Introduction
1.1. Origins of decorative and applied arts
1.2. Types of decorative and applied arts
2.1 Age characteristics of children of senior preschool age
2.2 Types of decorative and applied arts in classes with children of senior preschool age
2.3. Features of decorative and applied arts in working with children of senior preschool age
Conclusion
References
Introduction
Decorative and applied arts, which are part of folk culture, are recognized as one of the most effective means of children’s development. In the conditions of the spiritual revival of society, the growth of its national self-awareness, interest in folk culture as the root system that feeds the modern education of the younger generations and contributes to its spiritual healing seems quite natural. Folk art is a unique world of spiritual values, where the spiritual energy of the people is embodied, preserving and developing the moral potential of the ethnic group.
Many scientists wrote about the role and importance of folk decorative art in raising children (A.V. Bakushinskaya, P.P. Blonsky, T.S. Shatsky, N.P. Sakulina, Yu.V. Maksimov, R.N. Smirnova and etc.) They noted that art awakens the first bright, imaginative ideas about the Motherland, its culture, contributes to the education of a sense of beauty, and develops the creative abilities of children. Yu.V. Maksimov made attempts to determine the characteristics of children’s perception of works of arts and crafts. The study by R.N. Smirnova shows the impact of familiarizing preschool children in the Khabarovsk Territory with the decorative art of the peoples of the Amur region.
Despite the natural ability to creative activity, only targeted training makes it possible to ensure a high level of development of inherent creative abilities (M.N. Skatkin). The formation of these abilities should begin in the early stages of personality formation.
From all of the above, it follows that the topic of this coursework is relevant in our time, and therefore we chose it.
Subject: Decorative and applied arts in working with children of senior preschool age
Object: The process of conducting arts and crafts classes with children of senior preschool age.
Item: Using elements of decorative and applied art in working with children of senior preschool age.
Target: To identify the features of using elements of decorative and applied art with children of senior preschool age.
Tasks: 1. Study theoretical sources and best teaching practices on the chosen topic.
2. Identify the age characteristics of children of senior preschool age.
3. Identify the features of using elements of decorative and applied art in working with children of senior preschool age.
1.1 Origins of decorative and applied arts
Decorative art originated during the clan system, when people decorated themselves with bracelets and rings. Later, items for decorating clothing and then housing appeared. The art of creating such things began to be called decorative (“decor” from the French - “decoration”).
Since ancient times, houses have been built from wood, utensils, dishes, and toys have been made. Artistic processing of wood among many peoples is the most developed and most ancient type of folk decorative art. Archaeological research has also revealed previously unknown wooden sculptures of animals and birds of Altai from the 5th century, as well as Novgorod utensils from the 9th - 15th centuries, decorated with carvings and paintings. Old Russian carpenters and joiners built mansions and towers, installed valleys and brackets for kvass and honey drinks, and made beautiful household utensils, for example, flat and wide troughs for dough - bowls. Coopers assembled barrels and jugs from oak planks and staves; turners made cups and bowls from soft wood. Dowry boxes were bent from bast, and elegant ringing spoons were cut from maple.
The palaces, chambers and towers of Ancient Rus' were lavishly decorated with additionally painted carvings. In the bright sun, the relief carvings of the platbands and porches, painted with cinnabar, verdigris and gold, shone. For the beauty and splendor of the palace in Kolomenskoye, contemporaries considered it one of the wonders of the world. In the XVII - XVIII centuries. The art of artistic wood carving developed in the design of iconostases, palace interiors, and furniture, where volumetric, high-relief, applied and sawn carvings predominated. Multi-colored carvings decorated cargo sailing ships, in particular the sides and superstructures of the Volga belyans and barks, as well as warships - galliots and corvettes, under the bowsprits of which there were sculptures of birds, animals and sea deities.
Despite the ideological decline of paganism, peasants continued to celebrate ritual spring holidays. People worked all winter to make magical figurines, and women traditionally did this. As a symbol of fertility, women could, on a “subtle level,” contribute to the yield of cereals and an increase in the number of livestock. By making clay pigs, horses, turkeys, goats, women seemed to synchronize with the processes occurring in the surrounding world, pushing nature in the right direction, that is, towards increasing fertility. The painted toy continued ancient tradition, and its appearance marked a departure from the worldview of its ancestors. Magic figurines acquired the function of decorative whistle toys; they were molded to the ritual spring festival, which in the 19th century turned into a lively “whistle fair” (first mentioned in literature in 1811) with its bright colors and shrill sounds of whistles.
1.2 Types of decorative and applied arts
The value of works of folk decorative art lies not only in the fact that they represent the objective world, material culture, but also in the fact that they are monuments of spiritual culture. It is the spiritual significance of objects folk art is especially increasing in our time. They bring festivity and beauty into our lives. They are increasingly entering our everyday life not as utilitarian objects, but as works of art that meet our aesthetic ideals and preserve the historical connection of times. Folk art connects the past with the present, preserving national artistic traditions, this living spring of modern artistic culture.
Wood painting.
Khokhloma.
Khokhloma dishes are compared to gold, so they say “golden Khokhloma”. Khokhloma painting delights with bright colors and the shine of gold. The work and talent of folk craftsmen transform ordinary bowls, barrels, salt shakers and much more into “gold”.
Khokhloma paintings are dominated by plant motifs, but there are also images of birds. Zloty herbs, leaves, raspberries and strawberries, transformed by the artist’s imagination, are woven into Khokhloma patterns. The colors of Khokhloma are mainly black and red with gold, which gives the products a festive and solemn flavor. Green, yellow and brown colors Sometimes they are used to make the painting even more bright and elegant.
The figurative expressiveness of Khokhloma is achieved through the compositional unity of herbal patterns with the shape and size of wooden utensils.
Khokhloma is also used to decorate entire sets of dishes, as well as to decorate children’s chairs, tables, armchairs and other furniture. For the formation of the Khokhloma ornament, a bold brush stroke and the breadth of writing are of great importance.
