Bikers Where did they come from The history of bikers began in 1901, when a company of twenty-year-old inventors from the American state of Milwaukee began working on the motorization of the bicycle. William Harley and Arthur Davidson worked on the creation of the first-born, and Arthur’s two brothers, Walter and William, participated in the development. The result was a constructively new phenomenon. However, it cannot be said that William Harley and the Davidson brothers became pioneers of motorcycle construction as such. By 1903, there were other motorcycle companies in the United States. And one of them, the Indian motorcycle company, founded in 1901, became the main competitor for Harley-Davidson for many years. But it can still be argued that bikers began with Harleys. The fact is that only William and Arthur made their products something more than just a motorcycle. The degree of contact between the driver and the resulting hybrid was reminiscent of the rider’s relationship with a restive and capricious, but no less beloved horse. The sounds produced, the level of adrenaline in the blood and the speeds developed simply had no analogues. The desire for high speeds prompted the company to create powerful and powerful engines and motorcycles. Where did they come from? The history of bikers began in 1901, when a company of twenty-year-old inventors from the American state of Milwaukee began working on the motorization of the bicycle. William Harley and Arthur Davidson worked on the creation of the first-born, and Arthur’s two brothers, Walter and William, participated in the development. The result was a constructively new phenomenon. However, it cannot be said that William Harley and the Davidson brothers became pioneers of motorcycle construction as such. By 1903, there were other motorcycle companies in the United States. And one of them, the Indian motorcycle company, founded in 1901, became the main competitor for Harley-Davidson for many years. But it can still be argued that bikers began with Harleys. The fact is that only William and Arthur made their products something more than just a motorcycle. The degree of contact between the driver and the resulting hybrid was reminiscent of the rider’s relationship with a restive and capricious, but no less beloved horse. The sounds produced, the level of adrenaline in the blood and the speeds developed simply had no analogues. The desire for high speeds prompted the company to create powerful and powerful engines and motorcycles.

Goths and SATANISTS The goth movement is based on goth music, which grew out of post-punk. Therefore, ready is still considered a musical direction. In general, many trends emerged from punk, including decadent - more depressive and gloomy (later “gothic”). The look is ready - black outfits, bats, vampire teeth and other symbols - everything that has at least some relation to the aesthetics of death. Subsequently, mystical symbols began to be added to the decadent flavor, without any attempt to connect them with each other and comprehend them. This uncertainty is the weak point of the Gothic movement: as a subculture that does not have a clear ideology, it is constantly pulled in different directions, and these deviations do not always decorate the reputation of the Goths. Goths perceive their movement as a protest against mass consciousness, bad taste and diversity. While the pop music is composing its “three words, 2 chords” about love, the goth, whose whole appearance reminds of death, goes to the cemetery. It doesn’t matter what he will do there: think about the vanity of all things or just have fun with friends. However, the meaning of life is Gothic - this is Gothic itself - as an angle of perception of life, and not at all a cult of death. Gothic is an aesthetic phenomenon, and dark images are nothing more than shocking. It is foolish to look for the meaning of life in death - it is not there. Death is a reminder, a reason to strive for life. Goths perceive their movement as a protest against mass consciousness, bad taste and diversity. While the pop music is composing its “three words, 2 chords” about love, the goth, whose whole appearance reminds of death, goes to the cemetery. It doesn’t matter what he will do there: think about the vanity of all things or just have fun with friends. However, the meaning of life is Gothic - this is Gothic itself - as an angle of perception of life, and not at all a cult of death. Gothic is an aesthetic phenomenon, and dark images are nothing more than shocking. It is foolish to look for the meaning of life in death - it is not there. Death is a reminder, a reason to strive for life. Goth vamps Punk Goth Victorian Goth Androgyn Goth Hippie Goth Corporate Goth Cyber ​​Goth Goth vamps Punk Goth Victorian Goth Androgyn Goth Hippie Goth Corporate Goth Cyber ​​Goth

Graffiti Where did they come from Graffiti is still an art. Some researchers officially consider it a fully established movement of modern avant-gardeism. Graffiti first appeared in America in the late 60s as part of street culture. It all started with simple tags (literally “mark”) in the New York subway, and they left these tags simply to indicate their presence. Today the same thing is happening in the Moscow metro, but real graffitters strongly condemn this. Then taggers switched from vandalizer markers to spray paint, and the inscriptions became larger, brighter and more impressive. A fashion appeared, the business gained momentum, and “bombing” teams began to paint subway cars not only from the inside, but also from the outside at night. This type of street art is called subway art. The word graffiti is Italian and originally means scratched. So this definition can include anything, including rock paintings, but this term is usually used to designate art on the walls of houses and in the subway using cans of paint (and occasionally markers), most often in the same style. Street artists are called riders, grafflers or graffitters.

Metalheads, rockers Where did they come from? The history of heavy music is primarily the history of “dirty” sound. Everyone knows that rock and roll gave birth to modern guitar music, but it is less known that until about the beginning of the 60s, guitarists did not use an overloaded sound in rock. It was believed that an electric guitar should sound like a regular guitar - just louder, richer and brighter. Any background or distortion was perceived as a defect when adjusting the sound. Little by little, with the development of guitar and sound reinforcement technology, innovative guitarists began to experiment with the volume and frequency knobs of their instruments and “amps.” And this, in turn, led to a change in the methods of the game. The accompanying composition of the groups also began to adapt to the new sound and techniques, then the guitar gradually came to the fore and from an inconspicuous accompanying instrument turned into the queen of the ball, sometimes even pushing aside the vocalist. Metalheads are one of the largest “informal” subcultures. Once upon a time, heavy music was either the hobby of a few music lovers, or the elite entertainment of the intelligentsia... and even the momentary hobby of gopniks. Today almost everyone listens to heavy music. Now this is a very rich musical layer, some components of which have nothing in common with each other, except for the characteristic “overloaded” sound. “Heaviness” today is an equal, fashionable, advanced movement, not an underground movement, not a rebellion, as it used to be. Their appearance is defiantly aggressive: black clothes with a lot of metal, images of skulls, blood, the inscription “Satan” on English. Although the clothes are clean and tidy. Classic metalheads wear tight black jeans tucked into high boots or “cossacks”, leather jackets with oblique zippers - “leather jackets”, “bravers”, earrings in the left ear, rings with images of skulls or other black magical symbols (pentagram, skeleton, etc. . d.) But their external aggressiveness and gloominess are most often a means of shocking the people around them. Those over 25 years old who are engaged in serious work are, as a rule, peaceful, although sometimes they can misbehave with those who are younger. Among metalheads there are real experts and connoisseurs of hard rock. They are peace-loving, do not get carried away by paraphernalia, and are well versed in musical directions not only modern, but also classical music. Often metalheads are bikers, which will be discussed later.

Where did they come from? Punks appeared in Great Britain, more precisely in Wales, in the first half of the 30s. This is what people who lived in poor areas of cities called themselves, as a rule, the children of coal miners. They drank "Indian moonshine" - hooch, smoked opium, snorted toxic substances. The means of livelihood was elementary banditry, entertainment - fights, breaking glass. Punk music in the 1930s was “black jazz,” performed by blacks. The ideology is based on anarchy and the complete negation of the state and society. Gradually, the punks of those years turned into people who listen to “punk” and “punk rock”. Conventionally, we can distinguish two age groups punks. The first is to imitate punks of the 30s and musicians on stage. They dress provocatively, try to wash themselves as little as possible, think that it’s very “cool” to swear, engage in petty hooliganism, smoke “weed” - their intellect is not sufficiently developed for anything more. They listen to “punk” and “punk rock” without understanding the essence. The second group of punks are older. They do not behave aggressively, dress more respectably, take music seriously, and many play musical instruments themselves. Occasionally they are not averse to reading books, although they are far from Russian classical literature. This trend is antisocial, anarchic, with elements of denial of the culture of older generations and civilizations. Punks have always been against power, regime, order, and therefore they themselves never promoted any ideas other than anarchy.

Rastafarians (Rastafari) Where did they come from? We can safely say that few of the young Russians who have tried on this style are deeply familiar with the ideology of the national-religious movement of the African-American population of Jamaica, who saw in the Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie a messiah, a kind of collector of “dispersed” people from Africa . In 1930, distant Jamaica was an explosive mixture of African sects with names that were difficult to pronounce. Marcus Mosiah Garvey, expelled from the United States, actively preaches the idea that Jesus Christ was black, so we should wait for the coming of a great king from Africa - the savior of the black race. On November 2, 1930, Prince Tafari Makonen (or Ras Tafari - hence the name of the movement) was crowned Emperor of Ethiopia. Thousands of people found the prophecies to come true. This is how Rastafarianism was born. Rastafarians believe that everything valuable to humanity originated in Africa. Africa is a paradise on Earth where Rastafarians live, according to the will of the great Jah. They declare war on Babylon (white culture). From their point of view, you can: love people, smoke weed, sit back, understand the meaning of life, tell others about Rastafari, philosophize, play the drums, fight Babylon, wear dreadlocks and listen to reggae; you cannot: eat pork, shellfish, salt, vinegar, fish without scales, cow's milk, smoke tobacco, drink rum and wine, carry things from someone else's shoulder, eat food prepared by others, play gambling, touch the dead, preach to the unworthy. Subculture that emerged in the 20s. XX century in Jamaica and has its roots in the syncretic cults of Africa and the Caribbean. In appearance, in addition to T-shirts with a cannabis leaf, berets, knitted robes and hats (homemade) colored red-yellow-green (the colors of the Ethiopian flag), Rastafari have other insignia. For example, borings. These are several long hairs with threads, pebbles, balls or something else woven into them and, of course, dreadlocks - long locks of hair braided into braids, rubbed with hair wax and twisted into tight strands.

