Modern forms of racism: languages ​​of description, reproduction, counteraction. Abstracts. Racism and its social roots. Significant life events associated with racism

A concept that is based on the assertion that one race is superior to others.

What is RACISM - definition in simple words.

In simple words, Racism is a system of prejudice that is built on the inherent inequality between different races. Such racial prejudices often involve beliefs that people of different races are different in mental or physical abilities, in having certain moral or cultural qualities, and so on.

Thus, we can say that racism is a type of discrimination or oppression by a dominant race towards people of a different race. As a rule, the dominant race considers itself superior to others in a number of ways, which supposedly gives it the right to be arrogant or even subordinate to representatives of other races. It goes without saying that such an ideology or concept is absolutely anti-scientific and dangerous. History knows many examples when, under the influence of racist ideas, entire nations were destroyed or enslaved (slavery, Nazism).

Types, types and forms of racism.

Based on modern reality, it can be argued that there is huge amount various forms of racism. Conventionally, they can be divided into three large groups:

• Biological or scientific racism;
• Individual racism;
• Institutional racism.

Biological or scientific racism.

This type racism is based on early scientific misconceptions that were made by scientists as early as the early 18th century and gained popularity and influence in the mid-19th century. Thus, using such misconceptions, there were attempts to justify cruelty towards the Negroid race. Based on measurements of various skulls of representatives of the Negroid race, theories were built that they were the middle link between “white” people and chimpanzees. Naturally, all this does not stand up to criticism, but such views were very popular in their time.

Such ideas were so popular that even Darwin, who considered all people to be the same species, noted that some races had differences in mental abilities. What can you do, such were the times and such was the science.

It is also worth noting the contribution of Joseph Arthur de Gobineau to the development of racism. After all, it was he who was the author of the theory about the existence of the so-called “Aryan” race, which, in his opinion, occupied a dominant place among all others. Similar thoughts were expressed in his work “Essay on the Inequality of Human Races” (1853-1855). And it was his ideas that were taken as the basis for the creation of the Nazi racial policy of the Third Reich.

Individual racism.

This type of manifestation of racism can take the following forms:

• Racial prejudice- These are personal opinions about a particular person based on his belonging to a different race. For example, it could be this: this person is bad because he is a member of a different race. Such prejudices are often formed based on social opinions or stereotypes.
• Racial discrimination is a form of racism in which attitudes towards people are based on their race. For example, they may simply not hire black people or give preference to “white” people if there is a choice.
• Reverse discrimination. This is a rather ambiguous form of racism, which can refer to both individual and institutional racism. The bottom line is that, as compensation for past “sins” against a certain race, its representatives are given advantage. So, for example, an employer may intentionally or because of existing quotas give a place to a representative of a different race and ignore candidates of his own race.
• Racism towards one's own race. This type of racism occurs when within one race there is a group with certain distinct characteristics. For example, lighter-skinned representatives of the Negroid race may experience a sense of superiority over darker-skinned ones.

Today in the world there is a huge amount of diversity. In the last century, the problem caused by the emergence of such a movement as racism on the world stage was urgent. This direction has caused the most controversial reviews. However, what is racism?

The word itself was first recorded in Larousse's French dictionary in nineteen thirty-two. There, the answer to the question “what is racism” was as follows: it is a system that asserts the superiority of one race over others. Is this legal?

According to the large legal dictionary, edited by Sukharev and Krutskikh, racism is one of the main international offenses. and an attitude of discrimination that is based on racial misconceptions and prejudices.

What is racism and what are its manifestations? The structural organization and institutionalized practice of this direction leads to the problem of inequality, as well as to the idea that such relations between different groups of people are completely justified from a moral, ethical, political and even scientific point of view. This ideology is based on a movement towards manifestation at the level of legislation and in practice.

What is the theory according to which any racial or unjustified right to dominate other people (however, it has some pseudo-justification from the point of view of ideology itself). In practice, this is expressed in the oppression of a group of people on any grounds (skin color, gender, national or ethnic origin). At the International Convention on the Elimination of Forms of Discrimination in 1966, it was declared that racism is a crime. Any manifestations of it are punishable by law.

According to this convention, racism can be considered any restriction, preference or exclusion based on skin color, race or origin, which is intended to destroy or diminish the rights of recognition, as well as limit the opportunities and freedoms of a person in his political, economic, cultural or social life.