Today Khokhloma is called golden not only for its beauty, but also for its price. It is expensive, since its production requires significant manual labor, and in the last century such utensils were cheap and accessible to everyone.[Pr.1.]
Gorodets.
Painted panels, caskets, plates with horsemen, young ladies, warriors, birds and flowers by Gorodets artists radiate goodness and joy. Scenes of tea drinking, troika riding, and festive festivities are traditional for this painting.
Compositions with tea parties look like a large cake decorated with lush flowers. What a beauty lies in the cups and vases, slightly outlined with “animations”, against the backdrop of an elegant tablecloth!
Festive scenes of Gorodets painting are always placed on the distaff bottoms - troika riding, weddings and others, in which solemnity, colorfulness, and decorativeness are conveyed. A lush ornament of baths, roses, and leaves frames plot pictures arranged in tiers.
The old masters painted fantastic flowers, the likes of which you will not find in nature, but this is only at first glance. If you look closely, you can recognize flowers, daisies, berries, and in the middle of the fabulous bouquet - a lush rose. The center of the rose coincides with the center of the rosette of petals. In kupavka, the center of the flower is shifted to the left or right.
A beautiful Gorodets thin-legged horse with a strong neck is a poetic image-mystery. Proud horses are painted on cabinet doors, the backs of children's chairs, tables, and plates on the wall. The horses are surrounded by fabulous flowers, and sometimes strange birds and animals are depicted here. It seems that horses are galloping through magical gardens.
Fairy-tale horses flying like birds, magical flowers and scenes from ordinary life - everything from Gorodets artists looks joyful and festive!
Important changes have occurred in Gorodets painting these days: instead of tempera and glue paints, masters began to paint with oils. This was reflected in the character of the decor. The leading element in the painting is the floral ornament. Oil paints allow you to achieve a variety of complex color shades. For example, even in symmetrical paintings, you can make one flower lilac and the other crimson.
Folk arts and crafts - one of the means of aesthetic education - helps to form artistic taste, teaches us to see and understand the beauty in the life around us and in art. Folk art, national in content, can actively influence spiritual development person, on the formation of patriotic and international feelings.
Folk art contributes to the artistic education of children, since it is based on all the specific laws of decorative art - symmetry and rhythm. In the patterns of decorative paintings, characteristic of various folk crafts, a certain rhythm, symmetry, proportionality of individual elements, and countability in the execution of the ornament are observed. This provides material for the development of elementary mathematical concepts.
Russian folk arts and crafts are closely connected with folklore, customs and rituals, folk holidays and folk music. Consequently, familiarization with folk crafts can be supplemented with musical education of preschool children.
Folk arts and crafts of our country are an integral part of culture. The emotionality and poetic imagery of this art are close, understandable and dear to people. Like anything great art, it fosters a sensitive attitude to beauty, contributes to the formation of a harmoniously developed personality. Based on deep artistic traditions, folk art enters into the life and culture of the people, and has a beneficial effect on the formation of the person of the future. Artistic works created by folk artists always reflect the love of native land, the ability to see and understand the world around us.
IN modern culture folk art lives on in its traditional forms. Thanks to this, the products of folk craftsmen retain their stable characteristics and are perceived as carriers of an integral artistic culture.
Increasingly, works of decorative and applied art penetrate into people's lives, shaping artistic taste, creating an aesthetically complete environment that determines the creative potential of an individual. Therefore, the role of kindergartens is great, where work is successfully carried out to familiarize children with samples folk art.
“The nature of the images and motifs of folk decorative art is inextricably linked with its inherent tasks of transforming the environment surrounding a person, and himself, in accordance with the idea of goodness and beauty. This art has the ability to bring joy, bright colors, cheerful rhythms into life, and affirm positive ideals. Folk decorative art contributes to the education of people who perceive life optimistically, are spiritually rich, endowed with a subtle poetic feeling, and teaches to love and appreciate what is recognized by the people.”
Decorativeness, expressiveness of color and plasticity, patterned patterns, variety of textures of materials - these are characteristic features works of folk applied art that are in tune with the aesthetic sense, perception and understanding of children. Both in works of folk art and in the creativity of children, everything is joyful and colorful. Both there and here life is perceived and depicted in elevated, major tones. The images of fantastic birds, animals and plants depicted on fabrics, gingerbread boards, and in paintings of spinning wheels are perceived by children, first of all, as fabulous, and at the same time they recognize in them birds and plants familiar to them in life, because in folk art “ the depiction of domestic animals, birds, animals and plants, everyday scenes acquired special significance and spirituality, and fantastic images did not lack verisimilitude.
The composition of the pattern and its color structure are subject to aesthetic laws, which gradually become accessible to children. In this regard, classes in decorative drawing and applique contribute to the development of artistic taste.
Folk art poetizes life. Folk artists often use images of living nature to create a special expressive form household items, in their decoration. An encounter with a colorful bird depicted on a spinning wheel, with a swift clay horse scattering its mane in the wind, with patterned patterns on fabric, with sparkling glazed ceramics can be fertile material for children that develops their imagination.
In folk art, the expressiveness of an artistic image is achieved mostly by generalizing details and color spots. It lacks illusoryness and fragmentation in compositional solutions. The volumetric form, the visual solution is conveyed simply, laconically, only by the main, essential features.
Examples of folk art contribute to the development in children of the ability to work decoratively with color, to start from the whole when creating clay products, achieving sharp plastic solutions with laconic means, and enrich the graphic expressiveness of children's works.