“Rave” (from the English rave - to rave, nonsense, incoherent speech, also: to rage, roar, howl, rage, speak with enthusiasm) is interpreted in T. Thorne’s Dictionary of Modern Slang as “a wild party”, dancing or a situation of desperate behavior." The source of life guidelines for ravers was the musical style, or more precisely, the lifestyle examples of their idols, musicians. Ravers basically take the behavior model of nightclub regulars. According to this model, the raver's lifestyle is nocturnal. Their appearance and behavior promote man's departure from nature. Rave is not only music, but also bright synthetic clothes, dyed hair (often exotically colored in squares, circles), special earrings, fennies, and dance. Their life is pure entertainment. Entertainment - not only discos, drugs and other pleasures, but also cinema, painting, and less often - theater. The ideology of ravers is based on fun and non-interference. They do not believe that their parents should necessarily give them money. They agree to earn extra money, but where they don’t have to work hard to earn their living. In a reputable, prestigious company: for big money - please. This is also one of the expensive lifestyles. It is still very common among young people. Typically, ravers are simply called “party people.” Acid players join the ravers. They also wear exotically bright clothes and hairstyles; they see the meaning of life in entertainment.

Appearance. They wear wide clothes that are several sizes larger. Athletic. Favorite sport is basketball. Jewelry includes badges and earrings. The hair is cut short. Many rappers do not drink alcohol, not even beer, but prefer hard drugs. Rappers are not only those who listen to rap music, but also people who write rap, imbued with its idea. For the most part, rappers are not aggressive, except for those who consider themselves to be part of the “Gangsta” movement. Appearance. They wear wide clothes that are several sizes larger. Athletic. Favorite sport is basketball. Jewelry includes badges and earrings. The hair is cut short. Many rappers do not drink alcohol, not even beer, but prefer hard drugs. Rappers are not only those who listen to rap music, but also people who write rap, imbued with its idea. For the most part, rappers are not aggressive, except for those who consider themselves to be part of the “Gangsta” movement. Among many other subcultural forms based on musical styles, in Russia rap (English rap - light blow, knock) has gained wide scope. Manner of performance ("reading"), appearance performers, their actions in rap come from the street life of teenagers in the black neighborhoods of America. On Russian soil this style is imitative in nature and in lately more and more is included integral part into a subcultural polystylistic formation called hip-hop culture. Her priorities, besides rap: breakdancing as a form of dance and body work, graffiti as a type of special wall painting, extreme sports, streetball (street basketball), etc. She is quite democratic and does not lose a direct connection with the “youth of the street” , although it is obvious that her identity is supported from the outside. In large cities there are quite a lot of young people wearing clothes stylistically related to rap. But rap fans view the "tough guys in baggy pants" posing as rappers with contempt. The fact that rapper clothing is found quite often in Moscow and some other Russian cities is largely influenced by the economic factor: such clothing is sold at wholesale clothing markets and is relatively inexpensive. But, of course, a certain part of young people are quite consciously oriented towards hip-hop culture.

Skinheads Derived from English. skin head - shaved head. These are neo-fascist closed youth groups. Preaching a cult strong personality, racism, chauvinism, cult of black magic, systematically engage in physical training. They don't hide their views. The greeting is an outstretched hand. Often the head of such a youth group is an adult with pro-fascist views. Strangers are not allowed to attend meetings. Military-style organization. Ideology is the subordination of a strong personality; all the weak and infirm have no right to life. The ideology is based on the ideas of National Socialism and anti-Semitism. They hate grungers, rappers, hippies, ravers and people of a different skin color. Metalheads and most rockers are either indifferent or sympathetic. They are afraid of bikers. The average age of skins is years. They like to listen to military anthems and marches, “metal” of the mid-80s. Another subculture is very similar to skinheads: RNE (Russian National Unity). Style The first skin generation listened to ska in defiance of hippie reggae, wore loose suit jackets and badges of banned parties.. Once, in 1969, a fight broke out in a port London pub between the first skinheads and the marines. The first battle for the skinheads ended with heavy losses. After this, the skins cut their collars, narrowed their trousers, took off their badges, and put heavy construction boots on their feet. This is how the canon of skinhead clothing was established. Everything in this clothing is strictly functional, adapted for a street fight: thick black jeans, cheap, durable, on which dirt and blood are hard to see, heavy laced army boots with thick soles, comfortable for running and a weapon in a fight, short jackets - “bombers” "without a collar, so that the enemy has nothing to grab onto; a shaved or cropped head, so that the enemy cannot grab the hair. Nothing superfluous: no glasses, badges, no bags, shoulder straps, nothing that prevents you from dodging the enemy’s hands. Instead of black laces, white laces appeared in the boots, as a symbol of the fact that the skins are fighting for White Race. This is how skinheads were formed - young people who decided to fight... Where did they come from? The first skinheads appeared in England in the fall of 1968. These were tough guys who equally hated young bourgeois majors and relaxed hippie drug addicts. Strong fists and bulging biceps formed the basis of a subculture of children from poor suburbs, sons of the working class, who are steadily replenishing the army of the unemployed. The visiting emigrants not only took away jobs from the natives, but also behaved obscenely. The number of robberies, murders, and rapes committed by emigrants increased. In urban areas that were inhabited by blacks and Turks, to the white man it was dangerous to walk, especially at night. They could easily have been robbed or killed. Detachments of skinheads began to visit these areas. Sometimes small fights turned into bloody massacres, pogroms. There were killed and wounded. Everything is like in war. The ideology of “White Power” has emerged - White Power (Power to Whites), which must maintain racial balance not only in Europe, but throughout the world. Real skinheads do not call for the destruction of other races, they simply say that everyone has their own home, their own homeland, the land of their ancestors.

Football fans A group close to criminal subcultures consists of fans (fans) of football teams. Communities of football fans are one of the most common forms of subcultural youth activity in modern Russia, which has a long origin. Many forms of support for teams by their fans developed back in the 30s, when football was amateur in the full sense of the word, and football players worked among their fans. Later, as football became professionalized in Russia, arose modern practice organized fan trips to support the team at games in other cities. The specificity of this subculture is that it requires a minimum of effort from participants and does not deeply affect the way of life. The game itself on the football field inspires fans, but more significant for them are the moments of general emotional release, the opportunity to “break away”, to express their feelings to the fullest (yell, rowdy). Sometimes their actions are downright criminal in nature. But the subcultural meaning of football fan communities does not end there, of course. Young fans get the opportunity, among their peers, to model their behavior as a group and at the same time not experiencing pressure from the main social control authorities (parents, school, etc.). Football fans are a complex community to organize. Travel to other cities is very often associated with fights - often on the station square. The main means of distinguishing fans is a scarf (“rosette”, “rose”). A regular scarf is designed in the colors of the football team and can have various inscriptions. Within the framework of the fan movement, different attitudes and lifestyles are combined. A group of Spartak fans, the Gladiators, are guided by the philosophy of a “clean lifestyle.” Physically well developed, its members avoid fights, but protect the “little ones” - the youngest part of the fans, the newcomers.

