Introduction

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin chose the right weapon in his work satirical principle depictions of reality using elements of fantasy. He became a successor to the traditions of D.I. Fonvizin, A.S. Griboyedov, N.V. Gogol in that he made satire his political weapon, fighting with its help the pressing issues of his time.

M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote more than 30 fairy tales. Turning to this genre was natural for Saltykov-Shchedrin. Elements of fantasy permeate the entire work of the writer. In the works of Saltykov-Shchedrin, political problems are developed and current issues are resolved. Defending the progressive ideals of his time, the author acted in his works as a defender popular interests. Having enriched folklore stories with new content, Saltykov-Shchedrin directed the fairy tale genre to instill civic feelings and special respect for the people.

The purpose of the essay is to study the role of fantasy elements in the works of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin.

The originality of Saltykov-Shchedrin's tales

Saltykov-Shchedrin turns to the fairy tale genre several times in his work: first in 1869, and then after 1881, when historical conditions(the assassination of the king) led to stricter censorship.

Like many writers, Saltykov-Shchedrin uses the fairy tale genre to reveal the vices of man and society. Written for "children" of considerable age”, fairy tales are harsh criticism of the existing system and, in essence, serve as a weapon denouncing the Russian autocracy.

The themes of the fairy tales are very diverse: the author not only speaks out against the vices of autocracy (“The Bear in the Voivodeship,” “The Bogatyr”), but also denounces noble despotism (“ Wild landowner"). The satirist especially condemns the views of liberals (“Crucian carp is an idealist”), as well as the indifference of officials (“Idle Conversation”) and philistine cowardice (“The Wise Minnow”).

However, there is a theme that can be said to be present in many fairy tales - this is the theme of an oppressed people. In the fairy tales “How one man fed two generals” and “The Horse” it sounds especially vivid.

Themes and issues determine the diversity of characters acting in these acute satirical works. These are stupid rulers, striking with their ignorance and tyrant landowners, officials and ordinary people, merchants and peasants. Sometimes the characters are quite reliable, and we find in them the features of specific historical figures, and sometimes the images are allegorical and allegorical.

Using the folklore and fairy tale form, the satirist illuminates the most pressing issues of Russian life, acts as a defender of people's interests and progressive ideas.

The fairy tale “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals” stands out from all others due to its special dynamism and variability of the plot. The writer uses a fantastic technique - generals, as if “by pike command”, are transferred to a desert island, and here the writer, with his characteristic irony, shows us the complete helplessness of officials and their inability to act.

“Generals served all their lives in some kind of registry; they were born there, raised and grew old, and therefore did not understand anything. They didn’t even know any words.” Because of their stupidity and narrow-mindedness, they almost died of hunger. But a man who is a jack of all trades comes to their aid: he can both hunt and cook. The image of a “hefty man” personifies both the strength and weakness of the Russian people in this fairy tale. Mastery, his extraordinary abilities This image is combined with humility and class passivity (the man himself makes a rope to be tied to a tree at night). Having collected ripe apples for the generals, he takes himself sour, unripe ones, and he was also glad that the generals “favored him, a parasite, and did not disdain his peasant labor.”

The tale of two generals suggests that the people, according to Saltykov-Shchedrin, are the support of the state, they are the creator of material and spiritual values.

The theme of the people is developed in another tale by Saltykov-Shchedrin - “The Horse,” which was created in 1885. In style, it differs from others in its lack of action.

This tale is called the strongest work in the series dedicated to the plight of the Russian peasantry. The image of a hard-working horse is a collective one. He personifies the entire forced working people, he reflects the tragedy of millions of men, this enormous force, enslaved and powerless.

This tale also contains the theme of the people’s submission, their dumbness and lack of desire to fight. A horse, “tortured, beaten, narrow-chested, with protruding ribs and burnt shoulders, with broken legs” - such a portrait is created by an author who mourns the unenviable lot of a powerless people. Thinking about the future and the fate of the people is painful, but filled with selfless love.

In the tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin, using Aesopian language, elements of fantasy, folklore traditions and satirical techniques various topics are heard.

What brings Saltykov-Shchedrin’s fairy tales closer to folk tales? Typical fairy tale beginnings (“Once upon a time there were two generals...”, “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state, there lived a landowner...”; sayings (“at the command of a pike,” “neither to say in a fairy tale, nor to describe with a pen.” ); characteristic of folk speech turns (“thought and thought”, “once said and done”); close to vernacular syntax, vocabulary, orthoepy. Exaggeration, grotesque, hyperbole: one of the generals eats the other; the “wild landowner,” like a cat, climbs a tree in an instant; a man cooks a handful of soup. As in folk tales, a miraculous incident sets the plot in motion: by the grace of God, “there was no man in the entire domain of the stupid landowner.” Folk tradition Saltykov-Shchedrin also follows in fairy tales about animals, when in an allegorical form he ridicules the shortcomings of society.