Folk applied art is characterized by the unity of aesthetic and utilitarian (practical use). In any object, be it a ceramic jug, folk costume, an ancient castle, a light for a splinter, a household, practical purpose - the things are in amazing accordance with its decor. All means of expression are subordinated to the creation of a thing: the shape of the object, the material from which it is made, ornament, color scheme. Painting a birch bark frame with flowers, decorating a wooden ladle with carvings, the artist creates according to the laws of beauty. The desire for beauty through things, the social function of which lies not only in their utilitarian essence, but equally in their ability to decorate our lives, to increase beauty in it, is the spiritual meaning of works of folk art.
The connection with everyday life and work determined the characteristics of the content and artistic language of folk art. Nature supplied craftsmen with the simplest materials: wood, clay, metals, bone, flax, wool, by processing which with the help of simple tools they achieved a high artistic level and technical perfection.
Revealing the natural beauty of a material and the ability to extract the greatest decorative effect were often combined with simple, purely technical techniques: applying pits, strokes and stars with a special stamp, using evenly alternating weaves of stripes or threads. Being one of the important sources of artistic expressiveness of folk art products, the technical simplicity of these techniques is of particular interest in connection with familiarizing children with various materials and various ways of decorating them. Mastering certain technical techniques is quite accessible for preschool children and can bring a certain novelty to children’s creativity, making it more interesting and exciting.
Analyzing the peculiarities of children’s perception of works of folk art, N.P. Sakulina notes: “Preschool children are close and understandable to many of the works of masters of decorative painting, carving, embroidery, and the art of toy makers. Small children perceive them deeper and more fully than large paintings and easel sculpture, and this greatly helps the teacher kindergarten in shaping the artistic taste of children and in guiding them fine arts». Educational value folk art was repeatedly noted by A.P. Usova. She wrote that the use of folk art in kindergarten was never a random impulse or fashion, but always acted in close connection with pedagogical and artistic tasks preschool pedagogy, the practical implementation of which was greatly facilitated by folk art. “The concept of the Motherland is still inaccessible to young children. Education at this age consists of preparing the ground for them by raising the child in an atmosphere saturated with living images and the bright colors of his country.”
Currently, folk applied art is widely used in the artistic education of children in kindergartens. Authentic examples of folk art and modern works of decorative and applied art are used in classes and in the design of kindergartens.
All this allows us to say that works of folk applied art should play an important role in the artistic development of preschool children: in the development of their imagination, fantasy, in the formation of artistic taste, in enriching the figurative expressiveness of the works created by children.
Products of folk craftsmen help to instill in children an attentive and caring attitude towards the environment, since decorative and applied art is close in its motives to nature. For centuries, artists have observed the animal world, the beauty of birds, the diversity of plants, and have seen and felt the harmony of nature. Then its beauty, proportionality, rationality, and orderliness were reflected in the patterns of decorative paintings. They contain images of humans, animals, birds, plant patterns, and ornaments. Handicrafts help to understand and feel that man is a part of nature, and this is precisely the basis for the harmonious development of a child.
Folk art is the property of not only adults, but also children, who enthusiastically play with both wooden painted nesting dolls and clay figurines of Kirov masters. Children love Bogorodsk joke toys and Zagorsk turned items.
As already mentioned, fine folk art has enormous emotional impact and is a good basis for the formation of a person’s spiritual world. Folk art is figurative, colorful, and original in its design. It is accessible to children’s perception, since it contains content that is understandable to children, which specifically, in simple, laconic forms, reveals to the child the beauty and charm of the world around him. These are always familiar to children fairy tale images animals made of wood or clay.
Ornaments used by folk craftsmen for painting toys and dishes include flowers, berries, and leaves that a child encounters in the forest, in a field, or on a kindergarten site. Thus, masters of Khokhloma painting skillfully create ornaments from leaves, viburnum berries, raspberries, and cranberries. Gorodets craftsmen create their ornaments from leaves and large flowers of kupavka, rose hips, and roses.
Masters of clay toys often paint their products with geometric patterns: rings, stripes, circles, which are also understandable to small children. All these products, both wooden and clay, are used in kindergartens not only to decorate the interior of the room. Under the guidance of a teacher, they carefully examine them, draw and sculpt them according to samples of folk products.
Under the influence of floating art objects, the children perceive more deeply and with great interest illustrations to Russian folk tales by artists such as I. Bilibin and Yu. Vasnetsov, whose work is based on national traditions.
Activities using folk art items help develop the mental activity of a small child. However, this is only possible if a systematic, systematic introduction of children to objects of folk art is carried out, as a result of which children create their own decorative works: toys, dishes, plates decorated with tile-type ornaments.
Unlike faceless mass-produced products, handmade items are always unique. Masterfully crafted household utensils, clothing, and interior elements are expensive. And if in the old days such things were objects of utilitarian purpose, then in our days they have passed into the category of art. A beautiful thing made by a good craftsman will always be valuable.
IN recent years the development of applied art received a new impetus. This trend cannot but rejoice. Beautiful dishes made of wood, metal, glass and clay, lace, textiles, jewelry, embroidery, toys - all this, after several decades of oblivion, has again become relevant, fashionable and in demand.
History of the Moscow Museum of Folk Art
In 1981, the Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art opened in Moscow, on Delegatskaya Street. His collection consists of unique examples of handicrafts by Russian masters of the past, as well as the best works of contemporary artists.
In 1999, the following important event occurred - All-Russian Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art accepted exhibits from the Savva Timofeevich Morozov Museum of Folk Art into its collection. The core of this collection was formed even before the 1917 revolution. It was based on exhibits from the very first Russian ethnographic museum. It was the so-called Handicraft Museum of Decorative and Applied Arts, opened in 1885.
The museum has a specialized library where you can get acquainted with rare books in theory and history of art.
Museum collection
Traditional types of decorative and applied arts are systematized and divided into departments. Basic thematic areas- these are ceramics and porcelain, glass, jewelry and metal, bone and wood carvings, textiles, lacquer miniatures and fine materials.
