the birthplace of Max. Then it was the territory of Tsarist Russia, and now it is modern Poland.

Maximilian grew up in a large family (more than 10 people), and from childhood he had to go to work to help his parents feed the family. At the age of seven, he first became acquainted with the world of theater - he was sent to sell oranges and lollipops in the lobby. At the age of 8, Factor became a pharmacist's assistant, and at the age of nine, he became a cosmetologist's apprentice, performing small assignments. At the age of fourteen, he moved to Moscow and joined the Bolshoi Theater as an assistant make-up artist. The skills acquired in the theater greatly helped Factor in the future. Then he had to undergo mandatory military service in the Russian army.

After demobilization, in 1895, Faktorovich opened his own store in Ryazan, where he sold blush, creams, perfume and wigs - mostly all of his own making. Once a theater troupe stopped in Ryazan and after a few weeks the products of the Polish Jew were already known at court. “All my time was occupied by individual consultations, I showed them how to emphasize the advantages and hide the flaws of their faces”. Later he moved to St. Petersburg, where he began working in Opera House doing costumes and makeup. The actors, made up by Max Factor, played in front of Nicholas II, and soon the name of the talented make-up artist became widely known among the nobility. For several years he worked as a cosmetics specialist at the court of the Russian Tsar and in the imperial theaters.

For the Kingdom of Poland

Reprint. Cards were produced by the Imperial Card Factory specifically for the Polish provinces annexed to Russia at the beginning of the 19th century and were called “Cards Made for the Kingdom of Poland.” The most important differences between these cards are the drawings of German-type card suits, as well as a different composition of card figures, in which there are no queens, but, in addition to the king, there are two more “male” persons - vyshnik and nizhnik (in relation to Russian cards, these were like jack high and jack junior).

Nevsky

A reprint of the famous deck, released in 1992 at the Leningrad Color Printing Plant in honor of the 175th anniversary of the founding of the Imperial Card Factory.

Most popular view maps in the USSR were “Atlas maps”, the design of which in Russia has not changed for more than 150 years. The drawing itself was created in the mid-19th century by academician of painting Adolph Iosifovich Charlemagne. The very concept of “satin” refers to the manufacturing method - printing on “satin” paper rubbed with talcum powder. Cards printed on such paper shuffled well and were not afraid of moisture, unlike plain paper, which did not have such advantages. Over time, they stopped making cards of lower quality, and the name “satin” was assigned specifically to the design of the cards of academician Charlemagne. Card production was launched in the suburbs of St. Petersburg, at the state-owned Alexander Manufactory, where the Imperial Card Factory began operating in 1819. In the second half of the 19th century, the Atlas deck became widespread in the Russian Empire.

A.I. Charlemagne did not create a fundamentally new card style. Satin cards were the result of processing pre-existing card designs that were used back in the 17th and early 18th centuries in Moscow card factories, which were also based on the so-called “North German picture”, which came from an ancient folk French card deck.

In Germany, north of the Schönbuch nature park, there is the town of Waldenbuch, in the middle of the wonderful town of Aichtal.

It can be assumed that Waldenbuch was named so because of the beautiful forest that surrounds it. However, it was the German word "Walto" short form The word "Waltheri" means "warrior", from which the name of the area "Waltenbuch" ("warrior's forest") comes from, named after the Germans who expelled the Romans from here in the fifth century.

However, the first who liked this place so much were the Celts. They inhabited the Waldenbuch area in the 8th-7th centuries. BC Also, the wonderful Waldenbuch fell into the hearts of others, even those who were here for a very short time.

Story

Every family has its own traditions. The Ritter family has kept a sweet secret for almost a hundred years: the recipe for the success of producing good chocolate. The company, started by Alfred Ritter and his wife Clara in 1912 as a small family firm, has grown to become an internationally successful company. Today, Ritter Sport chocolate is sold in 80 countries around the world. The success story is being written by the third generation - Alfred T. Ritter and his sister Marli Hoppe-Ritter.

The large German enterprise Ritter to this day remains primarily a family business, so concern for product quality is in the first place for the company. The family stands behind its name for the quality of every chocolate bar that leaves their enterprise. We invite you to take in at one glance the most chocolate milestones of the 20th century!

