Since the 1540s The period of the late Renaissance begins. The wealthy Venetian Republic, free from the power of the Pope, ensured the development of art in this region. The rest of Italy fell under the rule of foreign powers and became the main stronghold of the feudal-Catholic reaction. The Renaissance in Venice had its own characteristics. Already from the 13th century. Venice was a colonial power that owned territories on the coasts of Italy, Greece, and the islands of the Aegean Sea. She traded with Byzantium, Syria, Egypt, and India. The influence of the West and the East - Byzantine elegance and golden shine, the pattern of Moorish monuments, the fantastic nature of Gothic temples.
A passion for luxury, decorativeness and a dislike for scientific research delayed the penetration of artistic ideas and practices of the Florentine Renaissance into Venice. Here, Renaissance art was fueled by love not for antiquity, but for its city, determined by its characteristics. formation of a special artistic style, manifested in a passion for color, its tints and combinations. The predilection for color is also explained by the ingrained love for rich decorations, bright colors and abundant gilding in works of art of the East. The Venetian Renaissance also proved rich in great painters and sculptors.
Representatives Titian (and in the High Renaissance) Veronese, Tintoretto, Giorgione, Correggio, Andrea Palladio, Benvenuto Cellini From High Renaissance– Michelagelo)
Unlike the art of Central Italy, where painting developed in close connection with architecture and sculpture, in Venice of the 14th century painting was in first place. In the works of Giorgione and Titian, a transition to easel painting took place. One of the reasons for the transition was determined by the climate of Venice, in which the frescoes were poorly preserved. Along with the establishment of easel painting, the diversity of genres increased. Thus, Titian created paintings based on mythological subjects, portraits, and compositions based on biblical subjects. In the work of representatives of the Late Renaissance - Veronese and Tintoretto - there was a new rise in monumental painting.
Giorgio da Castelfranco, nicknamed Giorgione (1477 -1510), lived a short life. His exact origins are unknown, and there is no specific information about his years of apprenticeship with Bellini. The secular principle finally wins. Designed for long and calm contemplation, nature takes an increasingly decisive role. The subjects of his paintings “The Thunderstorm” and “Three Philosophers” are difficult to interpret. In 1510 Giorgione dies of the plague.
"Judith", Hermitage Main role in Giorgione’s work he plays with color with a variety of tones and their soft tints. Giorgione is considered the founder of easel painting. His style influenced the painting of the Venetian school and was developed by his student Titian. "Sleeping Venus" 1507 The first image of "nudity for nakedness's sake"
Titian Vecellio (1476/77 - 1576). He studied with Giovanni Bellini. After Bellini's death, the place of the artist of the Venetian school of the Republic passed to Titian. At the turn of the high and late renaissance. In 1507, Titian entered Giorgione's workshop. After his death, Titian completed some of his paintings and accepted several of his orders, opening his own workshop. The heroes are more refined, but powerful and full-blooded. The master develops the painting reform that Giorgione began: the artist gives preference to large canvases that allow for a wide and free application of colors. Master of nudity and sensual beauty
Titian's color scheme is based on a golden color scheme, which is based on subtle shades of colors. Self-portrait "Venus of Urbino", 1538
Mythological scenes for the "room of plaster castings" by Alfonso d'Este in Castello (Ferrara). Bacchus and Ariadne 1522 -1523
"Penitent Mary Magdalene", 1560s. COLORIT – harmony of different colors of a painting. "Portrait of Charles V"
In Rome, new themes appear in Titian's work - the drama of struggle, tension. He paints pictures commissioned by Pope Paul III, causing the pope's displeasure. forced to change patron. Now he writes for Charles V. He also receives orders from the Spanish King Philip II. IN recent years life is dominated by moods of anxiety and disappointment. In religious paintings, he increasingly turns to dramatic subjects.
Jacopo Tintoretto (1518 -1594). Real name Jacopo Robusti. Tintoretto's painting marks completion Italian Renaissance. The artist gravitated towards pictorial cycles of a complex thematic nature; he used rare subjects. If painters tend to convey time that has no beginning or end, then Tintoretto uses the principle of conveying an event. The specificity of Tintoretto’s works is suggestiveness, dynamics, spatial multidimensionality
Paolo Veronese (1528 -1588). Possibly real name Paolo Caliari. For thirty-five years, Veronese worked to decorate and glorify Venice. The coloring in Veronese's works is not the most important role. Unlike Titian, who was primarily an easel painter, Veronese had special gift decorator Veronese was the first of the Venetian artists to create entire decorative ensembles, painting the walls of churches, monasteries, palaces and villas from top to bottom, incorporating his painting into the architecture. For these purposes he used the fresco technique. In his paintings and lampshades, the artist used strong angles, bold spatial cuts, designed to view the painting from the bottom up.
The ability to harmoniously connect architecture with the surrounding landscape was manifested with particular force in Palladio’s villas, permeated with a sense of dissolution in nature, marked by the classical clarity of forms and overall composition of Capra or the “Rotunda” near Vicenza; Barbaro-Volpi at Masera near Treviso, 1560–1570. The most famous villa "Rotunda" is the first central-domed building for secular purposes.
Last quarter of the 16th century. for the culture of the Renaissance it became a time of decline. The work of artists who were called “mannerists” (from the Italian manierismo - pretentiousness), and the entire direction - “mannerism”, acquired a sophisticated, pretentious character. The Venetian school of painting resisted the penetration of mannerism longer than others and remained faithful to the traditions of the Renaissance. However, her images also became less sublime and heroic, more earthly, connected with real life.