Hippies All hippies wear long flowing hair (hair), usually parted in the middle. A thin bandage (hairatnik) covers the forehead and back of the head. Usually there are jeans or a denim jacket, sometimes a hoodie of an unspecified color, and around the neck there is a “xivnik” (small leather handbag), decorated with beads or embroidery. On the hands - “fenki” (from the English thing - thing), i.e. homemade bracelets or beads, most often made of beads, wood or leather. Many men grow a beard. Reasons why they wear long hair, the following: 1) it is more natural, closer to nature; 2) Jesus Christ wore long hair and a beard, hippies imitate him; 3) long hair makes it possible to better capture the radiation of the cosmic mind, being a kind of antenna. This organization is not so numerous, but has long-standing traditions. Their philosophy influenced the views and lives of the 1970s generation. Hippies have their own rules of behavior and their own philosophy. They unite into the System. This is a kind of club that not everyone is accepted into. The system is divided into groups (parties), where there are two layers: “pioneers” and “old ones” (mammoths). “Pioneers” are teenagers, “old ones” are old members of the System, seriously delving into the problems of religion, mystics, artistic creativity. Dress code: jeans, sweaters, T-shirts, out-of-fashion coats. Clothes are often shabby or specially given this appearance: artificial holes are made, bright patches are placed on jeans and jackets, inscriptions are made in English. In the cold season, hippies live in the city, go to “parties,” and in the summer they hitchhike and set up tent cities. Ideology - a person must be free, first of all, internally. Man is also free in love, which promotes the unity of people. They preach pacifism: they call not to respond to violence with violence, they oppose military service. They believe in a higher reality that exists alongside the everyday one in which we all live. You can reach it through a change in consciousness through art. Hence the interest in religion, creative activity. The desire for naturalness is expressed in the desire not to change what happens by itself (for example, not to cut hair), not to carry out active, purposeful actions, to be inactive, to be unpretentious in everyday life, to be able to endure adversity and deprivation. Hippies are romantics, they love everything bright, original, and creative. They want to be independent from social conventions, free individuals. To emancipate one's consciousness and sense of freedom, smoking hashish is common among hippies. They are interested in the philosophy of the East. From musical movements prefer soft rock, in particular the group "Aquarium", ethnic music different peoples. Dress code: jeans, sweaters, T-shirts, out-of-fashion coats. Clothes are often shabby or specially given this appearance: artificial holes are made, bright patches are placed on jeans and jackets, inscriptions are made in English. In the cold season, hippies live in the city, go to “parties,” and in the summer they hitchhike and set up tent cities. Ideology - a person must be free, first of all, internally. Man is also free in love, which promotes the unity of people. They preach pacifism: they call not to respond to violence with violence, they oppose military service. They believe in a higher reality that exists alongside the everyday one in which we all live. You can reach it through a change in consciousness through art. Hence the interest in religion and creative activity. The desire for naturalness is expressed in the desire not to change what happens by itself (for example, not to cut hair), not to carry out active, purposeful actions, to be inactive, to be unpretentious in everyday life, to be able to endure adversity and deprivation. Hippies are romantics, they love everything bright, original, and creative. They want to be independent from social conventions, free individuals. To emancipate one's consciousness and sense of freedom, smoking hashish is common among hippies. They are interested in the philosophy of the East. Among musical trends they prefer soft rock, in particular the group "Aquarium", and ethnic music of different nations.

EMO Emo subculture, was born approximately 22 years ago. Of course, Emo culture, like many other subcultures, was collected from several other cultures, modernized, or simply taken halfway. But now let's look at Emo culture in music. As you know, Emo comes from the word emotion, emotional. In Emo music, there are very beautiful, melodic vocals and always hysterical creaking vocals. This type of vocals is called “Scream vocals” (From English, sl., Scream.) Many groups playing in this style finish their performances early due to the fact that they are overwhelmed by emotions and cannot control themselves . More and more often I am faced with the fact that many people have a too primitive and superficial concept of EMO culture. Many people believe that all emos are characterized by whining, tears, withdrawal and suicidal tendencies, but this is wrong! We need to start from the fact that each person is a person, an individual! And a sub-culture can only be characterized by the style of music and clothing, but emo is not just an image, it is a worldview, it is a soul, it is a lifestyle. EMO does not have the same philosophy as the goths or punks, but many do not delve into the essence of EMO, and either become posers.

Ganguro Appearance Bright, colored (pink-blue) clothes, girls wear miniskirts Plastic jewelry in the form of flowers, High-platform shoes White knee-highs Light makeup Shiny lipstick Dark from a solarium or foundation skin Bleached long hair Ganguro is a subculture of Japanese youth that appeared in the 1990s. Conservatives call ganguro - yamanba - mountain witches, caricatures of Europeans.

Nevertheless, they have formed their own language of self-expression, street styles, fashion, art, communications, and a self-sufficient music lovers market.

Hippie

The heyday of the movement based on music lovers' psychedelic and hardrock preferences, which gave rise to the all-Union system of registrations, forest and beach camps, home concerts, as well as hitchhiking, occurred in the mid-70s. By the early 80s, hippie fashion swept the capitals; in Moscow, hippie communication covered the Boulevard Ring, Arbat and Mayakovsky Square. The ranks of the movement were joined by Beatlemaniac students, street bards and a generation of children of the Soviet intelligentsia who were engaged in unofficial creativity.

Hippie 1984

Hippie. Not far from the Tourist, 1988

Hippie. At the entrance to Saigon, 1987

In the 1980s, the movement was revived due to youth's interest in retro style. These groups appeared in Leningrad under the name “Secretists” in Leningrad, and in Moscow they were called “Bravists” (after the names of the groups Bravo and Secret)

Hipsters. Anton Teddy and comrades, 1984. Photo by Dmitry Konrad

Hipsters. Rus Ziggel and Teddy boys. Leningrad, 1984. Photo by Dmitry Konrad

Wide Hipsters. Moscow, 1987

The new wave movement received a rather vague manifestation in Soviet society. Initially based on music lovers' preferences in the form of electronic experiments and the aesthetics of post-punk "new romantics", domestic new wavers compiled their external aesthetics on the basis of "pure style", hairstyles of a certain type and makeup, with elements taken from other already established movements, ranging from breaker glasses, ending with a post-punk “dark style”.

After 85, following the partial legalization of foreign non-radical styles, the popularization of disco and the rise of the metal wave, the total mass of the “new wave” was divided into two camps. Disco fans of foreign pop music who consumed branded items and were labeled “poppers” due to their passion for pop music in the 80s. And more advanced fashionistas-new wavers, who were in close contact with the creative underground, experimenting within the framework of mod and post-punk traditions.

Newwaivers. Leningrad, 1984

Newwaivers. New wave at MEPhI, 1983

Newwaivers. At Mayak, 1990

In the early 80s, echoes of the hip-hop movement reached Soviet youth and manifested themselves in the form of the “breakers” movement (according to the self-inflicted local definition dance style). Initially a lifestyle that combined skateboarding and disco dancing, this style was represented by a small student fashion community and the “golden youth” of the South-West of Moscow. But by the mid-80s, following the opening of youth cafes and the release of the film “Dancing on the Roof,” breakers were represented as nothing more than a dance subculture, with their own experiments in the field of appearance.

Breakers. Arbat, 1986. Photo by Sergey Borisov

Breakers. Arbat, 1987. Photo by Yaroslav Mayev

Break dance, 1987

The style itself became widespread thanks to the pan-European revival of classic rock and roll and the beginning of the psychobilly movement in the second half of the 80s. In the Soviet Union, this manifestation was superimposed on the New Wave costume fashion, but after 86 it became isolated, partly in the Kupchinsky underground (Leningrad), partly in the rocker underground (Moscow, Moscow Art Theater), and among the Elvis Presley fan club (Moscow) with party places at the station. metro station Revolution Square and Catacombs (ruins of the Greek Hall)

Rockabilly. Hedgehog and Moor, 1987

Rockabilly. Leningrad, 1987

Rockabilly. Rockabilly on Arbat, 1989

The term “rockers” appeared in the early 80s and initially applied to Soviet fans of rock music. But, already since 1984, the label “rocker” has been assigned to fans of hard rock, who gravitate towards external styling similar to the British “coffee bar cowboys” and American bike clubs. In September 1984 (on Coverdale's birthday), this term was raised to the flag by a party of hard rock fans at the Central Park of Musical Culture named after. Gorky, and later spread to the first motorcycle gangs of Moscow “Black aces” and “Street wolves”, then to all motorcycle associations until 1989.

Rockers, 1987

Rockers, on the outskirts of the Moscow Art Theater, 1988

Rockers, Night Out, 1988

Actually, the term “metalhead” itself originated in philophonic parties back in the early 80s, when at the turn of the decade the rhythms of groups that had previously been considered “hard rock” by Soviet standards changed. The slogan “heavy metal”, copied from foreign magazines, initially applied to “kisomaniacs” and other fans of “hardrock” in the early 80s. But by the middle of the decade, after the self-determination of some music lovers as “rockers” and the emergence of domestic bands “99%”, “ Metal corrosion", "E.S.T." and other groups of fans began to be called “metallists”

Metalworkers from Gorky, 1987

Metalheads. VDNH, 1986

Metalheads. KhMR-89, Omsk

The most ideological and, at the same time, apolitical movement received its first manifestations at the turn of the 80s. Not having complete visual information about foreign analogues, but understanding the effectiveness of the artistic caricatured lifestyle, this phenomenon manifested itself in the form of parodic street idiocy, artistic foolishness, gradually acquiring non-Soviet paraphernalia, playing music and arts.

Being the most “offensive” social manifestations for the Soviet nomenklatura (openly discrediting the appearance of the Soviet citizen in front of foreign tourists), “Soviet punk” was subjected to the most intense pressure from Komsomol members, police and gopotas. All this led to radicalization; the merging of punks and rockers, the formation of hardcore, crusty and cyberpunk styles, with the first “Iroquois” on the deranged heads of the wearers. To the surprise of the representatives of the Soviet punk underground themselves, when information gaps were discovered in the “Iron Curtain”, it was discovered that these manifestations coincided with advanced global subcultural trends.