The Museum of Decorative and Applied Arts has more than 120 thousand exhibits in its open fund and storage facilities. Russian modernism is represented by the works of Vrubel, Konenkov, Golovin, Andreev and Malyutin. The collection of Soviet propaganda porcelain and textiles from the second quarter of the last century is extensive.
Currently, this museum of folk arts and crafts is considered one of the most significant in the world. The oldest exhibits of high artistic value date back to the 16th century. The museum's collection has always been actively replenished through gifts from private individuals, as well as through the efforts of senior government officials during the years of Soviet power.
Thus, the unique exhibition of textiles was created largely thanks to the generosity of French citizen P. M. Tolstoy-Miloslavsky, who donated to the museum a large collection of Russian, Eastern and European textiles collected by N. L. Shabelskaya.
Two large collections porcelain were donated to the museum by outstanding figures of Soviet art - Leonid Osipovich Utesov and spouses Maria Mironova and Alexander Menaker.
The Moscow Museum of Applied Arts boasts halls dedicated to the life of Russian people in different time periods. Here you can get acquainted with the homes of representatives of all classes. Furniture, dishes, clothes of peasants and city residents, and children's toys were preserved, restored and put on display. Carved decorations of platbands and roof canopies, tiled stoves, chests, which served not only as convenient storage for things, but also as beds, since they were made in appropriate sizes, conjure up pictures of the quiet, measured and well-fed life of the Russian hinterland.
Lacquer miniature
Lacquer miniature as an applied art reached its greatest flourishing in the 18th and 19th centuries. The artistic centers that gave residence to the main directions were cities famous for their icon-painting workshops. These are Palekh, Mstyora, Kholui and Fedoskino. Boxes, brooches, panels, caskets made of papier-mâché were painted with oil paints or tempera and varnished. The drawings were stylized images of animals, plants, characters from fairy tales and epics. Artists, masters of lacquer miniatures, painted icons, made custom portraits, and painted genre scenes. Each locality has developed its own style of painting, but almost all types of applied art in our country are united by such qualities as richness and brightness of colors. Detailed drawings, smooth and rounded lines - this is what distinguishes Russian miniatures. It is interesting that images of the decorative and applied arts of the past also inspire modern artists. Antique drawings are often used to create fabrics for fashion collections.
Artistic painting on wood
Khokhloma, Mezen and Gorodets paintings are recognizable not only in Russia, but also abroad. Furniture, cabinets, boxes, spoons, bowls and other household utensils made of wood, painted in one of these techniques, are considered the personification of Russia. Light wooden dishes, painted with black, red and green paints on a gold background, look massive and heavy - this is a characteristic manner of Khokhloma.
Gorodets products are distinguished by a multi-color palette of colors and somewhat less roundness of shapes than Khokhloma products. Genre scenes are used as subjects, as well as all kinds of fictional and real representatives of the animal and plant world.
The decorative and applied arts of the Arkhangelsk region, in particular Mezen wood painting, are utilitarian objects decorated with special designs. Mezen craftsmen use only two colors for their work - black and red, that is, soot and ocher, fractional schematic drawing tues, caskets and chests, friezes in the form of borders from repeating truncated figures of horses and deer. A static, small, frequently repeated pattern evokes sensations of movement. Mezen painting is one of the most ancient. Those drawings that are used by modern artists are hieroglyphic inscriptions that were used Slavic tribes long before the emergence of the Russian state.
Wood craftsmen, before turning any object from a solid block, treat the wood against cracking and drying out, so their products have a very long service life.
Zhostovo trays
Metal trays painted with flowers - the applied art of Zhostovo near Moscow. Once having an exclusively utilitarian purpose, Zhostovo trays have long served as interior decoration. Bright bouquets of large garden and small wildflowers on a black, green, red, blue or silver background are easily recognizable. Typical Zhostovo bouquets are now decorated with metal boxes containing tea, cookies or sweets.
Enamel
Decorative and applied art such as enamel also refers to metal painting. The most famous are the products of Rostov craftsmen. Transparent fireproof paints are applied to a copper, silver or gold plate and then fired in a kiln. The hot enamel technique, as enamel is also called, is used to make jewelry, dishes, weapon handles and cutlery. When exposed to high temperatures, paints change color, so craftsmen must understand the intricacies of handling them. Most often, floral motifs are used as subjects. The most experienced artists make miniatures of portraits of people and landscapes.
Majolica
The Moscow Museum of Applied Arts provides an opportunity to see the works of recognized masters of world painting, executed in a manner that is not entirely typical for them. For example, in one of the halls there is a Vrubel majolica - a fireplace “Mikula Selyaninovich and Volga”.
Majolica is a product made of red clay, painted on raw enamel and fired in a special oven at a very high temperature. IN Yaroslavl region Arts and crafts became widespread and developed due to the large number of deposits of pure clay. Currently, in Yaroslavl schools, children are taught to work with this plastic material. Children's applied art is a second wind for ancient crafts, new look on folk traditions. However, this is not only a tribute to national traditions. Working with clay develops fine motor skills, expands the angle of vision, and normalizes the psychosomatic state.
Gzhel
Decorative and applied art, in contrast to fine art, presupposes the utilitarian, economic use of objects created by artists. Porcelain teapots, flower and fruit vases, candlesticks, clocks, cutlery handles, plates and cups are all extremely elegant and decorative. Based on Gzhel souvenirs, prints are made on knitted and textile materials. We are used to thinking that Gzhel is a blue pattern on a white background, but initially Gzhel porcelain was multi-colored.
Embroidery
Fabric embroidery is one of the most ancient types of needlework. Initially, it was intended to decorate the clothes of the nobility, as well as fabrics intended for religious rituals. This folk decorative and applied art came to us from the countries of the East. The clothes of rich people were embroidered with colored silk, gold and silver threads, pearls, precious stones and coins. The most valuable is considered to be embroidery with small stitches, which creates the feeling of a smooth, as if a pattern drawn with paints. In Russia, embroidery quickly came into use. New techniques have appeared. In addition to the traditional satin stitch and cross stitch, they began to embroider with hemstitch stitches, that is, laying openwork paths along the voids formed by pulled out threads.
