In his story, Bulgakov showed Philip Philipovich Preobrazhensky as a creator, a highly moral, highly developed and intelligent person.
The professor devoted his entire life to helping people find health. He developed, he did scientific discoveries, worked a lot. In the middle of his “career” he helped one student, he turned out to be the future Doctor Bormenthal. A friendship began between the men. Bormenthal owed everything to the professor, he thanked and “idolized” him.
Bulgakov also shows the character of the professor. The man was practically calm, very reasonable, and had an excellent sense of humor. He did not save, despite the difficult situation in the country, either on food or on living conditions. The professor earned a lot. Due to his merits in medicine, the man had immunity, however, he did not share political views with Shwodner. Often during a conversation with Bormenthal, the professor clearly conveyed his “harsh” point of view and argued every word he said.
The professor decided on the riskiest experiment. He believed that thanks to this “discovery” people would be able to regain their youth forever, and perhaps these were attempts to find a way to “ eternal life».
However, after the operation to transplant a heart into an animal, Philip Philipovich was in for serious disappointment. Sharikov, who appears instead of the dog, completely destroys all theories about “eternal life” and youth. In addition, Polygraph Poligrafovich, under the influence, makes the professor’s life almost unbearable.
In the apartment where the “medical luminary” lived, unpleasant situations began to occur. Philip Philipovich took it very hard. He is accustomed to a calm and measured lifestyle.
The man very much regretted that he still carried out this operation. He saw what a terrible person he could “resurrect”, but could not understand what to do next.
Having suffered a fair amount from “their creation,” the professor and Bormenthal decide to carry out another operation and return everything to its original place.
And again the surgical intervention achieves the desired result. goes into oblivion, and his place is gradually taken by the dog Sharik.
Preobrazhensky will never want to argue with nature again. He and Dr. Bormenthal learned a big lesson.
No, the professor was not afraid that he would have to share living space with Sharikov, he was not afraid of the police, he was not afraid of losing his authority... He was deeply outraged by his behavior, lack of manners and lack of desire to study. Philip Philipovich understood that it was precisely this behavior that led to complete ruin in life.
The professor had no choice but to admit to the public that his experiment was a “fiasco.” Thus, he forever “hidden” his greatest achievement from humanity.
The hero of the story “Heart of a Dog” is professor of medicine Philip Filippovich Preobrazhensky. He deals with the then fashionable problem of human rejuvenation. We must pay tribute to the scientist’s talent. He is known for his works abroad. A hard worker: he sees patients, and then, in the evening, he studies medical literature. The professor is no stranger to small earthly joys: he loves to eat deliciously, shine in respected society in expensive clothes, chat with his assistant Bormenthal on various slippery topics. In a word, a typical intellectual to whom the Soviet government had not yet managed to completely cut off, as they say, oxygen. However, the Bolsheviks are quite happy with such a scientist: he is not involved in politics.
The main events unfold after the appearance of the mongrel Sharik in the professor’s house. His character is surprisingly consonant with “homo sovieticus”: the dog is ready to do anything for a piece of sausage, he has a quarrelsome and aggressive character. Passing by the doorman, Sharik thinks: “I wish I could pinch his proletarian calloused foot.” And he looks at the stuffed owl with the following feelings: “And this owl is rubbish. Impudent. We will explain it."
The professor, passionate about science, does not notice what kind of monster he brought into the house. As an experiment, he transplants human seminal glands into Sharik, dreaming of benefiting humanity. Before the eyes of the amazed scientist, the dog gradually turns into a man.
Sharik, or already Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov, quickly finds in human society your social niche. Everything is happening as in the Soviet state: the lower classes, having seized power, begin to crowd out everything that previously occupied this social living space. As a result, his “parent” Preobrazhensky almost ends up on the street, and only his old connections save him from Sharikov’s lawlessness.
Bulgakov shows psychological type a Russian scientist who had not yet encountered all the “delights” of the Bolshevik regime. They also stroked his fur. But he, carried away by his developments, did not notice that he himself had created such a representative of harsh power.