The term in question appeared back in the nineteenth century, when the Frenchman Gobingo put forward the concept of superiority over others. Moreover, this idea was also supported by pseudoscientific evidence of its truth. The problem of such a movement as racism in the USA (United States of America) was especially acute. Large quantity African-Americans, indigenous people, and emigrants gave rise to large-scale actions based on discrimination of various kinds. And now racism in America is associated with the activities of the notorious Ku Klux Klan group.

In the middle of the last century, it was the sentiment of the superiority of some people over others, developed with the inclusion of Darwinism, eugenics, Malthusianism, the philosophy of cynicism and misanthropy, elitism by such philosophers as Highcraft, Kidd, Lapuge, Voltham, Chamberlain, Ammon, Nietzsche, Schoppenhauer, which became the basis for ideology of fascism. They formed the basis of this doctrine, which justifies and encourages segregation, apartheid, the idea of ​​​​the superiority of "pure Aryan race" over everyone else.

Racism(1) - discrimination against individuals, social groups or parts of the population or human groups, policies of persecution, humiliation, infliction of shame, violence, incitement of hostility and animosity, dissemination of defamatory information, causing harm on the basis of skin color, ethnicity, religion or national origin.

Racism uses external differences as the main reason for denying equal treatment to members of another group based on so-called "scientific", "biological" or "moral" characteristics, considering them different from one's own own group and initially inferior. Such racist arguments are often used to justify preferential treatment of one group. This group is usually given preference. Usually the granting of a privileged position is accompanied by statements that a group is threatened (usually in its subjective perception) - in comparison with another group in order to put the latter “in its place” (from a social and territorial point of view).

Racism is usually understood as the above actions sponsored by the authorities or the state religion, and not any manifestations.

In the modern world, racism is a severe social issue and in many countries not only racist practices, but also the preaching of racism are prosecuted by law.

Racism believes that interracial hybrids have less healthy, "unhealthy" heredity and therefore opposes mixed marriages.

Currently, the definition of racism is not associated with the concept due to the biological uncertainty of the latter. The concept of racism is used broadly, as a set of actions or parts of it, historically associated with the three-century practice of racism against blacks in.

Despite numerous attempts to further expand the definition of racism, it is not commonly disseminated, professionally or age groups, on, etc.

The definition of racism also does not apply to historical ones. For example, the definition of “Russian great power”, national politics or how racism looks obvious, although there are signs of racism.

At the same time, the policy of discrimination, persecution and profiling of ethnic and religious minorities (for example, “persons of Caucasian nationality”) in modern times is qualified in documents of international and Russian human rights organizations as racism, and such use of words does not cause serious resistance.

Racism (obsolete)

Racism (2) outdated- doctrine and ideology that affirm the physical and mental inequality of human beings. As a consequence of this, a person’s belonging to one or another anthropological type is considered important in determining his social status. It is considered obsolete, since modern biology considers the very concept of race to be vague. Inside the so-called races and differences are greater than between the so-called. races, and many differences thought to be racial were in fact due to historical, social or economic reasons.

Basic principles of racist ideology

1. Belief in the superiority of one, or less often several, races over others. This belief is usually combined with a hierarchical classification of racial groups.

2. The idea that the superiority of some and the inferiority of others are of a biological or bioanthropological nature. This conclusion follows from the belief that superiority and inferiority are ineradicable and cannot be changed, for example, under the influence of social environment or upbringing.

3. The idea that collective biological inequality is reflected in social order and culture and that biological superiority is expressed in the creation of a “superior civilization”, which itself indicates biological superiority. This idea establishes a direct relationship between biology and social conditions.

4. Belief in the legitimacy of the dominance of “superior” races over “inferior” races.

5. The belief that there are “pure” races, and mixing inevitably affects them negative influence(decline, degeneration, etc.)

Etymology and history of the concept

The word “racism” itself was first recorded in the French dictionary by Larousse in 2009 and was interpreted as “a system that asserts the superiority of one racial group over others.”

The founder of racist theory is considered to be the one who considered the historical process from the point of view of the struggle of races. Differences in cultures, languages, economic models, etc. Gobineau explained mental characteristics the races of their creators. De Gobineau considered the Nordic race to be the best race, and explained the greatness of civilizations by the assumption that at the time of the rise of civilization, the ruling elites in these countries were Nordics. In definition modern concept The book “Racism” made a great contribution to racism French philosopher Albert Memmi.

