In 1830, Chopin left Poland forever, earning money by virtuoso performances of his own musical compositions, although his health did not always allow him to give long concerts. He settled in Paris, where he began giving music lessons and giving concerts. Soon he developed tuberculosis. French Revolution 1848 deprived him of the opportunity to earn a living, and he left for England. He returned to Paris almost completely disabled and soon died after several months of severe suffering.
Chopin's romantic appearance attracted women no less than his music. He himself was also attracted to women, but not always from a sexual point of view. Their adoration often reminded him of love; in his youth, Chopin felt an irresistible attraction to his friend Titus Wojciechowski. He bombarded him with love notes and loved to kiss him on the lips. He behaved much more reservedly with girls. At one time he was in love with Constance Gladkovska, with whom he studied music, however, he was never able to tell or write to her about his feelings. It was only many years later that Constance was surprised to learn how much she had once meant to Chopin.
The temptations of Paris did not attract Chopin. He, however, suffered from a mild venereal disease, which he contracted from a woman named Teresa. This seemed to further discourage him from having sex.
Chopin always dreamed of having his own family. In 1836, he proposed to Maria Wodzinska, the pretty and musically gifted daughter of a Polish count. She accepted his proposal, but her parents were quite concerned about his poor health. After some time, Chopin stopped receiving letters from Maria and abandoned all thoughts of marriage.
Later he met the novelist George Sand, who admired his music and himself and followed him everywhere. Chopin didn’t like her at first, and he once said to his friend: “What a disgusting woman this Sand is. And is she even a woman? I kind of doubt it.” Chopin nevertheless went along with Sand’s claims, and their connection lasted 9 years. Their intimate relationship ended after a couple of years, as Sand announced that in bed Chopin very much resembled a corpse. Sand raised two children and tried to turn Chopin into a third. She broke off all relations with Chopin when he opposed her in some dispute that she had with her daughter's husband.
The last woman who seriously tried to attract his attention was his wealthy student and financial patron Jane Sterling, about whom he said: “I’d rather choose death as my wife.”
POLISH Nugget FREDERIC CHOPIN
The brilliant composer differed in many ways from most of his predecessors and even contemporaries. He wrote works only for piano.
This unique creator left us neither an opera, nor a symphony, nor an overture. That is why his talent as a composer is so amazing, because Chopin managed to become an innovator of piano music.
Crying to the sound of music
Little virtuoso Frederic Chopin
The little pianist's debut took place in Warsaw. Then he was barely seven years old. The first concert was successful, and the news young talent quickly spread throughout the city. Chopin's performing talent developed so rapidly that at a very young age Frederic was at the same level 
with the best Polish pianists.
Teacher Zhivny even refused lessons with the little virtuoso. He said that he could no longer teach Frederick anything. In parallel with his music studies, Chopin received an excellent general education. He spoke fluent French and German, studied the history of Poland and absorbed volumes of fiction. The young man drew well, was distinguished by a sharp mind, observation and amazing facial talent, which could guarantee him a theatrical career. But since childhood, he chose the only path for himself - music.
At the same time, there is a special interest in Frederic Chopin called folk music. While walking around the outskirts of the city, he could stop at a house and listen with hope to the folk tunes coming from there. Folklore became close to the essence of the composer himself and became inseparable from his work.
The best pianist in the country
After graduating from the Lyceum, Frederick enrolled in high school music. There his formation continued under the guidance of the experienced teacher and composer Joseph Elsner. 
He quickly realized that before him was not just talent, but a real genius. He even wrote about this in the description given to the young performer. By this time young man has already been recognized as the best pianist in the country. During these years, his talent as a composer also became mature. This is confirmed by two concertos for piano and orchestra, written in 1829-1830. Now pianists different countries invariably include these works in their repertoire.
Then Chopin fell in love for the first time. He experienced tender feelings for the young singer Konstancia Gladkowska from the Warsaw Conservatory. It was under the influence of this that Frederic created the song “Desire.”
Farewell to the Motherland
The young musician visited Vienna, where he gave several concerts that were a success with the public. His family realized that the virtuoso pianist could go on a real concert tour. But Chopin I didn’t dare take this step for a long time. He was overcome by bad feelings. It seemed to the composer that he was leaving forever 
homeland. After much deliberation, in the fall of 1830, Frederick left Warsaw, taking with him a cup containing Polish soil, a gift from friends.
Unfortunately, his premonitions did not deceive him. Chopin parted ways with his native land forever. Remembering the wonderful reception he received in Vienna, Frederick I decided to start my tour from there. But, despite all the troubles, the musician was never able to organize an independent concert, and publishers were in no hurry to buy his works for publication.
Unexpectedly, alarming news came from Poland. Polish patriots organized an uprising against Russian tsarism. Frederick decided to suspend his tour and return to his homeland, but his relatives insisted that he not come in order to avoid persecution. Reluctantly, Chopin submitted to his family and went to Paris.
On the way to the capital of France, Frederick was overtaken by another piece of news: the uprising was brutally suppressed, its leaders were thrown into prison and exiled to Siberia. He arrived in Paris with his famous sketch, which was later called “revolutionary”. He spent the rest of his life there, although France could not become a second home for the composer. In all his affections, as well as in his creativity Frederick remained a true Pole.
Hats off, Chopin is in front of you!
First, he conquered Paris with his performing arts - listeners were amazed by his unusual style of playing the piano. Compared to the technically perfect performing skills of other pianists, his playing was surprisingly spiritual and poetic. The memories of the eminent have survived to this day. 
Hungarian virtuoso pianist and composer about his first Paris concert Chopin. He wrote that the growing applause could not fully express admiration for the talent of young Frederick.
During his performances, the Polish genius most often performed his own works: piano concertos, mazurkas, etudes, concert rondos, nocturnes and variations on a theme from the opera Don Giovanni. It was a German composer who wrote an enthusiastic phrase about them: “Hats off, gentlemen, before you is a genius.”
Everyone was fascinated by Chopin, only the publishers took a wait-and-see approach. They agreed to publish his works, but only for free. Frederick was forced to give music lessons for many hours every day to earn a living. This work brought him income, but it took a lot of effort and so much precious time. Even being worldwide famous composer, could not leave these exhausting activities.
With thoughts about Poland
The popularity of the composer and pianist helped expand his circle of acquaintances. Franz Liszt became his friends, French composer Hector Berlioz, artist 
Eugene Delacroix and the German poet Heinrich Heine. But no matter how interesting he was with his new comrades, he never forgot about his compatriots. For example, for the sake of a guest from home Chopin could radically change the strict routine of his day and go with him on a tour of Paris. Frederick spent hours listening to stories about Poland and the Poles. And when the poet Adam Mickiewicz came to him, the composer sat down at the instrument and played his favorite works for a long time close friend. Only Chopin's music helped Mickiewicz ease the pain of separation from his homeland. Thanks to Adam, Frederick's first ballad was born. The musician’s second ballad is also associated with the images of Mickiewicz’s works.