Dymkovo toys for children
IN pre-revolutionary Russia folk craft centers, in addition to utilitarian items, produced hundreds of thousands of children's toys. These were dolls, animals, dishes and furniture for children's fun, and whistles. Decorative and applied art of this direction is still very popular.
The symbol of the Vyatka land - the Dymkovo toy - has no analogues in the world. Bright colorful young ladies, gentlemen, peacocks, carousels, goats are immediately recognizable. Not a single toy is repeated. On a snow-white background, patterns in the form of circles, straight and wavy lines are drawn with red, blue, yellow, green, and gold paints. All crafts are very harmonious. They emit such powerful positive energy that anyone who picks up a toy can feel it. Maybe there is no need to place Chinese symbols of prosperity in the corners of the apartment in the form of three-legged toads, plastic red fish or money trees, but it is better to decorate the home with products of Russian craftsmen - Kargopol, Tula or Vyatka clay souvenirs, miniature wooden sculptures of Nizhny Novgorod craftsmen. It is impossible that they will not attract love, prosperity, health and well-being to the family.
Filimonovskaya toy
In the centers children's creativity In many regions of our country, children are taught to sculpt from clay and paint crafts in the manner of folk crafts of central Russia. The kids really enjoy working with such a convenient and flexible material as clay. They come up with new designs in accordance with ancient traditions. This is how domestic applied art develops and remains in demand not only in tourist centers, but also throughout the country.
Mobile exhibitions of Filimonov toys are very popular in France. They travel around the country throughout the year and are accompanied by master classes. Whistle toys are purchased by museums in Japan, Germany and other countries. This fishery, which has a permanent residence in Tula region, about 1000 years. Primitively made, but painted with pink and green colors, they look very cheerful. The simplified form is explained by the fact that the toys have cavities inside with holes going out. If you blow into them, alternately covering different holes, you will get a simple melody.
Pavlovo Posad shawls
Cozy, feminine and very bright shawls from Pavlovo Posad weavers became known throughout the world thanks to the amazing collection of fashionable clothes by Russian fashion designer Vyacheslav Zaitsev. He used traditional fabrics and patterns to make women's dresses, men's shirts, other clothing and even shoes. The Pavlovo Posad scarf is an accessory that can be passed down from generation to generation, like jewelry. The durability and wear resistance of scarves is well known. They are made from high quality fine wool. The designs do not fade in the sun, do not fade from washing and do not shrink. The fringe on scarves is made by specially trained craftsmen - all the cells of the openwork mesh are tied in knots at the same distance from each other. The design represents flowers on a red, blue, white, black, green background.
Vologda lace
World-famous Vologda lace is woven using birch or juniper bobbins from cotton or linen threads. In this way, measuring tape, bedspreads, shawls and even dresses are made. Vologda lace is a narrow strip, which is the main line of the pattern. The voids are filled with nets and bugs. The traditional color is white.
Applied art does not stand still. Development and change occur constantly. It must be said that by the beginning of the last century, under the influence of developing industry, industrial manufactories equipped with high-speed electric machines appeared, and the concept of mass production arose. Folk arts and crafts began to decline. Only in the middle of the last century were traditional Russian crafts restored. In art centers such as Tula, Vladimir, Gus-Khrustalny, Arkhangelsk, Rostov, Zagorsk, etc., vocational schools were built and opened, qualified teachers were trained, and new young masters were trained.
Modern types of needlework and creativity
People travel, get acquainted with the cultures of other peoples, and learn crafts. From time to time new types of decorative and applied arts appear. For our country, scrapbooking, origami, quilling and others have become such new products.
At one time, concrete walls and fences became the most colorful different drawings and inscriptions made in a highly artistic manner. Graffiti, or spray art, is a modern interpretation of an ancient type of rock painting. You can laugh as much as you like at teenage hobbies, which, of course, includes graffiti, but look at photographs on the Internet or walk around your own city, and you will discover truly highly artistic works.
Scrapbooking
The design of notebooks, books and albums that exist in a single copy is called scrapbooking. In general, this activity is not entirely new. Albums designed to preserve the history of a family, city or individual for posterity have been created before. The modern vision of this art is the creation art books with illustrations by the authors, as well as the use of computers with various graphic, music, photo and other editors.
Quilling and origami
Quilling, translated into Russian as “paper rolling,” is used to create panels, to design postcards, photo frames, etc. The technique involves rolling thin strips of paper and gluing them to a base. The smaller the fragment, the more elegant and decorative the craft.
Origami, like quilling, is work with paper. Only origami is work with square sheets of paper from which all sorts of shapes are formed.
As a rule, all crafts related to papermaking have Chinese roots. Asian arts and crafts were originally a pastime for the nobility. The poor did not create beautiful things. Their destiny is agriculture, cattle breeding and all kinds of menial work. Europeans, having adopted the basics of the technique, which historically represented very small and delicate work with rice paper, transferred the art to conditions convenient to them.
Chinese products are distinguished by an abundance of very small details that look monolithic and very elegant. Only very experienced craftsmen can do such work. In addition, thin paper ribbons can be twisted into a tight and even coil only with the help of special tools. European lovers of handicrafts have somewhat modified and simplified the ancient Chinese craft. Paper, curled in spirals of different sizes and densities, has become a popular decoration for cardboard boxes, vases for dried flowers, frames and panels.
Speaking about decorative and applied arts, it would be unfair to ignore such crafts as silk painting, or batik, printing, or embossing, that is, metal painting, carpet weaving, beading, macrame, knitting. Some things become a thing of the past, while others become so fashionable and popular that even industrial enterprises start producing equipment for this type of creativity.
Preserving ancient crafts and displaying the best examples in museums is a good deed that will always serve as a source of inspiration for people of creative professions and will help everyone else to join in the beauty.
