The main idea in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace,” along with folk thought,” there is “family thought,” which was expressed in thoughts about types of families. The writer believed that the family is the basis of the whole society, and it reflects the processes that occur in society." According to Tolstoy, the family is the basis for the formation human soul. And at the same time, every family is the whole world, special, unlike anything else, full of complex relationships. The atmosphere of the family nest determines the characters, destinies and views of the heroes of the work.

1.What is Tolstoy's ideal seven And? This is a patriarchal family, with its holy kindness, with the care of the younger and older for each other, with the ability to give more than to take, with relationships built on goodness and truth. According to Tolstoy, what makes a family a family is the constant work of the souls of all family members.

2. All families are different, but the writer denotes the spiritual community of people with the word “breed” .Mother is Tolstoy’s synonym for peace, her spiritual tuning fork. The main thing without which there can be no real family is sincerity. Tolstoy believes: “There is no beauty where there is no truth.”

3.In the novel we see the Rostov and Bolkonsky families.

A).Family R skeletons - an ideal harmonious whole, where the heart prevails over the mind. Love binds all family members . It manifests itself in sensitivity, attention, and closeness. With the Rostovs, everything is sincere, it comes from the heart. Cordiality, hospitality, hospitality reign in this family, and the traditions and customs of Russian life are preserved.

Parents raised their children, giving them all their love. They can understand, forgive and help. For example, when Nikolenka Rostov lost a huge amount of money to Dolokhov, he did not hear a word of reproach from his father and was able to pay off his gambling debt.

B). The children of this family have absorbed everything best qualities"Rostov breed". Natasha is the personification of heartfelt sensitivity, poetry, musicality and intuitiveness. She knows how to enjoy life and people like a child. Life of the heart, honesty, naturalness, moral purity and decency determine their relationships in the family and behavior among people.

IN). Unlike the Rostovs, Bolkonskylive with the mind, not the heart . This is an old aristocratic family. In addition to blood ties, the members of this family are also connected by spiritual closeness. At first glance, the relationships in this family are difficult and devoid of cordiality. However, internally these people are close to each other. They are not inclined to show their feelings.

D).The old Prince Bolkonsky embodies the best traits of a servant (nobility, devoted to the one to whom he “sworn allegiance”). The concept of honor and duty as an officer came first for him. He served under Catherine II and took part in Suvorov’s campaigns. He considered intelligence and activity to be the main virtues, and laziness and idleness to be the vices. Life of Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky - going concern . He either writes memoirs about past campaigns or manages the estate. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky greatly respects and honors his father, who was able to instill in him a high concept of honor. "Yours road-road honor,” he says to his son. And Prince Andrei fulfills his father’s parting words both during the campaign of 1806, in the battles of Shengraben and Austerlitz, and during the war of 1812.

Marya Bolkonskaya loves her father and brother very much. She is ready to give all of herself for the sake of her loved ones. Princess Marya completely submits to her father's will. His word is law for her. At first glance, she seems weak and indecisive, but at the right moment she shows strength of will and fortitude.

D). These are very different families, but, like any wonderful families, they have a lot in common. Both the Rostovs and the Bolkonskys are patriots, their feelings especially clearly manifested itself during Patriotic War 1812. They express folk spirit war. Prince Nikolai Andreevich dies because his heart could not stand the shame of the retreat of the Russian troops and the surrender of Smolensk. Marya Bolkonskaya rejects the French general's offer of patronage and leaves Bogucharovo. The Rostovs give their carts to the soldiers wounded on the Borodino field and pay the most dearly - with the death of Petya.

4. It is on the example of these families that Tolstoy draws his family ideal. Tolstoy's favorite heroes are characterized by:

- constant work of the soul;

- naturalness;

- caring attitude to relatives;

-patriarchal way of life;

-hospitality;

- the feeling that home and family are the support in difficult moments of life;

- “childishness of the soul”;

- closeness to the people.

It is by these qualities that we recognize ideal, from the writer’s point of view, families.

5.In the epilogue of the novel, two more families are shown, miraculously uniting Tolstoy’s favorite families. This is the Bezukhov family (Pierre and Natasha), which embodied the author’s ideal of a family based on mutual understanding and trust, and the Rostov family - Marya and Nikolai. Marya brought kindness and tenderness, high spirituality to the Rostov family, and Nikolai shows kindness in his relationships with those closest to him.

“All people are like rivers, each has its own source: home, family, its traditions...” - this is what Tolstoy believed. Therefore this great value Tolstoy attached importance to the issue of family. That is why the “family thought” in the novel “War and Peace” was no less important to him than the “folk thought”

2. The theme of loneliness as the leading motive of M.Yu. Lermontov. Reading by heart one of the poet’s poems (of the student’s choice).

M. Yu. Lermontov lived and worked during the years of the most severe political reaction that set in in Russia after the defeat of the Decembrist uprising. Losing a mother in early age and the very personality of the poet accompanied the aggravation in his consciousness of the tragic imperfection of the world. Throughout his short but fruitful life he was lonely.