Love is poison
Meetings with friends and compatriots were very dear to the composer, because he did not have his own family. He wanted to marry Maria Wodzinska from a noble Polish family, but her parents categorically 
were against this marriage. For many years Chopin linked his fate with the French writer Aurora Dudevant, who is better known under the pseudonym Georges Sand.
It is worth noting that not much reliable information has been preserved about the history of their relationship. For example, Franz Liszt in his book stated quite unequivocally that it was the writer who caused the early death of the composer. One of Frederick’s close friends, Wojciech Grzymala, also said that Aurora poisoned Chopin’s existence and was responsible for his sudden death. His student Wilhelm Lenz even called it a poisonous plant. He was outraged by the disdainful attitude George Sand showed towards the composer even in the presence of strangers.
Famous but lonely
Over the years, he gave concerts less and less; he limited himself to performing music in a narrow circle of close people. This allowed him to devote himself entirely to creativity. He wrote sonatas, impromptu, scherzo, ballads, new series etudes, nocturnes, preludes, favorite polonaises and mazurkas. But along with lyrical plays, dramatic and even tragic works. For example, the Second Sonata with a funeral march. It became one of the most significant achievements of Chopin and all Polish music.
In Paris, Frederic's personal life did not work out, but this city had a positive influence on his work - it reached its peak. His works became 
printing for money, taking lessons from the maestro was an honor, and hearing the piano played was a rare happiness.
Were also joyless recent years composer. His father died, then there was a break with Aurora. He became lonely and could not bear the blows of fate. Since his youth he suffered from lung disease, and now it has only worsened. Over the last two years of his life he wrote almost nothing. At the invitation of friends, he went to London with concerts in the spring of 1848, but the damp climate there only worsened his condition. He returned to Paris and died in 1849 in the arms of his sister, who came to him from Poland.
At Frederick's funeral, the “Requiem” of his beloved Mozart was performed by the best artists of the French capital. He was buried in Paris, but his heart Chopin bequeathed to send it to Poland, where it is now kept in the Warsaw Church of the Holy Cross.
FACTS
Since childhood Chopin I had a habit of playing the piano in the dark. Little Frederick was used to sitting down at his instrument in the dark. Only in 
In such an environment he felt inspired. Later, when speaking at parties, he always asked to dim the lights in the room.
Brilliant mind and ingenuity were evident in Frederica in different guises. As a teenager, he was unable to play complex chords because his fingers lacked stretch. This forced the boy to come up with a device that would help him stretch the ligaments. The construction caused terrible pain to the young man, but he did not remove it even at night.
Updated: April 7, 2019 by: Elena
Frederic François Chopin is a great romantic composer and founder of the Polish pianist school. In his entire life he did not create a single work for symphony orchestra, but his works for piano are the unsurpassed pinnacle of world pianistic art.
The future musician was born in 1810 in the family of a Polish teacher and tutor Nicolas Chopin and Tekla Justyna Krzyzanowska, a noblewoman by birth. In the town of Zhelyazova Wola, near Warsaw, the Chopin family was considered a respected intelligent family.
Parents raised their children to love music and poetry. Mother was a good pianist and singer, she spoke excellent French. In addition to little Frederick, the family raised three more daughters, but only the boy showed truly great ability to play the piano.
The only surviving photo of Frederic Chopin
Possessing great mental sensitivity, little Frederick could sit for hours at the instrument, selecting or learning the works he liked. Already in early childhood he amazed those around him with his musical abilities and love of music. The boy began performing concerts at almost 5 years old, and at the age of 7 he already entered the class of the famous Polish pianist of that time, Wojciech Zywny. Five years later, Frederick turned into a real virtuoso pianist, whose technical and musical skills were not inferior to adults.
In parallel with his piano lessons, Frederic Chopin began taking composition lessons from the famous Warsaw musician Józef Elsner. In addition to education, the young man travels a lot around Europe, visiting opera houses Prague, Dresden, Berlin.
Thanks to the patronage of Prince Anton Radziwill, the young musician became accepted into high society. The talented young man also visited Russia. His performance was noted by Emperor Alexander I. As a reward, the young performer was presented with a diamond ring.
Music
Having gained impressions and first experience as a composer, at the age of 19 Chopin began his pianistic career. The concerts that the musician holds in his native Warsaw and Krakow bring him enormous popularity. But the very first European tour that Frederic undertook a year later turned out to be a separation from his homeland for the musician.
While in Germany giving performances, Chopin learns about the suppression of the Polish uprising in Warsaw, of which he was one of the supporters. After such news, the young musician was forced to stay abroad in Paris. In memory of this event, the composer wrote his first opus of etudes, the pearl of which was the famous Revolutionary Etude.
In France, Frederic Chopin performed mainly in the homes of his patrons and high-ranking acquaintances. At this time, he composed his first piano concertos, which he successfully performed on the stages of Vienna and Paris.
An interesting fact in Chopin’s biography is his meeting in Leipzig with the German romantic composer Robert Schumann. After listening to the performance of a young Polish pianist and composer, the German exclaimed: “Gentlemen, take off your hats, this is a genius.” In addition to Schumann, his Hungarian follower Franz Liszt became a fan of Frederic Chopin. He admired the work of the Polish musician and even wrote a large research work about the life and work of his idol.
Creativity flourishes
Thirties XIX century become the heyday of the composer’s creativity. Inspired by the poetry of the Polish writer Adam Mickiewicz, Fryderyk Chopin creates four ballads dedicated to his native Poland and worries about its fate.
The melody of these works is filled with elements of Polish folk songs, dancing and recitative remarks. These are unique lyrical and tragic pictures from the life of the people of Poland, refracted through the prism of the author’s experiences. In addition to ballads, 4 scherzos, waltzes, mazurkas, polonaises and nocturnes appeared at this time.
If the waltz in Chopin's work becomes the most autobiographical genre, closely related to the events of his personal life, then the mazurkas and polonaises can rightfully be called a treasure trove of national images. Mazurkas are represented in Chopin’s work not only by famous lyrical works, but also aristocratic or, conversely, folk dances.
The composer, in accordance with the concept of romanticism, which appeals primarily to the national consciousness of the people, uses to create his musical compositions characteristic of Polish folk music sound and intonation. This is the famous bourdon, imitating the sounds of folk instruments, this is also a sharp syncopation, which is skillfully combined with the dotted rhythm inherent in Polish music.