Racism in the USA

Blacks: from slavery to the civil rights movement

Significant progress in overcoming racism in the United States began in the 60s, when, as a result of the successes of the movement to fight for civil rights, significant political and socio-economic measures were taken to ensure equality and bridge the centuries-old gap that separated African-Americans, Indian-Americans and other minorities from the mainstream American life. At the same time, racism remains one of the hottest topics in American public life today.

Racism is a psychology, ideology and social practice based on anti-scientific, misanthropic ideas and ideas about the physical and psychological inequality of human races, about the admissibility and necessity of the dominance of “superior” races over “inferior” ones. Racism and nationalism are interconnected. By absolutizing the minor external hereditary characteristics of a particular race (skin color, hair, head structure, etc.), ideologists of racism ignore the main features of the biological and physiological structure of a person (brain functions, nervous system, psychological organization, etc.), which are the same in all people.

Modern racism is a product of the capitalist era. It has its own backstory, going back into the past of humanity. The idea of ​​the innate inferiority of individual human groups, which forms the essence of modern racist ideas, arose already in the most ancient class societies, although it was expressed in a different form than in the 20th century. So, in Ancient Egypt social inequality between slaves and their owners was explained by belonging to different breeds of people. IN Ancient Greece And Ancient Rome it was believed that slaves, as a rule, possess only brute physical strength, in contrast to masters, endowed with highly developed intellect. In the Middle Ages, feudal lords cultivated views about the “blood” superiority of the nobles over the mob, and the concepts of “blue blood”, “white” and “black bone” were widely used.

Already in the 16th century. The Spanish conquerors of America, to justify barbaric cruelty towards the Indians, put forward a “theory” about the inferiority of the “redskins,” who were declared an “inferior race.” Racist theories justified aggression, the seizure of foreign territories, and the ruthless extermination of the peoples of colonies and dependent countries. Racism emerged as the most important ideological weapon in the struggle against conquered peoples. The military-technical and organizational-political advantage of European countries and the United States led to the emergence of a sense of superiority among the colonialists over the enslaved peoples, representatives of the Negroid or Mongoloid race, most often it took the form of racial superiority. As for Africans, it was only at the end of the 18th century. - at the beginning of the 19th century, when there was a struggle to ban the slave trade, a theory was created about their inferiority compared to Europeans. It was needed by supporters of slavery and the slave trade in order to justify the legality of the continued existence of the slave trade. Before this, Africans in general were not treated as an inferior race.

In 1853, the French aristocrat Count Joseph Arthur Gobineau, a diplomat and publicist, published the book “An Essay on the Inequality of Human Races.” He tried to establish a kind of hierarchy of peoples inhabiting our planet. Gobineau considered the “black” race to be the lowest, the “yellow” to be somewhat more developed, and the “white” race to be the highest and the only one capable of progress, especially its elite - the Aryan, fair-haired and blue-eyed. Among the Aryans, Gobineau put the Germans in first place. They, in his opinion, created the real glory of Rome, a number of states in the new Europe, including Rus'. Gobineau's theory, which identified races and linguistic groups, became the basis of many racist theories.

In the era of imperialism, a theory of the opposition between the West and the East was formed: about the superiority of the peoples of Europe and North America and the backwardness of the countries of Asia and Africa, about the historical inevitability for the latter to be under the leadership of the “civilized West”. After the First World War, the “Nordic myth” gained popularity in Germany about the superiority over all other races of the northern, or “Nordic” race, supposedly genetically related to peoples speaking Germanic languages. During the years of Hitler's dictatorship in Germany, racism became the official ideology of fascism. The fascist doctrine became widespread in Italy, Hungary, Spain, France, the Netherlands and other countries. Racism justified wars of aggression and mass extermination of people. During the Second World War, Hitler's racists planned and began the destruction (genocide) of certain nations that, according to the racist theories of fascism, were considered inferior, for example, Jews and Poles.

The equality of peoples and races was proclaimed and enshrined in UN documents. This is primarily the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). After the defeat of fascism, racism was dealt a crushing blow. UNESCO has repeatedly adopted declarations on race and racial prejudice.