1.That is why loneliness is central theme his poetry.

A). Lyrical hero Lermontova is a proud, lonely person, opposed to the world and society. He does not find refuge for himself either in secular society, or in love and friendship, or in the Fatherland.

B). His loneliness in light reflected in the poem “Duma”. Here he showed how modern generation behind in spiritual development. Cowardice secular society, who cowered before the rampant despotism, evoked angry contempt in Lermontov, but the poet does not separate himself from this generation: the pronoun “we” is constantly found in the poem. His involvement in a spiritually bankrupt generation allows him to express the tragic worldview of his contemporaries and at the same time pass a harsh sentence on them from the perspective of future generations.

Lermontov expressed the same thought in the poem “How often, surrounded by a motley crowd.” Here he feels lonely among the “decently pulled masks,” and the touch of “urban beauties” is unpleasant to him. He alone stands against this crowd, he wants to “boldly throw an iron verse, drenched in bitterness and anger” in their faces.

IN). Lermontov yearned for real life. He regrets the generation lost to this life, he envies the great past, full of the glory of great deeds.

In the poem “Both Boring and Sad,” the whole life is reduced to an “empty and stupid joke.” And indeed, it does not make sense when “there is no one to shake hands with in a moment of spiritual adversity.” This poem shows not only loneliness Lermontov in society, but also in love and friendship. His disbelief in love is clearly visible:

Loving... but who?.., for a while - not worth the trouble,

And it's impossible to love forever.

In the poem “Gratitude” there is still the same motive of loneliness . The lyrical hero apparently thanks his beloved “for the bitterness of tears, the poison of a kiss, for the revenge of enemies, for the slander of friends,” but in this gratitude one hears a reproach for the insincerity of feelings, he considers the kiss “poison”, and his friends as hypocrites who slandered his.

G). In the poem “The Cliff,” Lermontov allegorically talks about the fragility of human relationships . The cliff suffers from loneliness, which is why it is so dear to him to visit the cloud, which rushed off in the morning, “playing merrily across the azure.”

The poem “In the Wild North” talks about a pine tree standing “alone on a bare top.” She dreams of a palm tree, which “in the distant desert, in the land where the sun rises,” stands, like a pine tree, “alone and sad.” This pine dreams of a soul mate located in distant warm lands.

IN In the poem “Leaf” we see the motives of loneliness and the search for one’s native land. An oak leaf is looking for shelter. He “huddled at the root of a tall plane tree,” but she drove him away. And he is again alone in this world. Lermontov, like this piece of paper, was looking for shelter, but never found it.

D). The lyrical hero is an exile not only of society, but also of his homeland, At the same time, his attitude towards his homeland is twofold: unconsciously loving his homeland, he nevertheless, he is completely alone in it. Thus, in the poem “Clouds,” Lermontov first compares his lyrical hero with the clouds (“you rush, as if you were exiles like me...”), and then contrasts him with them (“passions are alien to you and suffering is alien to you”). The poet shows the clouds as “eternal wanderers” - this eternal wandering often carries with it a hint of wandering, characteristic feature Lermontov's hero becomes homeless .

Lermontov’s concept of homeland is associated primarily with the concept of people, labor, and nature (“Motherland”), however, the lyrical hero, a free and proud person, cannot live in “the country of slaves, the country of masters,” he does not accept Russia, uncomplaining, submissive, in which arbitrariness and lawlessness reign (“Farewell, unwashed Russia...”).

2. How does Lermontov’s lyrical hero perceive his loneliness?:

A ) In some cases, doom to loneliness evokes a sad, melancholy mood. Lermontov’s lyrical hero would like to “give his hand” to someone who will understand him and save him from loneliness, but there is no one .In such works as “It’s lonely in the wild north...”, “The Cliff”, “No, it’s not you that I love so passionately...” and others, loneliness appears as the eternal destiny of all creatures and, above all, of man. This is an emotional motive. such poems convey melancholy, awareness of the tragedy of life.

B) However, more often loneliness is perceived by Lermontov’s lyrical hero as a sign of chosenness . This feeling can be called proud loneliness . Lermontov's lyrical hero is lonely because he is above people who not only do not want, but also cannot understand him. In the secular crowd, in general human society there is no one who is worthy of a poet. He is lonely because he is an extraordinary person, and such loneliness can really be proud. This thought runs through such poems as “No, I’m not Byron, I’m different...”, “Death of a Poet”, “Prophet”, “How often, surrounded by a motley crowd...”, “Sail”.

Concluding the theme of loneliness in Lermontov’s lyrics, it must be said that the poet owns several wonderful works, full of energy and noble indignation, the desire to change existing reality. His lyrics reflected all the complexity spiritual world poet.

A wonderful father, Chief General Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky, raised a brave son and beautiful daughter- Princess Marya.

Princess Marya lived in the wilderness of the village, she loved her loneliness and did not complain about it to anyone, she understood the pain of her father, who was unjustly dismissed by Emperor Paul.