Punks. House of Culture Gorbunovo, 1987

Punks. Leningrad, 1986. Photo by Natalia Vasilyeva

Punks. Moscow, 1988

At the instigation of the first “new dudes” and receiving its starting impetus from the mod movement of the 60s, in the USSR it received a reverse vector of development from Soviet punk to the vintage motifs of the past. At the same time, without losing any of its radicalism, the Soviet “fashion styling” of the period of the avant-garde artistic movements of the 80s became a calling card for many participants in musical and artistic projects, uniting a diverse artistic people who gravitated towards music lovers omnivorous and passed through all the latest innovations in fashion and music. Such characters, disparagingly called “mods” in the art community, participated in most key shows and performances, were carriers of the latest fashionable and cultural information and often shocked the population with parodies of social nomenclature costumes and punk antics.

Fashion. Moscow, 1988

Fashion. Moscow, 1989. Photo by Evgeny Volkov

Fashion. Chelyabinsk, early 80s

The short-term manifestation of this intermediate foreign style of the 70s occurred at the end of the 80s, due to the consolidation of radical informal circles during resistance to pressure and the influx of a new wave of truly marginal elements, following the popularization of informal movements at the turn of 87-88 (exactly after turning point in street battles with “Lyubers” and Gopniks). It is worth noting that such manifestations in a caricatured ironic form were present in the vastness of our homeland, when radical informals dressed up in proto-Skinhead outfits, cut their heads bald out of spite, and crowded in crowded places. Frightening with his appearance the policemen and ordinary people, who were seriously listening to Soviet propaganda, that all informals were fascist thugs. The hardmods of the late 80s were a sublimation of the punk, rockabilly and militaristic style, and of course, having never heard about what they should be called according to the stylistic classification, they preferred the self-name “streetfighters” and “militarists”.

Hardmodes. Red Square, 1988

Hardmodes. Moscow Zoo, 1988

Psychobilly in to a greater extent appeared in Leningrad at the turn of the 90s, together with the groups Swidlers and Meantreitors, when groups of young people formalized this direction musically, standing out from the rockabilly environment. But even before that, there were individual characters who fell outside the framework of the new subcultural leagues and who preferred polymelormania of the rock and roll variety. In terms of dress code, this tendency was close to punk aesthetics

Psychobills. In the courtyard of a rock club, 1987. Photo by Natalia Vasilyeva

Psychobills. Leningrad, 1989

Psychobills. Muscovites visiting Leningraders, 1988. Photo by Evgeny Volkov

During clashes with gopniks and “lubers” in the period from 1986 to 1991, special active groups emerged in the rocker and heavy metal environment, which at the turn of the 90s transformed from motto gangs into the first motto clubs. With its own visual attributes modeled on foreign bike clubs, and on heavy motorcycles, modernized by hand or even post-war trophy models. Already by 1990, the groups “Hell Dogs”, “Night wolves”, “Cossacs Russia” could be distinguished in Moscow. Also present were shorter-term motorcycle associations, such as “MS Davydkovo”. The self-name bikers, as a symbol of the separation of this stage from the rocker past, was first assigned to the group rallied around Alexander the Surgeon, and then spread to the entire moto movement, gradually covering many cities of the post-Soviet space

Bikers. Surgeon, 1989. Photo by Petra Gall

Bikers. Kimirsen, 1990

Bikers. Night wolves on Pushka, 1989. Photo by Sergey Borisov

Bikers. Theme, 1989

A phenomenon no less multifaceted than the aesthetics of punk, Soviet beatism traces its origins back to the distant 70s, when this term included fashionable decadents visiting hot spots, growing their hair below their shoulders and decked out in leather jackets and Beatles. This term also included “labukhi” - musicians making music to order in Soviet restaurants, and simply people outside any “leagues”, leading an isolated and immoral, from the point of view of Soviet aesthetics, lifestyle. This trend in the early 80s was aggravated by a careless appearance, defiant behavior and the presence of some distinctive element in clothing. Be it a hat or a scarf or a bright tie.

Beatniks. Bitnichki, Timur Novikov and Oleg Kotelnikov. Photo by Evgeny Kozlov

Beatniks. Parade on the first of April, Leningrad-83

Beatniks. Chelyabinsk, late 70s

The movement, which originated in the late 70s and consisted of “kuzmichas” (ordinary visitors to stadiums) and the visiting elite who accompanied the teams at matches in other cities, by the beginning of the 80s had already acquired its district leaders, acquired “gangs”, merchandise and became into football communication. Following the quick start of Spartak fans (the most famous center of the party in the early 80s was the Sayany beer bar at the Shchelkovskaya metro station), holding their city actions and parades, “gangs” just as quickly began to appear around other teams.

Fans. Moscow, 1988. Photo by Victoria Ivleva

Fans. Moscow-81. Photo by Igor Mukhin

Fans. Reception of a Zenit fan in Dnepropetrovsk-83

A unique direction formed at the intersection of the hobby of bodybuilding and youth supervision programs.

Initially assigned to a local group of people from Lyubertsy, who often arrived in the capital to vacation spots for young people, the name “Luber” already from 1987 was interpolated not only to heterogeneous groups not connected with each other, but also to larger groups concentrated during this period in the Central Park of Educational Institutions them. Gorky and Arbat. Zhdan, Lytkarinsky, Sovkhozmoskovsky, Podolsky, Karacharovsky, Naberezhnye Chelnovsky, Kazan - this is an incomplete list of the “Moscow region brotherhood” that tried to control not only the designated territories, but also other hot spots and station squares.

Initially encouraged by the authorities who hoped to place these formations into the fabric of the “people's squad”, these groups did not have a common dress code other than an affinity for sportswear, but also had conflicting interests that were consolidated only within the framework of aggression against fashionistas and “informals”.

Lyubera. 1988

Lyubera. Africa and Lubera, 1986. Photo by Sergey Borisov

Lyubera. Lyuber and Podolsk in the Central Park of Education and Culture named after. Gorky, 1988

PLAN The concept of subculture The meaning of subcultures Signs of subcultures History of subcultures in the world and in Russia Hipsters Hippies Rastafarian Punks Goths Bikers Rockers Emo Football fans Skinheads Hipsters Role players

SUBCULTURE Subculture is a part of public culture that differs from the prevailing one. In a narrower sense, the term means social groups of people - carriers of a subculture. The youth subculture is created by young people themselves for young people, it is esoteric, its specific variants are understandable only to those in the know and initiated. The youth subculture is an elitist phenomenon, few young people go through it and deviating from traditional culture, is really about integrating young people into society.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SUBCULTURES Adolescents are in a state of transformation from a child into an adult, because of this transitional stage, many of them feel that they are not understood, often they suffer from their own “wrongness” and “inferiority”. By accepting the norms and appearance of a subculture, they find protection in it. They seem to say: “Yes, I’m not like everyone else, but I’m not alone. There are many of us." They find their place in the new environment, which helps them subsequently integrate normally into society after surviving adolescence. However, not all “informals” abandon their way of life and habitual appearance. Sometimes this indicates general psychological immaturity, but it can also be a sign of tribute to past beliefs.

SIGNS OF SUB-CULTURES 1. Informal groups do not have official status. 2. Weakly defined internal structure. 3. Most associations have weakly expressed interests. 4. Weak internal connections. 5. It is very difficult to identify a leader. 6. They do not have a program of activities. 7. Act on the initiative of a small group from outside. 8. They represent an alternative to government structures. 9. Very difficult to classify in an orderly manner.

REASONS FOR LEAVING THE “UNDERGROUND” 1) Challenge to society, protest. 2) Challenge to the family, misunderstanding in the family. 3) Reluctance to be like everyone else. 4) The desire will establish itself in the new environment. 5) Attract attention to yourself. 6) The area of ​​organizing leisure time for young people in the country is underdeveloped. 7) Copying Western structures, trends, culture. 8) Religious ideological beliefs. 9) Tribute to fashion. 10) Lack of purpose in life. 11) Influence of criminal structures, hooliganism. 12) Age hobbies.

TYPES OF INFORMALS Asocial are aloof from social problems, but do not pose a threat to society punks, majors, rockers, hippies Antisocial have a pronounced aggressive character, the desire to assert themselves at the expense of others, the moral deafness of the gang Prosocial socially positive informal clubs and associations that bring benefits environmentalists society

HIPLES The history of informal organizations in our country can be divided into three distinctive “waves”. It all started with the appearance in the 1950s. “hipsters” - shocking urban youth who dressed and danced “stylishly”, for which they received the contemptuous term “hipsters”. The main accusation that was brought against them was “worship before the West.” The musical preferences of the “hipsters” are jazz, and then rock and roll. The state’s tough position on dissent in those years led to the fact that after some time of semi-underground existence, the “hipsters” quickly disappeared.

The “second wave” was determined by both internal and external conditions - the youth movement acquired an important component - rock music. It was during this period (late 60s – early 80s) that most youth associations began to acquire the features of “classical informality”: apoliticality, internationalism, focus on internal problems. Drugs penetrated the youth environment. The movement of the seventies was deeper, broader and longer lasting. It was in the 1970s. The so-called “System” emerged - the Soviet hippie subculture, which was a whole conglomerate of groups. The “system,” being updated every two or three years, absorbed punks, metalheads, and even criminogenic lubers.

The beginning of the “third wave” of youth movements can be considered in 1986: the existence of informal groups was officially recognized, the topic of “informality” became a sensation. These associations can also be called “alternative”.