The story of Ritter Sport chocolate begins where films about love usually end: with a wedding. In 1912, confectioner Alfred Eugen Ritter and Clara Göttle, owner of a sweets shop, were married. Together they found the chocolate and sugar confectionery "Alfred Ritter Cannstatt" - the love of good chocolate, as we see, has its roots in our family history.

After the acquisition of Uniroyal Goodrich Tire (USA) in 1990 year, Michelin has reached the required size for sustainable development in North America. IN 1991 François Rollier resigns and François Michelin appoints his son, 28-year-old Edouard Michelin, as managing partner. IN 1993 Michelin invents a new production technology - “C3M”. It allows you to save energy, better automates production processes, etc. Trial testing of the C3M technology is carried out at the plant in Clermont-Ferrand.

IN 1994 year, the world saw Michelin Energy tires - the first tires, one of the main qualities of which was improved fuel efficiency. After an almost 80-year break, a Michelin representative office is reopening in Moscow. The Polish tire company Stomil - Olsztyn became part of the Michelin group in 1995 year. A new plant opens in Manila, Philippines. This is the first time Michelin tires have been used on a space shuttle.

1900 The year in the history of the company is significant in that the first guide called “Michelin Red Guide” was published. The guide was originally a list of various places that could be useful to the traveler, for example: hotels, repair shops, eateries or paid car parks. It was distributed free of charge and had very moderate demand. However, a great future awaited him. The first 35 thousand copies of the guide contained the prophetic words of Andre Michelin: “This guide was born at the dawn of a new century, and will exist as long as the century itself.”

WITH 1904 By 1906 The company is actively developing. The first product warehouses appear in Russian Empire- Moscow and Warsaw. The Michelin plant in Clermont-Ferrand already occupies almost 30 hectares and employs almost 4 thousand people. A new model of Michelin Sole tires is being released, equipped with special metal pins. This invention is now universally known as “studded tires”, providing better traction between the wheels and the road surface.

A subsidiary, Michelin Tire Co., was founded in London. Ltd." Michelin is building its first plant outside France in Turin, Italy. IN 1907 Michelin crosses the Atlantic and builds its first plant in the United States in Milltown, New Jersey (the plant was closed in 1931 year). Another plant is being built in Clermont-Ferrand. In honor of the first international automobile exhibition in St. Petersburg, the Moscow-St. Petersburg race was organized. The winner is A. Duret driving a Laurent-Dietrich car equipped with Michelin tires. The average speed of the winner on the route reaches 70 km/h. In addition to the competition winner, several other participants started on Michelin tires.

IN 1908 Michelin announces the award of the Grand Prix to the winner of the air race. This was done with the aim of developing aviation. The race involved flying from Paris to Clermont-Ferrand, landing at the extinct volcano Puy de Dome, which is located approximately 15 km from Clermont-Ferrand. This feat was accomplished three years later by two Frenchmen - Renaux and Senouque.

The French company Michelin, a manufacturer of road tires, is usually associated with the company's logo. This is the so-called "Bibendum", which looks like a stack of tires in the form of a person. This brand is one of the most recognizable in the world. The history of the company has deep roots - it has existed for more than a century and a half. Initially, the company was called "Barbier Dubre and Co." - after the names of its two founders. The company will receive its modern name a little later, when the Michelin brothers Andre and Eduard join the family business. As for the “Michelin man” logo, the idea of ​​its creation came only 65 years after the first steps in this direction.

And the first steps were taken in the distant 1829 year when Édouard Daubrée married the Scot Elizabeth Pugh Barker, niece of the notorious chemist Charles Macintosh. Mackintosh created a waterproof raincoat made of rubber fabric, which was later named after him, and received a patent for his invention in 1823 year. The mackintosh coat was incredibly popular in mid-19th centuries, it was preferred to be worn by such celebrities as Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin.

Tea drinking for the inhabitants of the East, especially China and Japan - ancient tradition. Tea culture is inseparable from the art, culture of these countries, and the entire way of life. The ancient culture of Japan is full of unusual symbols and traditions, as mysterious as a hieroglyph. One of these traditions is the world-famous tea ceremony.