She was a deeply religious person and understood: the Lord would never place a cross beyond measure on anyone’s shoulders. In difficult times, this girl became a support for the widowed Prince Andrei, a mother for a little orphaned nephew, and a friend for Natasha, who had lost her loved one.

Tolstoy endowed this heroine with a noble soul, which was reflected in her radiant, deep eyes.

For her ability to sacrifice herself, “without demanding rewards,” the Lord grants her the happiness of being the beloved woman of one of the heroes of the novel, Nikolai Rostov. With her sacrificial love, she will save her loved ones from despair, giving herself completely to people. Princess Marya will become the mother of four children and will be able to raise not only them, but also her husband. More than one generation of their family will imitate this wonderful family.

The Bolkonsky family lived by the principle: “There is no greater feat than laying down your belly for your friends...”. And for children, honor, conscience, and decency came first. Kutuzov himself will tell Andrei Bolkonsky: “I know: your road is the road of honor.” And it is no coincidence that Prince Andrei will accomplish a feat on the battlefield of Austerlitz and Borodino.

• Rostov family

The amazing Rostov family, they were considered the most hospitable family in all of Moscow. On holidays and name days, half the city dined with them. The Rostovs did not divide people by rank and rank; they always helped those in need. The Gospel commandment “Love your neighbor...” was the rule of all members of this family.

The children, and the owners themselves, were friends with ordinary people, never offended their servants, and they paid Rostov with respect and love. The Russian spirit reigned in this family, so all the children grew up to be kind, generous and noble people.

During the War of 1812, this family sacrifices its property for the sake of wounded soldiers and officers. And the Rostovs’ fifteen-year-old son Petya volunteered to go to the front to fight and died fighting the French. Nikolai, the eldest son, was a brave and honest warrior.

Natasha, the Rostovs' youngest daughter, will become the moral support of the family. It is about her that Prince Andrei will say: “Where she is, there is light, where she is not, there is darkness!”

• Kuragin family

The image of another family, Prince Vasily Kuragin, where the spirit of profit, deception, selfishness, careerism reigned...

The family of Prince Vasily Kuragin lived on the principle of profit and calculation. The children's teachers were only foreigners. The son of Prince Vasily, Ippolit, could not speak even two words in Russian, he spoke only French and was considered a stupid fellow, but his father managed to get him a job as a diplomat, not at all embarrassed by Hippolytus’ unpredictability and stupidity.

Kuragin's second son, Anatole, became the cause of misfortune for Prince Andrei Bolkonsky and Natasha Rostova. The depraved and dissolute Anatole upset their marriage, deciding to kidnap and dishonor Natasha.

Pierre Bezukhov gave a very accurate description of Prince Vasily’s daughter, the beautiful Helen: “Where you are, there is evil and depravity.” It was she who cheated on her husband throughout her entire family life. It was she who caused the grief of many good people. “Tolstaya will call the entire Kuragin family a vile, heartless breed.” And, indeed, you cannot build happiness for yourself or your children on money, on profit and calculation...

(375 words)

Tolstoy's novel War and Peace was written in 1869. Even though most of The narrative is occupied by scenes of battles and the war with Napoleon, the main storyline is the history of families. The author describes Russian society during the war period, and through genealogical connections one can best show the behavior and feelings of people during a historical upheaval. Family thought in the epic novel “War and Peace” also reveals the writer’s philosophical and moral credo.

We are shown the lives of three different families secular type. They are completely different from each other, but their lives are closely intertwined. These are the houses of the Bolkonskys, Rostovs and Kuragins; using their examples, the author presents the family foundations of several generations.

The reader gets to visit the Bolkonskys. The most important member of the family is Prince Nikolai, he believed that everything and everyone in his family should obey strict order. The hero independently taught his daughter the sciences, and also cultivated in her such qualities as intelligence and character.

Princess Marya loved her father, she obeyed him and cared for him with zeal. Her brother Andrei also loved Nikolai Bolkonsky and respected him, but could not tolerate his oppressive morals for long.

The relationship between them was calm, everyone was busy with what they were supposed to do and had their place. They were honest and decent people and, moreover, true patriots, but did not like the light and idle talk in high society.

Unlike the previous family, the Rostovs were close to tender love, sincerity, mutual understanding and support. They actively participated in each other's destinies, helping even when the actions of the guilty turned out to be reprehensible. The patriotism that manifests itself in the Rostovs proves the importance of “family thought” in “War and Peace.” The eldest son became a hussar, Natasha gave a cart for the mutilated, the parents sacrificed their home to shelter the victims, and youngest son Petya died heroically in a partisan battle.

The Kuragins are a family completely opposite to the first two. In this family, no one knows how to love and worry about each other. Prince Vasily lives only for profit and always knows with whom to engage his children, with whom to be friends in order to get a profitable life. He adapts to the situation, and devotion to the homeland is out of the question in their family.