Frederic Chopin also opens up the nocturne genre in a new way. If before him the name of the nocturne primarily corresponded to the translation “night song,” then in the work of the Polish composer this genre turns into a lyric-dramatic sketch. And if the first opuses of his nocturnes sound like a lyrical description of nature, then the latest works delve deeper into the sphere of tragic experiences.
One of the peaks of the mature master’s creativity is considered to be his cycle, consisting of 24 preludes. It was written during the critical years of Frederick’s first love and breakup with his beloved. The choice of genre was influenced by Chopin’s passion for the work of J. S. Bach at that time.
Studying the immortal cycle of preludes and fugues of the German master, the young Polish composer decided to write similar essay. But for the romantic, such works received a personal touch of sound. Chopin's preludes are, first of all, small but deep sketches inner experiences person. They are written in the style of a musical diary popular in those years.
Chopin teacher
Chopin's fame is due not only to his composing and concert activities. The talented Polish musician also proved himself to be a brilliant teacher. Frederic Chopin is the creator of a unique pianistic technique that has helped many pianists achieve true professionalism.
Adolf Gutmann was a student of Chopin In addition to talented students, many young ladies from aristocratic circles studied with Chopin. But of all the composer’s wards, only Adolf Gutmann truly became famous, who later became a pianist and music editor.
Portraits of Chopin
Among Chopin's friends one could meet not only musicians and composers. He was interested in the work of writers, romantic artists, and aspiring photographers who were fashionable at that time. Thanks to Chopin's diverse connections, many portraits remained, painted by different masters, the most famous of which is considered to be the work of Eugene Delacroix.
Portrait of Chopin. Artist Eugene Delacroix The portrait of the composer, painted in a romantic manner unusual for that time, is now kept in the Louvre Museum. At the moment, photos of the Polish musician are also known. Historians count at least three daguerreotypes, which, according to research, depict Frederic Chopin.
Personal life
Frederic Chopin's personal life was tragic. Despite his sensitivity and tenderness, the composer did not truly experience a feeling of complete happiness from family life. Frederick's first chosen one was his compatriot, young Maria Wodzinska.
After the young people got engaged, the bride’s parents put forward a demand for the wedding to take place no earlier than in a year. During this time, they hoped to get to know the composer better and make sure of his financial solvency. But Frederick did not live up to their hopes, and the engagement was broken off.
The musician experienced the moment of parting with his beloved very acutely. This was reflected in the music he wrote that year. In particular, at this time the famous second sonata appeared from his pen, the slow movement of which was called the “Funeral March”.
A year later he was captivated by an emancipated person who was known throughout Paris. The Baroness's name was Aurore Dudevant. She was a fan of the emerging feminism. Aurora, without hesitation, wore a men's suit; she was not married, but was fond of open relationships. Possessing a refined mind, the young lady wrote and published novels under the pseudonym George Sand.
The love story of 27-year-old Chopin and 33-year-old Aurora developed rapidly, but the couple did not advertise their relationship for a long time. None of his portraits show Frederic Chopin with his women. The only painting that depicted the composer and George Sand was found torn in two after his death.
The lovers spent a lot of time in the private property of Aurora Dudevant in Mallorca, where Chopin began to suffer from an illness that later led to sudden death. The humid island climate, tense relationships with his beloved and their frequent quarrels provoked tuberculosis in the musician.
Many acquaintances who observed the unusual couple noted that the strong-willed countess had a special influence on the weak-willed Frederick. However, this did not stop him from creating his immortal piano works.
Death
Chopin's health, which deteriorated every year, was finally undermined by the break with his lover George Sand in 1847. After this event, broken morally and physically, the pianist begins his last tour of Great Britain, on which he went with his student Jane Stirling. Returning to Paris, he gave concerts for some time, but soon fell ill and never got up again.
Close people who were close to the composer all last days, became his beloved younger sister Ludvika and French friends. Frederic Chopin died in mid-October 1849. The cause of his death was complicated pulmonary tuberculosis.
Monument at the grave of Frederic Chopin According to the composer's will, his heart was taken out of his chest and taken to his homeland, and his body was buried in a grave in the French cemetery of Père Lachaise. The cup with the composer’s heart is still walled up in one of the Catholic churches of the Polish capital.
The Poles love Chopin so much and are proud of him that they rightfully consider his work a national treasure. Many museums have been opened in honor of the composer; in every city there are monuments to the great musician. death mask Frederic and a cast of his hands can be seen in the Chopin Museum in Zelazowa Wola.
Facade of Warsaw Chopin Airport Many musical scores have been named in memory of the composer. educational institutions, including the Warsaw Conservatory. Since 2001, a Polish airport located in Warsaw has been named after Chopin. It is interesting that one of the terminals is called “Etudes” in memory of the immortal creation of the composer.
The name of the Polish genius is so popular among music connoisseurs and ordinary listeners that some modern musical groups They take advantage of this and create lyrical compositions that are stylistically reminiscent of Chopin’s works, and attribute his authorship to them. So in the public domain you can find musical pieces called “Autumn Waltz”, “Waltz of Rain”, “Garden of Eden”, the real authors of which are the group “Secret Garden” and composers Paul de Senneville and Oliver Toussaint.
Works
- Concertos for piano and orchestra - (1829-1830)
- Mazurkas - (1830-1849)
- Polonaises - (1829-1846)
- Nocturnes - (1829-1846)
- Waltzes - (1831-1847)
- Sonatas - (1828-1844)
- Preludes - (1836-1841)
- Sketches - (1828-1839)
- Scherzo - (1831-1842)
- Ballads - (1831-1842)
Frederic François Chopin (French Frédéric François Chopin; Polish Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin, Frederic Franciszek Chopin). Born on March 1 (or February 22), 1810 in the village of Zhelyazova-Wola, near Warsaw - died on October 17, 1849 in Paris. Polish composer and virtuoso pianist, teacher.
Author of numerous works for piano. The largest representative of Polish musical art. He reinterpreted many genres: he revived the prelude on a romantic basis, created a piano ballad, poeticized and dramatized dances - mazurka, polonaise, waltz; turned a scherzo into independent work. Enriched the harmony and piano texture; combined classical form with melodic richness and imagination.
Among Chopin's works are 2 concertos (1829, 1830), 3 sonatas (1828-1844), fantasy (1842), 4 ballads (1835-1842), 4 scherzos (1832-1842), impromptu, nocturnes, etudes, waltzes, mazurkas, Polonaises, preludes and other works for piano, songs.