The ball literally snatches the scientist from the light. Behind the ridiculousness of the plot lies the deep tragedy of the Russian scientific intelligentsia, which in those years unwittingly helped the Bolsheviks strengthen their position. The Sharikovs gradually advanced to all the highest echelons of power and began not only to poison the fate of normal people, but also to decide it. They began to determine the country's foreign policy.
The professor, in late repentance, laments his mistake: “I cared about something completely different, about eugenics, about improving the human race. And then I ran into rejuvenation.” Realizing his fatal mistake, the professor becomes a participant in the crime: on the advice of Bormental, they decide to get rid of Sharikov and free humanity from this nightmare.
The professor decides to perform another operation and returns Sharikov to his previous state.
The ending of the story, however, is not happy, because outside the walls of the professor’s house, where the dog Sharik is sleeping peacefully, there are many people infected with Sharikov’s microbe, and they will still do many bitter things in the country.
- New!
Mikhail Bulgakov's story “The Heart of a Dog” can be called prophetic. In it, the author, long before our society abandoned the ideas of the 1917 revolution, showed the dire consequences of human intervention in natural course development, be it nature or society....
It seems to me that the title of the story “Heart of a Dog” has double meaning. The story could have been named so in honor of the experiment itself carried out by Professor Preobrazhensky, he transplanted a human heart into the body of a dog, which will be discussed later...
M. A. Bulgakov came to literature already during the years of Soviet power. He was not an emigrant and experienced first-hand all the difficulties and contradictions of Soviet reality in the 1930s. His childhood and youth were connected with Kyiv, and the subsequent years of his life with Moscow. To Moscow...
In the story The Heart of a Dog, M. A. Bulgakov not only describes the unnatural experiment of Professor Preobrazhensky. The writer shows a new type of person who arose not in the laboratory of a talented scientist, but in a new, Soviet reality...
IN lately The question of the responsibility of each person for the results of his work arises very acutely. Labor in the broadest sense of the word. Numerous irresponsible experiments on nature have led to an environmental disaster. The results of ill-considered...
Subject of the work
At one time, M. Bulgakov’s satirical story caused a lot of talk. In “Heart of a Dog” the heroes of the work are bright and memorable; the plot is fantasy mixed with reality and subtext in which one can openly read harsh criticism Soviet power. Therefore, the work was very popular in the 60s among dissidents, and in the 90s, after its official publication, it was even recognized as prophetic.
The theme of the tragedy of the Russian people is clearly visible in this work; in “Heart of a Dog” the main characters enter into an irreconcilable conflict with each other and will never understand each other. And, although the proletarians won in this confrontation, Bulgakov in the novel reveals to us the whole essence of the revolutionaries and their type of new man in the person of Sharikov, leading us to the idea that they will not create or do anything good.
Main characters " Heart of a Dog“There are only three, and the narrative is mainly told from Bormenthal’s diary and through the dog’s monologue.
Characteristics of the main characters
Sharikov
A character who appeared as a result of an operation from the mongrel Sharik. A transplant of the pituitary gland and gonads of the drunkard and rowdy Klim Chugunkin turned a sweet and friendly dog into Poligraf Poligrafych, a parasite and a hooligan.
Sharikov embodies all the negative traits of the new society: he spits on the floor, throws cigarette butts, does not know how to use the restroom and constantly swears. But this is not even the worst thing - Sharikov quickly learned to write denunciations and found a calling in killing his eternal enemies, cats. And while he deals only with cats, the author makes it clear that he will do the same with people who stand in his way.
Bulgakov saw this base power of the people and a threat to the entire society in the rudeness and narrow-mindedness with which the new revolutionary government resolves issues.
Professor Preobrazhensky
An experimenter who uses innovative developments in solving the problem of rejuvenation through organ transplantation. He is a famous world scientist, a respected surgeon, whose “speaking” surname gives him the right to experiment with nature.
I was used to living in grand style - servants, a house of seven rooms, luxurious dinners. His patients are former nobles and high revolutionary officials who patronize him.