At the end of the novel, the Bolkonsky and Rostov families become related. They were always connected by spiritual kinship. Tolstoy showed each clan as an individual and unique unit of society, where all members actively live and raise new generations in best traditions ancestors

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Literature lesson plan. Topic: Family thought in the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Target: using the example of the Rostov, Bolkonsky and Kuragin families, to identify the ideal of the family in the understanding of L.N. Tolstoy.
Tasks:
1. Know the text of the novel “War and Peace”, Tolstoy’s ideal of the patriarchal family.
2. Be able to compare material and draw conclusions
tell the material close to the text.
3. Instill in students a sense of respect for family values.
Theoretical lesson
Equipment: notes on the board, portrait of the writer, multimedia material.

Progress of the lesson.

1. Organizational moment. (5 min)
2. Teacher’s word. (7 min.)
Family is one of the most important themes in Russian literature of the 60-70s of the 19th century. Saltykov-Shchedrin writes a family chronicle, F.M. Dostoevsky evaluates the fate of a random family, and Tolstoy writes “a family thought.
Thus, the goal of our lesson: using the example of comparing the Rostov, Bolkonsky and Kuragin families, to identify the ideal of the family in the understanding of L.N. Tolstoy.
The world of family is the most important “component” of the novel. Tolstoy traces the fates of entire families. His characters are connected by family, friendship, love relationship; Often they are separated by mutual hostility and enmity.
On the pages of “War and Peace” we get acquainted with the family nests of the main characters: the Rostovs, the Kuragins, the Bolkonskys. Family idea finds its highest embodiment in the way of life, the general atmosphere, and in the relationships between close people of these families.
I hope that after reading the pages of the novel, you have visited these families. And today we have to figure out what kind of family is the ideal for Tolstoy, what kind of family life he considers “real.”
As an epigraph to the lesson, let’s take the words of V. Zenkovsky: “ Family life has three sides: biological, social and spiritual. If any one party is organized, and the other parties are either directly absent or in neglect, then a family crisis is inevitable.”
So, let's focus on the family of Count Rostov.
Film (5 min)
Count Rostov (student speech 5 min.): We are simple people, we don’t know how to save or increase. I am always glad to have guests. My wife even complains sometimes: they say the visitors tortured me. And I love everyone, everyone is cute. We have a big, friendly family, I have always dreamed of one, I am attached to my wife and children with all my heart. In our family, it is not customary to hide feelings: if we are sad, we cry, if we are happy, we laugh. If you want to dance, please.
Countess Rostova (student speech 5 min.): I want to add to my husband’s words that in our family there is one main feature The thing that binds everyone together is love. Love and trust, because “only the heart is vigilant.” We are all attentive to each other.
Natasha: (student speech 5 min.) Can I say that too? Mama and I have the same names. We all love her very much, she is ours moral ideal. Our parents were able to instill sincerity and naturalness in us. I am very grateful to them for the fact that they are always ready to understand, forgive, and help in the most difficult moments of life. And there will be many more such situations. Mommy is my best friend, I can’t sleep until I tell her all my secrets and worries.
(student speech 7 min) The world of the Rostovs is the world whose norms are affirmed by Tolstoy for their simplicity and naturalness, purity and cordiality; evokes admiration and patriotism of the “Rostov breed”.
The mistress of the house, Countess Natalya Rostova, is the head of the family, wife and mother of 12 children. We celebrate the scene of the reception of guests - “congratulators” - by Count Ilya Rostov, who, without exception, “both above and below him” said to everyone: “I am very, very grateful to you, for myself and for my dear birthday girls.” The Count speaks to guests more often in Russian, “sometimes in very bad, but self-confident French.” Conventions of secular tact, secular news- all this is observed in conversations with guests. These details indicate that the Rostovs are people of their time and their class and bear its features. And into this secular atmosphere, like a “ray of sunshine”, the younger generation bursts into. Even the Rostovs’ jokes are pure, touchingly naive.
So, in the Rostov family there is simplicity and cordiality, natural behavior, cordiality, mutual love in the family, nobility and sensitivity, closeness in language and customs to the people and at the same time their observance secular image life and secular conventions, behind which, however, there is no calculation and self-interest. So in storyline of the Rostov family, Tolstoy reflects the “life and work landed nobility" We were presented with a variety of psychological types: the good-natured, hospitable slacker Count Rostov, the countess who tenderly loves her children, the judicious Vera, the charming Natasha; sincere Nikolai. Unlike the Scherer salon, in the Rostov house there is an atmosphere of fun, joy, happiness, and sincere concern for the fate of the Motherland.
L.N. Tolstoy stands at the origins of folk philosophy and adheres to the folk point of view on the family - from her patriarchal way of life, the authority of parents, their care for children. The author denotes the spiritual community of all family members with one word - Rostov, and emphasizes the closeness of mother and daughter with one name - Natalya. Mother is synonymous with the world of family in Tolstoy, that natural tuning fork by which the Rostov children will test their lives: Natasha, Nikolai, Petya. They will be united important quality, laid down in the family by the parents: sincerity, naturalness, simplicity. Openness of soul and cordiality are their main properties. From here, from home, is the Rostovs’ ability to attract people to themselves, the talent to understand someone else’s soul, the ability to worry and sympathize. And all this is on the verge of self-denial. The Rostovs do not know how to feel “slightly”, “halfway”; they surrender completely to the feeling that has taken possession of their soul.