Chopin, before leaving for the West, lived in territory that is part of Russian Empire, due to the fact that Poland ceased to exist as a state back in 1795, and Warsaw, as a result of the Napoleonic Wars, was located on territory that was transferred to the Russian Empire.
In 1830, news arrived of an uprising for independence in Poland. Chopin dreams of returning to his homeland and taking part in the battles. The preparations were completed, but on the way to Poland he was met with terrible news: the uprising was suppressed, the leader was captured. Chopin deeply believed that his music would help his native people achieve victory. “Poland will be brilliant, powerful, independent!” - this is what he wrote in his diary. Frederic Chopin's last public concert took place on November 16, 1848 in London. The composer bequeathed that his heart be transported to Poland after his death.
The composer's father, Nicolas Chopin (1771-1844), from a simple family, moved from France to Poland in his youth.
From 1802, he lived on the estate of Count Skarbek Zhelyazov-Vola, where he worked as a teacher for the Count’s children.
In 1806 Nicolas Chopin married distant relative Skarbekov Tekle Justyna Krzyzanowska (1782-1861). The Krzyzanowski (Krzyzanowski) family of the coat of arms Piggy dates back to the 14th century and owned the village of Krzyzanowo near Koscian.
The Krzyzanowski family included, among others, Wladimir Krzyzanowski, the nephew of Justyna Krzyzanowski. According to surviving evidence, the composer’s mother received a good education, owned French, was extremely musical, played the piano well, had in a beautiful voice. Frederick owes his first musical impressions to his mother, who was instilled with a love of folk melodies from infancy.
In the autumn of 1810, some time after the birth of his son, Nicolas Chopin moved to Warsaw. At the Warsaw Lyceum, thanks to the patronage of the Skarbeks, he received a place after the death of the teacher, Pan Maheu. Chopin was a teacher of French and German and French literature, ran a boarding school for lyceum students.
The intelligence and sensitivity of the parents united all family members with love and had a beneficial effect on the development of gifted children. In addition to Frederic, there were three sisters in the Chopin family: the eldest, Ludwika, married to Jedrzejewicz, who was his especially close and devoted friend, and the younger ones, Isabella and Emilia. The sisters had versatile abilities, and Emilia, who died early, had outstanding literary talent.
Already in his childhood, Chopin showed extraordinary musical abilities. He was surrounded special attention and care. Similarly, he amazed those around him with his musical “obsession,” his inexhaustible imagination in improvisations, and his innate pianism. His sensitivity and musical impressionability manifested themselves vigorously and unusually. He could cry while listening to music, jump up at night to pick out a memorable melody or chord on the piano.
In its January issue for 1818, one of the Warsaw newspapers published several lines about the first musical piece, composed by a composer who studied back in elementary school. “The author of this “Polonaise,” the newspaper wrote, “is a student who is not yet 8 years old. This is a true genius of music, with the greatest ease and exceptional taste. Performing the most difficult piano pieces and composing dances and variations that delight connoisseurs and connoisseurs. If this prodigy had been born in France or Germany, he would have attracted more attention."
Young Chopin was taught music with great expectations placed on him. Pianist Wojciech Zywny (1756-1842), a Czech by birth, began studying with a 7-year-old boy. The classes were serious, despite the fact that Chopin, in addition, studied at one of the Warsaw schools. The boy's performing talent developed so quickly that by the age of twelve, Chopin was on par with the best Polish pianists. Zhivny refused to study with the young virtuoso, declaring that he could teach him nothing more.
After graduating from college and completing his seven-year studies with Zhivny, Chopin began his theoretical studies with the composer Joseph Elsner.
The patronage of Prince Anton Radziwill and the Chetvertinsky princes brought Chopin into high society, which was impressed by Chopin's charming appearance and refined manners.
Here's what Franz Liszt said about it: “The general impression of his personality was quite calm, harmonious and, it seemed, did not require additions in any comments. Blue eyes Chopin shone with more intelligence than they were shrouded in thoughtfulness; his soft and subtle smile never turned bitter or sarcastic. The subtlety and transparency of his complexion captivated everyone; he had curly hair blonde hair, nose slightly rounded; he was small in stature, fragile, thin in build. His manners were refined and varied; the voice is a little tired, often muffled. His manners were full of such decency, they had such a stamp of blood aristocracy that he was involuntarily greeted and received like a prince... Chopin brought into society that evenness of spirit of people who are not bothered by worries, who do not know the word “boredom”, who are not attached to no interests. Chopin was usually cheerful; his caustic mind quickly found the funny even in such manifestations that not everyone notices.”.
Trips to Berlin, Dresden, Prague, where he attended concerts outstanding musicians, contributed to its development.
In 1829, Chopin's artistic activity began. He performs in Vienna and Krakow, performing his works. Returning to Warsaw, he left it forever on November 5, 1830. This separation from his homeland was the cause of his constant hidden grief - longing for his homeland. Added to this at the end of the thirties was his love for, which gave him more grief than happiness in addition to parting with his bride.
Having passed Dresden, Vienna, Munich, he arrived in Paris in 1831. On the way, Chopin wrote a diary (the so-called “Stuttgart Diary”) reflecting his state of mind during his stay in Stuttgart, where he was overcome by despair due to the collapse of the Polish uprising. During this period, Chopin wrote his famous “Revolutionary Etude”.
Chopin gave his first concert in Paris at the age of 22. It was a complete success. Chopin rarely performed in concerts, but in the salons of the Polish colony and the French aristocracy, Chopin's fame grew extremely quickly. There were composers who did not recognize his talent, such as Kalkbrenner and John Field, but this did not prevent Chopin from gaining many loyal fans, both in artistic circles and in society. A love of teaching music and pianism was a hallmark of Chopin, one of the few great artists who devoted much time to it.
In 1837, Chopin experienced his first attack of lung disease (with most likely, it was tuberculosis). The connection with Georges Sand (Aurora Dupin) coincides with this time. Staying in Mallorca with George Sand had a negative impact on Chopin's health; he suffered from bouts of illness there. However, many of the greatest works, including the 24 Preludes, were created on this Spanish island. But he spent a lot of time in rural areas in France, where George Sand had an estate in Nohant.
A ten-year cohabitation with George Sand, full of moral trials, greatly undermined Chopin’s health, and the break with her in 1847, in addition to causing him significant stress, deprived him of the opportunity to relax in Nohant.
Wanting to leave Paris for a change of scenery and expand his circle of acquaintances, Chopin went to London in April 1848 to give concerts and teach. This turned out to be his last journey. Success, a nervous, stressful life, the damp British climate, and most importantly, a periodically worsening chronic lung disease - all this completely undermined his strength. Returning to Paris, Chopin died on October 5 (17), 1849.