HIPPIES The hippie subculture is one of the oldest youth subcultures. The movement formed in San. Francisco in the mid-60s. XX century as a protest against philistinism. The hippie ideology was based on philosophical teachings associated with the “Jesus movement”. They adhere to pacifist views, profess the idea of ​​“non-resistance to evil through violence,” and are prone to creativity.

Appearing at the end of the Khrushchev Thaw, the hippie subculture in the USSR (as a whole) was widespread among a very small number of young people. In the mass consciousness, the word “hippie” evoked rather negative associations - a “hippie” was perceived as an unkemptly dressed young man with long hair, a slacker, a drinker and a drug addict, often apolitical and unprincipled - in contrast to the then-cultivated image of a “Soviet man”, a “builder of communism” - neatly dressed and short-haired, purposeful, with clear political views about the “party line”. The existence of representatives of “hippies” not only abroad, but also in the USSR could only be learned from critical articles in the central press of the early 70s. Stills from the film “House of the Sun” HIPPIE

RASTAMERS Close in many respects to hippies, Rastafarians. Rastafari (Rasta) is the religion of the universal Lord Jah (distorted “Jehovah”). Rastafarians are staunch pacifists and especially protest against racism. Two features confirmed the worldwide nature of the Rasta movement - marijuana and reggae. Rastafarian life also includes healthy image life, ban on tobacco and alcohol, vegetarianism, art. Their symbols are a red-yellow-green “pacific” cap, pulled over dreadlocks (“dreadlocks”). Rastafarians can often be found in the company of hippies. Speaking about Russia, it should be noted that most young Rastafarians are simply fans of reggae music (this type of music originated in the 60s of the 20th century in Jamaica).

RASTAMERS The emergence of “Rastafarians” in the CIS occurred along with the formation of other youth subcultures against the backdrop of the collapse of the USSR. “Rastamans” can be especially highlighted due to the fact that in the current CIS there is a noticeable increase in the volume of marijuana use (this conclusion can only be made subjectively, since collecting statistics on this issue is very difficult). [Many of the smokers are no longer “youth” and do not consider themselves “Rastafarians,” but they are ideologically brought together by the illegal status of the drug, since they experience the same difficulties associated with acquiring it. Apparently, the issue of self-identification of former Soviet citizens who use cannabis was resolved on the basis of the cannabis brand as an attribute of Rastafarianism. The concept of “drug addict”, known in the USSR, could not be accepted due to the inconsistency with the stereotypical image of such a person among the people: cannabis users are not close to the topics of syringes, AIDS, withdrawal symptoms, etc. - therefore, there was a need for a self-designation.

PUNKY Punky. The punk movement began in the mid-1970s. XX centuries in England during a period of severe economic crisis. The main slogan of punks is “No future!” . The philosophy of punks is the philosophy of the “lost generation”, simple to the limit: in a pigsty it is better to be pigs yourself. They finally decided that it was impossible to change the world for the better, and therefore life and career in the old sense of the word were put to rest. According to their political leanings, punks are considered anarchists. Hence their main symbol is the stylized letter “A”. The standard punk hairstyle is considered to be a “mohawk” - a strip of long, vertical hair on a cropped head. Punks prefer torn, dirty clothes. Punks are the most avid party-goers, great “specialists” in drinking, drugs, fights - apparently from idleness. The punk subculture entered the USSR in 1979. One of the first punks were famous St. Petersburg rock musicians Andrei Panov (“Pig”) and Viktor Tsoi.

Bikers. The first bikers were called “Harleyers” - after the famous brand of motorcycle “Harley-Davidson”. These motorcycles received true recognition in the 30s. XX century in the USA. In the 40s. The ranks of bikers were replenished by veterans of the Second World War. The domestic subculture of bikers, like hippies, has experienced at least two upsurges: one in the late 70s - early 80s. , the other - already in the 90s. Russian bikers, as far as one can judge, are law-abiding and conformist to a greater extent than the American Hells Angels. The biker's favorite drink is beer. They dress, as befits rock lovers, in jeans, black T-shirts, a leather vest or jacket. Bikers are often completely covered in tattoos. Bikers can be found in large numbers at the annual bike show, and on the streets only at night, when there is “freedom of movement.” Hence the name of the parties - “Angels of the Night”, “Night Wolves”. BIKERS

ROCKERS Rockers cultivate the “masculine spirit,” toughness, and directness of interpersonal contacts. Rocker associations are something like small states: each has its own president, charter, constitution. Girls cannot be full members of the association; they are allowed to participate in their lives only as the “property” of one of the rockers. The appearance is distinctly aggressive. Motorcycle leather and rough linen clothing with metal strips makes them look like a machine. Tall, heavy boots remind us that in the event of a fight they can be used.

GOTH Gothic originated in the late 70s. XX century on the wave of post-punk. The early goths took a lot from the punks, they looked just like the punks, with the only difference being that the dominant color of clothing and hair was black (with accents of white, red or purple) and silver jewelry. At first, only fans of gothic musical groups were called goths. Gradually, the Goths acquired their own lifestyle, value hierarchy and mentality. The modern Gothic image is quite complex and varied, it includes clothes, shoes, jewelry, accessories, make-up, and hairstyle. Gothic aesthetics are extremely eclectic in their range of symbols, using both Egyptian, Christian and Celtic symbols. Occult symbolism is quite widely represented - pentagrams, eight-pointed stars (symbols of chaos), symbols of death.

GOTH The Goths have developed their own original style of makeup and manicure. Using makeup or powder, the face is given a deathly pale shade, black eyeliner is applied, and lips and nails can also be tinted black. Black is the dominant color, but other colors are acceptable. The gothic subculture came to the countries of the post-Soviet space in a distorted form. A fairly stable community of Goths has formed in Estonia. In Russia, as in many other countries Eastern Europe, Gothic is in the underground, and its representatives are relatively few in number. However, there are local Gothic communities in almost all major cities. Gothic rock is less popular in Russia than gothic metal and similar genres. Russian Goths still often face hostility or other inappropriate reactions to their appearance and hobbies.

EMO Emo - short for "emotional" - is a term for a specific type of hardcore music based on the crushing strong emotions in the vocalist's voice and the melodic but sometimes chaotic musical component. Squealing, crying, moaning, whispering, breaking into a scream are the distinctive features of this style. Today this style of music is divided into: emocore, emo-rock, cyber-emo, punk-emo, emo-violence, screamo, French emocore hardcore San Diego, etc. Fans of emo music, identified as a special subculture, are called emo kids. The concept of emo is very common among modern youth. In addition to bright outfits, hair and makeup, these guys have other ways to express themselves. Through music and heightened emotions about everything that happens in their lives.

FOOTBALL FANS Communities of football fans are one of the most widespread forms of subcultural youth activity in modern Russia, which has a long origin. Many forms of support for teams by their fans developed back in the 1930s, when football was amateur in the full sense of the word and football players worked in labor collectives (in other words, among their fans). Later, as football professionalized in Russia, the modern practice of organized fan trips to support the team at games in other cities arose (for example, fans of the Moscow football team Dynamo date the first such trip to a game in another city to 1976). In these forms of amateur activity, the fan community is autonomous from the supported team.

SKINHEADS Skinheads got their name from their appearance: namely, spherical or shaved heads. Skinheads' political views range from ultra-leftists to anti-fascists, and everything in between. There are skinheads who are also apolitical. Among those around them, they are easy to recognize by their unique distinctive signs - high black boots with white laces, a shaved skull, a black leather jacket. During robberies, "special forces" black masks are used. This informal movement, whose status borders on a criminal group.

HIPSTER young (approximately 16 -25 years old) representatives of the middle class, interested in alternative music, arthouse cinema, contemporary art. It is believed that the cult of everything vintage is widespread among indicids. “Attributes of a regular hipster”: “skinny”, printed T-shirt, Converse sneakers, film SLR camera, Moleskine notebook, i. Phone, etc. In modern Russian reality, there are two opinions about political views hipsters: some assume they are completely apolitical, others view them as bearers of a moderately oppositional liberal bourgeois consciousness

ROLE PLAYERS Role players. Role-playing games are a noticeable phenomenon in modern youth subculture. Without much opportunity to influence the rapidly changing real world, many young people want to construct a fictional world - and believe in it. Roleplayers are an informal community of people who play various role-playing games, primarily live-action role-playing games. Related to role-playing are the movements of historical reenactors, Tolkienists, as well as hardball and airsoft players. The role-playing movement is distinguished as a subculture, which is characterized by its own jargon, its own music, its own literature and other characteristic elements of a single culture.

ROLE-PLAYERS The role-playing movement in Russia and the USSR arose in the 80s. on the basis of Science Fiction Lovers Clubs. Except role playing games, role players gather for Role Conventions - short-term meetings dedicated to informing players about the games of the next season, discussing past games, and informal communication. At the conventions there are tournaments in historical fencing, photo and art exhibitions, concerts of game song authors, theatrical performances, video screenings.

Who's who- Punks, Hipsters, Hippies, Tolkienists, Ravers, Rockers, Rappers, Hackers, PCBs, Football fans.