The difference: the interweaving of the fantastic with the real and even historically accurate. "Bear in the Voivodeship": among characters- the animals suddenly appear in the image of Magnitsky, a well-known reactionary in Russian history: even before Toptygin began to appear in the forest, Magnitsky destroyed all the printing houses, students were sent to soldiers, academicians were imprisoned. In the fairy tale “The Wild Landowner,” the hero gradually degrades, turning into an animal. Incredible story The hero’s character is largely explained by the fact that he read the newspaper “Vest” and followed its advice. Saltykov-Shchedrin maintains his form at the same time folk tale and destroys it. The magical in Saltykov-Shchedrin’s fairy tales is explained by the real; the reader cannot escape reality, which is constantly felt behind the images of animals and fantastic events. Fairy-tale forms allowed Saltykov-Shchedrin to present ideas close to him in a new way, to show or ridicule social shortcomings.

“The Wise Minnow” is an image of a frightened man in the street, who “only saves his hateful life.” Can the slogan “survive and not get caught by the pike” be the meaning of life for a person?

The theme of the tale is connected with the defeat of the Narodnaya Volya, when many representatives of the intelligentsia, frightened, withdrew from public affairs. A type of coward, pathetic, and unhappy is being created. These people did no harm to anyone, but lived their lives aimlessly, without impulses. This tale is about a person’s civic position and the meaning human life. In general, the author appears in a fairy tale in two faces at once: a folk storyteller, a simpleton joker and at the same time a wise man life experience, writer-thinker, citizen. The description of the life of the animal kingdom with its inherent details intersperses details real life people. The language of the fairy tale combines fairy-tale words and phrases, the colloquial language of the third estate and the journalistic language of that time.

Composition

M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin created more than 30 fairy tales. Turning to this genre was natural for the writer. Fairy-tale elements (fantasy, hyperbole, convention, etc.) permeate all of his work. Themes of fairy tales: despotic power (“The Bear in the Voivodeship”), masters and slaves (“The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals,” “The Wild Landowner”), fear as the basis of slave psychology (“The Wise Minnow”), hard labor (“Horse”), etc. The unifying thematic principle of all fairy tales is the life of the people in its correlation with the life of the ruling classes.

What brings Saltykov-Shchedrin’s fairy tales closer to folk tales? Typical fairy tale openings (“Once upon a time there were two generals...”, “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state, there lived a landowner...”; sayings (“at the command of a pike,” “neither to say in a fairy tale, nor to describe with a pen.” ); phrases characteristic of folk speech (“thought and thought”, “said and done”); syntax, vocabulary, and spelling close to the folk language, as in folk tales, a miraculous incident sets up the plot: two generals “suddenly found themselves on a desert island. "; by the grace of God, "there became a peasant throughout the entire domain of the stupid landowner." Saltykov-Shchedrin also follows the folk tradition in fairy tales about animals, when he ridicules the shortcomings of society in an allegorical form.

Differences. Interweaving the fantastic with the real and even historically accurate. “A Bear in the Voivodeship” - among the animal characters, the image of Magnitsky, a well-known reactionary in Russian history, suddenly appears: even before the Toptygins appeared in the forest, Magnitsky destroyed all the printing houses, students were sent to be soldiers, academicians were imprisoned. In the fairy tale “The Wild Landowner,” the hero gradually degrades, turning into an animal. The hero’s incredible story is largely explained by the fact that he read the newspaper “Vest” and followed its advice. Saltykov-Shchedrin simultaneously respects the form of a folk tale and destroys it. The magical in Saltykov-Shchedrin’s fairy tales is explained by the real; the reader cannot escape reality, which is constantly felt behind the images of animals and fantastic events. Fairy-tale forms allowed Saltykov-Shchedrin to present ideas close to him in a new way, to show or ridicule social shortcomings.

“The Wise Minnow” is an image of a frightened man in the street who “is only saving his cold life.” Can the slogan “survive and not get caught by the pike” be the meaning of life for a person?