The entire musical world deeply mourned Chopin. Thousands of fans of his work gathered at his funeral. According to the wishes of the deceased, at his funeral, the most famous artists of that time performed Mozart’s “Requiem” - the composer whom Chopin valued above all others (and called his “Requiem” and the “Jupiter” symphony his favorite works), and his own prelude was also performed No. 4 (E minor). At the Père Lachaise cemetery, Chopin's ashes rest between the graves of Luigi Cherubini and Bellini. Chopin's heart was, according to his will, sent to Warsaw, where it was walled up in a column of the Church of the Holy Cross.
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1.Biography
1.1 Origin and family
1.2 Childhood and adolescence
2.Creativity
2.1 Memory
3. Works Conclusion List of used literature Introduction Frederic Francois Chopin was born on March 1 (according to other sources, February 22) 1810 in the village of Zhelazova Wola, near Warsaw. Died October 17, 1849 in Paris. Polish composer and virtuoso pianist, teacher.
Due to the fact that Poland ceased to exist as a state back in 1795, and Warsaw, following the Napoleonic Wars, was located on territory that became part of the Russian Empire, Chopin, before leaving for the West, lived on territory that was part of the Russian Empire. The exception is the first years of life, up to May 3, 1815. At this time, this territory was part of the Duchy of Warsaw, a vassal of the French Empire.
Author of numerous works for piano. The largest representative of Polish musical art. He interpreted many genres in a new way: he revived the prelude on a romantic basis, created a piano ballad, poeticized and dramatized dances - mazurka, polonaise, waltz; turned the scherzo into an independent work. Enriched the harmony and piano texture; combined classical form with melodic richness and imagination.
Among Chopin's works are 2 concertos, 3 sonatas, fantasies, 4 ballads, 4 scherzos, impromptu, nocturnes, etudes, waltzes, mazurkas, polonaises, preludes and other works for piano. There are also songs. His piano performance combined depth and sincerity of feelings with grace and technical perfection.
In 1830, news arrived of an uprising for independence in Poland. Chopin dreams of returning to his homeland and taking part in the battles. The preparations were completed, but on the way to Poland he was met with terrible news: the uprising was suppressed, the leader was captured. Chopin deeply believed that his music would help his native people achieve victory. “Poland will be brilliant, powerful, independent!” - so he wrote in his diary. Frederic Chopin's last public concert took place on November 16, 1848 in London. The composer bequeathed that his heart be transported to Poland after his death.
1.Biography
1.1 Origin and family The composer’s father, Nicolas Chopin, married a distant relative of the Skarbkovs, Juliana Kirudzhina, in 1806. According to surviving evidence, the composer’s mother received a good education, spoke French, was extremely musical, played the piano well, and had a beautiful voice. Frederick owes his first musical impressions to his mother, who was instilled with a love of folk melodies from infancy. In the autumn of 1810, some time after the birth of his son, Nicolas Chopin moved to Warsaw. At the Warsaw Lyceum, thanks to the patronage of the Skarbkovs, for whom he was a tutor, he received a place after the death of the teacher, Pan Maheu. Chopin was a teacher of French and German languages and French literature, and ran a boarding school for lyceum students.
The intelligence and sensitivity of the parents united all family members with love and had a beneficial effect on the development of gifted children. In addition to Frederic, there were three more sisters in the Chopin family: the eldest, Ludwika, married to Jedrzejewicz, who was his especially close and devoted friend, and the younger ones, Isabella and Emilia. The sisters had versatile abilities, and Emilia, who died early, had outstanding literary talent.
1.2 Childhood and youth Already in his childhood, Chopin showed extraordinary musical abilities. He was surrounded by special attention and care. Like Mozart, he amazed those around him with his musical “obsession,” his inexhaustible imagination in improvisations, and his innate pianism. His sensitivity and musical impressionability manifested themselves vigorously and unusually. He could cry while listening to music, jump up at night to pick out a memorable melody or chord on the piano.
In its January issue for 1818, one of the Warsaw newspapers published a few lines about the first musical piece composed by a composer who was still in elementary school. “The author of this “Polonaise,” the newspaper wrote, “is a student who is not yet 8 years old. This is a true genius of music, with the greatest ease and exceptional taste. Performing the most difficult piano pieces and composing dances and variations that delight connoisseurs and connoisseurs. If this prodigy had been born in France or Germany, he would have attracted more attention."
Young Chopin was taught music with great expectations placed on him. Pianist Wojciech Zywny, a Czech by birth, began studying with a 7-year-old boy. The classes were serious, despite the fact that Chopin, in addition, studied at one of the Warsaw schools. The boy's performing talent developed so quickly that by the age of twelve, Chopin was on par with the best Polish pianists. Zhivny refused to study with the young virtuoso, declaring that he could teach him nothing more.
After graduating from college and completing his seven-year studies with Zhivny, Chopin began his theoretical studies with the composer Joseph Elsner.
The patronage of Prince Anton Radziwill and the Chetvertinsky princes brought Chopin into high society, which was impressed by Chopin's charming appearance and refined manners. Here is what Franz Liszt said about this: “The general impression of his personality was quite calm, harmonious and, it seemed, did not require additions in any comments. Chopin's blue eyes shone with more intelligence than they were clouded with thoughtfulness; his soft and subtle smile never turned bitter or sarcastic. The subtlety and transparency of his complexion captivated everyone; he had curly blond hair, a slightly rounded nose; he was small in stature, fragile, thin in build. His manners were refined and varied; the voice is a little tired, often muffled.
His manners were full of such decency, they had such a stamp of blood aristocracy that he was involuntarily greeted and received like a prince... Chopin brought into society that evenness of spirit of people who are not bothered by worries, who do not know the word “boredom”, who are not attached to no interests. Chopin was usually cheerful; his caustic mind quickly found the funny even in such manifestations that not everyone notices.”
Trips to Berlin, Dresden, Prague, where he attended concerts of outstanding musicians, contributed to his development. In 1829, Chopin's artistic activity began. He performs in Vienna and Krakow, performing his works. Returning to Warsaw, he left it forever on November 5, 1830. This separation from his homeland was the cause of his constant hidden grief - longing for his homeland. Added to this at the end of the thirties was his love for George Sand, which gave him more grief than happiness in addition to parting with his fiancée. Having passed Dresden, Vienna, Munich, he arrived in Paris in 1831. On the way, Chopin wrote a diary (the so-called “Stuttgart Diary”), reflecting his state of mind during his stay in Stuttgart, where he was overcome by despair due to the collapse of the Polish Uprising. During this period, Chopin wrote his famous “Revolutionary Etude”. Chopin gave his first concert in Paris at the age of 22. It was a complete success. Chopin rarely performed in concerts, but in the salons of the Polish colony and the French aristocracy, Chopin's fame grew extremely quickly. There were composers who did not recognize his talent, such as Kalkbrenner and John Field, but this did not prevent Chopin from gaining many loyal fans, both in artistic circles and in society. A love of teaching music and pianism was a hallmark of Chopin, one of the few great artists who devoted much time to it.