It was important for Tolstoy to show through the fate of Natasha Rostova that all her talents were realized in the family. Natasha, a mother, will be able to instill in her children both a love of music and the ability for the most sincere friendship and love; she will teach children the most important talent in life - the talent to love selflessly, sometimes forgetting about themselves; and this study will take place not in the form of lectures, but in the form of daily communication between children and very kind, honest, sincere and truthful people: mother and father. And this is the real happiness of the family, because each of us dreams of having the kindest and fairest person next to us. Pierre's dream came true...
How often Tolstoy uses the words “family”, “family” to designate the Rostov house! What a warm light and comfort emanates from this word, so familiar and kind to everyone! Behind this word is peace, harmony, love.
Name and write down the main features of the Rostov family. (3 min)
Type of notebook entry:
Rostovs: love, trust, sincerity, openness, moral core, ability to forgive, life of the heart
Now let's characterize the Bolkonsky family.
Film (5 min)
Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky: (student speech 5 min) I have firmly established views on the family. I went through a harsh military school and believe that there are two sources of human vices: idleness and superstition, and only two virtues: activity and intelligence. I was always involved in raising my daughter myself, in order to develop these virtues, I gave lessons in algebra and geometry. The main condition of life is order. I don’t deny that sometimes I am harsh, overly demanding, sometimes I arouse fear, respect, but how could it be otherwise? I served my homeland honestly and would not tolerate betrayal. And if it were my son, it would be doubly painful for me, an old man. I passed on patriotism and pride to my children.
Princess Marya: (student speech 5 min.) I, of course, am shy in front of my father and am a little afraid of him. I live mainly by reason. I never show my feelings. True, they say that my eyes betray excitement or love. This was especially noticeable after meeting Nikolai. In my opinion, what we have in common with the Rostovs is a common feeling of love for our homeland. In a moment of danger, we are ready to sacrifice everything. Nikolai and I will cultivate pride, courage, fortitude, as well as kindness and love in our children. I will be demanding of them, just as my father was demanding of me.
Prince Andrey (student speech 5 min): I tried not to let my father down. He managed to instill in me a high concept of honor and duty. I once dreamed of personal glory, but never achieved it. In the Battle of Shengraben, I looked at many things with different eyes. I was especially offended by the behavior of our command in relation to the real hero of the battle, Captain Tushin. After Austerlitz, he reconsidered his worldview and was disappointed in many ways. Natasha “breathed” life into me, but, unfortunately, I never managed to become her husband. If we had a family, I would instill in my children kindness, honesty, decency, and love for their homeland.
(student presentation 5 min) Distinctive Features Bolkonsky - spirituality, intelligence, independence, nobility, high ideas of honor and duty. The old prince, formerly a nobleman of Catherine, a friend of Kutuzov, is a statesman. He, serving Catherine, served Russia. Not wanting to adapt to the new time, which demanded not to serve, but to be served, he voluntarily imprisoned himself on the estate. However, even disgraced, he never ceased to be interested in politics. Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky tirelessly makes sure that children develop their abilities, know how to work and want to learn. Raising and teaching children old prince I did it myself, without trusting or entrusting it to anyone. He does not trust anyone not only with the upbringing of his children, but even with their fate. With what “outer calm and inner malice” does he agree to Andrei’s marriage to Natasha. And a year to test the feelings of Andrei and Natasha is also an attempt to protect the son’s feelings as much as possible from accidents and troubles: “There was a son whom it was a pity to give to a girl.” The impossibility of being separated from Princess Marya pushes him to desperate, evil, bilious actions: in front of the groom he will tell his daughter: “... there is no point in disfiguring yourself - she’s already bad.” He was insulted by the Kuragins’ matchmaking “for his daughter. The insult was the most painful, because it did not apply to him, to his daughter, whom he loved more than himself.”
Nikolai Andreevich, proud of his son’s intelligence and his daughter’s spiritual world, knows that in their family between Marya and Andrey there is not only complete mutual understanding, but also sincere friendship based on unity of views and thoughts. Relationships in this family are not built on the principle of equality, but they are also full of care and love, only hidden. The Bolkonskys are all very reserved. This is an example of a genuine family. They are characterized by high spirituality, true beauty, pride, sacrifice and respect for other people's feelings.
How are the Bolkonsky house and the Rostov house similar? First of all, a sense of family, spiritual kinship of close people, patriarchal way of life, hospitality. Both families are distinguished by the great care of their parents for their children. The Rostovs and Bolkonskys love their children more than themselves: Rostova, the eldest, cannot bear the death of her husband and the younger Petya; old Bolkonsky loves children passionately and reverently, even his severity and exactingness comes only from the desire for good for the children.
The life of the Bolkonsky family in Bald Mountains is similar in some elements to the life of the Rostovs: the same mutual love of family members, the same deep cordiality, the same naturalness of behavior, just like the Rostovs, greater closeness to the people in language and in relationships with ordinary people. On this basis, both families are equally opposed to high society.
There are also differences between these families. The Bolkonskys are distinguished from the Rostovs by the deep work of thought, the high intelligence of all family members: the old prince, Princess Marya, and her brother, who are prone to mental activity. In addition, a characteristic feature of the Bolkonsky “breed” is pride.
Name and write down those main features of the Bolkonsky family: high spirituality, pride, courage, honor, duty, activity, intelligence, fortitude, natural love hidden under the mask of coldness
Let's turn to the Kuragin family.
Role-wise dialogue between Prince Vasily and Anna Pavlovna Sherer. (5 min)
