Amazing choice of name among different peoples. Surnames among different peoples

Every person receives a name at birth. Long before a child is born, parents think about what they will name it. Why is this so important? Of course, a name distinguishes one person from another. But still, by giving a name to a child, we change something in him. To the date of birth and biological characteristics that were combined in the new person by the will of fate, we want to add a wish, parting words, the first gift - a name. Does it affect the fate of the newborn? Even someone who considers himself a convinced materialist cannot help but admit that he has an influence. So people have always tried to understand exactly how this happens. This was done not only by astrologers, but also by representatives of other occult teachings.

This may surprise the reader, but proper names have long been the subject of study. After all, a word, like any sound, has a wave nature and directly affects the human brain. A name is a word that a person hears throughout his life more often than other words. Therefore, naturally, it has a direct impact on the development and formation of personality, on his perception of reality, and even on his appearance, and as a result - on his fate.

Every citizen has a first name, last name and patronymic. The name has a social meaning, determining the status of a person by its form. Addresses by first name, first name and patronymic, last names are shown different roles person in society and reflect different attitudes towards him. Each form sounds different and has its own shade of meaning. All this, and more, is something parents who are choosing a name for their child should seriously think about.

In this book you will find a lot useful information, which will help you choose a name for your child. If you have a materialistic perception of the world, you can choose a name based on its historical roots, euphony and impact on perception. If you believe in astrology and numerology, you can choose a name using the recommendations of the most famous astrologers. Believers will be able to use the name day calendar and choose a name using the Saints.

The reader learns about names in other cultures, the history of their origins and their unusual kinship. After reading the book, you will understand how people different cultures close to each other, how intertwined were the destinies of all people and their names in human history. Of course, this will allow you to make a good choice and give your child a worthy gift.

The book also contains a lot of practical information, for example, how to change your first and last name, how names sound in different languages. It may be useful not only for choosing a name for a child, but it may well become a fascinating and useful read for absolutely everyone.

Fate and name

History of names

Proper names were identified in ancient times. Of course, it is impossible to find witnesses who would confirm this, but even the Stoic philosopher Chrysippus (c. 280-208/205 BC) identified names as a separate group of words. Today, anthroponymy (“anthropos” - person, “onym” - name) is studying the proper names of people, the patterns of their origin and development, their structure, functioning in society, and distribution. People's proper names are called anthroponyms.

People have always been given names. There are many legends and traditions about how they arose. Here is one of them. In ancient times, when the Higher Mind gave speech to people, there was one language. Each word reflected the inner essence of things. Anyone who knew a word gained power over what it meant. Chaos arose in the world because people could not decide who would govern and who would obey. Then the priests came up with other words for everything in the world in order to prevent the uninitiated from using the true names of things for evil. Higher knowledge turned out to be beyond the reach of man. As a result, different languages arose and the true language was hidden and then almost completely lost. This is what is said about language, words and names in the legends of many nations. The same thing happened with people's names.

People now had to come up with names themselves. Moreover, in many cultures, a child was given two names - one close to the real one and a second one, for general use, so that no one could, knowing the real name, harm the child. Our distant ancestors understood that a name is not just the name of a person to distinguish him from others, but a kind of verbal formula that is somehow connected with the fate of a person and power over him. They tried to use it in different ways.

In Indian and some African tribes They gave repulsive names in order to ward off evil spirits. Once upon a time it was believed that only the person himself and his parents should know his real name. In Indian tribes, a young man learned his real name only on the day he was recognized as an adult through meditation and communication with spirits and did not tell anyone. Old Indian shamans say that often this name could not be pronounced with normal sounds, it existed only as a mixture of image and sound.

The ancient Greeks gave a child the names of gods and heroes, hoping that the child would enjoy their favor and inherit their qualities and destiny. But calling children by similar names was somehow tactless, and even dangerous - after all, the gods of the Hellenes lived very close - on Mount Olympus, were very similar to people and often communicated with them. They might not like such familiarity. Therefore, for everyday reference to the gods, various epithets were used, which were also transformed into names. For example, Victor is the winner, Maxim is the greatest. These epithets were used to call Zeus. Mars carried a laurel branch, hence the name Laurus. Many gods wore headdresses such as crowns or tiaras. This is where the name Stefan - crowned - comes from.

However, the tradition of giving children direct names of gods, although not supreme ones, has also been preserved, in order to avoid their anger for such impudence. The names Muse, Apollo, Aurora, Maya are still in use. Later this desire became Christian tradition give names in honor of the righteous, canonized.

In Rus' there was another tradition: the parents gave the newborn a name that was real - his parents, godparents and especially close people knew him. It combined the wishes for the baby, the hopes and aspirations of the parents, it reflected love for the child and the desire for his happiness. Then the child was wrapped in a matting and carried out of the threshold, as if demonstrating evil spirits, that they found an abandoned baby who was not particularly needed. And they called him a name that would scare away the evil spirits and lull their attention. “They call me Zovutka, but they call me a duck.” This means what to call given name a stranger was considered dangerous. What if the stranger was a sorcerer who could use knowledge of the name for evil. By giving the child a dissonant and repulsive name, they hoped that evil forces they will not bother themselves to cause harm to an unworthy person, and a plain name will not arouse the envy of the gods. The rite of the second naming was performed in adolescence, when the main character traits were formed. The name was given based on these traits.

However, the tradition of such naming did not take root. And a person who was constantly called not by his real name, but by a nickname, often acquired all the qualities characteristic of this nickname. In such a situation, the name-amulet protected the person from unknown reasons. Since the name was not spoken out loud, it had no internal connection with its bearer.

The influence of a name on a person and his fate has been noticed for a long time. It has always been believed, and quite rightly, that a word chosen for a name with love will help in life. But at the same time, giving a name, naming it means gaining secret power. The emotional connotation of a word does not change in different languages, and what means something pleasant has a sound that is pleasant to the ear, and vice versa.

Thus, the development of the name has a long history. Before the adoption of Christianity in Rus', original names were used, created on Slavic soil using the Old Russian language. The Slavs chose any words to name their children that reflected the various properties and qualities of people, the characteristics of their character: Clever, Brave, Kind, Cunning; features of behavior and speech: Molchan; physical advantages and disadvantages: Oblique, Lame, Krasava, Kudryash, Chernyak, Belyai; the time and “order” of the appearance of a particular child in the family: Menshak, Elder, First, Second, Tretyak; profession: Villager, Kozhemyaka and much more. Similar names were also used by other peoples; it is enough to recall the names of the Indians, which characterized the characteristics of a particular person: Eagle Eye, Sly Fox, etc. We had several other names, which later, with the adoption of Christianity and the consolidation of names in church calendars, became into nicknames. Some of these nicknames have come down to us in the form of surnames: Cat, Beetle, Wolf, Sparrow. It should be noted that these surnames are very common.

From the 11th to the 17th centuries, native Slavic names fade into the background, and Byzantine-Greek ones come to the fore. With the advent of Christianity, a two-name system began to develop. In order to protect a person from evil spirits, he was given one name and called a completely different one. This period is characterized by social stratification. At this time it is common Old Russian names, which consist of two roots and contain the root -slav. These are names such as Vyacheslav, Svyatoslav, Yaroslav, Borislav, which were joined by Byzantine-Greek names with the same root: Stanislav, Bronislav, Miroslav, etc.

WITH early XVIII century until 1917, canonical names dominated, a three-part formula for naming a person (last name, first name, patronymic) developed and spread, and a pseudonym appeared.