M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin is a satirist writer. All of his work is aimed at criticizing the existing order in the country and, first of all, at the incorrect state structure. The writer’s works continue the tradition of D. I. Fonvizin, A. S. Griboyedov, N. V. Gogol. In the chronicles and tales of Saltykov we see a reflection real story Russia, and in fairy tale images statesmen, rulers, and officials appear before us. I. S. Turgenev wrote about the features of Saltykov’s satire: “There is something Swiftian in Saltykov: this serious and malicious humor, this realism, sober and clear amid the most unbridled play of the imagination, and especially this unshakable common sense, preserved despite the frenzy and exaggeration of the form "
Among the most famous works Shchedrin - fairy tales. Fairy tales are special literary genre based on folk legends, epics, songs, superstitions. They often use traditional plots and characters (Vasilisa the Beautiful, Ivan Tsarevich, gray wolf), artistic techniques (fiction, stable phrases, sayings, stable epithets, antithesis). But Saltykov’s fairy tales are a special phenomenon in Russian literature. At their core, these works are political pamphlets, and fairy tale plot- just a form of presentation.
The first acquaintance with the work of M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin begins with the fairy tales “The Wild Landowner”, “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals”, “ The wise minnow”, “Selfless hare”, “Eagle Patron”, “Faithful Trezor” and others. All these fairy tales are familiar to us from childhood. A large role in the writer’s work is given to tales about animals. After all, behind the images of animals there are known human vices and shortcomings.
The author paints for the reader images of ordinary people who have humbled themselves before the authorities. For example, in the fairy tale “The Selfless Hare”. It makes you think about important questions. Why does a simple worker so quickly accept his fate? Why is he so submissive and defenseless? Why do ordinary people consider oppression and exploitation legitimate? Saltykov shows a lot positive traits hare: nobility, love for neighbors, honesty, directness, but all of them are meaningless in front of slavish obedience and fear of disobeying the wolf (power).
In the fairy tale “The Patron Eagle”, under the mask of a bird of prey, the author shows the stupidity and arrogance of the rulers. The eagle is the enemy of science, art, the defender of darkness and ignorance. He destroyed the nightingale for his free songs, “dressed the scientist woodpecker in shackles and imprisoned him in a hollow forever,” and completely ruined the crow men. But retribution for injustice and cruelty awaited the Eagle: the crows rebelled and flew away, leaving the Eagle to starve to death.
“Faithful Trezor” is a fairy tale-satire on the servile obedience and “dog-like devotion” of men to their landowners. Trezor's devotion did not prevent the merchant Vorotilov from drowning the dog when he stopped coping with his duties.
The symbol of everything peasant Russia is the image of Konyaga. Horse is a hard worker, a source of life for everyone. His destiny is eternal hard labor. “No end to work! Work exhausts the whole meaning of his existence.”
All of Saltykov-Shchedrin's tales were subject to censorship persecution. After all, animal masks could not completely hide the true content of these works. The transfer of psychological human traits to the animal world clearly exposed the absurdity of existing reality.
Only because the author uses animal masks in his works can they be called fairy tales. In fact, this is just a slightly veiled political satire. Saltykov's merit to Russian literature lies in the fact that he created a new, original genre a political fairy tale that combines fantasy with reality. Saltykov-Shchedrin's political tales are in many ways similar to fables. As in fables, in Shchedrin’s fairy tales there is a moral conclusion, all the heroes are static (they are the embodiment of certain vices, negative human traits), there is no image positive hero.
Saltykov-Shchedrin's tales depict not just evil or good people, but they give an idea of ​​the real life of Russia in the second half of the 19th century. After all, it was then that class differences and the basic properties of the exploiting classes became especially acute. Shchedrin himself did not bequeath his work to new generations. He says about it this way: “...my writings are so imbued with modernity, they adapt so closely to it, that if one can think that they will have any value in the future, then it is precisely and solely as an illustration of this modernity.” . But “Fairy Tales” by Saltykov-Shchedrin and other satirical works, so popular in the last century, remain relevant today: real art is eternal, it does not succumb to the influence of time, and the social problems raised by the writer are important even now.

Option I

In the 80s of the 19th century, the persecution of literature by government censorship became especially cruel, and as a result, the closure of the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski, edited by Shchedrin. Shchedrin, a master of “Aesopian language”, a bright satirist, subtly noticing human vices and ridiculing the nature of their occurrence, was forced to look for a new form of communication with the reader in order to bypass censorship. His tales, which reflected, first of all, the class struggle in Russia in the second half of the 19th century century, were the ideal way out of the current situation.

M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin was born into the family of a serf-owning landowner and, in his own words, was raised by “serf mothers” and “taught to read and write by a serf literate.” From childhood, an observant and sensitive teenager awakens to protest against cruelty and inhumanity towards to the common people, and later he will say: “I saw all the horrors of centuries-old bondage ... in their nakedness.” Saltykov-Shchedrin reflects all observations and beliefs in his works. Shchedrin, one might say, creates new genre fairy tales are political, where fantasy and topical political reality overlap.