Prince Vasily (student speech 3 min): I don’t even have a bump parental love, but she’s of no use to me. I think all this is unnecessary. Main - material well-being, position in the light. Didn't I try to make my children happy? Helen married the richest groom in Moscow, Count Pierre Bezukhov, assigned Hippolyte to the diplomatic corps, and almost married Anatole to Princess Marya. To achieve goals, all means are good.
Helen: (student speech 3 min) I don’t understand your lofty words about love, honor, kindness at all. Anatoly, Ippolit, and I always lived in our pleasure. It is important to satisfy your desires and needs, even at the expense of others. Why should I be tormented by remorse if I managed to betray this mattress with Dolokhov? I am always right in everything.
(student presentation 5 min) External beauty Kuraginykh replaces the spiritual. There are many human vices in this family. Helene ridicules Pierre's desire to have children. Children, in her understanding, are a burden that interferes with life. According to Tolstoy, the worst thing for a woman is the absence of children. A woman's purpose is to become a good mother and wife.
Actually, the Bolkonskys and Rostovs are more than families, they are entire ways of life, each of which, for its part, is covered in its own poetry.
Simple and so deep for the author of “War and Peace” family happiness, the same one that the Rostovs and Bolkonskys know, it is natural and familiar to them - this family, “peaceful” happiness will not be given to the Kuragin family, where an atmosphere of universal calculation and lack of spirituality reigns . They are deprived of generic poetry. Their family closeness and connection is unpoetic, although it undoubtedly exists - instinctive mutual support and solidarity, a kind of mutual responsibility selfishness. Such a family connection is not a positive, real family connection, but, in essence, its negation.
To pursue a career, to “make” a profitable marriage for them - this is how Prince Vasily Kuragin understands his parental duty. What his children are essentially like is of little interest to him. They need to be “attached”. The immorality allowed in the Kuragin family becomes the norm of their life. This is evidenced by Anatole’s behavior, Helen’s relationship with her brother, which Pierre recalls with horror, and Helen’s own behavior. There is no place for sincerity and decency in this house. You noticed that in the novel there is not even a description of the Kuragins’ house, because the family ties of these people are weakly expressed, each of them lives separately, taking into account, first of all, their own interests.
Pierre said very accurately about the false Kuragin family: “Oh, vile, heartless breed!”
Vasil Kuragin is the father of three children, but all his dreams come down to one thing: to find a better place for them, to get rid of them. All Kuragins easily endure the shame of matchmaking. Anatole, who accidentally met Marye on the day of matchmaking, holds Burien in his arms. Hélène calmly and with the frozen smile of a beauty was condescending to the idea of ​​her family and friends to marry her to Pierre. He, Anatole, is only slightly annoyed by the unsuccessful attempt to take Natasha away. Only once will their “control” change for them: Helen will scream for fear of being killed by Pierre, and her brother will cry like a woman who has lost his leg. Their calm comes from indifference to everyone except themselves: Anatole “had the ability of calm and unchangeable confidence, precious to the world.” Their spiritual callousness and meanness will be branded by the most honest and delicate Pierre, and therefore the accusation from his lips will sound like a shot: “Where you are, there is depravity, evil.”
They are alien to Tolstoy's ethics. Egoists are closed only to themselves. Barren flowers. Nothing will be born from them, because in a family one must be able to give others the warmth of the soul and care. They only know how to take: “I’m not a fool to give birth to children” (Helen), “We need to take a girl while she’s still a flower in the bud” (Anatole).
Traits of the Kuragin family: lack of parental love, material well-being, the desire to satisfy one’s needs at the expense of others, lack of spiritual beauty.
3. Summing up(7 min).
Only to those who long for unity does Tolstoy grant, at the end of his epic, the acquisition of family and peace. In the epilogue, the happy family of Natasha and Pierre appears before us. Natasha, with her love for her husband, creates that amazing atmosphere that inspires and supports him, and Pierre is happy, admiring the purity of her feelings, the wonderful intuition with which she penetrates his soul. Understanding each other without words, by the expression of their eyes, their gestures, they are ready to walk together until the end along the road of life, maintaining the internal, spiritual connection and harmony that has arisen between them.
L.N. Tolstoy in the novel shows his ideal of woman and family. This ideal is given in the images of Natasha Rostova and Marya Bolkonskaya and the images of their families. Tolstoy's favorite heroes want to live honestly. IN family relationships heroes preserve such moral values ​​as simplicity, naturalness, noble self-esteem, admiration for motherhood, love and respect. It is these moral values ​​that save Russia in a moment of national danger. The family and the woman, the keeper of the family hearth, have always been moral foundations society.
Many years have passed since the appearance of L. N. Tolstoy’s novel, but the main values ​​of the family: love, trust, mutual understanding, honor, decency, patriotism remain the main ones moral values. Rozhdestvensky said: “It all starts with love.” Dostoevsky said: “Man is not born for happiness and deserves it through suffering.”
Every modern family is a big complex world, which has its own traditions, relationships and habits, even its own view of raising children. They say that children are an echo of their parents. However, in order for this echo to sound not only due to natural affection, but also mainly due to conviction, it is necessary that in the home, in the family circle, customs, orders, and rules of life are strengthened, which cannot be crossed not out of fear of punishment, but out of respect for the foundations of the family, to its traditions.
Do everything so that your children’s childhood and future are wonderful, so that the family is strong, friendly, family traditions were kept and passed on from generation to generation. I wish you happiness in your family, in the one in which you live today, which you yourself will create tomorrow. May mutual assistance and understanding always reign under the roof of your home, may your life be rich both spiritually and materially.
4. Homework.(3 min)
Write a mini-essay on the topic “My future family.”