After the revolution, newly created names reflecting the events taking place in the country became very popular. The formation of new names especially affected girls. So, they were called Idea, Iskra, Oktyabrina. There is evidence that one girl was even called Artillery Academy. It was fashionable to call twin boys and girls Revo and Lucia; the names of the boys are known: Genius, Giant (it is noteworthy that these names did not always correspond to reality, and often completely contradicted). However, at this time names appeared that continue to live now: Lilia (it is similar to the Russian name Lydia and is very euphonious), Ninel (reading the name Lenin in reverse order), Timur, Spartak.

The modern Russian name book includes many names with different origins. But still, names that we can now rightfully call Russian have a huge advantage. Although there are very few actual Russian names left. Over time, the original meaning of names was forgotten, but historically each name was a word or phrase of some language. Almost everything modern names came to us from Byzantium and have Greek roots, but many of them were borrowed from other ancient languages, or were simply borrowed from ancient Roman, Hebrew, Egyptian and other languages and with this method of borrowing were used only as a proper name, and not as a word, denoting something.

Different names - similar roots

Almost all personal names that we have long been accustomed to consider Russian were brought by Christianity to Rus' through Byzantium, which collected best names from her language, as well as foreign names and canonized them, that is, officially legitimized them, making them church names. Therefore, they are of Greek, Latin, Hebrew origin, and occasionally you can find names belonging to some other eastern languages, for example, Syriac, Egyptian. The same can be said about many other nations. That is why there is a correspondence of names in different languages: Russian - Ivan, Polish - Jan, French - Jean, English - John, German - Johann; Russian - Mikhail, French - Michel, Polish - Michal; Russian - Olga, German - Helga; Russian - Pavel, French - Paul, German - Paul, etc. When names were transferred from other languages, their original meaning was lost (after all, they all came from common nouns), and they became only proper names.

It is interesting that different peoples chose roots with different meanings for the name. Thus, among the Slavs the components predominate: “good”, “holy”, “light”, “glory”, “grow”, “peace”, “nice”, “glad”, “love”, among the Greeks and Romans - words emphasizing in a person moral qualities. Jews and Arabs preferred to emphasize in their names detachment from earthly goods and an appeal to God.

Many names that sound different have the same meaning. For example:

Nikita, Nikon (Greek), Victor, Victoria (Latin) - winner.

Fedor, Dorotheus (Greek) - gift of God.

George, Yuri, Egor (Greek) - farmer.

Oleg, Olga (scand.) - saint.

Cyril (Greek) - lord, Maria (Aramic) - mistress.

Albina, Clara (lat.) - white.

Ivan, Zhanna, Yanina (Old Hebrew), Eliza (Old German) - the grace of God.

Marina (Latin), Pelageya (Greek) - sea.

Zoya (Greek), Vitalia, Eva, Vitaly (Latin) - life.

Felix, Beatrice, Beata (lat.) - happy.

However, the opposite situation is also observed: large number names in the Russian name book have a similar sound, but completely different meanings. Such names should not be confused, since they carry different information.

For example:

Erasmus (Greek) - beloved; Erast (Greek) - loving; Philip (Greek) - lover of horses.

Valentin (lat.) - strong; Valery (lat.) - cheerful, strong.

Vit (lat.) - defeated; Vitaly (lat.) - vital; Witold (Old German) - forest ruler.

Veronica (Greek) - bringing victory, (Latin) - true, authentic image; Nike (Greek) - victory.

Naming traditions

The ordering of Slavic names began with the compilation of church lists - Saints and Menaions. By decision of Pope Gregory, names were allowed only by names legalized by religion, or canonical, recorded in these books. All other names were called pagan. Canonical names were included in civil and church calendars. The same names appeared in the calendars on the same dates, associated with the veneration of one or another saint. Christian names were the names of ascetics and martyrs who died for the establishment of this religion. In addition, these same names also belonged to representatives of those peoples from whose language they were borrowed. Therefore, now these names are not perceived by us as church names. The child was named after the saint whose name was listed in the Saints on the day of the child’s christening. Often these were very dissonant names, but the parents could not go against the will of the church. True, the parents of a baby from wealthy families or belonging to the upper class had some privilege - they could choose a name without agreeing with it church calendar, but, nevertheless, this name should have been contained in the Saints.

There have been other naming systems in the history of the name. For example, the names given to Papuans at birth were usually changed to others when the child grew up and turned into a girl or boy. Representatives of the northern peoples believed that the child must be named in the first three days after his birth, since three days later the name will be suggested to him by evil spirits, which, of course, cannot bring him happiness. Among other peoples of the North, it was allowed to name a child only after a cradle had been made for him. Doing it before birth was considered a bad omen - the child could be born dead or not live long, but without a name the child was not allowed into his first home. African tribes have an even more interesting naming system. It was believed that the soul of a deceased relative moved into a newborn, so it was important to determine whose soul wished to be born a second time in order to give its name to the child. This is what shamans did.

It is impossible not to notice that all this is inherent in Slavic names. The same change of name - from a diminutive to a patronymic name, the same custom of naming a child in honor of departed relatives and a warning against naming the names of living parents.

Now we do not have a question about who will name the child. This is usually done by parents. They choose a name according to their taste, sometimes giving a name in honor of a grandmother, grandfather or some other respected and beloved relative. But in the history of the name you can find evidence of who chose the name from different nations, and it wasn’t always the parents. People often believed that only a stranger, a stranger, could give the best name to a child. He chooses the name objectively, and therefore the child should be happy. The stranger who named the child was treated with honor, treated very generously, and rewarded with gifts. He played the role of godfather, who every year on his birthday had to give gifts to the child, and on his wedding day he had to give a gun or a horse, which were considered very valuable gifts. In some Nigerian tribes, the whole village chose the name of the child.

The tribes inhabiting New Zealand give the child the name he sneezes on. Here's how it happens: first, the father lists the qualities that he wants to see in his child, then he accompanies his words with a song in which he names names, one of which the newborn must choose for himself. The child receives the name, when pronounced, he sneezes. Interestingly, sometimes they waited for about a day for this sneezing. But what if this is the custom?

The social role of a name is enormous, and in the history of the development of names, traditions are intricately intertwined, reflecting the relationship of people among themselves, with the state and with God. As human communities grew larger, a name alone became insufficient for identification. There were different ways to get out of this situation. Orthodox Christians have a deeply rooted tradition of patronymics. Among Catholics one could find whole garlands of names. Thus, in Spain of the 18th century, each nobleman had the right to 6 names, well-born nobles could have 12 names, and the highest-ranking persons had an unlimited number of names. Each name was the name of a heavenly protector than more people had names, the more defenders he had. But for each name the church that gave these names had to be paid. Therefore, the poor could not afford such luxury and used only one or two names. The nobility demonstrated the trail of their names as an indicator of their condition. This tradition remains, but so long names are rare today. In a number of Spanish-speaking countries, a person’s name is halfway between the names of the mother and father, but among Jews only the mother’s name matters.

The Kwakutl Indians adhere to an unusual tradition - if a member of their tribe borrows money from someone, he must leave his name as collateral. Until he repays the debt, he has no right to bear his name. They do not address him in any way or use gestures and sounds as an address. Isn't it true that this speaks of great respect for the name?

Meaning and interpretation of names

Every name that came to us from other languages, or has a primordial Russian origin, is derived from a specific word and has its own meaning. But today this meaning has become so erased that we no longer draw a parallel between the name and its meaning. A name, unlike any other word, does not designate an object, but names a specific person, and due to the repetition of one name, it is often not enough to separate one person from another; for this you also need to know the patronymic and surname.