Tea was brought to Japan from China in the 7th century. Japanese monks were at the origins of the spread of tea in the country. In China, it was valued as a medicinal plant that helps against fatigue, eye disease, and rheumatism. Then, as a sophisticated pastime. But there was probably no such cult of tea as in Japan in any other country. This ritual has been performed in almost unchanged form for centuries in almost every Japanese house. Girls still remember the basics of ancient art at school. Many men also know how to conduct a tea ceremony.

It was then that the Sanrio company appeared in Japan. Its founder, Shintaro Tsuji, decided to give people at least a little joy after difficult and many years war. The motto of the newborn company was “A small gift - a big smile,” and Tsuji really managed to bring it to life - almost no one left the store empty-handed: customers took small gifts to their loved ones - postcards, inexpensive toys and other such pleasant things. little things.

Have you ever wondered who came up with the favorite treat of children and adults, the popular and delicious chocolate-nut spread called Nutella? The name of this inventor is Pietro Ferrero. It’s not for nothing that his last name seemed familiar to you - this man founded one of the largest food production companies, mainly confectionery-oriented - Ferrero. This company is familiar to us for such products as: candies “Raffaello”, “Mon Chéri” and “Ferrero Rochen”, mint dragee “Tic-Tac”, chocolate egg with a toy “Kinder Surprise”, as well as a series of products “Kinder” (Kinder Chocolate, Kinder Happy Hippo, Kinder Bueno, Kinder Pingui, Kinder Country, Kinder Maxi King and others).

Nutella itself, a delicate chocolate cream with a nutty flavor, has an interesting history. As is often the case with many great inventions, the idea for creating a sweet paste came about by chance. But we will start our story from afar. In 1946, Pietru Ferrero, a native of the Italian province of Cuneo, inherited from his parents a small bakery in the city of Alba in northern Italy. Due to his indefatigable imagination and love for experimenting with products, Pietro turned his shop into a pastry shop with a tiny workshop. It was there that he spent all his free time, experimenting with various ingredients in order to please his customers with fresh and varied confectionery products. His wife Piera and brother Giovanni helped him in this.

We present to you a list of examples of the oldest household objects, and please note that these are only the oldest surviving examples - many of these objects existed much earlier.

These Egyptian wool socks, designed to be worn with sandals, were made between 300 and 499 AD and were discovered in the 19th century. (Photo: wikipedia.org)

“Sumerian beer recipe from 3000 BC. The beer turns out to be very strong and contains pieces of bread floating in it.” (Photo: imgur.com)

The oldest glasses in the world were discovered on Baffin Island in Canada. They were intended to protect against glare from the sun's rays reflected from the snow. (Photo: canadacool.com)

The most likely age of the statue depicting a human figure is 40,000 years. This is the Venus from Hohle Fels Cave, Germany, carved from mammoth bone. (Photo: wikipedia.org)

This 5,500-year-old cowhide right moccasin was found in a cave in Armenia, preserved in grasses and dry sheep dung. (Photo: news.nationalgeographic.com)

This is a 40,000 year old bone flute from southern Germany. (Photo: nytimes.com)

The oldest pants in the world were found in Western China; they are 3,300 years old. (Photo: M. Wagner / German Archaeological Institute)

IN ancient city Ephesus, Türkiye, had flush public toilets. Running water under the seats was carried into the nearby river. (Photo: chroniclesoflindsay.blogspot.com)

This bra was worn between 1390 and 1485 in Austria. There are earlier historical descriptions of this item, but no other examples survive. (Photo: theatlantic.com)

This prosthesis helped someone in Egypt walk again 3,000 years ago. (Photo: bbc.com)

Dog teeth are all that remains from a disintegrated 4,500-year-old wallet found in Germany. They were probably part of the outer door. (Photo: Klaus Bentele, LDA Halle)

This reusable sheepskin condom was used in 1640 in Sweden. It came with instructions in Latin, which recommended cleaning the product with warm milk to avoid sexually transmitted diseases. (Photo: genreauthor.blogspot.com)

This chewing gum from Finland has been chewed for at least 5,000 years. It is made from birch bark and was most likely used to cure oral infections or used as an adhesive. (Photo: metro.co.uk)

The oldest recorded melody was found in the ancient city-state of Ugarit, in what is now southern Syria. The music was written for the lyre. (Photo: ancientlyre.com)

The oldest known coin was found within the ancient Hellenic city of Ephesos (Ephesus) in Turkey. One side of it is decorated with an image of a lion's head. (Photo.