Arts and crafts is a broad section of art, covering various areas of artistic activity and focused on creating products of a utilitarian nature. The aesthetic level of such works is usually quite high. The collective term combines two types of arts - applied and decorative. The first has signs practical application, the second is designed to decorate the human environment.
Creativity and utilitarianism
Applied art - what is it? First of all, these are items whose characteristics are close to artistic style, and their purpose is quite diverse. Vases, jugs, dishes or sets made of fine porcelain, as well as many other products, serve as decoration for living rooms, kitchen sets, bedrooms and children's rooms. Some objects may be works of genuine art and nevertheless belong to the category of applied art.
Wide scope of activities
Applied art - what is it from the point of view of the master? Labor intensive creative process or a simple craft made from scrap materials? a work of art that deserves the highest praise. The utilitarian purpose of the product does not detract from its advantages. Decorative and applied arts are a wide field of activity for artists and sculptors, designers and stylists. Exclusive works of art created in a single copy are especially valued. At the same time, mass-produced products are classified as souvenirs.
Decorations in the house
Decorative and applied art - what is it if we consider it as part of the aesthetic content of the everyday environment? It is safe to say that all products and objects located around reflect the tastes of people in close proximity to them, since a person tries to surround himself with beautiful things. Arts and crafts make it possible to decorate your home, office space, or recreation area. Particular attention is paid to the design of rooms for children.
And finally, applied art - what is it in the public’s understanding? These are exhibitions, opening days, fairs and many other public events that introduce people to culture. Fine arts and crafts increase the level of human development and contribute to the formation of his aesthetic taste. In addition, viewing the exhibitions broadens your general horizons. Each exhibition of applied art is an acquaintance of the general public with new achievements in the field of artistic creativity. Such events are of particular importance in educating the younger generation.
A little history
Folk arts and crafts originate in Russian villages. Simple crafts made by home-grown craftsmen are often classified as products in the category " folk arts"A good example of the folklore style is the so-called painted cockerels, figurines, and decorations made of red clay.
The fishery has roots in the past, it is more than four hundred years old. Ancient applied art appeared thanks to the folk holiday "Whistling", when the entire female population sculpted clay whistles for this day in the form of chickens, lambs, and horses. The party lasted two days.
Over time, the holiday lost its meaning, and folk arts continued to develop. Currently, Dymkovo artistic products are being replicated in the Vyatka Toy production association. Products are traditionally coated with white and painted with bright, rich colors.
Fine arts
Products of folk art in original form, as a rule, become the basis for Fairy tale characters, invented by residents of Russian villages, are displayed in the famous Palekh boxes, Zhostovo trays, and wooden Khokhloma products. The applied art of Russia is diverse, each direction is interesting in its own way, the products of Russian masters are in high demand among foreign collectors.
“Demand creates supply” - this formulation perfectly reflects the state of affairs in the sphere of folk artistic crafts in Russia. For example, artistic products in the Gzhel style have been popular all over the world for several centuries. The famous blue and white vases, plates, teapots are coveted in every home, and especially valuable specimens are the pride of collectors. It is still unclear what applied art is - work, craft or artistic creativity. In fact, each product requires some effort to create it, and at the same time it is necessary to give the image artistic value.
Arts and crafts in the children's room
In certain cases, the theme of artistic creativity may be addressed to the younger generation. Products made by children's hands are of particular value. The spontaneity characteristic of boys and girls of preschool age, naive imagination mixed with the desire to express their innermost feelings give rise to real masterpieces. Children's applied art, represented by drawings, plasticine figures, cardboard men, is real artistic creativity. Today, competitions are held throughout Russia in which small “artists” and “sculptors” participate.
Contemporary Russian applied art
Photographs, daggerotypes, etchings, engravings, prints, as well as many other examples, are also artistic creations. Products can be very different. At the same time, they are all united by belonging to social and cultural life under the common name - decorative and applied arts. Works in this area are distinguished by a special folklore style. It is not for nothing that all artistic crafts originated in the Russian outback, in villages and hamlets. The products exhibit a home-grown unpretentiousness and a complete absence of that pretentiousness that is sometimes found in works of fine art. At the same time, the artistic level of folk art is quite high.
In Russia, arts and crafts are part of the country's economic power. Below is a list of the main areas of folk art crafts that have received worldwide recognition and are exported in industrial quantities.
- Lacquered miniatures on a wooden base (Palekh, Mstera, Fedoskino).
- Zhostovo artistic painting on metal, Limoges enamel, enamel.
- Khokhloma, Gorodets, Mezen artistic painting on wood.
- Gzhel, Filimonovskaya toy, Dymkovo toy - artistic painting on ceramics.
Palekh
Palekh folk art craft appeared in Russian spaces at the beginning of the 20th century. The art of lacquer painting originated in a small village in the Ivanovo province called Palekh. The craft was a continuation of icon painting, which dates back to pre-Petrine times. Later, Palekh masters participated in the painting of the Moscow Kremlin, the Novodevichy Convent, and the cathedrals of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.
The revolution of 1917 abolished icon painting, and artists were left without work. In 1918, craftsmen created the Palekh art artel, in which wooden crafts were painted. Then the craftsmen learned to create papier-mâché boxes and paint them in miniature style, using traditional icon-painting technologies.
In 1923, lacquer miniatures were presented at the All-Russian Agricultural and Industrial Exhibition, where they received a 2nd degree diploma. And two years later, Palekh boxes were exhibited in Paris, at the World Exhibition.
The success of unusual artistic products became the impetus for the creation of the organizations “Union of Palekh Artists” and “Palekh Art Workshops” under the USSR Art Fund.
Fedoskino
This word is associated with Russian lacquer painting using the craft, which appeared in the village of Fedoskino near Moscow in the second half of the 18th century. The design was applied to papier-mâché products and then covered with several layers of varnish.