Currently, anthroponymic scientists, based on the research conducted, are trying to formulate psychological characteristics bearer of a specific name. According to this theory, each name has its own specific characteristics (it is no coincidence that a name has a meaning), which form the character of its owner. This theory has great success, since in practice it has been proven that each name really leaves a certain imprint on a person, as a result of which certain character traits are formed in him. Anthroponymic studies were carried out, during which it was discovered that bearers of the same name have general features character, and often most owners of the same name even have a similar appearance. We are, of course, talking about the type of appearance, and not about specific features.

In addition, when choosing a name, you should think about the correspondence of the sound characteristics of the name to the surname and patronymic. It has been proven that the more harmonious a person’s name is, the more harmonious his inner world, and therefore, the luckier and happier he will be.

The philosopher A.F. Losev wrote about names: “Looking for the corresponding term for a name in languages, I cannot find anything better than the term “magic.” Magic is usually understood as precisely this semantic charge of a certain idea, which, being actually expressed and directed into in this direction, is discharged in the form of major events in a given area of reality. There is no actual direction of meaning in a symbol; it is in the name. A name always comes from somewhere and is directed somewhere, while a symbol is simply given as a static being. Therefore, the introduction of the moment of magic into the dialectical formula of the name is its essential addition. A name is a personal and energetic symbol, or an energetic-personal symbol. This formula, however, expresses its essence more clearly if we say that the name is a magical-mythical symbol.”

Possibly related to this existing legend about how Alexander the Great once noticed among the soldiers of his army a man who always ran away from the battlefield. Having learned that his name was also Alexander, he told him: “Either be brave in battle, or change your name so that they don’t confuse me with you.”

Interestingly, there is a fashion for names. At a certain period of time, one name or group of names becomes fashionable. This may be associated with the characters of books, films, popular at that time, with names famous people, artists, etc. But you should not get carried away with such names, since during the period of popularity this or that name becomes overly popular, and the person who received such a name may be doomed to lack individuality. Agree, a person with an ordinary Russian name, not pretentious, but also not very common, attracts much more attention. In this regard, it is worth remembering such good Russian names that were undeservedly forgotten, for example: Savely, Semyon, Avdey, Evdokia, Alevtina, Varvara, etc.

How to choose a name

Tribal and national traditions

The choice of name is determined by different traditions. In many cultures, a person has several names. One of them accompanies the child in childhood, the other during adolescence, and the third is the final, adult name given to a person upon the onset of adulthood. This was customary in Indian tribes, as well as in China, where there is a milk name, a school name, a marriage name, and even a service name. In the Russian tradition, we also observe that in childhood a childish, diminutive name is used, then a full one, and as an indicator that a person has taken place and is not only full-fledged as a person, but also acquires significance as the keeper of the clan, he is called by his first name and patronymic , which was always considered a tribute and was not used for everyone. In an earlier period, this address was originally noble, people of low classes were called disparaging names, and only the most respected were awarded a full name.

Along with the name, a person is given a heavenly patron who can be an intercessor before God. Orthodox and Catholics believe in this. Therefore, when choosing a name, find out the name of which saint he will inherit, who will be his patron. This is important to know when you or someone else prays for the forgiveness of sins, for assistance in everyday affairs, for the healing of serious illnesses, for the preservation of your property or career advancement. Even if you yourself are agnostics, give your child the opportunity to choose for himself whether to be a believer or not.

There are many beliefs and traditions associated with naming, which intricately combine pagan ideas about the Higher Powers and Christian doctrine. Since these traditions have gone through centuries of trials, they should not be discounted. We will tell you about some of them.

It was believed that naming a child after the name of a righteous man meant good, while naming a child after a martyr meant dooming him to wanderings and torment in life.

They did not give the child the name of his father, mother, brother, sister, the names of all those who live in the house - he or his namesake could die. This is a purely pagan belief, but there are many observations that confirm its correctness.

It is believed that a girl should not be named after her mother - it will be difficult for them to find common language.

It is believed that girls should not be called by male names, because they grow up to be rude and often have difficulty getting married.

In no case were three people called by the same name.

For example, if a grandmother, daughter and granddaughter were called by the same name, then this was considered a bad omen. Our ancestors believed that out of three, the first takes the last. If such a situation arises in your family, you need to baptize all three with different names in three churches on the same day. If the first one has already died, then the younger one still needs to be baptized. Moreover, the one who is to be baptized, according to popular belief, must come to the church first and be the first to enter the baptismal sanctuary, ahead of the rest of the people.

However, it was considered most favorable to name children after their grandparents, even living ones, because they voluntarily pass on the strength of their spirit to their beloved grandchildren.

They did not give the child the name of the deceased baby in the family, so that he would not repeat his fate.

Before the christening, the child’s name was not told to anyone, so as not to jinx it. And if they asked the name of the child, they answered: “My child was given by God and his name is Bogdan.”

Before baptism, the child was usually given a temporary name.

If newborn children died in a family, they were called Adam and Eve, in honor of their ancestors. Or they gave the names of their parents, thereby passing on an evil fate to them.

On name day, you need to break something from the dishes, even if on purpose - for good luck.

In general, choosing a name is a very important decision in the life of parents who determine the future fate of their child. After all, first of all, a name is the answer to the questions “who am I?” and “what am I?” Try asking a three-year-old: “Who are you?” - and, most likely, he will answer either: “I am a boy (girl),” or will name the name by which he is called at home. Of course, the name determines a person’s future life not to the same extent as, say, gender, but it allows the baby to psychologically realize himself as an individual, and this is very important factor development.

Choosing a name for a child is a very important first intervention in his destiny and an attempt to direct it in a better direction. This right belongs to the parents. It often happens that some intuition tells a mother what to name her child when he is not yet born. Maybe you should follow it, but it still won’t hurt, before choosing a name, to correlate it with your surname, patronymic, and birth sign. When the child is born, you should choose from the expected names the one that will be in the best possible way approach the date of birth.

You should definitely think about what name your child will be called as a child. You should not choose a name that is too pretentious, as it may become a reason for ridicule. For boys, when choosing a name, you should take into account that someday he will become a father and will think about how his name forms a patronymic.

The name is directly related to nationality. Receiving the name of his people, the child involuntarily begins to include himself in its history and inherit national character. There are also international names that are given to the baby more freedom in national self-determination. They have some unifying meaning, that is, it is easier for a person with this name to feel like a “citizen of the world.”

If you live in a multiethnic country, treat your people with respect national traditions. If you want to reflect in your name your son or daughter’s belonging to a certain culture, first of all think about the linguistic environment in which they will live. If, for example, at home a child’s Muslim name sounds absolutely natural, then in a Russian-speaking environment a boy with that name will constantly face questions and distortions of his name. It is still better to choose a name that is more or less familiar to native Russian speakers and therefore better remembered.

In such a situation, it is useful to know about “international” names that have variants in different languages - both European and Eastern (among them Maria, Ivan, Yakov, Gabriel, George, etc.).

If in a mixed marriage the child’s first name or patronymic has a distinct affiliation with a particular language and culture, think about how the name you choose will combine with the child’s middle and last name. The principle of unity is very important here: a foreign name will be discordant with the Russian surname and patronymic.