There are two historical varieties of racism: pre-bourgeois and bourgeois. The main forms of the first were biological racism (different peoples were contrasted according to their origin, appearance and structure) and feudal-clerical (the opposition was based on religious views). Under capitalism, bourgeois racism arises. These include: Anglo-Saxon (Great Britain), anti-Simetism, neo-Nazism, anti-white racism (“reverse racism”, negritude), communal racism, etc. Each of the above forms of racism can apply to representatives of all other races or have a strict focus in relation to a specific race. According to the degree and form of expression, racism can be open and crude, covered and subtle.

Modern racism has many faces. Racists come out under different guises and put forward different agendas. Their views and beliefs range from “liberal” to fascist. Specific manifestations of racism are also varied - from the lynching of American blacks to the creation by racist ideologists of sophisticated doctrines that “justify” the division of humanity into “superior” and “inferior” races. Segregation is one of the extreme forms of racial discrimination in bourgeois states; it limits a person’s rights based on race or nationality. Segregation is the policy of forcibly separating blacks, Africans, and “colored” people from whites. It persists in the United States, despite a formal ban, in the Commonwealth of Australia, where Aborigines are forced to live on reservations. Elements of segregation are currently evident in some countries Western Europe in relation to immigrant workers - Arabs, Turks, Africans, etc.

One form of racism is apartheid (apartheid; in Afrikaans - apartheid - separate living). Until recently, the apartheid policy was applied in South Africa and was the official ideology, way of thinking, behavior and action. The implementation of the apartheid policy began with the adoption of the Population Registration Act (1950), which periodically formalized the affiliation of every citizen of the country who had reached the age of 16 to one or another racial category. Each resident received a certificate that contained a description of his characteristics and indicated the so-called “ethnic” (more precisely, racial) group. An attempt was made to compile a register of the entire population of the country under the auspices of a social board for racial classification. By 1950, an act on group settlement was adopted. In accordance with it, the government had the right to declare any territory the area of ​​​​settlement of any one racial group. In 1959, an act granting Bantu independence (the Bantustan Bill) was adopted. which was the complete legal formalization of apartheid. Bantustans, or “national fatherlands,” are created for each of the indigenous ethnic groups. Some of the Bantu camps were declared by Pretoria " independent states", although no country has officially recognized such independence.

The apartheid system deprived the black population of South Africa of all basic political rights and freedoms, including freedom of movement in their own country and the right to skilled work, subjected to all known species and forms of racial discrimination, practically denied access to education, culture, and medical care.

In the 2nd half of the 80s - early 90s. The South African government carried out a number of reforms aimed at weakening the apartheid regime. Laws that limited freedom of movement around the country (passes, migration control) were repealed, a single South African passport was introduced, the activities of black trade unions and interracial marriages were allowed, moreover, the so-called minor apartheid, that is, the manifestation of racism in everyday life and everyday life, disappeared.

South Africa was subject to UN-recommended boycotts and sanctions by both Third World countries and Western democracies. However, in 1989-1991. the situation has changed dramatically. In accordance with the reform course of Frederik de Klerk, the dismantling of the apartheid system began. Over a hundred laws that discriminated against people because of their skin color were repealed. The African National Congress (ANC), the oldest organization in South Africa (exists since 1912), played a huge role in the condemnation of apartheid by the international community. The ANC serves as the government's partner in preparing negotiations and a new constitution for the country.

However, the ideology of racism is not losing ground and is now showing a tendency to intensify.

racism is racism
Jump to: navigation, search

Racism- a set of views based on the principles of the physical and mental inequality of human races, nations and the decisive influence of racial differences on history and culture.

There is also a slightly broader definition of racism. Thus, the Encyclopedia Britannica states that the belief that racial characteristics have a decisive influence on the abilities, intelligence, morality, behavioral characteristics and character traits of an individual is racist. human personality, rather than a society or social group. Racism necessarily includes ideas about the original division of people into superior and inferior races, of which the former are the creators of civilization and are called upon to dominate the latter. The implementation of racist theories in practice sometimes finds expression in policies of racial discrimination.