We can say that Shchedrin’s fairy tales show the confrontation between two social forces: the people and their exploiters. The people in fairy tales are depicted under the masks of kind and defenseless animals and birds, and the exploiters are portrayed as predators.

The fairy tale “The Wild Landowner” reveals a burning problem of that time: the relationship between post-reform peasants and landowners. The landowner, fearing that the man might “eat up all his goods,” tries to get rid of him: “...And not just somehow, but everything according to the rule. Whether a peasant chicken wanders into the master's oats, now, as a rule, it ends up in the soup; Whether a peasant gathers to chop wood in secret in the master’s forest... this same firewood will go to the master’s yard, and, as a rule, the chopper will be fined.” In the end, “the merciful God heard the tearful prayer,” and “there was no man in the entire domain of the stupid landowner.”

And then it turns out that the landowner has no life without a peasant, because all he is used to is taking care of his “soft,” “white,” “crumbly” body, and without a peasant there is no one to wipe off the dust , there is no one to cook the food, not even a mouse, and he knows that “the landowner cannot do him any harm without Senka.” The author thus makes it clear that the people, who are mocked as if they are being tested for survival, are the only thing that does not allow the landowner to turn into an animal, as happened in the fairy tale (“He is all overgrown from head to toe.” hair... and his nails became like iron... he walked more on all fours and was even surprised how he had not noticed before that this way of walking was the most decent and... comfortable").

In the fairy tale “The Eagle Patron,” the author mercilessly ridicules the tsar and his regime using allegorical language. The distribution of positions gives an idea of ​​the “remarkable” intelligence of the eagle ruler: the magpie, “luckily she was a thief, they entrusted the keys to the treasury.”

The bird kingdom went through all the stages of the formation of the state: first, joy and carelessness from a bright future, then “the tension in relations, which intrigue hastened to take advantage of,” then the vices of the royal power came to the surface: careerism, selfishness, hypocrisy, fear, censorship. Having felt the punishing finger of the latter in real life, the author expresses his position here. Education is a sufficient argument to “put a woodpecker in shackles and imprison him in a hollow forever.” But silence can also be punishable: “Even a deaf black grouse was suspected of having a “way of thinking,” on the grounds that he is silent during the day and sleeps at night.”

Unfortunately, the heroes of Saltykov-Shchedrin did not fade into oblivion, since today we are faced with hypocrisy, irresponsibility, and stupidity. A passionate and indignant satirical writer helps us overcome these vices.

Option 2

In the satirical works of M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin there is a combination of the real and the fantastic. Fiction is a means of revealing the patterns of reality.

Fairy tales are a fantastic genre. But the tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin are permeated with the real spirit of the time and reflect it. Under the influence of the spirit of the times, traditional fairy-tale characters are being transformed. The hare turns out to be “sane” or “selfless,” the wolf is “poor,” and the eagle is a philanthropist. And next to them appear unconventional images brought to life by the author’s imagination: an idealistic crucian carp, wise minnow and so on. And all of them - animals, birds, fish - are humanized, they behave like people, and at the same time remain animals. Bears, eagles, pikes administer justice and reprisals, conduct scientific debates, and preach.

There is a whimsical fantasy world. But while creating this world, the satirist simultaneously explores types of human behavior and various types of adaptive reactions. The satirist mercilessly ridicules all unrealistic hopes and expectations, convinces the reader of the meaninglessness of any compromise with the authorities. Neither the dedication of a hare sitting under a bush according to a “wolf resolution”, nor the wisdom of a minnow huddled in a hole, nor the determination of an idealistic crucian carp who entered into a discussion with a pike about the possibility of establishing social harmony peacefully, can save you from death.

Saltykov-Shchedrin especially mercilessly ridiculed the liberals. Having given up struggle and protest, they inevitably come to meanness. In the fairy tale “Liberal,” the satirist named a phenomenon he hated own name and branded him for all time.

Intelligibly and convincingly, Saltykov-Shchedrin shows the reader that autocracy, like a hero, born from Baba Yaga, is unviable because it is “rotten from the inside” (“God-tyr”). Moreover, the activities of the tsarist administrators inevitably boil down to “atrocities.” Crimes can be different: “shameful”, “brilliant”, “natural”. But they are determined not by the personal qualities of the Toptygins, but by the very nature of power, hostile to the people (“Bear in the Voivodeship”).

The generalized image of the people with the greatest emotional power is embodied in the fairy tale “The Horse”. Saltykov-Shchedrin refuses any idealization folk life, peasant labor and even rural nature. Life, work, and nature are revealed to him through the eternal suffering of the peasant and the horse. The fairy tale expresses not just sympathy and compassion, but an understanding of the tragic hopelessness of their endless labor under the scorching rays of the sun: “How many centuries he carries this yoke - he does not know; He doesn’t calculate how many centuries he will have to carry it ahead.” The suffering of the people grows to a universal scale, beyond the control of time.