Foreign names should be given with caution. The combination of Orlando Ivanovich would probably bring a lot of suffering to its owner. It is better if it is a name that is adapted to the culture in which you live. For Orthodox Christians, it is advisable that the name be in the Saints if you are going to baptize a child. Of course, the surge in passion for foreign names, which gave rise to such strange combinations as Esther Petrovna, John Ivanovich and others, has already passed, and in lately there is an opposite trend - a return to old Russian names: Praskovya, Taras, Agafya, Fekla, Akim, Zakhar. Of course, a name that is too rare, read in the ancient Saints, for example, Ardalyon or Psoi, will make the child stand out among others, but fashion quickly passes... Will a person with such a name feel comfortable? rare name in life? Although, undoubtedly, many names and the people who bore them are worthy of calling children by them.

So, the name should be euphonious, form various forms that will not be a reason for ridicule of the child, nationally appropriate and beautifully combined with the surname and patronymic.

1. The name should be easy to pronounce both separately and with the patronymic.

2. The name should be easy to remember.

3. Diminutive forms should be easily formed from the name.

4. The name should not evoke associations in people that are undesirable for its bearer.

5. If a child will have a surname that does not indicate his gender, you should not give him a name like Zhenya, Sasha or Vali. Kids get upset when a girl is mistaken for a boy and vice versa.

Baptism and name

The sacrament of baptism is still one of the most sacred rites performed by the church. This is an equal blessing for all Christians, giving a person a name that he will carry throughout his life, which will influence his destiny. After all, it is known that the name book consists of church-legalized names belonging to saints. By calling a child one name or another, parents seem to call on the saint to protect their baby. No wonder the Scripture says: “Rejoice, for your names are written in Heaven!” That is, the church believes that a Christian name is a blessing from God.

Thanks to the rite of baptism, all Christians today bear the names that were once chosen by Jesus. In the Bible you can read about Jesus' warnings about keeping the name as it was given to them. That is, we are talking specifically about preserving the verbal formula.

When they began to call children at baptism after the names of holy martyrs, the apostles taught that this was done not for the sake of repeating the martyr’s path, but for the glory of those who went through it and for the sake of the name itself. The bottom line is this: it is impossible not to admit that at least one of the prophecies of the Bible came true - Jesus Christ gave names to all Christians.

Different peoples have the same names, with minor variations in spelling and pronunciation, which resulted from adapting them to national characteristics. The rest are a translation into the local language of a name that came from the same times and was used earlier. For example, the name Agathon (kind) corresponded to the Slavic Dobrynya, Peter - to the Old Russian Stone. Ancient Jewish name Thomas corresponds to the Latin name Thomas and the Greek name Didymus, which was then transformed into the name Demetrius and means "twin".

Baptism is a naming ritual. The first Christians changed their name. A person undergoing baptism enters the water without a name, and the priest at this time drives away with prayer dark forces and calls on the forces of Light to take the person under their care and names the name by which they recognize him. The forces of light must help a baptized person.

By naming children during baptism after the names of martyrs who suffered for the faith, it was believed that after death the saints found themselves at the throne of the Lord and had the opportunity to ask for mercy for their “wards.”

The ancient custom of naming children in honor of heroes and gods has been continued. At first there were no special rules according to which a person accepting the Christian faith chose a saint in whose name he was baptized. This was the person whose actions were closest to him or touched some strings of his soul, or that person lived nearby.

In the 16th century, Pope Gregory XIII, who was one of the most enlightened people of his time, introduced the calendar, which became known as the Gregorian calendar, and officially approved the custom of giving the names of saints and martyrs at baptism. The name was now given to a person at the moment he accepted Christianity, as well as to newborns whose parents were Christians.

This is the rite of baptism. First, the priest read the prayer three times. Then he also called on the Holy Spirit three times and sanctified the water that was in the baptismal font. He immersed the baby (with his head) three times in this water. It was difficult to find a large font for adults, so the clergyman who performed the sacrament sprinkled the new convert with blessed water three times. Water is not just a symbol of purification. By plunging into water, a person seemed to die and then resurrect, but as a Christian.

The newly born person is given a new name - Christian, and from now on the patron saint can ask the Lord for forgiveness and mercy for the person. The Holy Spirit enters the newly-made Christian through holy water and a drop of special incense - myrrh oil, which the priest applies to the forehead of the person being baptized. It means the blessing of the Lord and the equality of all before the Lord.

You are probably familiar with the phrase from the movie “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears,” which has long become a catchphrase: “I need Georgy Ivanovich, aka Yuri, aka Gosha, aka Zhora, aka Gora...”

Why do different names have so many variations?

Why are people called the same names in different countries and even on different continents?

Science provides the answer to these questions anthroponymy, which studies the origin, evolution and functional components of names.

· Scientifically, proper or personal names (for example, Ivan, Maria, Svetlana) are called anthroponyms. By the way, anthroponyms also include patronymics, surnames, nicknames and even nicknames.

But let's focus on names for now. How is it that, living in different countries, having different histories, cultures and languages, we have, if not the same, then very similar names?

WE ARE UNITED BY HISTORY

In fact, everything lies in the story.

All nationalities, regardless of their territorial location, went through similar evolutionary milestones, a similar cultural path of development, during which the first and subsequent names appeared, as well as traditions of naming people.

IN ancient times people identified themselves with the Universe, believed in their origin and dependence on the nature around them - plants, animals, as well as natural phenomena. The reason for choosing a name was also the expected or desired qualities of the newborn person, as well as his external signs. Another significant “reason” for getting a name is the activity that the newborn’s family is engaged in.

The most obvious and, perhaps, famous example The names of people from these points of view can be called names in Indian tribes. You have probably read and remember fascinating books about the Indians, where the main characters were called Vigilant Falcon, Leather Stocking, St. John's Wort, Faithful Hand, etc.

The same can be said about Old Russian names. Digging through archives and descriptions family trees, you can find names such as Oladin Pie, Rusin, Kozhemyaka, Dobr, Hitr, Molchan, etc. Agree that from the examples given you can easily guess what this or that family did, or what this or that person was like.

Many names that are still used today have come to us since pagan times, when people wanted to give their child a sonorous, promising or “happy” name.

For example, how would you decipher and compare two names like Valdemar and Vladimir? It turns out that they actually have a lot in common:

The Slavic name Vladimir consists of two parts and literally means “ own the world»;

In turn, Valdemar similarly means kingdom and glory (valtan + mar), so in Germany you can safely call Vova Valdemar.

A similar example of “big” names that have the same roots but different sounds is widely known and quite popular Henry and already forgotten Slavic Domazhir. Although it’s hard to believe, in fact, people with such names are full namesakes, since in the literal sense their names mean “wealth (“fat” - in the Slavic example) in the house.”

AND RELIGION

The greatest significance in the emergence of names was played by religious beliefs, rituals, beliefs and traditions. This largely explains the fact why we all have “namesakes” in other countries, which, by the way, we may not even be aware of.

Many peoples were united by the Christian faith, which, in turn, collected and sanctified, or, more correctly, canonized many names from different languages. At one time, when baptizing children, newborns should have been given only those names that were permitted or “welcomed” by the church. Now parents can give their child any name that pops into their head.

· For example, recall that in the early years Soviet power such “pearl names” appeared as Oktyabrina, Noyabrina or Elmira, meaning “electrification of the world.” At the same time, names appeared at the same time - analogues of traditional foreign ones, but with a completely different meaning. For example, the Soviet Gertrude is not a German analogy at all, but an abbreviation for “Hero of Labor”. Or male version- Renat: this name, familiar to Tatars and Muslims, is also an abbreviation of the loud Soviet slogan “Revolution, science, labor.” Here are your namesakes!

· Today, “advanced” mothers and fathers also amaze with their rich imagination, calling their children unimaginable names. For example, in domestic registry offices, babies have recently been registered with the names Uslada, Dolphin, Lunalika, and even a name in the form of a set of numbers...