In 1837, Chopin felt the first attack of lung disease (according to the latest data - cystic fibrosis). The connection with Georges Sand coincides with this time. Staying in Mallorca with George Sand had a negative impact on Chopin's health; he suffered from bouts of illness there. However, many of the greatest works, including the 24 Preludes, were created on this Spanish island. But he spent a lot of time in the countryside in France, where George Sand had an estate in Nohant.
A ten-year cohabitation with George Sand, full of moral trials, greatly undermined Chopin’s health, and the break with her in 1847, in addition to causing him significant stress, deprived him of the opportunity to relax in Nohant.
Wanting to leave Paris for a change of scenery and expand his circle of acquaintances, Chopin went to London in April 1848 to give concerts and teach. This turned out to be his last journey. Success, a nervous, stressful life, the damp British climate, and most importantly, a periodically worsening chronic lung disease - all this completely undermined his strength. Returning to Paris, Chopin died on October 5, 1849.
The entire musical world deeply mourned Chopin. Thousands of fans of his work gathered at his funeral. According to the wishes of the deceased, at his funeral the most famous artists of that time performed Mozart’s “Requiem” - the composer whom Chopin put above all others (and called his “Requiem” and the “Jupiter” symphony his favorite works), and also his own Prelude No. 4 (E minor). At the Père Lachaise cemetery, Chopin's ashes rest between the graves of Cherubini and Bellini. Chopin's heart was, according to his will, sent to Warsaw, where it was walled up in a column of the Church of the Holy Cross.
2.Creativity In polonaises and ballads, Chopin talks about his country, Poland, about the beauty of its landscapes and tragic past. In these works he uses the best features folk epic. At the same time, Chopin is extremely original. His music is distinguished by its bold imagery and never suffers from whimsicality. After Beethoven, classicism gave way to romanticism, and Chopin became one of the main representatives of this trend in music. If reflection is felt somewhere in his work, it is probably in the sonatas, which does not prevent them from being high examples of the genre. Often Chopin reaches the heights of tragedy, as, for example, in the funeral march in the sonata op. 35, or appears as a wonderful lyricist, as, for example, in Larghetto from the second piano concerto.
TO the best works Chopin can be classified as etudes: in them, in addition to technical exercises, which before Chopin were the main and almost the only purpose of this genre, an amazing poetic world is revealed to the listener. These studies are distinguished either by youthful impetuous freshness, such as the ges-dur study, or by drama (studies in f-moll, c-moll). They contain wonderful melodic and harmonic beauties. The etude in cis-minor reaches Beethoven's heights of tragedy.
The most intimate, “autobiographical” genre in Chopin’s work is his waltzes. According to Russian musicologist Isabella Hitrik, the connection between Chopin’s real life and his waltzes is extremely close, and the collection of the composer’s waltzes can be considered as a kind of “lyrical diary” of Chopin. Chopin was distinguished by restraint and isolation, so his personality is revealed only to those who know his music well. Many famous artists and writers of that time admired Chopin: composers Franz Liszt, Robert Schumann, Felix Mendelssohn, Giacomo Meyerbeer, Ignaz Moscheles, Hector Berlioz, singer Adolf Nurri, poets Heinrich Heine and Adam Mickiewicz, artist Eugene Delacroix, journalist Agathon Giller and many other. Chopin also encountered professional opposition to his creative credo: for example, one of his main lifetime competitors, Sigismund Thalberg, according to legend, going out into the street after Chopin’s concert, shouted loudly and responded to the bewilderment of his companion: the whole evening there was only one piano, so now we need at least a little forte.
Chopin was a brilliant pianist. Simultaneously with F. Liszt, he paved new ways for piano playing and enriched it with unprecedented technical techniques. Chopin did not create operas or oratorios; he was not attracted to the symphony orchestra. Almost all of Chopin's works were written for piano. The exception is the youth trio for violin, cello and piano, as well as several pieces for cello, including a sonata for cello and piano. In addition, there are about two dozen charming lyrical songs, mostly created for various occasions. Chopin did not publish his songs, but after the composer’s death, one of his friends collected them and published them in one notebook.
IN early years Chopin created a number of concert pieces accompanied by a symphony orchestra (including two piano concert, Variations on a theme by Mozart, Fantasia on Polish themes, Rondo in the spirit of Krakowiak). Later he gave up composing brilliant concert pieces.
Genre-diverse works of his mature creative period completely new in both content and form.
A prominent place in Chopin's work is occupied by Polish national dances: mazurkas, polonaises.
Mazurka, or mazur, - Polish dance in three-lobed size, brisk movement, with a predominance of jumping steps. Mazurkas are characterized by rhythmic fragmentation of the strong beat, as well as capricious variability of accents: very often they are located on the weak beats of the bar. Chopin composed his first mazurkas at the age of 14-15 years. As a rule, these are playful and cheerful pieces in a major key. However, very soon, along with unpretentious plays recreating the atmosphere of a Polish ball, purely lyrical mazurkas appeared, thoughtful, tender or imbued with a passionate impulse. Some of them have a subtle psychological quality, for example the very last Mazurka in F minor, composed by Chopin shortly before his death (Op. 68, No. 4). Some of the mazurkas are a kind of pictures of rural folk life, live sketches from nature. Their simply cheerful or touchingly lyrical melodies seem to sound against the background of folk instrumental tunes. You can hear the sounds of bagpipes and pipes, village violins, and the hum of the “fat Marini” - a homemade double bass (Mazurkas in C major, Op. 24, 56, No. 2 and many others) (21, "www.site").
When composing his mazurkas, Chopin relied on the rhythm and character of movement not only of folk mazurs, but also of other rural dances.
In some episodes of his mazurkas, soft waltz-like melodies sound, reminiscent of a village kujawiak or a swift oberek. Very often Chopin's mazurka contains all three of these varieties of Polish folk dances in trilobed size. In total, Chopin wrote about 60 mazurkas. Mazur rhythms can be found in other works of Chopin, in his second Rondo, in the middle parts of the polonaises, in songs (“Desire”, “Party”).