Preobrazhensky is a respectable, successful and self-confident person. The professor, an opponent of any terror and Soviet power, calls them “idlers and idlers.” He considers affection the only way to communicate with living beings and denies the new government precisely for its radical methods and violence. His opinion: if people are accustomed to culture, then the devastation will disappear.
The rejuvenation operation yielded an unexpected result - the dog turned into a human. But the man turned out to be completely useless, uneducable and absorbing the worst. Philip Philipovich concludes that nature is not a field for experiments and he interfered with its laws in vain.
Dr. Bormenthal
Ivan Arnoldovich is completely and completely devoted to his teacher. At one time, Preobrazhensky took an active part in the fate of a half-starved student - he enrolled him in the department, and then took him on as an assistant.
The young doctor tried in every possible way to develop Sharikov culturally, and then completely moved in with the professor, as it became more and more difficult to cope with the new person.
The apotheosis was the denunciation that Sharikov wrote against the professor. IN climax When Sharikov took out a revolver and was ready to use it, it was Bromenthal who showed firmness and toughness, while Preobrazhensky hesitated, not daring to kill his creation.
The positive characterization of the heroes of “Heart of a Dog” emphasizes how important honor and self-dignity are for the author. Bulgakov described himself and his doctors-relatives in many of the same traits as both doctors, and in many ways would have acted the same way as them.
Shvonder
The newly elected chairman of the house committee, who hates the professor as a class enemy. This is a schematic hero, without deep reasoning.
Shvonder completely bows to the new revolutionary government and its laws, and in Sharikov he sees not a person, but a new useful unit of society - he can buy textbooks and magazines, participate in meetings.
Sh. can be called Sharikov’s ideological mentor; he tells him about his rights in Preobrazhensky’s apartment and teaches him how to write denunciations. The chairman of the house committee, due to his narrow-mindedness and lack of education, always hesitates and gives in in conversations with the professor, but this makes him hate him even more.
Other heroes
The list of characters in the story would not be complete without two au pairs - Zina and Daria Petrovna. They recognize the superiority of the professor, and, like Bormenthal, are completely devoted to him and agree to commit a crime for the sake of their beloved master. They proved this at the time of the repeated operation to transform Sharikov into a dog, when they were on the side of the doctors and accurately followed all their instructions.
You have become acquainted with the characteristics of the heroes of Bulgakov’s “Heart of a Dog,” a fantastic satire that anticipated the collapse of Soviet power immediately after its emergence - the author, back in 1925, showed the whole essence of those revolutionaries and what they were capable of.
Work test
Professor Philip Filipich Preobrazhensky, who is a brilliant doctor and an outstanding scientist, one of central characters the fantastic story by Mikhail Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”. A world-famous luminary and talented experimental scientist plans to transplant the pituitary gland and human testes into the stray dog Sharik, and brilliantly brings his plan to life. The reader learns what came of this in the story, in which Professor Preobrazhensky plays the key role of the creator and then the educator of Polygraph Poligraphych Sharikov, who appeared as a result of the experiment.
Characteristics of the hero
(Evgeny Evstigneev as Professor Preobrazhensky, film "Heart of a Dog", USSR 1988, filmed in sepia color)
The story takes place in Moscow in 1924 after the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, came to power in the country. An outstanding medical genius lives in a huge seven-room apartment in the center of the capital and is engaged in research in the field of rejuvenation of the human body. He is a rather elderly man of 60 years old with a French pointed beard and a bushy curled mustache, thoroughly saturated with the smell of tobacco and hospital. Thanks to his intelligence, talented hands and hard work, he achieved a high position in pre-revolutionary society and was a fairly wealthy and respected person. Apparently he received a good education and is a bearer of high culture. He considers the Bolsheviks who came to power to be a temporary phenomenon and supports the “old order”, because under it he lived very well. He considers the lack of elementary culture to be the misfortune of the proletarians; the devastation will only come to an end when at least the elementary rules of education and culture are instilled in them.