But let’s return to traditional names that have similarities in different nationalities and mean the same thing in different languages.

Christian names became most widespread in the 10th century. The Orthodox world actively borrowed or, more precisely, collected the best names from around the world. As a rule, they are of Greek, Latin and Hebrew origin - which is why names that essentially mean the same thing can differ markedly in pronunciation. Byzantium, located between Europe and Asia, played a special role in the spread of Christianity, therefore the names legitimized by the Byzantine Empire are somewhat different.

There are many examples of such “international” names.

One of the most famous and widespread is the name Ivan, to which, by analogy with the phrase from the movie “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears” mentioned at the beginning of the article, we can add:

He is John and Johann, Gianni, Jean and Johan, Giovanni and Joao, Juan and Jens, as well as Janos and Jan. Most of our compatriots Ivanov do not even realize how many namesakes they have around the world!

Among other names that are widespread everywhere, it is necessary to note such as Anna and Maria, Andrey and Alexey, Olga and Ekaterina, Mikhail and Yuri and many others. If you trace the history of their occurrence, you will immediately discover religious origins.

Let us give in the table several examples of what the name means and how it sounds in different language interpretations:

Russian version	Meaning, origin	English version	German version	French version
Alexander	From Greek "defender"
	From euros "grace"
	From Greek "courageous"
	From Greek "enemy"
	From Greek "royal"
Georgy, Yuri	From Greek "farmer"
	From Greek "noble"
Catherine	From Greek "clean"
	From Greek "torch"
	From euros "gracious"		Johann, Hans
	From euros "madam"
	From Greek "winner""
	From lat. "small"
	From Greek "stone"

These are not all examples, and the list can be supplemented with analogues of these and other names in other languages (for example, in Italian Georgiy is Giorgio, Alexander is Alessandro, and the famous Shakespearean heroine Juliet is the namesake of the Russian Julia). As you can see from the table, the names are more than similar to each other - the differences are explained by the linguistic characteristics of each language.

EVERYTHING NEW IS WELL FORGOTTEN OLD

There are several other reasons for the international “interpenetration” of names, in particular, globalization and the expansion of connections between different countries. But even in such cases, it often turns out later that a foreign name is a well-forgotten anthroponym that has been around for centuries. For example, modern Angelicas and Angelinas are the namesakes of girls who long ago bore the name Angelina.

From the 11th to the 17th centuries, native Slavic names fade into the background, and Byzantine-Greek ones come to the fore. With the advent of Christianity, a two-name system began to develop. In order to protect a person from evil spirits, he was given one name and called a completely different one. This period is characterized by social stratification. At this time, Old Russian names were common, which consist of two roots and contain the root -slav. These are names such as Vyacheslav, Svyatoslav, Yaroslav, Borislav, which were joined by Byzantine-Greek names with the same root: Stanislav, Bronislav, Miroslav, etc.

From the beginning of the 18th century until 1917, canonical names dominated, a three-part formula for naming a person (last name, first name, patronymic) developed and spread, and a pseudonym appeared.

The modern Russian name book includes many names with different origins. But still, names that we can now rightfully call Russian have a huge advantage. Although there are very few actual Russian names left. Over time, the original meaning of names was forgotten, but historically each name was a word or phrase of some language. Almost all modern names came to us from Byzantium and have Greek roots, but many of them were borrowed from other ancient languages, or were simply borrowed from ancient Roman, Hebrew, Egyptian and other languages, and with this method of borrowing they were used only as a proper name, and not as a word meaning anything.

Almost all personal names that we have long been accustomed to consider Russian were brought by Christianity to Rus' through Byzantium, which collected the best names from its language, as well as foreign names and canonized them, that is, officially legitimized them, making them church names. Therefore, they are of Greek, Latin, Hebrew origin, and occasionally you can find names belonging to some other eastern languages, for example, Syriac, Egyptian. The same can be said about many other nations. That is why there is a correspondence of names in different languages: Russian - Ivan, Polish - Jan, French - Jean, English - John, German - Johann; Russian - Mikhail, French - Michel, Polish - Michal; Russian - Olga, German - Helga; Russian - Pavel, French - Paul, German - Paul, etc. When names were transferred from other languages, their original meaning was lost (after all, they all came from common nouns), and they became only proper names.

It is interesting that different peoples chose roots with different meanings for the name. Thus, among the Slavs the components predominate: “good”, “holy”, “light”, “glory”, “grow”, “peace”, “nice”, “glad”, “love”; among the Greeks and Romans - the words emphasizing moral qualities in a person. Jews and Arabs preferred to emphasize in their names detachment from earthly goods and an appeal to God.

Many names that sound different have the same meaning. For example:

Nikita, Nikon (Greek), Victor, Victoria (Latin) – winner.

Feodor, Dorotheus (Greek) – gift of God.

George, Yuri, Egor (Greek) – farmer.

Oleg, Olga (scand.) – saint.

Cyril (Greek) – master, Maria (Aram.) – mistress.

Albina, Clara (lat.) – white.

Ivan, Zhanna, Yanina (Old Hebrew), Eliza (Old German) - the grace of God.

Marina (Latin), Pelageya (Greek) - sea.

Zoya (Greek), Vitalia, Eva, Vitaly (Latin) - life.

Felix, Beatrice, Beata (lat.) – happy.

However, the opposite situation is also observed: a large number of names in the Russian name book have a similar sound, but completely different meanings. Such names should not be confused, since they carry different information.

For example:

Erasmus (Greek) – beloved; Erast (Greek) – loving; Philip (Greek) – lover of horses.

Valentin (lat.) – strong; Valery (lat.) – cheerful, strong.

Vit (lat.) – defeated; Vitaly (lat.) – vital; Witold (Old German) – forest ruler.

Veronica (Greek) – bringing victory, (Latin) – true, authentic image; Nike (Greek) – victory.

Naming traditions

The ordering of Slavic names began with the compilation of church lists - Saints and Menaions. By decision of Pope Gregory, names were allowed only by names legalized by religion, or canonical, recorded in these books. All other names were called pagan. Canonical names were included in civil and church calendars. The same names appeared in the calendars on the same dates, associated with the veneration of one or another saint. Christian names were the names of ascetics and martyrs who died for the establishment of this religion. In addition, these same names also belonged to representatives of those peoples from whose language they were borrowed. Therefore, now these names are not perceived by us as church names. The child was named after the saint whose name was listed in the Saints on the day of the child’s christening. Often these were very dissonant names, but the parents could not go against the will of the church. True, the parents of a baby from wealthy families or belonging to the upper class had some privilege - they could choose a name without coordinating it with the church calendar, but, nevertheless, this name had to be contained in the Saints.

MUNICIPAL BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION "BASIC EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL OF S. UST-UKHTA"

MUNICIPAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “OPENING”

First names, last names and patronymics

among different peoples

/Research work/

Completed 8th grade students

MBOU "OOSH" s. Ust-Ukhta

Lobanova Daria and Filippova Tatyana

Supervisor:

teacher of Russian language and literature

Kravchenko Tamara Romanovna

2016

Contents page

1.Introduction. 3

2.Chapter 1.History of the origin of names among different peoples.

1.1. When did the name appear? 4-5

1.2. Origin of Russian names. 6-10

1.3. Features of the formation of names among the Komi people. 10-13

3.Chapter 2. History of the origin of surnames.

2.1. When did the surname appear? 13-14

2.2. The form of the surname as the main sign of nationality

Bibliography:

Alexandra Vasilievna Superanskaya, Doctor of Philology
"What's your name?"