Chopin composed his first polonaises as a child. His youthful polonaises (not included in the main list of works), with their expressive melodiousness and elegant patterning, are akin to the polonaises of the Polish composer of the late 18th century. early XIX pitch by Mikhail Oginsky.
Polonaise, or Polish, became widespread in everyday life in Polish cities from the 16th century. It was a majestic procession in three-beat time, a male “foot dance” of warrior-knights with its characteristic rhythmic fragmentation of the strong beat. In the 18th century, the polonaise became widespread throughout Europe as a ceremonial procession that opened the ball.
Chopin's polonaises during the period of his creative maturity were widely developed poems of a heroic-epic or dramatic nature. F. Liszt rightly wrote that “... the energetic rhythms of polonaises make people tremble and electrify the most inert and indifferent. Most Polonaises are of a warlike character, they combine courage and valor with simplicity of expression. They breathe with a calm, conscious strength, a feeling of firm determination... Listening to some of Chopin’s polonaises, it’s as if you see the firm, heavy tread of people speaking with valiant courage against everything that is most unjust in a person’s fate.”
In many polonaises, Chopin talks about the intense dramatic struggle of the Polish people for their national independence, about their desire for victory. In some polonaises, pictures of the greatness of Poland of past centuries come to life, in others there is grief over the great suffering of the people, in their proud, fiery music the call for an unyielding struggle for a better future is vividly felt. Such is the E-flat minor polonaise, in which a harsh, gloomy coloring is combined with enormous internal tension. The rapid dynamic build-up leads to a climax - like an outburst of fiery anger. The music no longer sounds like complaints and cries of despair, but a firm determination to fight.
The brilliant and courageous Polonaise in A-flat major paints a monumental picture of the greatness and glory of the Polish land. In the middle episode, the measured tramp of approaching cavalry seems to be heard. Against this background, militant, jubilant fanfares are heard. One gets the impression of an indomitable, powerful forward movement, capable of sweeping away all obstacles in its path.
Like others composers XIX century, Chopin also composed waltzes. He has seventeen of them. Emerging from simple Austrian and German folk dances, the waltz quickly became a favorite European dance in the 19th century. Its whirling “flight” movement immediately attracted the attention of romantic composers. Turning to the waltz, Chopin poeticizes this simple everyday dance. Most of his waltzes are wide-ranging pieces of three-part structure. They are characterized by bright contrasts. They are diverse in their artistic design and images. Some of them are dreamy lyrical with wide melodious melodies (No. 3, 10), others are characterized by rapid whirlwind movement, flight (No. 14). Chopin also composed spectacular concert waltzes (No. 1, 2, 5). During his lifetime, Chopin published eight waltzes. After his death, the waltzes created in his youth were published.
2.1Memory Chopin is one of the main composers in the repertoire of many pianists. Recordings of his works appear in the catalogs of major record companies. Since 1927, the International Chopin Piano Competition has been held in Warsaw. Among its winners were outstanding pianists Lev Oborin, Yakov Zak, Bella Davidovich, Galina Cerny-Stefanska, Maurizio Pollini, Martha Argerich.
In 1934, the Chopin University was founded in Warsaw, which was later transformed into the Chopin Society. Chopin. The Society has repeatedly published works by Chopin and articles about his work.
In 1949--1962. Polish musicologist Ludwik Bronarski published full meeting Chopin's works - “Fr. Chopin, Dzieіa wszystkie", PWM, Krakуw.
A crater on Mercury is named after Chopin.
In 1960 it was released postage stamp USSR, dedicated to Chopin.
In 2001, Okecze Airport (Warsaw) was named after Frédéric Chopin.
On March 1, 2010, the Frederic Chopin Museum was opened in Warsaw after reconstruction and modernization. This event is dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the birth of the famous Polish composer and musician.
By resolution of the Sejm of the Polish Republic, 2010 was declared the Year of Chopin.
December 2, 2010 At the Kazakh National Conservatory named after. Kurmangazy (in Almaty) was opened by the Polish Embassy in honor of the Year of Chopin concert hall named after Frederic Chopin.
In 2011, in Russia, the Irkutsk College of Music began to bear the name of F. Chopin
3. Works by Chopin composer Mazurka For piano with ensemble or orchestra Trio for piano, violin and cello Op. 8 g-moll (1829)
Variations on a theme from the opera “Don Giovanni” Op. 2 B major (1827)
Rondo a la Krakowiak Op. 14 (1828)
"Grand Fantasia on Polish Themes" Op. 13 (1829--1830)
Concerto for piano and orchestra Op. 11 e-moll (1830)
Concerto for piano and orchestra Op. 21 f minor (1829)
“Andante spianato” and the next “Great brilliant polonaise” Op. 22 (1830--1834)
Cello Sonata Op. 65 g-moll (1845--1846)
Polonaise for cello Op. 3
Mazurkas (58)
Op. 6 -- 4 mazurkas: fis-moll, cis-moll, E-dur, es-moll (1830)
Op. 7 -- 5 mazurkas: B-dur, A-moll, F-moll, As-dur, C-dur (1830--1831)
Op. 17 -- 4 mazurkas: B-dur, e-moll, As-dur, a-moll (1832--1833)
Op. 24 -- 4 mazurkas: g-moll, C-dur, A-dur, b-moll
Op. 30 -- 4 mazurkas: c-moll, h-moll, Des-dur, cis-moll (1836--1837)
Op. 33 -- 4 mazurkas: gis-moll, D-dur, C-dur, h-moll (1837--1838)
Op. 41 -- 4 mazurkas: cis-moll, e-moll, H-dur, As-dur
Op. 50 -- 3 mazurkas: G-dur, As-dur, cis-moll (1841--1842)
Op. 56 -- 3 mazurkas: H-dur, C-dur, c-moll (1843)
Op. 59 -- 3 mazurkas: a-moll, As-dur, fis-moll (1845)
Op. 63 -- 3 mazurkas: H-dur, f-moll, cis-moll (1846)
Op. 67 -- 4 mazurkas: G-dur, g-moll, C-dur, No. 4 a-moll 1846 (1848?)