• 1 Definitions
• 2 History
• 3 USA
  • 3.1 African Americans
• 4 Europe
  • 4.1 Britain
  • 4.2 Germany
    • 4.2.1 United Germany
  • 4.3 Italy
• 5 South Africa
• 6 Israel
• 7 Russia
• 8 Japan
• 9 Criticism of racism
  • 9.1 Criticism of the concept of the human race
  • 9.2 Ideology
• 10 Combating racism and racial discrimination
  • 10.1 Positive discrimination
• 11 Scandals and accusations of racism
  • 11.1 Christopher Brand
  • 11.2 James Watson
• 12 See also
• 13 Notes
• 14 Links

Definitions of the term

Word "racism" was first recorded by the French dictionary Larousse in 1932 and was interpreted as “a system asserting the superiority of one racial group over others.” Its current meaning in political discourse is sometimes expanded to include racial superiority as an ethnic, religious, or other criterion. The definition of the modern concept of racism was greatly contributed by the book “Racism” by the French philosopher Albert Memmi.

At the same time, as many countries have developed strong multiracial and multicultural societies, definitions of racism have needed to be expanded. Racism is understood as the belief that race has a decisive influence on the character, morals, talents, abilities and behavioral characteristics of an individual human personality. Thus, Russian scientist Vladimir Malakhov writes in his work “The Discreet Charm of Racism”:

Victor Shnirelman writes that modern “new racism” places the emphasis not so much on blood as on culture. According to these ideas, a person is considered not as an individual who quickly changes in accordance with the environment and adapts to it, but as a member of some ethnic or even civilizational community, which mechanically reproduces the behavioral stereotypes of this community. French sociologist Pierre Tagueve coined the term "differentialist racism" to distinguish between the idea of ​​a superior/inferior race and the idea of ​​insurmountable differences/incompatibilities between large communities.

Shnirelman and other researchers believe that racism today is evolving and adapting to a new situation, so there is reason to talk about “new racism.” The new racism emphasizes group (ethnic or ethnoracial) identity, absolutizing its meaning. In Russia, it is the ethnic factor that has been associated for decades with one form or another of discrimination, similar to racial discrimination. Therefore, in Russia there is much more reason to talk about the connection between racism and ethnicity. At the same time, the main emphasis of modern Russian racists is on the incomparability of different cultures. Supporters of this approach fight for the preservation of “pure cultures” and cultural identity, and oppose any outside influence on them. Russian historian A. B. Davidson, in his article “Anti-racist racism,” cites a statement by N. N. Lysenko, reflecting a similar view of interethnic relations:

Russians and Chechens, Russians and Azerbaijanis, Russians and Georgians, Russians and Uzbeks, Russians and Arabs, Russians and Negroes are absolutely non-complementary nations (that is, incompatible). This means that our interests will always be directly opposed, and any approach to each other at a distance closer than a pistol shot will be perceived as a challenge.

At the same time, the source of the sociocultural characteristics of a particular group is determined by biological, natural properties. According to Russian researcher V.S. Malakhov, it doesn’t matter what these properties are called - “ folk spirit", "cultural type", properties of "race". All these designations perform the same function that “blood” (or “genes”) performs in classical racism: they imply the inheritance of social characteristics. quality characteristic features modern racism researchers call the biological understanding of nationality, the concept of a nation as a community of “blood” and the associated mythologization of this or that imaginary group as a special human species.

Story

Ideas about the initial inequality of different races appeared quite a long time ago. Yes, back in XVI-XVII centuries a hypothesis appeared that traced the origin of blacks to the biblical Ham, cursed by his father Noah, which was a justification for the conversion of blacks into slavery..

But the founder of “scientific racism” (and in particular Nordism) is considered to be the French historian Joseph de Gobineau, who in his “Essay on the Inequality of Human Races” (1853-1855) proposed a thesis about the influence of the racial composition of the societies in question on the characteristics of their cultures, social systems, economic models, and ultimately - on their civilizational success. Nordic race, according to Gobineau, throughout history has demonstrated superiority over others in the organization of society and cultural progress. He explained the greatness of the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations by the assumption that at the time of the rise of civilization, the ruling elites in these countries were Nordics.

After J. Gobineau, racist ideas became quite widespread. They, in particular, were developed by the French sociologist and psychologist Gustave Le Bon in his work “Psychology of the Crowd”. The idea of ​​inequality of human races was also defended by the famous French anthropologist Armand de Quatrefages.

Racist concepts were also developed by the English aristocrat Houston Stuart Chamberlain, who moved to Germany, in the book “Foundations of the Nineteenth Century” (1899), which glorified the “Teutonic” race, the book “The Aryan World Outlook” (Russian translation. M., 1913) and a number of other works .