HELLO, PEOPLE! FINALLY I HAVE COMPLETED THE FIRST ISSUE OF THE ELECTRICAL JOKE MAGAZINE. I STARTED THIS SO THAT EVERYTHING FUNNY IS FORGETED OVER TIME, AND IN YOUR OLD AGE THERE WILL BE NOTHING TO REMEMBER ABOUT YOUR PAST, AND SO YOU DIG THIS DISC SOMEWHERE AND YOU WILL IMMEDIATELY REMEMBER: HOW YOU LIVED, WHAT YOU BREATHED, WHAT PEOPLE LIVED, ETC. BY THE WAY, ATTENTION TO ALL THOSE WHO WISH TO TELL THEIR FUNNY STORY, FUCKING JOKE, OR SOMETHING OF THIS LIKE. PLEASE CONTACT ME AT THE ADDRESS LISTED AT THE END. WHAT ABOUT WHAT WE BREATHE. AND WE BREATHE THE WHOLE PERIODIC TABLE (LITERALLY THE WHOLE TABLE), AND WHAT WE DON’T BREATHE, WE EAT. WE WORK ON SPECCY ALONG WITH PENTIUM 200, POWERUP AMIGA, PROFI 3. 04+, ETC. AND IF AUTO DEVELOPED AT THE SAME SPEED AS COMPUTERS, WE WOULD FLY AT A SPEED OF 40K. KM/H, NOT 100 KM/H. GENE POOL: YOUTH... COVERING YOUR FACE WITH A THICK NEWSPAPER (AH, THAT SMELL OF PRINTING INK!), WITH THE WEATHER FORECAST ON THE SECOND NATIONAL CHANNEL, IN A WELL HEATED HOUSE AND NOT CLOSE TO A FEEDED DOG, I AM EVER WEAKER... ALL MIND HER, AND CALM UP. .. YOUTH... ANARCHY AND AMBITIOUS, DRUGS, CRAZY MUSIC AND FASHION, NONCONFORMISM AND IDOLS, PARTS, SEX FINALLY... ETERNALLY HUNGRY AND CHARMING - THEY ARE THEY, CHILDREN OF BITCHES, THESE ARE THE ONE WHO WILL REPLACE TODAY GENERATION OF ADULTS.. SO WHO IS WHO... PUNK HABITAT: SMALL CLUBS ON THE OUTLIERS OF LARGE INDUSTRIAL CITIES. LOOK: ALL PINS, EARRINGS AND GRAY JEANS. SUMMER ARMY BOOTS "10 HOLES" OR WINTER SNEAKERS. THE HAIR ON THE HEAD IS SHAVED SO THAT A THIN STRIP REMAINS FROM THE FOREHEAD TO THE NECK. NEXT, THE HAIR IS DYED IN SOME FUNNY COLOR, AND THEN IT IS MUCH WETTERED WITH BEER, WHICH FIXES THE VERTICAL COMB. STATEMENT: "THIS TOAD KNOWS WHAT IS WHAT." IDEAL WOMAN: VERY BLURRED, THIS TOAD SHOULD HATE THE ESTABLISHMENT, AND BE READY TO PUT A TON OF COSTUME JEWELRY ON A BODY pierced in the MOST SECRET PLACES. TIME OF DAY: CASUALTY WITHOUT A SCHEDULE. ICON: THEY WAS AND WILL BE SID VICHES, WHO DIE FROM AN OVERDOSE LONG LONG ago. MUSIC: "GREEN DAY", "NOFX", "ZERO", "THE DOLPHINS". CULT FILM: CARTOON. "BLUE PUPPY". Hipsters... HABITAT: HOUSE PARTIES WHEN MOM AND DADDY ARE NOT AT HOME! IN THE SUMMER ON THE ARBAT, IN THE WINTER IN THE "MERLIN" CLUB AT THE "MAYAKOVSKAYA" METRO STATION, SOMETIMES THE PILOT NIGHT CLUB. APPEARANCE: THICK SOLE BOOTS, IRONED TROUSERS, 50'S CUT JACKET, TIE WITH MONKEYS. IDEAL OF A WOMAN: SHE SHOULD BE ADORED. BY THE HANDY HIMSELF, HIS OUTFIT AND THE MUSIC HE LISTENS TO. TIME OF DAY: EVENING TWIST. ICON: ELVIS DAREN PRESLEY. MOZON: BILL HALEY, CHUCK BERRY, JERRY LEE LEWIS, ALLWEISS+ PRESLEY, ETC. TIME OF DAY: FOUND EVERYWHERE. CULT FILM: "CRY BABY", "AMPHIBIAN MAN" OR "BEWARE OF THE CAR". HIPPIE APPEARANCE: YOU MAY THINK YOU DON'T REMEMBER. WEAR FLOWERS, A MUSTACHE, A BEARD AND A LONGER HAIR. NEVER GO TO WAR. PLUS TO THIS WASHED JEANS AND SOMETHING ABOUT BUDDHA. STATEMENT: “DO YOU HAVE A GIRL ENTRY ON THE FLAT? YOU SHOULD HAVE AN ENTRY...” A GIRL’S IDEAL: TWO-FORTH. ON ONE HAND THIS IS A TURGENIEV GIRL WITH A VOLUME OF MANDELSHTAM AND A WHITE MUSE IN HER POCKET (HOW MANY OF THESE POOR MICE ARE SMOKED IN THE HOT EMBRACES OF THEIR MISTRESSES), ON THE OTHER SIDE A SORT OF GRATED “GIRL”, A HITCHHIKING SITE TA ON THE MOSCOW - ST. Petersburg ROAD. DARK, OVERALL, HISTORY. TIME OF DAY: WARM. ICON: JERRY GARCIA, ETC... MOUSE: "THE DOORS", "GRATEFUL DEAD", "JETHRO TUTT" OR EVEN "THE BEATLES". CULT FILM: THE MUSICAL "HAIR". TOLKIENISTS... HABITAT: ON WARM DAYS THEY GATHER IN A BOREDING GARDEN AND STAGE THEATERIZED BATTLES BETWEEN THE FORCES OF GOOD AND EVIL. APPEARANCE: THEY RUNN AWAY FROM REALITY, WRAP UP IN CLOKS, SAW WOODEN SWORDS, AND IMAGINE FOR THEMSELVES STRANGE CHASES LIKE: FRODO, GANDALF... STATEMENTS: THERE, BEHIND THE DARK MOUNTAINS, AWAY FROM NOISY LIFE, DWARFS... AND BABA'S DEAL: ELVES, ORCS AND DWARMS SUPPRESS THEIR SEXUALITY AND TRY TO RECOGNIZE FAIRIES IN THE WOMEN THEY FELL AWAY. TIME OF DAY: HALF FOUR TO FOUR. ICON: J.R. TOLKIEN. MOUSON: THE MORE MYSTICAL, THE BETTER. CULT FILM: ANIMATED VERSION OF THE HOBBIT. RAVERS... HABITAT: SPEND TIME IN ALL DIFFERENT NIGHT CLUBS, WHERE THEY SIP ENERGY SMART DRINKS FROM TALL CANS THROUGH STRAW, OF COURSE. APPEARANCE: TRENDY GUYS WITH THE PERMANENT “WOW”, SUBTLE CONFIDENTS OF DRIED MUSHROOMS AND “E”. PAINTED ORANGE, GREEN, YELLOW, WITH HOLOGRAPHIC EYES, THEY ARE READY TO DISCUSS THEIR IDOLS TILL THEY ARE BLUE... THEIR ICONS ARE THE FAVORITE DJS WHO HAVE BEEN DIVORCED IN THE LAST TWO YEARS LIKE UNCUT DOGS. STATEMENT: THERE WAS A SAUSAGE PARTY, BUT IN GENERAL, THE CLUBMAN WAS NOT POSITIVE AT ALL. TIME OF DAY: WITH THEIR FACES SWELLY FROM A SLEEPLESS NIGHT, THEY JOIN THE ORIGINAL RANKS OF STUDENTS AND, AFTER SLEEPLY SERVING A COUPLE OR TWO, RUSH TO THEIR WORKPLACES OR TO THEIR HOLES, FILLED WITH CASSETTES OR COMPANIES, WHERE THEY SITT UP DARKNESS FALLS, PAGE THEIR DEALER, AND GO GO TO YOUR NEXT PARTY. THE IDEAL OF A WOMAN: THE ANIMALS OF A PHOTOMODEL, SHOULD KNOW THE NAMES OF YOUR FAVORITE DJS. MOUSON: TECHNO. CULT FILM: “LIQUID SKY” BY Slava Zuckerman. ROCKERS (NEFORS)... HABITAT: THEY CAN ALWAYS BE FOUND IN ALL ALL POSITIONS OF CLUBS LIKE “GORA” OR “NORA”, “DO NOT HIT WITH A HOOF” OR “TABULA RASA” ETC. WHERE THEY SPEND TIME AMONG THEIR OWN.. . THE FEMALE IDEAL OF A SILENT, SLIM VAMP GIRL, PULLED IN LEATHER. APPEARANCE: IN JACKET JACKETS MIXED WITH SNEAKERS, ALWAYS LOOKING FOR CHEAP PORT WINE GUITAR TIPS AND DRUM HEAD... STATEMENT: sex, drugs, hops must die AND ALL THAT... TIME OF DAY: NIGHT, MOON FROM THE Vault DOWN FLOWING FOAMY SOAP... MOUSON: NIRVANA, METALLICA, THRASH, DEATH, ETC. ETC... CULT FILM: "THE WALL". RAPPERS... HABITAT: vocational schools, schools for young children, entrances, streets, slum-panel areas. APPEARANCE: WHITE LIKE MICHAEL JACKSON AND BLACK LIKE COOTIO INSIDE..... HEARING GANGSTAREP, ACE OF BASE... STATEMENT: YOFINIK AM SMILE, MOTHERFUCKER? FEMALE IDEAL: NOT YET FORMED. HACKERS... HABITAT: HACKERS ARE THE MOST SECRET YOUTH. THEY ARE HUNTED. SOMETIMES THEY ARE CAUGHT, BUT THE HARERS FRUIT AND MULTIPLY IN THE ENDLESS EXPANSES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS. HACKERS CAN BE SEEN ON IRC TALK CHANNELS, WHERE THEY TALK ABOUT STUFF AND EXCHANGE GOSSIP ABOUT NEW HOLES IN THE SECURITY SYSTEMS OF LARGE COMPUTERS. HOWEVER, THERE ARE FEW REAL HACKERS, ABOUT 150 PEOPLE. FOR THE WHOLE FORMER USSR. APPEARANCE: IN THE REFERENCE MATERIAL FOR THE FBI LECTURES (THEY WERE GIVEN TO POLICE OFFICERS IN ADVANCED PROFESSIONAL COURSES IN 1994), THE FOLLOWING IS SAID ABOUT HACKERS: "WE WEIGHT BELOW OR ABOVE THE NORMAL, SMART (HIGH IQ), SPEAK BEAUTIFULLY, WITH GREAT CONCEPT, STUDY BADLY TO SCHOOL. " IN ACTUALITY THEY ARE VERY DIFFERENT - SUCCESSFUL AND HUNGRY, SERIOUS AND PROOKY, KIND AND NOT ALWAYS... STATEMENT: FILE ERROR, PAL, IMHO THIS IS A COVER OF CANCEL CRUSHING MICE LOANS... THE IDEAL OF A WOMAN : A WOMAN IS NOT FOR HACKERS' IDEAL IN GENERAL, WOMEN HACKERS REPLACE THE COMPUTER AND EVERYTHING CONNECTED WITH IT... TIME OF THE DAY: THEY LIVE AT NIGHT, CREATE THEIR HARDWARE, DISCUSS THE NEW SOFT AND HARD FOR HOURS... ICON: HE HIMSELF... MUZON: THE MAIN THING IS NOT TO INTERFERE WITH THE SHOOTING TSY INTO THE SCREEN AND STOMP THE KEYBOARD... CULT FILM: "HACKERS", ALTHOUGH MANY CONSIDER IT TO BE THE REAL LAMERITY: IT'S TOO BEAUTIFUL TO BE TRUE, AND TOO SOPHISTICATED TO BE REAL... CINEMA, IN A WORD... PCB HABITAT: FORESTS AND SMALL COMPUTER COMPANIES. NICE, HARMLESS GUYS, PARTLY MOSACHISTS: DON’T FEED THEM WITH BREAD, LET THEM GO ON A RAINY AUTUMN DAY SOMEWHERE 101 KILOMETERS FROM ROYY FIREWOOD) A bonfire AND SING A TEN OTHER GUITAR SONGS . BY THE WAY, WHO FORGOT: KSPCLUB OF HOMEMADE SONG. APPEARANCE: THEY LOOK SIMPLE: RED SWEATERS, GREEN WINDCOATS... STATEMENT: “HOW IT’S GREAT THAT WE ARE ALL GATHERED HERE TODAY...”. IDEAL WOMAN: GRADUATE STUDENT IN THE FACULTY OF BIOLOGY, WHICH VALUES RESPONSIVENESS AND ABILITY TO COOK IN THE FIELD. TIME OF DAY: SUNSET... ICONS: THEY ARE OKUDZHAVA'S GRANDCHILDREN AND THE NIKITIN CHILDREN CONSUME CHEAP VODKA IN UNLIMITED QUANTITIES AND KNOW THE SCHEDULE OF ELECTRIC TRAINS IN ALL DIRECTIONS... CULT FILM: SOMETHING WITH VISBOR CARTOONS 60'S... FOOTBALL -HOCKEY FANS HABITAT: STADIUMS. APPEARANCE: STRIPED SCARF IN THE COLOR OF THE TEAM, SIGNS OF A SEVERE HANGOVER, MIGHT UNSHAVED EVERYDAY CLOTHING AND A WILLINGNESS TO BREAK THE JAW OF A FOLLOWER OF ANOTHER TEAM. STATEMENT: JUDGE ON SOAP. IDEAL WOMAN: MANDATORY KNOWLEDGE OF ALL FOOTBALL HOCKEY RULES, HIGH VOICE, ABILITY TO DRINK THREE LITERS OF BEER IN THE FIRST PERIOD OR HALF, HIGH ATTENDANCE TO CHAMPIONSHIPMENTS. TIME OF DAY: ONE HOUR BEFORE THE MATCH STARTS, ENDING AROUND MIDNIGHT. ICON: FAVORITE TEAM. MOZON: "A COWARD DOESN'T PLAY HOCKEY" OR THE MARCH OF FOOTBALL PLAYERS. CULT FILM: "IT'S PELE" AND "TRETYAK VS BOBBY HULL."