The theme of family in L. N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”

In the novel “War and Peace” L.N. Tolstoy singled out and considered “folk thought” more significant. It is most clearly expressed in those parts of the work that tell about the war. In the depiction of the “world,” the “family thought” predominates, which also plays a very important role in the novel, because the author thinks of the family as the basis of foundations. The novel is structured as a family story. Family members inherit the traits of the breed. The family, according to Tolstoy, should be strengthened, since through the family a person joins the people.

At the center of the novel are three families: the Rostovs, the Bolkonskys, the Kuragins. Tolstoy shows many of the events described in the novel through the history of these families.

The patriarchal Rostov family arouses the author's special sympathies. We first meet its members at the name day of Countess Rostova. The first thing you feel here is the atmosphere of love and kindness. “Air of love” reigns in this family.

Senior Rostovs - simple and good people. They welcome everyone who enters their home and do not judge a person by the amount of money they have. Their daughter Natasha captivates with her sincerity, and their youngest son Petya is a kind and childishly naive boy. Here parents understand their children, and children sincerely love their parents. They experience troubles and joys together. Getting to know them, the reader understands that this is where real happiness lies. That’s why Sonya feels good in the Rostovs’ house. Although she is not their own daughter, they love her like their own children.

Even the courtyard people: Tikhon, Praskovya Savishna are full members of this family. They love and respect their masters, live with their problems and concerns.

Only Vera - the Rostovs' eldest daughter - does not fit into big picture. This is a cold and selfish person. “The Countess has done something clever,” says Rostov the Father, speaking about Vera. Apparently, the upbringing of the eldest daughter was influenced by Princess Drubetskaya, who used to be the best friend of Countess Rostova. And, indeed, Vera is much more similar to the son of Countess Boris Drubetsky than, for example, to her sister Natasha.

Tolstoy shows this family not only in joy, but also in grief. They remain in Moscow until the last minute, although Napoleon is advancing on the city. When they finally decide to leave, they are faced with the question of what to do - leave things, despite the value of many of them, and give the carts to the wounded, or leave without thinking about other people. Natasha solves the problem. She says, or rather, screams with a distorted face, that it is a shame to leave the wounded to the enemy. Not even the most valuable thing can be equal to a person’s life. The Rostovs are leaving without their things, and we understand that such a decision is natural for this family. They simply could not do otherwise.

Another one appears in the novel is the Bolkonsky family. Tolstoy shows three generations of the Bolkonskys: the old Prince Nikolai Andreevich, his children - Prince Anrei and Princess Marya - and grandson Nikolenka. In the Bolkonsky family, from generation to generation, such qualities as a sense of duty, patriotism, and nobility were brought up.

If the Rostov family is based on feeling, then the defining line of the Bolkonskys is reason. Old Prince Bolkonsky is firmly convinced that there are “only two virtues in the world - activity and intelligence.” He is a man who always follows his convictions. He works himself (either he writes the military regulations, or he studies the exact sciences with his daughter) and demands that the children also not be lazy. The character of Prince Andrey retains many of the traits of his father’s nature. He is also trying to find his way in life, to be useful to his country. It is the desire to work that leads him to work on the Speransky Commission. Young Bolkonsky is a patriot, like his father. The old prince, having learned that Napoleon is marching on Moscow, forgets his previous grievances and actively participates in the militia. Andrei, having lost faith in his “Toulon” under the sky of Austerlitz, promises himself not to take part in military campaigns anymore. But during the War of 1812, he defends his homeland and dies for it.