V.I.Dal “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language”

S. Ozhegov “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language”

T.F. Efremova “The most complete modern explanatory dictionary Russian language", 2015

School etymological dictionary

6. Internet resources:

- http://ru.wikipedia.org/wikiBE - cite_note-Unbegaun-0#cite_note-Unbegaun

APPLICATIONS

Appendix 1

Results of a survey of school students. Ust-Ukhta

Questionnaire-survey

Do you know what your name means? If yes, then write

Do you know how your last name was formed? If yes, please explain.

Do you know how Komi names and patronymics are formed? If yes, please explain.

What famous surnames do you know in world history? Name 4-5 names.

Do you know peoples who do not have patronymics and surnames? If yes, then write.

Appendix 2.

Dictionary

meanings of school students' names. Ust-Ukhta

Alexander and Alexandra : “courageous, protector”, “help, hope” (Greek origin)

Albina – (Latin origin) – “white”

Alena - has different versions of origin. According to the first version, the name Alena (Alena) is a folk, non-church version of the name Elena. The name Alena began to be more actively used separately from the name Elena in last decades twentieth century, and recently it has become a completely independent name. Also, a colloquial version of the name Elena was the name Olena. According to the second version, the name Alena is of ancient Greek origin and means “sunny”, “shining”. There are some other translation options - “exciting”, “spiritualizing”, “attracting”, “bewitching”.

Alina -in Slavic countries the name is associated with the word “scarlet” and artistic images Scarlet Sails And Scarlet flower, that is, with the expectation of happiness and hope. In Christian baptism, Alina is given the name Angelina, less often - Alla. Also given the name Elena. There are also other versions of the interpretation of the name Alina. There is a possibility that Alina is a form of the Latin name Albina and translated “albus” means “white, fair, fair-haired.” In Scotland, the name Alina is interpreted as “honest” and used as pair name to the name Alistair, and in Greece - “ray of sunshine” (as one of the affectionate addresses to Elena). The diminutive term Lina is also an independent name.

Alfia – (Arabic origin) – “sublime”

Anastasia – female form male name Anastasy. Translated from Greek it means “return to life”, “resurrection”, “resurrected”, “reborn”, “immortal”. Russian folk form - Nastasya

Anfisa - translated this name means “flower, blooming or colorful.” Like many other names, this name appeared in Rus' brought from Ancient Greece.

Artyom - translated from Greek means “unharmed, in perfect health.” According to another version - “dedicated to Artemis.” Comes from Greek name Artemy, from the name of the goddess Artemis. In modern times it has become an independent name, but is also used as a diminutive address to Artemy.

Antonina (Latin) means “extensive, acquisition, comparison and opponent”, (Greek) - “acquiring in return”

Ahliddin - scientists believe that the name comes from the ancient Greek name “Akhlidin” (with emphasis on the second syllable), denoting vitality and spiritual peace.

Ahmadali - a combination of the names Ahmad and Ali. The male name Ahmad in Arabic means “the one who thanks God.” The name Ali comes from the ancient Arabic "ali", which means "high, supreme, high-ranking, powerful, superior to all." Given name is one of the epithets of Allah, taking in this context the meaning of “superior to all.” It gained popularity among Muslims thanks to the fourth Arab caliph Ali, who was the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad. He is especially revered by adherents of the Shiite movement in Islam. Today the name is very common in the Muslim world.

Bogdan - it's SlavicName,means“given by God”, “given by God”, “God’s gift”.

Vadim - from the Slavic “bully”.

Valeria (Latin) - “rich, strong, strong, healthy”

Vasily (Greek) -means “royal”, “royal”, also translated as “king”

Vasilisa - (Greek) – “queen”; colloquial Vasyon; old Vasilisa

Faith - it's original Russian name and literally translated from Greek means “faith”, “service to God”. Faith, hope, love are the three main virtues in Christianity. Among Christians, the martyrs Vera, Nadezhda, Lyubov and their mother Sophia, who lived in the 2nd century, are revered. Despite the existence of corresponding Greek names, in Europe the names of the three sisters were translated literally.

Victor – (Latin origin) “winner”

Victoria - from Latin word"Victoria" meaning "victory".

Vilen - this is the name Soviet period, and it was formed on behalf of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. This name, in essence, is an abbreviation that was formed from the initials and pseudonym of the leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917, V.I. Lenin.

Vladislav - has pagan Slavic origin. It means "possessing glory." There is another version of the origin of the name Vladislav - from Polish the name is translated as “good ruler”.

Galina – (translated from Greek) calm, serene

Gennady – (Greek origin) “noble, noble birth”

Danila (Daniil) – from Hebrew “divine judgment”

Daria - has several variants of origin. According to the first version, the name Daria is the female version of the male ancient Persian name Darius, which comes from the Greek Dareios. In Greek, this name became a transcription of the Persian male name Darayavausha, meaning “owner of the good,” sometimes translated as “winner.” According to the second version, the name Daria has Slavic roots, is a modern form of the Slavic names Daryon, Darina, a related name for the names Daroluba and Daromila, therefore the meaning is close to the concept of “dar” - “gift given”. Among the descendants of the Slavs, a variant of this name is also used - Daryana.

Dmitry (Dimitri) - comes from the ancient Greek word "demetris", translated as - "belonging to Demeter"

Evgeniy (Evgeniya) - translated from Greek means “noble”, literally this name can be translated as “with good genes”. From the male name a female name was formed - Evgenia. In Russia, the names Evgeniy and Evgeniya began to be widely used in the 19th century. This is how the nobles began to call their children, but they used the name Eugene mainly in the French manner - Eugene (later the modern diminutive Zhenya appeared from it) or in the English version - Eugene.

Egor (Egory, Georgy) - from the Greek “farmer”

Catherine – (Greek origin) “honest, immaculate.”

Elena – (Greek origin) “chosen, bright”

Zoya - translated from ancient Greek means “life”.

AND

Ivan - from the ancient Hebrew John and translated means “merciful of God.” The name Ivan is the most Russian name. During the Great Patriotic War The Germans called all Russians that way. In Latin, the name Ivan is read as Ivan. In the second half of the twentieth century, the fashion for Slavic names spread to Spanish-speaking and Portuguese-speaking countries; in these countries, in addition to their native names Juan and Jean, the names Ivan and Evan appeared.

Igor – (glory) - early borrowing from Old Scandinavian Ingvarr (Ing - god of fertility, warr-prudent, careful); in Old Russian In(b)gvar (to protect the name of God), which is interpreted as “strong, warlike”

Ilya – Russian version of HebrewnameEliyahu, meaning "My God is the Lord", can also be translated as "believer"

Irina - translated from ancient Greek means “peace, tranquility.” The name comes from the ancient Greek goddess Eirene, the goddess of peace and tranquility.

Karina - has several versions of origin. According to one version, the name Karina is of Latin origin and is derived from the Roman cognomen (personal or generic nickname) Carinus, derived from another cognomen - Carus, derived from the Latin carus, which translates as “dear”, “dear”. To confirm this version of origin, one can cite modern meaning from the Italian word "cara", meaning "beautiful, sweet". In Russian culture, the name Karina could appear from various sources. According to the first version, the name Karina is Slavic name. A related name is Karislava. Karina is a Slavic mourning goddess who accompanies funeral rites, hovers over battlefields, and grieves in places of rest for the dead together with Zhelya, her sister. This goddess is mentioned in the “Tale of Igor’s Host”, and is found in the list of various pagan rituals in the 17th century list of the Old Russian “Words of a certain Christ-lover...” From the Old Russian language, “to punish for one’s sister” meant “to mourn.” According to the second version, the name Karina is of Greek origin. Derived from the Greek name Corinna (Korina), meaning "girl". Related names - Cora, Corin. According to the next version, the name Karina was given to a girl born on a ship during wintering in the Kara Sea. Karina – “born on the Kara Sea.” In the USSR, this version of the origin had some revolutionary overtones.