There is nothing fantastic in this fairy tale, except for the symbolic image eternal work And eternal suffering. A sober thinker, Saltykov-Shchedrin does not want and cannot invent a special fabulous power that would ease the suffering of the people. Obviously, this strength lies in the people themselves? But will she wake up? And what will its manifestations turn out to be? All this is in the fog of the distant future.

In the words of N.V. Gogol, “a fairy tale can be a lofty creation when it serves as an allegorical garment, clothing a lofty spiritual truth, when it tangibly and visibly reveals even to a commoner a matter that is accessible only to a sage.” M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin valued the accessibility of the fairy tale genre. He brought both the commoner and the sage the truth about Russian life.

Option 3

The publishers called the collection of fairy tales by M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin “Fairy tales for children of a fair age,” that is, for adults, or rather, for those who not only think about life, but also “learn to be a citizen.” Why did the writer choose this particular genre? Firstly, caustic accusatory satire required an allergic form. Secondly, any fairy tale contains folk wisdom. Thirdly, the language of fairy tales is precise, vivid, and figurative, which allows the idea of ​​the work to be clearly and succinctly conveyed to the reader.

In the tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin contemporary to the writer life is intertwined with fabulous events. Animal heroes behave, at first glance, as animals should. But suddenly something appears in their characteristics that is inherent to a person, and even belonging to a certain class and living in a very specific historical time. The generals on a desert island read the Moskovskie Vedomosti, the “wild landowner” invites the actor Sadovsky to visit, and the “wise minnow.” enlightened, moderately liberal, “doesn’t play cards, doesn’t drink wine, doesn’t smoke tobacco, doesn’t chase red girls.”

Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote fairy tales mainly from 1880 to 1886, at the final stage of his work. The form of a fairy tale was chosen by the writer not only because this genre provided the opportunity to hide true meaning works from censorship, but also because it allowed a simple and accessible interpretation of the most complex problems of politics and morality. He seemed to pour all the ideological and thematic richness of his satire into the form most accessible to the masses.

Shchedrin's tales are truly encyclopedic. Everything was reflected in them Russian society post-reform era, all public and social forces of Russia.

The main themes of Saltykov-Shchedrin’s tales were: denunciation of autocracy (“The Bear in the Voivodeship”), the ruling class (“Wild Landowner”), liberalism (“The Wise Minnow,” “Liberal,” “Crucian Idealist”), and also touched upon the problem of the people (“The story of how one man fed two generals”).

Shchedrin's tales clearly show folklore traditions. The connection with folklore is established with the help of the traditional “once upon a time,” which is the beginning of the fairy tale. The writer also uses sayings (“At the command of the pike, at my will...”), refers to folk sayings presented in a socio-political interpretation.

The plot of Saltykov-Shchedrin's fairy tales is also folkloric, since here good is opposed to evil, good is opposed to bad. However, the usual boundaries between these two concepts are blurred, and even positive characters turn out to be endowed with negative traits, which are then ridiculed by the author himself.

Saltykov-Shchedrin had to constantly improve his allegorical style in order to make his work accessible to the reader, therefore his closeness to folklore is also manifested in the figurative structure, which gives him the opportunity to directly use epithets, and when choosing animals for allegory, also rely on the fable tradition. The writer uses roles familiar to both fables and fairy tales. For example, in the fairy tale “The Bear in the Voivodeship” the Bear-voivode is a major, the Donkey is an adviser, the Parrots are buffoons, and the Nightingale is a singer.

The allegory of Shchedrin’s fairy tales is always as transparent as in Krylov’s fables, where, according to Belinsky, there are no animals, but there are people, “and, moreover, Russian people.” It was no coincidence that Saltykov-Shchedrin’s tales were called fables in prose, since they clearly showed the tradition of depicting human vices in the images of animals corresponding to this genre. In addition, Shchedrin's fairy tale, like Krylov's or Aesop's fable, always carries a lesson and morality, being a spontaneous educator and mentor of the masses.