If in the Rostov family the relationship between children and parents is friendly and trusting, then with the Bolonskys, at first glance, the situation is different. The old prince also sincerely loves Andrei and Marya. He worries about them. He notices, for example, that Andrei does not love his wife Lisa. Having told his son about this, although he sympathizes with him, he immediately reminds him of his duty to his wife and family. The very type of relationship the Bolkonskys have is different from the Rostovs. The prince hides his feelings for his children. So, for example, he is always strict with Marya and sometimes talks to her rudely. He reproaches his daughter for her inability to solve mathematical problems, and sharply and directly tells her that she is ugly. Princess Marya suffered from such an attitude on the part of her father, because he diligently hid his love for her in the depths of his soul. Only before his death does the old prince realize how dear his daughter is to him. IN last minutes life, he felt an inner kinship with her.

Marya - special person in the Bolkonsky family. Despite harsh upbringing, she did not become bitter. She loves her father, brother and nephew immensely. Moreover, she is ready to sacrifice herself for them, to give everything she has.

The third generation of Bolkonskys is the son of Prince Andrei Nikolenko. In the epilogue of the novel we see him as a child. But the author shows that he listens attentively to adults, some kind of mental work is going on in him. This means that the Bolkonskys’ precepts about an active mind will not be forgotten in this generation.

A completely different type of family is the Kuragin family. They bring nothing but troubles to the Bolkonskys and Rostovs. The head of the family, Prince Vasily, is a false and deceitful person. He lives in an atmosphere of intrigue and gossip. One of his main character traits is greed. He also marries his daughter Helen to Pierre Bezukhov because he is rich. The most important thing for Prince Kuragin in life is money. For their sake, he is ready to commit a crime.

The children of Prince Vasily are no better than their father. Pierre correctly notes that they are such a “mean breed.” Helen, unlike Princess Marya, is beautiful. But its beauty is its external shine. Helen lacks the spontaneity and openness of Natasha.

Helen is empty, selfish and deceitful at heart. Marrying her almost ruins Pierre's life. Pierre Bezukhov was convinced from his own experience that external beauty is not always the key to internal beauty and family happiness. A bitter feeling of disappointment, gloomy despondency, contempt for his wife, for life, for himself came over him some time after the wedding, when Helen’s “mystery” turned into spiritual emptiness, stupidity and debauchery. Without thinking about anything, Helen arranges an affair between Anatole and Natasha Rostova. Anatol Kuragin - Helen's brother - becomes the reason for the gap between Natasha and Andrei Bolkonsky. He, like his sister, is used to indulging his whims in everything, and therefore the fate of the girl whom he was going to take away from home does not bother him.

The Kuragin family is opposed to the Rostov and Bolkonsky families. On the pages of the novel we see its degradation and destruction. As for the Bolkonskys and Rostovs, Tolstoy rewards them with family happiness. They experienced many troubles and difficulties, but managed to preserve the best that was in them - honesty, sincerity, kindness. In the finale we see a happy family of Natasha and Pierre, built with love and respect for each other. Natasha internally merged with Pierre, did not leave “a single corner open for him” in her duo.

Moreover, Tolstoy unites the Rostovs and the Bolognas into one family. The family of Nikolai Rostov and Princess Marya combines the best features of these families. Nikolai Rostov loves his wife and admires her soulfulness, before that almost inaccessible to him, sublime and moral world, where his wife lived." And Marya sincerely loves her husband, who “will never understand everything that she understands,” and this makes her love him even more.

The fates of Nikolai Rostov and Princess Marya were not easy. Quiet, meek, ugly in appearance, but beautiful in soul, the princess during her father’s lifetime did not hope to get married and have children. The only one who wooed her, and even then for the sake of a dowry, Anatol Kuragin, of course, could not understand her high spirituality and moral beauty.

A chance meeting with Rostov, his noble deed awakened an unfamiliar, exciting feeling in Marya. Her soul recognized in him a “noble, firm, selfless soul.” Each meeting revealed each other more and more to them and connected them. The awkward, shy princess was transformed, becoming graceful and almost beautiful. Nikolai admired the beautiful soul that had revealed itself to him and felt that Marya was taller than himself and Sonechka, whom he seemed to love before, but who remained a “barren flower.” Her soul did not live, did not make mistakes and did not suffer and, according to Tolstoy, did not “deserve” family happiness.

These new happy families did not arise by chance. They are the result of the unity of the entire Russian people that occurred during the Patriotic War of 1812. The year 1812 changed a lot in Russia, in particular, it removed some class prejudices and gave a new level of human relations.

Tolstoy has his favorite heroes and favorite families, where, perhaps, serene calm does not always reign, but where people live “in peace,” that is, in harmony, together, supporting each other. Only those who are spiritually high have, according to the writer, the right to true family happiness.