The art of Fedoskino miniatures was started by the Russian merchant P.I. Korobov, who visited the German city of Braunschweig and adopted there technologies for creating snuff boxes, beads, boxes and other products decorated with picturesque pictures.
Fedoskino lacquer miniature being painted oil paints in four steps: first, a sketch of the drawing is made ("painting"), then detailed elaboration ("painting"), glazing - covering with transparent paints, the last process is highlighting, which conveys highlights and shadows in the image.
The Fedoskino drawing technique involves the use of an underpainting layer of reflective components: metal powder or gold leaf. In some cases, the master can make a lining from mother-of-pearl. Transparent glaze paints together with the lining create a unique deep glow effect. The colorful layer is emphasized by a black background.
Mstera
This is the name given to Russian folk craft that appeared in the mid-18th century in the Vladimir province. It all started with “petty letters” - miniature icons with the smallest details drawn. After the revolution of 1917, when there was no longer a need for icon painting, Mstera switched to caskets and boxes made of papier-mâché. The design was made by mixing egg yolks. By the middle of the 20th century, Mstera lacquer miniature technologies were finally formed.
The basic principles of drawing a drawing are to transfer the general contours from tracing paper to the surface of the product, then “opening” follows, applying the drawing directly. The next stage is detailed painting. And finally, “melt” - the final coloring with highlights, which includes created gold (fine gold powder). The finished product is coated with six layers of transparent varnish with intermediate drying, then polished.
The characteristic features of Mstera painting are carpet decorativeness, a sophisticated play of shades and three color schemes used in coloring: yellow ocher, red and silver-blue. The theme of the drawing is classic: fairy tales, historical monuments, architecture.
Zhostovo
Zhostovo folk craft consists of metal trays painted in a special style. Zhostovo art originated at the beginning of the 19th century, in the villages of the Trinity volost, in the Moscow region. Residents of three villages (Ostashkovo, Zhostovo and Khlebnikovo) began making painted papier-mâché items. And in the workshop of the Vishnyakov brothers they began to make trays from tin with colorful designs.
The Vishnyakovs' price list included two dozen different items made of metal and papier-mâché, all of them were painted, colorfully designed and were in high demand at fairs, with a painted tray always in the foreground.
Zhostovo painting is a floral theme in several versions: a garden bouquet, flowers spread out, a garland, a wicker wreath. Field plants formed a separate composition.
Bouquets on a tray look natural due to the careful attention to detail. The most saturated color palette is used. The background is usually black, the edges of the tray are decorated with openwork patterns, floral or stylized to resemble a wood structure. The Zhostovo tray is always hand-painted and is an exclusive work of art.
Khokhloma
This name was given to a Russian folk craft that dates back to the beginning of the 17th century. Khokhloma painting is the most complex and expensive of all today. existing techniques. Arts and crafts is a long creative process involving wood processing, multi-layer priming and painting with oil paints.
The process of making Khokhloma products begins with blanks. First, the craftsmen, that is, chop wooden blocks with an ax. The blanks are then processed on machines to the desired size and shape. The processed workpieces are called “linen”. After grinding, they are coated with special liquid clay and dried. Then the already primed blanks are coated with several layers of linseed oil with intermediate drying. This is followed by tinning, or rubbing aluminum powder into the surface, after which the product becomes a white-mirror color. At this stage it is already ready for painting.
The main colors of Khokhloma are black and red (soot and cinnabar), auxiliary colors: gold, brown, light green and yellow. The brushes used are very thin (made exclusively from squirrel tails), since the strokes are applied with a barely noticeable touch.
The thematic content of the picture is rowan berries, viburnum, strawberries, small foliage, thin, slightly curved green stems. Everything is drawn in bright, intense colors, the contours are clearly defined. The image is built on the principle of contrast.
Gzhel
This is the most popular folk craft, traditional Russian center production of artistic ceramics. It occupies a vast region consisting of 27 villages, collectively called the Gzhel Bush, 60 kilometers from Moscow.
From time immemorial, the Gzhel region was famous for its deposits of high-grade clay, suitable for apothecary vessels. In 1770, the Gzhel volost lands were assigned to the Pharmacy Order. At the same time, the production of bricks, pottery pipes, stove tiles and children's toys for Moscow was established in the Gzhel villages.
Dishes made from Gzhel clay were especially good, light and durable. At the beginning of the 19th century, there were 25 factories producing tableware in the parish. The proximity of Moscow stimulated the development of the production of clay products; countless bowls, plates, dishes and other kitchen utensils were sold at the capital's fairs.
Gzhel toys at that time were made from waste from tableware production. No matter how much clay was left, all of it was used to sculpt cockerels, chickens, lambs and goats. Initially, handicraft workshops worked chaotically, but soon a definite line in production emerged. Raw materials began to be prepared specifically for souvenir products; craftsmen also specialized in the profile of the most popular products.
White shiny horses and figurines were painted in different colors until cobalt, a universal paint, appeared. The intense bright blue color matched the snow-white enamel of the workpiece perfectly. In the 50s of the last century, artists completely abandoned all other colors and began to use glazed cobalt blue coloring. The motives for the drawing could be very different, on any topic.
Other crafts
The range of Russian folk arts and crafts and decorative arts is unusually wide. Here you can find artistic Kasli casting and embossing with interspersed elements. Intarsia and marquetry technologies allow you to create magnificent paintings and panels. Russian applied art is a vast cultural layer of the country, a treasure of society.
Valentina Seredina
Development of artistic and creative abilities of preschool children through arts and crafts
Creativity is an activity
which reveals
spiritual world of the individual"
V. A. Sukhomlinsky.
Creativity, its formation and development is one of the most interesting and mysterious problems that attracts the attention of researchers in various specialties. The study of this problem is urgent due to the fact that the main condition for the progressive development of society is a person capable of creative creation. The formation of creative personality qualities must begin from childhood.