In his fairy tales, Saltykov-Shchedrin continues the Russian satirical literary tradition. For example, in a number of fairy tales Gogolian motifs and polemics with Gogol can be traced. In general, Gogol’s satire largely determined the nature of subsequent literary activity writer. For example, both Gogol’s “The Overcoat” and Saltykov-Shchedrin’s “The Wise Piskar” show the psychology of a frightened average person. Shchedrin's innovation was that he introduced political satire into fairy tales, which had both a topical and universal resonance. This writer turned the very idea of ​​satire upside down, going beyond the Gogol psychological method, pushing the boundaries of the possibilities of satirical generalization and ridicule. From now on, the subject of satire was not individual, often random events and events and not the private individuals involved in them, but the entire life of the state from top to bottom, from the essence of the tsarist autocracy to the dumb slave people, whose tragedy lay in the inability to protest against cruel forms of life. Thus, the main idea of ​​the fairy tale “The Bear in the Voivodeship” is that the causes of national disasters are not only in the abuse of power, but also in the very nature of the autocratic system. This means that the salvation of the people lies in the overthrow of tsarism.

Shchedrin's satire thus acquires a persistent political overtones.

The satirist fights not against specific phenomena, but against the social system that generates and feeds these phenomena. Saltykov-Shchedrin considers everyone individual as a product of the social environment that gave birth to it, deprives artistic image all human traits and replaces individual psychology with manifestations of class instinct. Every action of the hero is interpreted by Shchedrin as socially necessary and inevitable.

In all Saltykov-Shchedrin's tales, two levels are organically combined: real and fantastic, life and fiction, and fantasy is always based on real events.

The depiction of the “ghostliness” of political reality required an appropriate form that, by bringing the phenomenon to the point of absurdity, to the point of ugliness, would expose its true ugliness. This form could only be the grotesque (the combination of the incompatible), which appears in fairy tales important source comic effect. Thus, the grotesque distorted and exaggerated reality, while fantasy gave the most unusual life phenomena the character of familiarity and routine, and the thought of the daily and regular nature of what was happening only strengthened the impression. The excessive cruelty of the political regime and the complete lack of rights of the people really bordered on magic, on fantasy. So, for example, in the fairy tale “The Wild Landowner” Shchedrin in an ugly-comic form showed the apogee of both moral and external “negligence” of man. The landowner “has grown hair, his nails have become like iron,” he began to walk on all fours, “he has even lost the ability to pronounce articulate sounds,” “but has not yet acquired a tail.” And in “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals,” the generals find a copy of “Moskovskie Vedomosti” on a desert island.

Shchedrin very actively uses hyperbole. Both the peasant's dexterity and the generals' ignorance are extremely exaggerated. A skilled man cooked a handful of soup, stupid generals don’t know that buns are made from flour, and one even swallowed his friend’s medal.

Sometimes - although not as often and obviously as other means artistic image, - Saltykov-Shchedrin uses antithesis (contrast). This can be seen in the example of “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals.” The generals “raked in so much money - it’s impossible to say in a fairy tale, not to describe it with a pen,” and the man received “a glass of vodka and a nickel of silver.”

Important in understanding a fairy tale is the author's irony, thanks to which the author's position is revealed. Irony can be seen in all the images present in fairy tales. For example, in “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals,” the calligraphy teacher cannot distinguish between the cardinal directions.

The language of all Saltykov-Shchedrin's tales is particularly aphoristic. The writer not only actively uses elements of folklore (proverbs, sayings) already established in the language, but also introduces new expressions into it, for example: “Please accept the assurances of my complete respect and devotion,” “Actually, I was not angry, but so, a brute.” "

So, active use artistic techniques allowed the writer to more deeply reveal the essence of the autocratic apparatus. In addition, the tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin had a great influence on the further development of Russian literature and especially the genre of satire.

The plots of Saltykov-Shchedrin’s fairy tales are based on a grotesque situation, but behind it one can always guess the real ones. public relations, reality is shown under the guise of a fairy tale. The grotesque-hyperbolic images of the heroes are essentially metaphors for the actual socio-psychological types of Russia at that time.

Found in fairy tales real people, newspaper names, references to topical socio-political topics. Along with this, there are also stylized situations that parody reality. In particular, ideological cliches and their typical linguistic forms are parodied.

Animals in fairy tales often perform a typical fable function, rather than a fairy tale one. Saltykov-Shchedrin uses “ready-made” roles assigned to some animals; traditional symbolism is found in his fairy tales.

Saltykov-Shchedrin demonstrates his commitment to the fable tradition; in particular, he includes in some fairy tales a moral, a typical fable device, for example, “let this serve as a lesson to us.”

The grotesque, as Saltykov-Shchedrin’s favorite means of satire, is expressed in the very fact that animals act as people in specific situations, most often associated with

ideological disputes, socio-political issues relevant to Russia in the 1880s. In the depiction of these incredible, fantastic events, the originality of Shchedrin’s realism is revealed, noting the essence of social conflicts and relationships, characteristic features which are hyperbolized.

Evil, angry ridicule of slave psychology is one of the main objectives of Shchedrin's fairy tales. He not only states these features of the Russian people - their long-suffering, irresponsibility, and not only anxiously seeks their origins and limits.