The professor lives alone and alone, doing nothing but work and research activities. His only friend and colleague is the young assistant Doctor Bormenthal, who is very devoted to his teacher and becomes a real support and support for the professor in his difficult struggle with the presumptuous Sharikov.
(Dog as Sharik. Rare photo from the filming of the film "Heart of a Dog" in 1988)
The professor brings the stray dog Sharik into the house and, having transplanted the pituitary gland and testes of the rowdy and repeat offender Klim Chugunkin, who died in a drunken fight, he ends up with a terrible rude, impudent and troublemaker Poligraf Poligrafych Sharikov. An opponent of violence, a sensible and experienced professor is trying to re-educate the creation of his hands, to instill in him something reasonable, good and eternal, but he suffers a complete fiasco. Things come to threats with the use of weapons and the conflict between Preobrazhensky and Sharkov, who is its complete antipode, reaches its climax. Then Preobrazhensky realizes what a mistake his thoughtless intervention in nature was and, together with Dr. Bormental, carries out an operation to turn Sharikov back into a dog.
The image of the hero in the work
Professor Preobrazhensky in Bulgakov's story is the embodiment of the outgoing pre-revolutionary era and its culture. An outstanding Russian scientist who was accustomed to respect and honor in past life, he has not yet encountered the power of the Bolsheviks and does not know their attitude towards the former. Without meaning to, he creates with his own hands a typical representative new government, which immediately begins to zap the scientist from the world. This was the deep and terrible mistake of the Russian intelligentsia, which out of ignorance helped the Bolsheviks strengthen their power, and then they became the main initiators of their destruction.
Realizing his fatal mistake, the professor tries to fix everything and, at first glance, he succeeds. However, the end of the story is not at all optimistic, because there are millions of people in the country in which Sharikov is still dormant, but when he wakes up and comes out, he will cause a lot of trouble.
Summary of a literature lesson in 11th grade
Subject: The image of Professor Preobrazhensky in M. Bulgakov’s story “The Heart of a Dog.”
Objective of the lesson: reveal M. Bulgakov’s skill in creating an image artistic image Professor Preobrazhensky, in whom the idea of the work lies.
Tasks
educational: work on text analysis skills, image disclosure skills literary hero;
developing: develop thinking, the ability to generalize and draw conclusions, improve monologue and dialogic speech of students;
educational: to cultivate the civic position of students, a sense of responsibility for their own actions and for what is happening in society, to interest them in the work of M.A. Bulgakov.
Board design
1. Portrait of M.A. Bulgakov.
2. Portrait of N.M. Bulgakov (prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky.
3. Portrait of the hero of the story, made by a student.
4. Recording: Techniques for creating an artistic image of a hero:
A) Hero's name
B) Portrait of a hero.
C) The actions of the hero.
D) Description of the situation in which the hero is located.
D) Speech characteristics hero (monologues, including internal ones, dialogues).
E) The system of images of the work, the environment – minor characters, through which the image is revealed.
AND) Compositional techniques, used by the author to reveal the character of the hero.
Lesson equipment
Interactive whiteboard, projector, computer for viewing an excerpt from the film “Heart of a Dog” by N. Bozhko.
Leading task
1. Individual task: message about the role of minor characters in revealing the image of Professor Preobrazhensky (for 1-2 min)
2. Individual task: report on the image of Doctor Bormental and his role in revealing the character of Professor Preobrazhensky (for 1-2 minutes)
Lesson progress
Organizational moment – 1 min.
I . Opening remarks teachers – 1 min.
We continue to study the story by M.A. Bulgakov’s “Heart of a Dog” and today the image of Professor Preobrazhensky is in the center of our attention.
It was already noted earlier that the changes taking place in Russia in the 20-30s, associated with the construction of socialism and a new future man, were perceived by the humanist writer as a huge experiment, terrible in its scale and consequences. Bulgakov had a negative attitude towards the idea of creating a new society, educating a new person, free from the previous morality and culture. The writer perceived this as interference in the natural course of things, the thousand-year history of mankind, and the consequences of this interference could be disastrous for everyone, including the “experimenters” themselves. The story “Heart of a Dog” warns about this.