A child with creative abilities is active and inquisitive. He is able to make his own, independent, independent decisions.
In the draft Federal component of the state educational standard of general education, one of the goals related to the modernization of the content of general education is the humanistic orientation of education. It determines a person-oriented model of interaction, the development of the child’s personality and his creative potential.
The relevance of the topic is determined by the following aspects:
IN childhood When a child has a particularly emotional attitude towards the world around him, the fulfillment of his need for artistic creativity is of particular importance.
Introducing children to various types of folk arts and crafts, GCD for decorative drawing will help teach them to perceive the beautiful and good, introduce them to folk traditions, will lay the foundations of aesthetic education.
Familiarizing preschoolers with folk and applied arts helps solve the problems of moral, patriotic and artistic education. The teacher not only gives children a certain amount of knowledge about crafts, but also develops the ability to see and understand beauty, fosters respect for the work of folk craftsmen, and introduces them to the manufacturing technology and decorative features of certain products.
By introducing children to folk arts and crafts, we thereby develop in children a sense of pride in their Motherland, with its masters and craftsmen who create this unique beauty for us.
To introduce the basics of knowledge in the field of composition, shape formation, color science, decorative and applied arts;
To introduce different types of productive creativity, applied creativity, and different techniques;
Develop the ability to see the unusual in the ordinary;
Develop curiosity, imagination, creative thinking, fine motor skills;
Lay the foundation of aesthetic beauty;
Foster a caring attitude towards the environment and respect for the work of other people.
Stages of development of a child’s creative abilities:
Stage I: Diagnosis of the personal characteristics of children (observation of children during independent activities, during educational activities, conversations, studying the products of children's creativity);
Stage II: Preparatory (selection of literature and information material);
Stage III: Activity (work with children, parents (legal representatives, holding exhibitions of children's creativity)
There are a great many types of applied creativity! Depending on the method of manufacturing a particular item and the material used, the following handicraft techniques are distinguished:
Related to the use of paper: iris folding, or rainbow folding of paper, paper plastic, corrugated tubes, quilling, origami, papier-mâché, scrapbooking, embossing, trimming.
Weaving techniques: ganutel, beading, macrame, bobbin weaving, tatting or knot weaving.
Painting: Zhostovo, Khokhloma, Gorodets, etc.
Types of painting: batik – painting on fabric; stained glass – glass painting; stamp and sponge printing; drawing with palms and leaf prints; ornament – repetition and alternation of pattern elements.
Creating drawings and images: blowing paint through a tube; guilloche - burning a pattern onto fabric; mosaic - creating an image from small elements; thread graphics – making an image with threads on a hard surface.
Fabric embroidery techniques: simple and Bulgarian cross stitch, straight and oblique satin stitch, tapestry, carpet and ribbon embroidery, gold embroidery, cutwork, hemstitching and many others.
Sewing on fabric: patchwork, quilting, quilting or patchwork; artichoke, kanzashi and others.
Knitting techniques: fork; on knitting needles (simple European); Tunisian crochet; jacquard, fillet, guipure.
Types of creativity associated with wood processing: burning, sawing, carving.
Types of arts and crafts techniques used and mastered in the process of working with children:
Quilling
Origami modular
Application
Drawing
Gorodets painting
Dymkovo painting
Application from plasticine
Drawing- is a genre in fine arts and corresponding techniques that create a visual image (image) on any surface or object using graphic means, drawing elements (as opposed to pictorial elements, mainly from lines and strokes.
Modular origami- Creation volumetric figures from triangular origami modules - invented in China. The whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by inserting them into each other. The friction force that appears in this case prevents the structure from falling apart.
Drawing with palms. Small children find it difficult to use a paint brush. There is a very exciting activity that will give the child new sensations, develop fine motor skills, and give the opportunity to discover new and magical world artistic creativity is drawing with palms. By drawing with their palms, little artists develop their imagination and abstract thinking.
Gorodets painting- Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century. in the area of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns, made in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors.
Quilling(from the English quilling – from the word quil “bird feather”) - the art of paper rolling. Originated in medieval Europe, where nuns created medallions by twisting them on the tip of a bird's feather. paper strips with gilded edges, which created an imitation of a gold miniature.
Application(from Latin “application”) is a way of working with colored pieces various materials: paper, fabric, leather, fur, felt, colored beads, beads, woolen threads, embossed metal plates, all kinds of matter (velvet, satin, silk), dried leaves...
Semolina Its structure resembles sand, but it is easier to work with because it is lighter in weight, the grain dries quickly and has a brighter appearance in the product. Semolina applique is available for preschool children.
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Application from plasticine- plasticineography – new look arts and crafts. It represents the creation of stucco paintings depicting more or less convex, semi-voluminous objects on a horizontal surface. In essence, this is a rare, very expressive look"painting".
Modeling- giving shape to plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, salt dough, snowball, sand, etc.) using hands and auxiliary tools. This is one of the basic techniques of sculpture, which is intended for mastering the primary principles of this technique.
Toy- an obligatory childhood companion. The folk toy is a wonderful cultural heritage; it has educated children for thousands of years. In Rus', toys had a serious meaning. With toys, skill was passed on by inheritance; they prepared for life, developed physically and spiritually. The people in the toy give the child simple, but genuine, first-class art. It is close and understandable to the child, teaching him to see and understand the life around him.
Children take an active part in All-Russian and International competitions arts and crafts, where they take prizes.
Our task is to interest and involve parents in interaction on this direction. Achieving the goal will give parents inclusion in the process educational activities with children and carrying out joint activities with the child at home.
We all know that creativity is one of the greatest pleasures for a child. It reveals his inner world. After all, by doing something with his own hands, a child reflects not only what he sees around him, but also shows his own imagination. And as adults, we shouldn’t forget that positive emotions are the foundation of children’s mental health and emotional well-being.