Saltykov-Shchedrin widely uses the technique of allegory in his works. Including fairy tales. He also masterfully uses the vernacular.

In conclusion, I would like to add that the thoughts expressed by the writer in fairy tales are still contemporary today. Shchedrin's satire is time-tested and it sounds especially poignant in times of social unrest, such as those that Russia is experiencing today.

“The story of how one man fed two generals.”

The plot of the tale is as follows: two generals suddenly, in an unimaginable way, found themselves on a desert island in a completely helpless state. This is the first of the features of Saltykov-Shchedrin’s fairy tales - a combination of the real and the fantastic. The second feature is irony. The image of these generals is filled with it; their appearance is funny. They are in nightgowns, barefoot, but with an order around their necks. Thus, in Saltykov-Shchedrin’s description, the order is depreciated and loses its meaning, since they received it not for work, but for “sitting for a long time in the department.” The author also speaks ironically about the general’s abilities: he cannot remember them, except perhaps the calligraphic handwriting.

But the general’s stupidity is visible, their ignorance of life is obvious. They don’t know how to do anything, they are used to living at the expense of others, they think that rolls grow on trees. The third visual device used here is hyperbole, that is, exaggeration. Of course, there couldn’t be such stupid generals, but they didn’t receive their salaries according to merit - as much as they wanted. With the help of hyperbole, the author ridicules and depersonalizes this phenomenon. To emphasize the worthlessness of the generals, the author uses the fourth feature - contrast. The generals are not alone: in the most wonderful way There was a man on the island. A jack of all trades, he fed the insatiable generals. Capable of creating anything: even boiling soup in a handful. Saltykov-Shchedrin is ironic not only about the generals, but also about the peasant. In particular, over his submission to stupid, defenseless generals. They forced him to make a rope for himself - the generals wanted to tie him so that he would not run away. The situation is fabulous, but the author used it to laugh evilly at his contemporary life, namely, at mediocre newspapers. After futile attempts to get food, the generals find one of these newspapers on the island and read it out of boredom. Saltykov-Shchedrin invites the reader to make fun of its content and stupid articles. The fairy tale ends with the man returning the generals to St. Petersburg, and in gratitude they give a glass of vodka and a copper penny. Saltykov-Shchedrin uses a phrase from a folk tale: “It flowed down my mustache, but didn’t get into my mouth.” But here it is used in the same ironic sense - the man got nothing. The masters live by the labor of the peasants, and the latter are ungrateful, and the savior people receive nothing from their labor.

Saltykov-Shchedrin said: “I love Russia to the point of heartache.” It was love and the desire for change that guided him when, with the help of various visual means, he painted a real-life fantastic story about two worthless generals and a smart guy.

“Crucian carp is an idealist.”

This fairy tale Saltykova-Shchedrin, like all his fairy tales, has a telling title. From the title you can already tell that this tale describes a crucian carp who had idealistic views on life. Crucian carp is the object of satire, and in his image people are represented who, like him, hope for a class idyll.

He is pure in soul and says that evil never existed driving force, it devastates our lives and puts pressure on it. And good is the driving force, it is the future.

But immersed in his ideological thoughts, he completely forgot that he lived in a world where there was, is and will be a place for evil. But Saltykov-Shchedrin does not ridicule idealistic views, but the methods by which he wanted to achieve an idyll. In his fairy tales, the author uses threefold repetition. Three times the crucian carp went to debate with the pike. Seeing her for the first time, he was not intimidated; she seemed to him like an ordinary fish, like everyone else, only mouth to ear. He also told her about happy life, where all the fish will be united, that even she listened to him, but the methods seemed funny to her too. Karas proposed to pass laws prohibiting, for example, pike from eating crucian carp. Yes, the fact is that these laws did not exist and, perhaps, never will. So the pike had three disputes with crucian carp, but accidentally swallowed it with water.

There is irony in this tale, because they secretly mock the crucian carp, saying that he is smart.

The images of Saltykov-Shchedrin's fairy tales have entered our daily life, and now you can see people promoting their ideology, but not knowing how to implement it.

"Sane Hare"

The sane hare, the hero of the fairy tale of the same name, “reasoned so sensibly that it fits a donkey.” He believed that “every animal is given its own life” and that, although “everyone eats hares,” he is “not picky” and “agrees to live in every possible way.” In the heat of this philosophizing, he was caught by the Fox, who, bored with his speeches, ate him.

The heroes of the tale are standard for most fairy tales. You can remember not a single fairy tale where the main characters are a fox and a hare and their confrontation is discussed throughout the entire work. In fact, this is an exciting and quite interesting plot. That is why Saltykov-Shchedrin focused on these characters in one of his fairy tales.