USA

Racism in the United States has existed since the founding of the state. The society, founded by white people who differed in their nationality and religion, differed greatly in their attitude towards other groups. The victims of racism were the indigenous people - the Indians.

African Americans

African slaves were first brought to British Virginia by English colonists in 1619. As of 1860, out of a population of 12 million, 15 American states, where slavery persisted, 4 million were slaves. Of the 1.5 million families living in these states, more than 390 thousand families owned slaves.

Slave labor was widely used in the plantation economy, allowing American slave owners to receive high profits. During the first half of the 19th century, the national wealth of the United States was largely based on the exploitation of slave labor. During the period from the 16th century to the 19th century, about 12 million Africans were brought to the countries of America, of which about 645 thousand were brought to the territory of the modern United States.

Although Congress banned the importation of new slaves from Africa in 1808, the practice continued for at least another half century. Slavery was abolished during the American Civil War in 1863 by a proclamation by US President Abraham Lincoln, which was confirmed by the 13th Amendment to the US Constitution, which was adopted in 1865.

In the southern states of the United States, centuries of slavery and decades of segregation created legal and political system, which was characterized by white supremacy. Blacks were prevented from voting by various means. There were laws (Jim Crow Laws) according to which blacks could not study in schools and universities together with whites, had to occupy specially designated seats on public transport, etc. Many shops, restaurants, and hotels refused to serve blacks. Blacks always called whites "Mr." or "Mrs.," although whites rarely accorded blacks such polite address.

Racist election poster used during the 1866 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election.

Significant progress in overcoming racism in the United States began in the 1960s, when, as a result of the successes of the civil rights movement, racial discrimination was legally prohibited.

But in the USA during the same period, as a peculiar defensive reaction In response to centuries of oppression of blacks, “black racism” arose. It was clearly manifested in the sermons of Fard Mohammed and his follower, the founder of the Nation of Islam, Elijah Mohammad. It is also associated with “Afrocentric Egyptology”, which has become widespread in the United States, whose supporters claim that the ancient Egyptians were black, the ancient Egyptian culture was the source of the ancient Greek and thus all European culture and at the same time there was and is a conspiracy of white racists in order to hide all this.

Europe

Britannia

Some researchers locate the origins of Nazi philosophy in the imperialist ideology and practice of the British Empire. According to Sarkisyants, the real teacher of the Nazis was the English philosopher Thomas Carlyle.

Germany

Third Reich

Main article: Nazi racial policy Main article: Racial hygiene Main article: Gunther's racial theory Main article: SS General Office for Race and Settlement United Germany

According to the German office for the protection of the constitution, the number of far-right extremists in Germany increased by half in 2009 - from about 20 thousand to 30. Experts explain this by the deterioration economic situation and falling living standards due to the global financial crisis.

Italy

• April 19, 1937 - decree banning mixing with Ethiopians
• December 30, 1937 - decree banning mixing with Arabs
• November 17, 1938 - decree banning mixing with Jews and banning Jews from government and military service

Abolished after the fall of fascism in 1943.

According to recent studies, racial hatred remains at a high level in Europe. The problem also lies in the fact that even migrants from third world countries who moved to Europe become carriers of racial prejudice.

South Africa

In 1973, the UN General Assembly adopted the International Convention for the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, which entered into force in 1976. The apartheid regime was called “criminal” because of the racial segregation of the Caucasian and Negroid population of the Republic of South Africa.

After the elimination of apartheid and the success of the anti-colonial struggle, as a result of which parties representing the black population came to power in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Namibia, signs of racism against whites appeared in these countries. Thus, in Zimbabwe in 2008, a law was passed stating that only blacks could own any business in the country.

Israel

Russia

IN Russian Empire During the reign of Nicholas II, the concept of “Jewishness” began to be defined not so much by religious as by racial criteria. In connection with this, in 1910 the promotion of baptized Jews as officers was prohibited, and in 1912 - their children and grandchildren.

Japan

In 2005, Dudu Dien, the special rapporteur of the UN Commission on Human Rights, expressed concern about racism in Japan and said the government needed to acknowledge the depth of the problem. Over nine days of investigation, Dien concluded that racial discrimination and xenophobia in Japan primarily affects three groups: minorities, Latinos of Japanese descent, mainly Japanese Brazilians, and foreigners from other Asian countries.