Kirill - translated from ancient Greek means “lord”, “lord”. In Persian, the name Kirill means "sun".

Konstantin – (Latin origin) “constant, persistent”

Ksenia (Oksana, Aksinya) - has different versions of origin. According to the first version, the name Ksenia translated from Greek “xenos” means “hospitable”, also translated as “wanderer”, “foreigner”, “guest”, “stranger”. The name Ksenia is one of the epithets of Aphrodite.

Love – (old Slavic origin) "Love"

Lyudmila – (Slavic origin) “nice to people”

Maxim - is of Latin origin and translated means “greatest.” It is often believed that the name Maxim is a form of the name Maximilian

Marcel (Markell) - derived from the Roman cognomen (personal or family nickname) Marcellus, derived from the personal name Marcus. The name Marcus may be derived from the name of the god Mars, the Roman god of war, and therefore means “warlike,” “sacred to Mars.” In ancient Rome, the cognomen Marcellus, in particular, was the generic nickname of the plebeian branch of the Claudian family. In late Latin transcription, the name Marcellus began to sound like Marcellus or Marcellus. According to the next version, the name Marseille comes from the name of the French port city of Marseille. The city of Marseille was founded around 600 BC. Phocians - Greeks from Asia Minor - and was then called “Massalia”

Matvey - has Jewish origin, translated means “gifted by God”, interpretation options are “man of God”, “gift of God”. Matvey is the modern sound of the name Matthew (Matthew).

Michael (from ancient Hebrew) translated means “equal, like God,” sometimes the meaning of the name is interpreted as “asked from God.”

Hope - in literal translationmeansliterally "hope". Into Russian originallyNamecame from the Greek language, in which it sounded like Elpis (which in translation is alsomeans"hope")

Nazar - has several versions of origin. According to the first version, the name Nazar is derived from the Late Latin name Nazarius, which means “one who comes from Nazareth”, “Nazarene”. According to the second version, the name Nazar is a Jewish name. Translated from Hebrew it means “vow (promised)” or “devoted oneself to the Lord.” According to the third version, the name Nazar can be translated from Arabic as “far-sighted”, as well as “look”; "looking on the bright side of things." And in Turkish this name is interpreted as “gaze.” Among Muslims, you can more often hear an analogue of this name - Nasser.

Natalia - translated from Latin - “native”

Nikita - translated from Greek means “winner”. IN Western Europe you can also hear the female version of this name, it is identical to the male one, but with an emphasis on the last syllable - Nikita′ .

Nikolai - translated from Greek means “conqueror of nations.”

ABOUT

Olga - comes from the Old Norse "Helga" - "saint"

Paul - translated from Latin language("paulus") means "small", "insignificant", "baby". There is an opinion that this name is interpreted as “junior”, which was relevant when the names of father and son coincided.

Pauline - has several versions of origin. The first of them is the most common - the name Polina comes from the name of the ancient Greek sun god Apollo and means “solar” or “dedicated to Apollo.” There are translation options - “liberated” or “liberating”. In this case, Polina is one of the forms of the name Apollinaria, which has become most widespread among the Russian people, compared to full name, due to a more beautiful and concise sound, as well as due to the ease of pronunciation for Russian people. The second version is the name Polina of French origin, from the male name Paul, which is translated from Latin as “small”, “baby”. In Russian, the analogue of the name Paul is the male name Pavel

Rimma – has several versions of origin. According to the first version, the name Rimma was originally a masculine name, which came from the name of the city of Rome, so the name is interpreted as “Roman”. The Orthodox calendar mentions the martyr Rimma Novodunsky, a Slav. According to legend, the natives of Scythia Minor Inna, Rimma and Pinna were disciples of the Apostle Andrew. But among Catholics the name is not used. According to the second version, the name is of Hebrew origin and means “apple.”Rose - came to us from Byzantium and comes from the name of the flower of the same name, translated from Greek as “rose flower”, “red flower”. According to another opinion, the name has Latin roots and means “flower,” “rose,” or even “queen of flowers.”

WITH

Svetlana - Slavic origin, from the word “light”

Sergey - has different versions of origin. According to the first, most common version, the name Sergei comes from the Roman family name Sergius, which is the Roman family name, comes from Sergius. The Sergii are an ancient Roman patrician family, which, according to legend, traces its ancestry to the Trojans. Translated from Latin it means “high”, “noble”. According to the next version, the name Sergei is modern form the obsolete name Sergius, which comes from the Latin “servidei”, translated meaning “servant of God”. As one of the variants of this version, the name Sergei comes from the Latin “Servus”, which translates as “servant”.

Semyon – (ancient Hebrew origin) “listening, heard by God”

Sophia(Sofia ) - translated from ancient Greek means “wisdom”, “wisdom”, “wise”. There is a translation option “reasonableness”, “science”.

Stepan translated from ancient Greek "stephanos" means "wreath", "crown", "crown"

Tamara – (Hebrew origin) comes from the word “Tamar”, which means “date palm”Tatiana – (from Greek) “organizer”; (according to another version from Latinnamed after the Sabine king Tatius, women of this clan bore the title “Tatyanos”)

Fedul – (Greek origin) “God’s servant, servant”

Yuliana (Julia) - is the Latin form of the male name Julian (Julianus). According to historical data, this name spread throughout Europe largely due to the fact that Juliana of Lüttich was especially revered in Germany.

Yaroslav (slav.) - means“bright”, “strong”, “glorious for its vitality”.