The main theme of the tale is that when depicting animals, the author wanted each reader to transfer the content to himself, i.e. a fairy tale is like a fable and has a hidden meaning.

In my opinion, if you apply a fairy tale to modern world, then its main idea is that for the most part there are much more stupid people and therefore those who are more literate and educated face many problems and lack of recognition of themselves in society. Also, the hare's intelligence is intertwined with a degree of boasting and talkativeness, which ultimately leads to a disastrous end.

Each of the characters has their own point of view and expresses their thoughts. For excessive talkativeness, the hare was eaten by a fox, although his reasoning cannot be called meaningless and irrelevant.

"Wild Landowner"

The theme of serfdom and the life of the peasantry played an important role in the work of Saltykov-Shchedrin. The writer could not openly protest the existing system. Saltykov-Shchedrin hides his merciless criticism of autocracy behind fairy-tale motives. He wrote his political tales from 1883 to 1886. In them, the writer truthfully reflected the life of Russia, in which despotic and all-powerful landowners destroy hardworking men.

In this tale, Saltykov-Shchedrin reflects on the unlimited power of landowners, who abuse the peasants in every possible way, imagining themselves almost as gods. The writer also talks about the landowner’s stupidity and lack of education: “that landowner was stupid, he read the newspaper “Vest” and his body was soft, white and crumbly.” Shchedrin also reflects the disenfranchised position of the peasantry in Tsarist Russia in this fairy tale: “There was no torch for the peasant to light in the light, there was no rod with which to sweep out the hut.” The main idea of ​​the fairy tale was that the landowner cannot and does not know how to live without a peasant, and the landowner dreamed of work only in nightmares. So in this fairy tale, the landowner, who had no idea about work, becomes dirty and wild beast. After all the peasants abandoned him, the landowner never even washed himself: “Yes, I’ve been walking around unwashed for so many days!”

The writer caustically ridicules all this negligence of the master class. The life of a landowner without a peasant is far from reminiscent of normal human life.

The master became so wild that “he was covered with hair from head to toe, his nails became like iron, he even lost the ability to pronounce articulate sounds. But he had not yet acquired a tail.” Life without peasants was disrupted even in the district itself: “no one pays taxes, no one drinks wine in taverns.” “Normal” life begins in the district only when the men return to it. In character. Saltykov-Shchedrin showed this one landowner the life of all the gentlemen in Russia. And the final words of the tale are addressed to each landowner: “He plays grand solitaire, yearns for his former life in the forests, washes himself only under duress, and moos from time to time.”

This fairy tale is full folk motifs, close to Russian folklore. There are no sophisticated words in it, but there are simple Russian words: “once said and done”, “peasant trousers”, etc. Saltykov-Shchedrin sympathizes with the people. He believes that the suffering of the peasants will not be endless, and freedom will triumph.

"Horse"

In the tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin, the image of the Russian people, which was embodied in the image of a horse, is very well revealed. Konyaga are ordinary people, peasants who work for the benefit of the entire state, who with their labor are able to feed all the inhabitants of Russia. The image of Konyaga is imbued with the pain and fatigue that a difficult task gives him.

If Saltykov-Shchedrin had described verbatim the life of various social classes, then his works would not have been published due to censorship, but thanks to Aesopian language, he achieved a very touching and natural description of the classes. What is Aesopian language? This is a special type of secret writing, censored allegory, which was often used fiction, deprived of freedom of expression under censorship. In Saltykov-Shchedrin’s fairy tale “The Horse,” this technique is widely used, which allows one to expose reality and serves as a means of combating the infringement of the rights of the lower strata of society by political figures. This work shows the difficult, even ugly, life of the Russian people. Saltykov-Shchedrin himself sympathizes with the peasants, but he still shows this terrible picture of a miserable lifestyle.

The field on which a man and a horse work is limitless, just as their work and importance for the state are limitless. And, apparently, the images of the Idle Dancers contain all the upper strata of the population: gentlemen, officials - who only watch the work of the horse, because their life is easy and cloudless. They are beautiful and well-fed, they are given the food that the horse provides with his hard work and he himself lives from hand to mouth.

Saltykov-Shchedrin encourages us to think about the fact that such hard work of the Russian people for the good of the state does not provide them with freedom from serfdom and does not save them from humiliation in front of officials and gentlemen who live easily, who can afford a lot.

The problem of the people and the bureaucracy is still very relevant in our time, because for modern readers she will be interesting and curious. Also thanks to the use of such artistic medium Like Aesopian language, the problem of the fairy tale “The Horse” is acute to this day.