Societies are characterized by their own special rules and have their own development trends. Teenagers are very different in their worldview, behavior and habits. In the process of self-discovery, they try to find their place in life, decide on goals and understand themselves. Quite often, such searches lead to such rather serious problems as teenage alcoholism and early drug addiction. Therefore, the influence of subcultures on adolescents is one of the most current problems, which worry all parents without exception.

Positive and negative aspects of the influence of subcultures

Recent sociological studies have shown that many teenagers identify themselves as representatives of one or another subculture. At the same time, some young people are subject to the strong influence of subcultures, which can be both positive and negative. In the first case, adolescents receive the skills necessary for life in a social society, and in the second, they acquire qualities with which society is all accessible ways tries to fight.

Teenage subcultures help young people realize their desires and adapt to adulthood and independent life. But there are also negative aspects, such as cruelty towards certain groups of people. For example, skinheads are racist and, according to their ideology, can commit criminal acts against persons of other nationalities. For them, there is nothing illegal in such behavior, and therefore they do not understand that they are responsible for the actions they have committed. In this case, adolescent subcultures negatively affect their worldview, pitting the younger generation against others

Varieties of subcultures

All teenage communities have not only their own laws of behavior, but also rules that require a certain appearance. Certain youth movements can shock adult society with numerous piercings, unusual hair color, and strange style of clothing and accessories. Quite often, disagreements between parents and teenagers arise precisely on this basis. Young people do not like it when their personal lives are interfered with, and parents want their child not to stand out from the crowd.

Subculture of working youth - teddy boys

The social youth group Teddy Boys formed back in the early 50s due to the relative improvement of the working class. This youth subculture, which became widespread in the post-war period, consisted of working-class people with incomplete higher education and no highly paid profession. Their style was copied from the clothing and behavior of members of the upper classes. In the classic version, the “tadd” looked like this: pipe trousers, a loose jacket with a velvet collar, a lace tie and boots with rubber platforms. The image was typically masculine, despite its elegance.

Representatives of the Teddy Boys tried their best to maintain the “high” status they had created, which became the cause of conflicts that arose with representatives of other sectors of society. For example, there were clashes with wealthier teenagers and attacks on elite youth clubs. There were also attacks on immigrants.

Subculture of the skilled working class - fashion

The group of mods included teenagers who, after graduating from school, mastered working professions that required a high level of preparedness. In fact, the mod in ideal understanding he had to live luxuriously, visit prestigious and expensive clubs, restaurants and shops, and dress in extremely expensive things. But for many such pleasures were inaccessible, so all that remained was to try to recreate perfect image. There are four types of mods:

1. Aggressive type in jeans and rough shoes.
2. Owners of scooters, also in jeans and jackets with a hood.
3. Mods in suits and polished shoes made up the majority of this subculture. The list is completed by fashion girls, exemplary in appearance and with short hair.
4. Art school students, students, and so on.

Subculture - rockers

Rockers appeared in the mid-60s. This group consisted mainly of teenagers without education or from single-parent families. The main attributes of the people of this subculture were a leather jacket, worn jeans, large rough shoes, long hair combed back and tattoos. Of course, what is a rocker without such an important element as a motorcycle. Rock music occupies a special place in the rocker subculture.

Skinheads or skinheads

The members of this group, like the rockers, predominantly came from low-skilled workers. Among them, many were unemployed, poorly educated and with a low cultural level. Skinheads wore jeans rolled up at the bottom, large, rough shoes, and shaved their heads. Football hooligans are closely associated with the skinheads. These types of subcultures are largely similar in social composition. They are also united by aggressive behavior, for example, associated with football matches.