Olga Anatolyevna Saltanova
Project “The History of Things That Surround Us”

INFORMATION CARD PROJECT.

IN modern world All fewer people are given question: where things came to us from, that surround us in everyday life. Our life is convenient and comfortable. What made her like this? Who invented things and how? which we use every day without thinking about their significance? Try to do without a spoon, plate, comb and other household items. things. What happens if one of the ones convenient for us things will disappear from our everyday life? This will make us think, find ways to solve problems, fantasize, and create.

To create, to show curiosity is main task given project. There is no need to set difficult tasks to encourage your child to show interest in history, creativity. Every thing which we hold in our hands - human history.

View project: cultural and value.

Time:1 month, February.

Participants project: Children senior group and teachers, parents.

Educators: O. A. Saltanova, A. V. Larionova

Age of children: senior group.

main idea: introduce history of the appearance of household things.

Statement of the problem question: Conversations with children “How things were invented, that surround us?»

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES PROJECT:

1. Goals project: expand and consolidate children’s ideas about how man, in the process of evolution, created household items (mirror, dishes, furniture, clothes); how did these objects change during history, give an idea of ​​what surrounding Our things are the result of the creativity of many generations.

2. Objectives:

1. Summarize and systematize knowledge about household items.

2. To consolidate the classification of objects.

3. Develop logical thinking and curiosity.

4. Cultivate a caring attitude towards things.

3. Expected results:

1. Fostering a caring attitude towards things.

2. Expand knowledge about history of things.

3. Encourage creative use things in everyday life.

4. Progress of implementation project taking into account the integration of educational areas

Directions of development Educational

areas Goals and objectives

Cognitive-speech Cognition

Conversation about things that surround us.

Get kids interested in learning history invention of household items.

Looking at illustrations of ancient household items.

Communication

Getting to know history invention of household items;

Talk about the invention of dishes, furniture, clothing;

Consideration

illustrations on the topic.

Presentation on the topic « History of things» .

View m\f "Fedorino grief".

Reading fiction Introduction to the book by N. Khoza "Road of Life"

Reading chapters from the book by T. N. Nuzhdina "World things» about dishes, furniture, clothes.

Reading the story by S. Ya. Marshak "Where did the table come from".

social and personal

Games and work

artistic and aesthetic

Artistic creativity

Drawing on themes: "Khokhloma spoon", “My light mirror, tell me”, painting stencils of dishes based on Gzhel painting.

Craft made from waste material.

Making a collage on a theme "Evolution things» .

Physical education Introduce children to musical culture, enrich children's musical experiences; cause a vivid musical response when perceiving music

of different nature.

Physical development

Form the need for daily physical activity.

Learning physical education minutes on the topic.

Interaction with family

Invite parents and children to make a collage on the topic "Evolution things» .

Presentation on the topic “ History of things, that surround us».

Making crafts from waste materials.

Open lesson.

5. Products project.

1. Scenario of the final event.

2. Presentation and video material used during implementation project.

3. Open lesson for parents.

4. Public photo report on the progress of the event on the GBDOU website.

5. Album of collages on the topic.

6. Crafts from waste materials.

Publications on the topic:

Lesson summary “History of things. Russian scarf" Goal: Introducing children to the history of the Russian scarf. Introducing children to Russian folk culture The recording of the song “Peddlers” plays, the screensaver.

Lesson notes in preparatory group on the topic: “History of ancient things” Educator: Taranova L.V. Purpose: to organize students.

Consultation for parents “Sounds that surround us” The world of sounds surrounds a child from the moment of birth (or rather, he lives in it even before birth). In the vast sound sea there are musical sounds.

Musical lesson for the senior group “Rhythms and sounds that surround us” Goals: to teach how to navigate music; introduce new repertoire, develop rhythmic perception of music; maintain cheerfulness.

Project “Games that Heal” The word "game" is magical. It attracts, fascinates and carries away into the world of a new environment that has not yet been explored by the child. When.

Project “My Family History” Project “My Family History” Municipal budget preschool educational institution kindergarten No. 21 general developmental type, Azovskaya station.