Appendix 3

Dictionary of the formation of surnames of different nations

Surnames of residents of European countries

English - the following surnames are common: formed from the names of the place of residence (Scott, Wales); denoting profession (Clerk - civil servant, Hoggart - shepherd, Smith - blacksmith); indicating character traits and appearance (Armstrong - strong, Sweet - sweet, Bragg - boastful);Belarusians - typical Belarusian surnames end in -ich, -chik, -ka, -ko, -onak, -yonak (Radkevich, Dubrovka, Parshonok, Kuharchik, Kastsyushka); many names in Soviet years were Russified and Polished (Dubrovsky, Kosciuszko);Bulgarians - almost all Bulgarian surnames are formed from personal names using the suffixes -ov, -ev (Konstantinov, Georgiev);Greeks - Greek surnames cannot be confused with any other surnames, only they have the endings -idis, -kos, -poulos (Angelopoulos, Nikolaidis);Spaniards and Portuguese - have surnames ending in -ez, -es, -az, -iz, -oz (Gomez, Lopez), surnames indicating a person’s character are also common (Alegre - joyful, Bravo - gallant, Malo - bad);Italians - surnames are characterized by the suffixes -ini, -ino, -ello, -illo, -etti, -etto, -ito (Benedetto, Moretti, Esposito), and can also end in -o, -a, -i (Conti, Giordano, Costa ); the prefixes di- and da- indicate, respectively, that a person belongs to his family and geographical location(Di Moretti is the son of Moretti, Da Vinci is from Vinci);Latvians - belonging to the masculine gender is indicated by a surname ending in -s, -is, and belonging to the feminine gender is indicated by -a, -e (Verbitskis - Verbitska, Shurins - Shurin)Lithuanians - male surnames end in -onis, -unas, -utis, -aitis, -enas (Pyatrenas, Norvydaitis), women's surnames are formed from the husband's surname using the suffixes -en, -yuven, -uven and the ending -e (Grinius - Grinyuvene), surnames unmarried girls contain the basis of the father's surname with the addition of the suffixes -ut, -yut, -ayt and the ending -e (Orbakas - Orbakaite)Germans - surnames formed from personal names (Werner, Peters); surnames that characterize a person (Krause - curly, Klein - small); surnames indicating the type of activity (Müller - miller, Lehmann - landowner);Norse - formed from personal names using the suffix -en (Larsen, Hansen), surnames without suffixes and endings can also be found (Per, Morten); Norwegian surnames can denote the names of animals and trees and natural phenomena (Blizzard - blizzard, Svane - swan, Furu - pine);Poles - most surnames have the suffix -sk, -tsk, and the ending -й (-я), indicating masculine and feminine gender (Sushitsky, Kovalskaya, Khodetsky, Volnitskaya); There are also double surnames, in case a woman, when getting married, wants to keep her surname too (Mazur-Komorowska); In addition to these surnames, surnames with an unchanged form are also common among Poles (Nowak, Sienkiewicz, Wujcik, Wozniak)Russians - use surnames with the suffixes -in, -yn -ov, -ev, -skoy, -tskoy, -ikh, -yh (Snegirev, Ivanov, Voronin, Sinitsyn, Donskoy, Moskovskikh, Sedykh);Turks - most often surnames have the endings -oglu, -ji, -zade (Mustafaoglu, Ekindzhi, Kuindzhi, Mamedzade); also, when forming surnames, Turkish names or everyday words were often used (Ali, Abaza - fool, Kolpakchi - hat);Ukrainians - the first group of surnames of a given nationality is formed using the suffixes -enko, -ko, -uk, -yuk (Kreshchenko, Grishko, Vasilyuk, Kovalchuk); the second group denotes the type of craft or occupation (Potter, Koval, Kulish); the third group of surnames consists of individual Ukrainian words (Gorobets, Ukrainians, Parubok), as well as a merger of words (Vernigora, Nepiyvoda, Bilous, Kozedub);French - many surnames are preceded by the prefix Le or De (D′ ) (Le Pen, De Pompadour, D′ Esten); Basically, various nicknames and personal names were used to form surnames (Robert, Jolie, Cauchon - pig);Czechs - the main difference from other surnames is the mandatory ending -ova in women's surnames, even where it would seem inappropriate (Valdrova, Ivanovova, Andersonova).Swedes - most surnames end in -sson, -berg, -sted, -strom (Andersson, Olsson, Forsberg, Bostrom);Estonians - masculine and feminine genders are not distinguished using surnames. All foreign names(mostly German) were at one time Estonized (Rosenberg - Roosimäe), this process continues to this day, for example, in order to be able to play for the Estonian national team, football players Sergei Khokhlov and Konstantin Kolbasenko had to change their surnames to Simson and Nahk ;

Surnames of residents of Asian countries

Azerbaijanis - formed their surnames, taking Azerbaijani names as a basis and attaching Russian suffixes -ov, -ev (Mamedov, Aliyev, Gasanov, Abdullaev) to them.Armenians - most surnames of residents of Armenia have the suffix -yan (Hakopyan, Galustyan)Georgians - surnames ending in -shvili, -dze, -uri, -ava, -a, -ua, -ia, -ni, -li, -si are common (Baratashvili, Mikadze, Adamia, Karchava, Gvishiani, Tsereteli);Jews - the main group consists of surnames with roots Levi and Cohen (Levin, Levitan, Kagan, Koganovich, Katz); the second group came from male and female Hebrew names with the addition of various suffixes (Yakobson, Yakubovich, Davidson, Godelson, Tsivyan, Beilis, Abramovich, Rubinchik, Vigdorchik, Mandelstam); the third group of surnames reflects the character of a person, his appearance or profession (Kaplan - chaplain, Rabinovich - rabbi, Melamed - teacher, Schwartzbard - black-bearded, Stiller - quiet, Shtarkman - strong).Chinese and Koreans - usually these are surnames consisting of one, less often two syllables (Tan, Liu, Duan, Qiao, Tsoi, Kogai)Japanese - modern Japanese surnames are formed by merging two full-valued words (Wada - harmony and rice field, Igarashi - 50 storms, Katayama - piece and mountain, Kitamura - north and village); The most common Japanese surnames are: Takahashi, Kobayashi, Kato, Suzuki,

Appendix No. 4

Determination of nationality

according to the form of the surname

(based on the example of the names of students, teachers and school employees of the MBOU "OOSH" in the village of Ust-Ukhta)

Of these:

Russian

Komi

Ukraine

skies

Paul

skies

Belarusian

Tajik

Dagest.

Moldavsk

105 people

100%

55%

25%

Most unusual people in matters of choosing a name - Indians. They were allowed to have many names and change them throughout their lives. The Indians assigned names based on virtues or distinctive features person. For example, Gvivizensish is a bad boy, Gizhiyash is a fast swimmer.

Armenians name children after kings, gods, generals, planets, precious stones and holidays. Popular names– Narek (offering, gift) and Milena (darling). In Kazakhstan they prefer sonorous names. Akbota: Ak is white, Botha is a small camel. Common names are Damela (hopeful) and Rahat (delight). The French give a child at least two names. The choice is simplified by the fact that children are named after relatives. Thus, the emphasis is on the family tree. On the day of baptism, the name of the saint is added. In Greece, children are named after their grandparents. The Japanese write their surname in capital letters to avoid confusion with their given name. The name of the child often depends on the order of birth of the child in the family.

If the 1st child is a boy, then the suffix - kazu is added to the name, if the 2nd son is ji, the third is dzo. Female names ending in -mi denote beauty. For example, Akemi is dazzlingly beautiful.

The site masik.tv will help you find an excellent educational video for children. Only there is everything you need for the rapid and proper development of abilities in your children of different ages.

Computer games can interest any child. They develop in children such abilities as: Attention; Logical thinking; Reaction speed. The website http://multoigri.ru/ offers a large selection of different games for girls and boys that will add new positive emotions to life. The player will be able to choose his favorite cartoon character and go through all the adventures that the hero will encounter along the way. Educational computer games…

There is nothing more pleasant, but also more troublesome, in addition, than an outstanding case of an exciting and inspired choice of decor not only for our windows, but also for the interior as a whole. I want the color of the curtains to be successful and the quality of the blinds to be decent. Then all that remains is a small matter, because there is a huge selection of curtains and blinds here. Moreover, of excellent quality and excellent...

IN modern world when creating interiors in small rooms they are used different ways saving free space. More and more often we are talking about sliding partition mechanisms. This solution helps to divide the room into several zones and perfectly cope with the problem of comfort at the same time. There are a lot of different models of such products, so there is a huge selection of sliding partitions and doors on the website -…

Every girl dreams of marriage and a beautiful wedding dress. To look like a princess, it is not enough to purchase a dress, it is important to carefully consider its choice and the choice of other little things that complement the image. Choosing a dress is not an easy task; a number of features are taken into account, such as financial capabilities, features of the figure and appearance. Every bride will be surprised by the huge selection of wedding dresses on the site,…

Even in the smallest bathroom you can create an original design, let alone a flight of fancy for a large room. You can hang wallpaper or paint the walls yourself, but what to do if you plan major renovation bathroom? Should you do it yourself or is it better to entrust it to professionals? Order a design This service is provided by design studios or architectural bureaus….