Criticism of racism

Racism is often criticized from a cultural perspective, for example, Otto Kleinberg justifies the low results of black minorities on intellectual tests social status, working and living conditions.

Igor Kon criticizes racism from a psychological position, saying that racists transfer their hatred to various kinds of minorities:

The image of the panda is used to unite all races.

Criticism of the concept of the human race

Ideology

Combating racism and racial discrimination

The UN General Assembly at its 25th session (1970) adopted a resolution proclaiming “the firm determination to achieve the complete elimination of racial discrimination and racism, against which the conscience and sense of justice of all mankind rebel.”

The Moscow "group of specialist experts" from UNESCO condemned all types of racism in 1964.

In 1966, the General Assembly established the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.

In 2001, the General Assembly proclaimed “ International Year mobilizing efforts to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.”

In 2001, the General Assembly held hearings of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, where it was noted that efforts to combat racism and racial discrimination were now in their third decade.

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination defines racial discrimination as follows:

Positive discrimination

Positive discrimination (English: affirmative action) is the creation of advantages for previously discriminated against racial, sexual or religious minorities in order to equalize their position: for example, measures practiced in the United States to increase the number of representatives of the African race in government institutions, private companies. This practice, which gained institutionalized support in the second half of the 20th century, is not considered racist by the government and is not prosecuted.

Critics of the policy of “positive discrimination” demand its abolition, since, in their opinion, this phenomenon fully falls within the definition of racism according to the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

Scandals and accusations of racism

Christopher Brand

In late February 1996, Wiley and Sons published The G Factor, a book by Scottish psychologist Christopher Brand that explores the hereditary nature of psychological and mental differences and argues that the public education system is incapable of accommodating those differences. In conversations with journalists about this book, Brand expressed his opinion about the innate psychological differences “between whites and blacks.” In April of that year, Wiley stopped publication of that book. Brand claims that at the same time, the administration of the University of Edinburgh, after 26 years without a single complaint, began a “witch hunt” against him. Brand was fired from his university position on August 8, 1997, for arguing professionally in defense of Daniel Carlton Gajdusek ( Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine), convicted of child abuse.

James Watson

In October 2007, the British newspaper The Sunday Times quoted leading geneticist James Watson as saying that " social policy", carried out by civilized countries in Africa, is erroneous because it is based on the fact that blacks are no different from white-skinned people in their innate intellectual abilities, while "all experience says that this is not so." According to the scientist, it is natural for people to want to think that they are all equal, but “people who have dealt with menial workers know that this is not true.”

James Watson's new book, Avoid Boring People, makes similar points. The genetic scientist claims that in the next decade genes that are responsible for differences in the level of human intelligence may be discovered.

British Science Museum cancels planned lecture Nobel laureate James Watson in connection with the famous geneticist's statements about the intellectual superiority of the white race over the black race.

On October 25, 2007, Nobel laureate James Watson was forced to resign as head of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory due to a scandal caused by his remarks about blacks.

See also

• Racial theory
• White supremacy
• The one drop of blood rule
• International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