But besides this, in his work Bulgakov reflects on the role of the scientist and science, on the role of the intelligentsia in society, on their moral responsibility to society. That is why the image of Professor Preobrazhensky becomes so important.
The purpose of our lesson is to analyze this image, to comprehend Bulgakov’s writing skills in creating the image of the main character. We will try to determine ways and techniques for revealing the character of the characters in the story.
II . Work on the image of Professor Preobrazhensky - 18-20 min
So, before us main character stories - Professor Philip Philipovich
Preobrazhensky.
- What do you think is the meaning of Bulgakov’s first and last name of his hero?
(Listen to students' answers)
NamePhilip translated from Greek means “lover of horses.” Horse in Ancient Greece was one of the symbols of a noble man. And the wordphilippic means “an angry diatribe, a speech against someone or something. Students should come to the conclusion that with this image the author probably wanted to expose the experiment in which the professor transformed a dog into a man. The prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky was the writer’s uncle - Nikolai Mikhailovich Bulgakov, a famous doctor, smart and talented person(photo on the board).
Let us pay attention to the portrait-illustration of the hero of the story.
- Is this how you imagined the professor?
(Listen to students' answers)
The character of a literary hero in work of art is revealed in certain ways and techniques. Pay attention to the notes on the board.
Let's see how Bulgakov creates a portrait of F.F. Preobrazhensky.
(Working with text) Chapter 1 from the words “The door across the street... Give it to me.”
From the words “What a personality!” until the end of the chapter.
- What feature of the writer’s depiction of the hero’s appearance did you notice?
(The portrait is given through the eyes of a dog. At the same time
citizen = master
comrade = lackey)
- What technique does Bulgakov use when describing Preobrazhensky’s apartment? For what? (Reception is an antithesis. Two different worlds- a world of cleanliness, prosperity, peace and comfort and a world of dirt, stench, poverty and anger).
Professor, gentleman, educated, well-mannered, noble man, personality. He is a world-famous scientist and practicing doctor who earns money through his labor and talent. He is confident, calm, and can do what he loves. Philip Philipovich keeps a servant and lives in 7 rooms. According to the new government - the house committee headed by Shvonder - this is an unaffordable luxury.
(Working with text) Ch. 2 - an episode of the house committee coming to the professor’s apartment demanding a seal. From the words “Tiled squares…. sparkled gold chain»
- Pay attention to details. How does the professor change in appearance during a conversation with the “proletarians”?
(The face “turned tenderly purple” - “the purpleness took on a somewhat grayish tint” - “his purpleness turned yellow”, he “barked”)
- What did the author want to emphasize?
(Irritation. He is infuriated by the lack of basic common sense, reference to dubious authorities).
- What do you think, maybe living in 7 rooms is really an unaffordable luxury?
(We listen to the students’ opinions. No, this is not a luxury - this is a normal condition of human life. It is interesting that the purpose of the rooms is rational. This has developed over the centuries and has even been fixed in the language: bedroom, dining room, children’s room, office..)
(Working with text) Ch. 3 . From the beginning to the words “filled with liquid saliva”
From the words “Let’s get off the plates” to “don’t read Soviet newspapers”
Derzhavin’s lines immediately come to mind:
Crimson ham, green cabbage soup with yolk,
Ruddy yellow pie, white cheese, red crayfish,
What tar, amber, caviar...
And lines from Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin”:
And Strasbourg's pie is imperishable
Between live Limburg cheese
And a golden pineapple.
- Why are the associations not accidental?
(Food consumption culture has its roots in our
history)
- How does this description help to understand the image of Professor Preobrazhensky?
(The culture of life is an important component of the general human
chesky culture. Comparing Preobrazhensky and Shariko-
va, the reader immediately highlights the superiority of man, “able
there is something").
III . The role of minor characters in revealing the image of the hero – 10min.