Punk subculture

This group predominantly included young people from unskilled and low-paid segments of the population. The critical situation of young people led to the emergence of this subculture. The list of associations consisting of poorly educated members of society was supplemented by punks. The stereotypes of this group were closely intertwined with aggressive self-affirmation, but, in addition, it was largely based on views opposed to traditional moral principles and values. Initially, the punk subculture used appearance to provoke society: unusual hair coloring, strange hairstyles, shocking behavior and different style in clothing, but over time, stronger methods of influence through themes of violence and death began to be used.

Hippie movement

This subculture appeared in the USA in the 60s and very quickly spread throughout the world. At one time, hippies evolved from the beatniks, representatives of the middle class, who for a long time influenced the people of their group. These American subcultures have one common distinctive feature - an ideology clearly expressed in words. The main elements of the hippie style or worldview were the following:

1. Peacefulness and non-violence. Pacifism was the main hippie ideology. That is why representatives of this group were distinguished by their disregard for power and apoliticality, since it is the rulers who incite wars and force people to fight.
2. Self-development and individualism. These elements were a reaction to the dullness of mass society.
3. Conscious simplification, that is, the transition from a prosperous life to poverty, the rejection of material wealth.
4. Drugs, sexual experiments, travel, festivals, communes - all these are the most striking features of the hippie subculture.
5. Living together is distinctive feature hippies, since other subcultures did not adhere to this form of behavior.

Hipsters

This youth subculture arose in the USSR in the late 40s of the 20th century. In this way, Soviet youth protested against the stereotypes of society. The main direction of the dudes was blind copying of the style of the West and the USA. At that time, dudes looked more like a caricature: wide pants bright colors, baggy double-breasted jackets, boots with thick soles and, of course, brightly colored socks peeking out from under the trousers. The image was very original and bright, no one worried about the combination of colors.

But over time, closer to the 50s, the dudes changed their image a little. They began to wear tight trousers and elegantly cut jackets with wide shoulders, a thin tie around the neck and, of course, a greased “cock”. It is worth noting that only guys had a certain look; stylish girls wore fluffy bright dresses or tapered skirts, pointed shoes and wore bright makeup. Society did not allow the development of this subculture in the USSR and in every possible way condemned and persecuted representatives of this vibrant group.

Social subcultures

The process of socialization of adolescents in the subcultures of society occurs much faster. Examples of subcultures such as “green” or “animal defenders” teach the younger generation to help nature and take care of environment. But theoretical information alone is not always enough to teach teenagers responsibility. We need to show our work in practice" positive subcultures" it needs not only theorems and axioms, but their consolidation by actions and results, otherwise it does not realize the need for good deeds.

Subcultures popular in modern society

The criminal subculture (rockers, punks, emo, skinheads, etc.) in Russia is already losing its position. Negativity and aggression are gradually going out of fashion. In search of new directions, he comes up with his own modern look. For example, the footing subculture does not carry any negative manifestations, therefore it is very well perceived by society. Members of this youth group do not wear shoes in any weather.

Due to the widespread use of the Internet, the subculture of gamers is gaining increasing momentum. Modern youth are increasingly hiding from reality in the virtual world. Many young children already confidently operate tablets, e-readers and mobile phones. But this is basically a false substitute for real hobbies, which is imposed on them by their parents to save their own energy and time. After all, when the child is busy computer games, it does not require so much attention and care. In fact, the problem of this subculture is very deep, and parents must take certain measures if their child has a gaming or computer addiction.

Distinctive features of modern youth trends

Youth subcultures modern world characterized by an increase in the number of active associations. In addition, today's youth are increasingly immersed in the Internet. They look for like-minded people online, organize meetings, and hold promotions. Three social and value orientations of modern subcultures can be distinguished:

1. Prosocial trends: the rapper subculture and the role-playing game movement.
2. Asocial movements: punks, metalheads, emo and hippies.
3. Antisocial groups similar to the adult criminal subculture: skinheads in their radical form.

Youth subcultures can also be classified as the group’s activities are included in the lifestyle young man. There are behavioral groups and active ones. In the first case, adolescents adhere to the style of clothing, behavior and communication characteristic of the selected group. Such areas are not characterized by engaging in any activity. This includes emo, hipsters and goths. In other words, the younger generation will only change their external image and behavior style.

Active types of subcultures are those communities that are based on a passion for specific activities that require one or another activity. This group can include parkourists, graffists, and role-players.

What attracts young people to subcultures

Youth subcultures on a personal level are a way to achieve self-esteem and compensate for the negative attitude of others towards oneself. Discontent own style behavior, body, non-compliance with the standards of femininity or masculinity. Subcultures, the list of which is huge and varied, allow teenagers to give themselves an aura of specialness and bright individuality.

Social and psychological reasons are considered to be the attractiveness of an informal lifestyle, which does not require responsibility, focus and dedication, in contrast to generally accepted requirements in society. There are three possible consequences of the influence of the subculture on the socialization of youth:

1. A positive orientation, which manifests itself in social and cultural self-determination, creative self-realization and experimentation with images, behavioral style, and so on.
2. Socially negative orientation, which is found in joining subcultures of a criminal, extremist nature, drugs and alcohol.
3. An individually negative tendency manifests itself in escaping reality, justifying one’s infantile behavior, and avoiding cultural and social self-determination.

It is quite difficult to determine which trends predominate in a particular subculture. It is even more difficult to notice how it affects a person’s lifestyle. Modern trends attract young people with their diversity and provocative appearance and behavior. But it is worth noting that belonging to a certain social group is, as a rule, a short-term phenomenon. Basically, the passion for subcultures begins at the age of 13 and goes away by the age of 19. By this age, a person changes his hobbies or rethinks. But there are exceptions within the age range, for example, the rocker subculture has no time limits. Among the representatives of this community one can find mature people, and sometimes even the elderly. They have remained true to their teenage hobbies and still listen to rock or play music groups. As a rule, the rocker subculture includes those people who, even in adulthood, are not ready for a responsible and independent life.

The characteristics of adolescent subcultures include their inconstancy in behavior. Many teenagers have an unstable psyche, which largely depends on how their relationship with their parents develops. If there is distance in relationships with close people, then the chances that the child will come under outside influence increase. After all, a teenager needs communication, advice and understanding. If he does not receive all this in his family, then he will seek support among people who are close in spirit and moral state. Very often, a child’s deviant behavior in adolescence is associated with a bad example from the outside. This could be television, bad actions of comrades in the company, etc. In order to prevent a negative influence on the child, parents need to establish contact with him or attract older youth for this purpose.

Sources of the emergence of subcultures in Russia

In the Russian youth environment, the emergence of subcultures is due to a number of reasons. In the last 15-20 years, the daily life of adults and children has undergone dramatic changes. Openness of Western and eastern cultures greatly influenced people’s worldview, dissolved many traditions, stable relationships, and values ​​of Russian citizens. The new scientific and technological revolution, which is primarily associated with the emergence of phenomena such as computers, mobile phones, and the Internet, has had an equally strong impact on people’s lives.

Basically, youth subcultures spread spontaneously. Although quite often parties, trendsetters, and so on contribute to this spread. There is another way - commercial and youth organizations take as a basis forms of youth leisure that exist spontaneously and create organized directions. An example is street dancing. But this process also requires a special approach. Experts believe that interaction with potentially positive informals should be carried out according to three rules: it is necessary to coordinate your actions with the leaders, provide them with everything they need to carry out events, and agree on restrictions on behavior and activity during the actions.

Strategies for youth activities

If we consider youth activities from the perspective of social education, then we can distinguish three main pedagogical strategies. Ignore, do not exclude spontaneous penetration into social life and only after that work or analyze the potential of youth subcultures from the point of view of additional educational methods and use them in the interests of the personal development of adolescents and children.

The potential of youth subcultures from the point of view of education is that the types and forms of activity of adolescents and young people, which arose independently of the pedagogical sphere, in an environment of free communication among young people, are socially positive in nature. But at the same time it is necessary to apply appropriate pedagogical tools.

In fact, modern educational methods have virtually no contact with such youth and adolescent communities. Moreover, this contact is mainly observed in summer camps, in children's public associations and extremely rarely in secondary school institutions.

As a rule, the lifestyle, behavior and external signs of subcultures of adolescents and young people are covered in a negative way, which contributed to the active imitation of representatives of these communities by a certain unreached part of youth. This, in turn, served as an impetus for the spread of these subcultures beyond the borders of one country. Nevertheless, the variability and other characteristics of subcultures were greatly influenced by ethnic and social conditions. For example, Soviet hippies were not much like representatives of this subculture in Western countries. And the skinheads of modern Russia are very different from the first skinheads of Great Britain.

Violent youth protests in Western countries in the 60-70s and in the Soviet and post-Soviet space in the second half of the 90s caused not only a decrease in social activity among young people, but also contributed to the development of certain tendencies towards escapism. Distinctive characteristic of the modern world is the increase in the number of protest youth subcultures, as well as the diversity of forms. Thus, we can say that new subcultures are emerging, the list of which is growing.