Op. 68 -- 4 mazurkas: C-dur, a-moll, F-dur, No. 4 f-moll (1849)
Polonaises (16)
Op. 26 No. 1 cis-moll; No. 2 es-moll (1833--1835)
Op. 40 No. 1 A-dur (1838); No. 2 c-moll (1836--1839)
Op. 44 fis-moll (1840--1841)
Op. 53 As-dur (Heroic) (1842)
Op. 61 As-dur, “Polonaise-Fantasy” (1845--1846)
WoO. No. 1 d-moll (1827); No. 2 B-dur (1828); No. 3 f-moll (1829)
Nocturnes (21 in total)
Op. 9 b-moll, Es-dur, H-dur (1829--1830)
Op. 15 F-dur, Fis-dur (1830--1831), g-moll (1833)
Op. 27 cis-moll, Des-dur (1834--1835)
Op. 32 As-dur (1836--1837)
Op. 37 No. 2 G major (1839)
Op. 48 c-moll, fis-moll (1841)
Op. 55 f-moll, Es-dur (1843)
Op. 62 No. 1 H-dur, No. 2 E-dur (1846)
Op. 72 e-moll (1827)
Op. posth. cis-moll (1830), c-moll
Waltzes (17)
Op. 18 “Great brilliant waltz” Es major (1831)
Op. 34 No. 1 “Brilliant Waltz” As-dur (1835)
Op. 34 No. 2 a-moll (1831)
Op. 34 No. 3 “Brilliant Waltz” F-dur
Op. 42 “Great Waltz” As-dur
Op. 64 No. 1 Des-dur (1847)
Op. 64 No. 2 cis-moll (1846--1847)
Op. 64 No. 3 As-dur
Op. 69 No. 1 As-dur
Op. 69 No. 10 B minor
Op. 70 No. 1 Ges major
Op. 70 No. 2 f-moll
Op. 70 No. 2 Des-dur
Op. posth. e-moll, E-major, a-moll
Preludes (24 in total)
24 Preludes Op. 28 (1836--1839)
Prelude cis-minor op","45 (1841)
Impromptu (4 in total)
Op. 29 As-dur (circa 1837)
Op, 36 Fis-dur (1839)
Op. 51 Ges major (1842)
Op. 66 “Fantasy-impromptu” cis-moll (1834)
Sketches (total 27)
Op. 10 C-dur, a-moll, E-dur, cis-moll, Ges-dur, es-moll, C-dur, F-dur, f-moll, As-dur, Es-dur, c-moll (1828 --1832)
Op. 25 As-dur, f-moll, F-dur, a-moll, e-moll, gis-moll, cis-moll, Des-dur, Ges-dur, h-moll, a-moll, c-moll (1831 --1836)
WoO f-moll, Des-dur, As-dur (1839)
Scherzo (total 4)
Op. 20 h-moll (1831--1832)
Op. 31 b-moll (1837)
Op. 39 cis-moll (1838--1839)
Op. 54 E major (1841--1842)
Ballads (4 in total)
Or. 23 g-moll (1831--1835)
Op. 38 F-dur (1836--1839)
Op. 47 As-dur (1840--1841)
Op. 52 f-moll (1842)
Piano sonatas (3 in total)
Op. 4 No. 1, c-moll (1828)
Op. 35 No. 2 b-moll (1837--1839).
Or. 58 No. 3 h-moll (1844)
Other Fantasia Op. 49 f-moll (1840--1841)
Barcarolle Op. 60 Fis-dur (1845--1846)
Lullaby Op. 57 Des-dur (1843)
Concert Allegro Op. 46 A major
Tarantella Op. 43 As-dur
Bolero Op. 19 C major
Other works Sonata for cello and piano Op. 65
Songs Op. 74
Conclusion Chopin's compositional technique is very unconventional and in many ways deviates from the rules and techniques accepted in his era. Chopin was an unsurpassed creator of melodies; he was one of the first to introduce hitherto unknown Slavic modal and intonation elements into Western music and thus undermined the inviolability of the classical modal-harmonic system that had developed by the end of the 18th century. The same applies to rhythm: using the formulas of Polish dances, Chopin enriched Western music with new rhythmic patterns. He developed purely individual - laconic, self-contained musical forms that in the best possible way corresponded to the nature of his equally original melodic, harmonic, rhythmic language.
Piano pieces of small forms: These pieces can be divided into two groups: predominantly “European” in melody, harmony, rhythm and distinctly “Polish” in color. The first group includes most of the etudes, preludes, scherzos, nocturnes, ballads, impromptu, rondos and waltzes. Mazurkas and polonaises are specifically Polish.
Chopin composed about three dozen etudes, the purpose of which was to help the pianist overcome specific artistic or technical difficulties (for example, in performing passages in parallel octaves or thirds). These exercises belong to highest achievements composer: similar to Bach's. To a well-tempered clavier, Chopin's etudes are, first of all, brilliant music, moreover, brilliantly revealing the capabilities of the instrument; didactic tasks fade into the background here and are often not even remembered.
Although Chopin first mastered the genres of piano miniatures, he did not limit himself to them. So, during the winter spent in Majorca, he created a cycle of 24 preludes in all major and minor keys. The cycle is built on the principle “from small to large”: the first preludes are laconic vignettes, the last are real dramas, the range of moods is from complete serenity to violent outbursts. Chopin wrote 4 scherzos: these large-scale pieces, full of courage and energy, occupy an honorable place among the masterpieces of world piano literature. He wrote more than twenty nocturnes - beautiful, dreamy, poetic, deeply lyrical revelations. Chopin is the author of several ballads (this is his only genre of a programmatic nature); his work also includes impromptu and rondo; His waltzes are especially popular.
“Polish” genres: Chopin amazed Paris with his original mazurkas and polonaises, genres that reflected Slavic dance rhythms and the harmonic language typical of Polish folklore. These charming, colorful pieces introduced for the first time a Slavic element into Western European music, which gradually but inevitably changed the harmonic, rhythmic and melodic patterns that the great classics of the 18th century. left to their followers. Chopin composed more than fifty mazurkas (their prototype is a Polish dance with a three-beat rhythm, similar to a waltz) - small pieces in which typical melodic and harmonic turns sound Slavic, and sometimes something oriental is heard in them. Like almost everything written by Chopin, the mazurkas are very pianistic and require the performer to great art- even if they do not contain obvious technical difficulties. Polonaises are larger than mazurkas both in length and texture. The fantasy polonaise and the polonaise known as the “military” polonaise would have been enough to ensure Chopin one of the first places among the most original and skillful authors of piano music.
Large forms: From time to time Chopin turned to large forms musical forms. Perhaps his highest achievement in this area should be considered a well-structured and very convincing in terms of dramaturgical fantasy in F minor, composed in 1840-1841. In this work, Chopin found a model of form that fully corresponded to the nature of the thematic material he had chosen, and thus solved a problem that was beyond the power of many of his contemporaries. Instead of following classical examples of sonata form, he allows the idea of the composition, the melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic features of the material to determine the structure of the whole and the methods of development. In the barcarolle, Chopin's only work of this genre (1845−1846), the whimsical, flexible melody in the 6/8 time signature characteristic of Venetian gondolier songs varies against the background of a constant accompaniment figure (in the left hand).
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