(We listen to the student’s answer to the individual advanced task: “The role of images of servants in revealing the character of Professor Preobrazhensky”).
IN Soviet Russia Servant work was considered slave labor, degrading human dignity. But Bulgakov proves the opposite: any work, if done responsibly and with soul, is necessary and will be appreciated. The professor himself, treating his servants with respect and trust, does not humiliate, but, on the contrary, makes them feel needed, important, and even involved in the life of the professor.
Antithesis again: Sharikov’s attitude towards Zina and Daria Petrovna.
(We listen to the student’s response to an individual advanced task about the role of Dr. Bormental in revealing the image of the professor.)
We draw a conclusion about the role of minor characters in revealing the image of the main character: portrait, interior, everyday life, minor characters - everything indicates that Philip Philipovich Preobrazhensky is a self-confident, worthy, intelligent person with high culture.
IV . The role of the image in revealing the idea of the work – 15 min.
-What is the purpose of a professor’s life? (We listen to the students’ answers).
The purpose of his life is to serve science. For this reason, he decided on an experiment to humanize the dog... But Sharikov appears in the apartment - this “ new person“, and devastation immediately begins, as indeed everywhere: in the house, in the country.
In the early 30s, Valery Yazvitsky’s one-act play “Who’s to Blame” (“Devastation”) was staged at the Moscow Workshop of Communist Drama, where the main thing character- an ancient, crooked old woman in rags named Devastation. Soviet propaganda sought to make a mythical, elusive villain out of the devastation, trying to hide that its root cause was the Bolshevik policy, war communism, when people, having no incentive to work, stopped working honestly and efficiently.
- How does Preobrazhensky propose to get rid of the devastation? (Bring order to the country, when everyone should mind their own business and be responsible for their work)
The revolution gave birth to “new people” who destroyed old world, great culture, armed with one right - to take everything and divide it. But the goal of the revolution is to improve life ordinary people, transform the world.
Wanting to improve human nature, Preobrazhensky created a monster who easily accepted proletarian ideas. The pituitary gland transplant operation humanizes the dog within a week; the “humanization operation” of the Shvonders lasted longer, but the result is essentially the same. These people have only external human characteristics, which are insufficient for the definition of “human” to be applicable to them. Millions of Shvonders and Sharikovs were instilled with a terrible thought: to become a master of life, you don’t need to work hard, make an effort, educate yourself, it’s enough that you’re a “proletarian.”
Watching an excerpt from the film - a fragment from Chapter 8 - a conversation between the professor and Dr. Bormenthal about the result of the experiment. – 5 min.
- What conclusion does the professor come to after his experiment?
(The failure of such experiments is inevitable, because it is impossible to “humanize” something that has ceased to be human, having lost its spiritual, moral and moral basis, on which the relationship between society and the individual is built. This is why the experiment with humanizing the dog failed in the same way as the tragic communist experiment. Time has shown how right Bulgakov was in his insights.
- Does the writer condemn the professor for this experiment?
(Working with text) – epilogue “The gray harmonies of trumpets warmed...
- What does the author call the professor? (Supreme being, omnipotent man, gray-haired wizard).
- What conclusion can be drawn?
(In the story, the professor manages to return everything to normal: the evil boor Sharikov becomes kind again and affectionate dog. It's a pity that in real life It's impossible to turn back time.)
V. Lesson summary.
The image of Professor Preobrazhensky - main image, by comprehending which one can understand the ideological intention of the writer. This is one of the most vivid, memorable images created by Bulgakov. The author's skill is manifested in the ability to use various ways and techniques for creating the image of your hero.
VI. Homework - 1-2 min.
A talented writer, in the images he created, expresses thoughts that concern not only his contemporaries, but also his descendants. Experiments to create a new person continue in the twentieth century.Icentury. Now scientists are trying to clone people. I suggest you answer the question in writing:
“What did the Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov warn humanity about when creating the image of Professor Preobrazhensky?”
VII . Giving and commenting on lesson grades – 2 min.