Notes

1. 1 2 racism (English). - article from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
2. For example: “Racism is a doctrine that proclaims the superiority of one human race over another.” - Large illustrated encyclopedic dictionary(authorized translation of Philip’s Millenium Encyclopedia), M., Astrel, 2003
3. Shnirelman V. A. Xenophobia, new racism and ways to overcome them. Humanitarian thought of the South of Russia. Retrieved October 31, 2011. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012.
4. 1 2 3 Shnirelman V. Racism in modern Russia: theory and practice (inaccessible link from 05/26/2013 (744 days) - history, copy) // Interethnic relations and conflicts in post-Soviet states: annual report, 2003. M., 2004. P. 30.
5. 1 2 3 Shabaev Yu. P., Sadokhin A. P. Ethnopolitical science: training manual. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2005. P. 148.
6. Malakhov V.S. Nationalism as a political ideology. M.: KDU, 2005. pp. 192-193.
7. Davidson A. B. Antiracist racism. New and recent history. Retrieved October 30, 2011. Archived from the original on September 1, 2012.
8. Malakhov V.S. Nationalism as a political ideology: textbook. - M.: KDU, 2005. P. 192-193.
9. Malakhov V.S. Nationalism as a political ideology. - M.: KDU, 2005. P. 190
10. Shabaev Yu. P., Sadokhin A. P. Ethnopolitical science: textbook. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2005. P. 147-148.
11. Malakhov V. S. The modest charm of racism
12. Shider L. Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. NY., 1976
13. 1860 Census Results
14. James Oliver Horton; Lois E. Horton (2005). Slavery and the Making of America. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 7. ISBN 0-19-517903-X. "The slave trade and the products created by slaves" labor, particularly cotton, provided the basis for America's wealth as a nation. Such wealth provided capital for the country's industrial revolution and enabled the United States to project its power into the rest of the world "
15. Yu. Semenov. Philosophy of history
16. Expert Online: The Last Romantic
17. “RosBusinessConsulting” “Increasing racism noted in Europe”, May 21, 2009
18. 1 2 Jasper Ridley. Mussolini. M.AST, 1999
19. Legislative Assembly of the Province of Emilia-Romagna. (inaccessible link from 05/21/2013 (749 days) - history, copy)
20. Manahaim
21. Racial preferences in online dating
22. Davidson A. B. Antiracist racism? - New and recent history, 2002, No. 2
23. Business in Zimbabwe will only be available to blacks. newsru.com. Retrieved October 28, 2011. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012.
24. Semyon Goldin Russian army and Jews on the eve of the First World War.
25. Dudakov S. Romanovs and Jews // Paradoxes and quirks of philosemitism and anti-Semitism in Russia. - M.: Russian State University for the Humanities, 2000. - 640 p. - ISBN 5-7281-0441-Х.
26. Press Conference by Mr Doudou Diène, Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights. Retrieved January 5, 2007. Archived from the original on February 11, 2012.
27. "Japan racism "deep and profound." BBC News (2005-07-11). Retrieved on 2007-01-05.
28. "Overcoming "Marginalization" and "Invisibility"", International Movement against all forms of Discrimination and Racism (PDF). Retrieved January 5, 2007. Archived from the original on February 11, 2012.
29. Twenty-fifth session (inaccessible link from 05/21/2013 (749 days) - history, copy) on the UN website.
30. Big Soviet encyclopedia, article "Racism"
31. Report of the Committee on Racial Discrimination, 58th, 59th UN sessions, 2001 (inaccessible link from 05/21/2013 (749 days) - history, copy)
32. (English) "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy."
33. Outrage over DNA pioneer theory: Africans are less intelligent than Westerners. The Independent newspaper. 10/17/2007. (English)
34. 1 2 Nobel laureate deprived of lecture for racist views. BBC Russian Service. 10/18/2007.
35. The British accused the Nobel laureate of racism. Lenta.ru. 10/17/2007
36. The Nobel laureate accused of racism was escorted into retirement with honor. Lenta.ru. 10/25/2007.

Links

• International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
• UN Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice
• European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (English) (French)
• Kon I. “Psychology of Prejudice” - detailed material on the socio-psychological roots of ethnic prejudices
• Miles R., Brown M. Racism and class relations // Racism. - M.: “Russian Political Encyclopedia” (ROSSPEN), 2004. - P. 145-176.
• Alain de Benoit What is racism? // Athenaeum. - No. 5. - P. 21-26.
• Tsvetan Todorov. Race and racism
• Gobineau J. A. Experience on the inequality of human races
• Bulgakov S. N. Racism and Christianity
• Biological currents in ethnography. Racism // S. A. Tokarev. History of foreign ethnography.
• The structure of racism and recovery. Lecture 2
• Novikov O. G. Formation of the ideology of the African-American movement “Black Power” in the 50-60s of the XX century. On the issue of the emergence of “black” racism.
• Criticism of racism in modern Russia and a scientific view of the problem of ethnocultural diversity. - M.: Moscow Bureau of Human Rights, “Academia”, 2008. - P. 124. - ISBN 5-87532-022-6.
• V. Malakhov. The Discreet Charm of Racism
• V. Shnirelman THE NEW RACISM OF RUSSIA (inaccessible link from 05/21/2013 (749 days) - history, copy)
• N. Kevorkova. Survival Universities for Foreign Students in Russia
• P. Tikhonov. Is there racism in Russia? (racism in Russia and football)
• New paths of old fascism (about the new book by T. Sarrazin)

racism, racism in sports, racism in Ukraine, racism in human history, racism Wikipedia, racism tools, racism pictures, racism T-shirt, racism this, racism is

Racism Information About