Art of the Renaissance and the Middle Ages: RenaissanceMiddle Ages Individual creativity of specific artists and masters Art is anonymous: the artist’s personality is poorly expressed; artists understood art as service, as collective creativity. Secular art: in a religious form, artists preached secular ideals Religious art in form and content The number of secular types of painting has increased Religious types of painting
Worked very slowly (fresco " Last Supper"Wrote in Milan for 16 years) Many of his works remained unfinished by Lonardo da Vinci()
Lived in Florence for several years Moved to Rome Commissioned by Pope Julius 2, he created a series of paintings of the state rooms of the papal residence in the Vatican Painted many portraits Raphael Santi()
“The School of Athens” is the best fresco by Raphael in the Vatican Palace In the center - Plato and Aristotle Plato points his finger to the heavens, Aristotle to the earth In the image of Plato, Leonardo da Vinci is depicted, the philosopher Michelangelo is sitting in the foreground, Raphael depicted himself on the right next to the astronomers
Sculptor Painter Architect Poet - Worked in Florence - then in Rome - then in the Vatican Michelangelo()
The walls were already painted by Botticelli and others. Michelangelo was asked to paint the ceiling. He worked without assistants. He painted standing on scaffolding with his head thrown back. He worked for several years. His frescoes illustrate the myths about the creation of the world and man. The hand of God touched the hand of Adam and Adam’s body began to come to life. Painting of the vault of the Sistine Chapel( Chapel of the Vatican Palace in Rome)
The legacy of the Venetian school of painting constitutes the brightest page in the history of the Italian Renaissance.
Venice was one of the leading centers of Italian culture. It is considered one of the main Italian painting schools. The heyday of the Venetian school dates back to the 15th-16th centuries.
What does the name "Venice School" mean?
At that time, many people were working in Venice Italian artists, united by common artistic principles. These principles are bright coloristic techniques, mastery of plastic oil painting, the ability to see the life-affirming meaning of nature and life itself in its most wonderful manifestations. The Venetians were characterized by a taste for everything unique, an emotional richness of perception, and admiration for the physical, material diversity of the world. At a time when fragmented Italy was torn apart by strife, Venice flourished and quietly floated along the smooth surface of the waters and living space, as if not noticing the complexity of existence or not thinking much about it, unlike the High Renaissance, whose creativity was fed by thoughts and complex quests.
There are quite a few prominent representatives of the Venetian school of painting: Paolo Veneziano, Lorenzo Veneziano, Donato Veneziano, Catarino Veneziano, Niccolò Semitecolo, Iacobello Albereño, Nicolo di Pietro, Iacobello del Fiore, Jacopo Bellini, Antonio Vivarini, Bartolomeo Vivarini, Gentile Bellini, Giovanni Bellini, Giacometto Veneziano, Carlo Crivelli, Vittorio Crivelli, Alvise Vivarini, Lazzaro Bastiani, Carpaccio, Cima da Conegliano, Francesco di Simone da Santacroce, Titian, Giorgione, Palma Vecchio, Lorenzo Lotto, Sebastiano del Piombo, Jacopo Bassano, Tintoretto, Paolo Veronese.
Let's talk about just a few of them.
Paolo Veneziano (before 1333-after 1358)
Paolo Veneziano "Madonna and Child" (1354), Louvre
He is considered one of the founders of the Venetian art school. Everyone in Paolo Veneziano's family was an artist: his father and his sons: Marco, Luca and Giovanni.
The works of Paolo Veneziano still contain features of Byzantine painting: a golden background and bright colors, and later – features of Gothic style.
The artist created his own art workshop, in which he worked mainly with mosaics, decorating cathedrals. The artist's last signed work is the Coronation altarpiece.
Titian (1488/1490-1576)
Titian "Self-Portrait" (circa 1567)
Titian Vecellio is an Italian Renaissance painter. He painted paintings on biblical and mythological subjects, as well as portraits. Already at the age of 30 he was known as the best painter in Venice.
Titian was born into the family of statesman and military leader Gregorio Vecellio. The exact date of his birth is unknown.
At the age of 10 or 12, Titian came to Venice, where he met representatives of the Venetian school and studied with them. Titian's first works, completed together with Giorgione, were frescoes in the Fondaco dei Tedeschi, of which only fragments have survived.
Titian's style of that time was very similar to Giorgione's; he even completed paintings for him that remained unfinished (Giorgione died young from the plague that was raging in Venice at that time).
Titian's brushes belong to many women's portraits and images of Madonnas. They are full of vitality, brightness of feelings and calm joy. The paints are clean and full of color. Famous paintings of that time: “Gypsy Madonna” (circa 1511), “Earthly Love and Heavenly Love” (1514), “Woman with a Mirror” (circa 1514).
Titian "Earthly Love and Heavenly Love." Oil on canvas, 118x279 cm. Boghese Gallery, Rome
This painting was commissioned by Niccolò Aurelio, Secretary of the Council of Ten of the Venetian Republic, and was his wedding gift to the bride. Modern name paintings began to be used 200 years later, and before that she had various names. Art critics do not have a unanimous opinion about the plot. Against the backdrop of a sunset landscape, a richly dressed Venetian woman, holding a mandolin with her left hand, and a naked Venus holding a bowl of fire sit at the source. Winged cupid plays with water. Everything in this picture is subordinated to the feeling of all-conquering love and beauty.
Titian's style developed gradually as he studied the works of the great Renaissance masters Raphael and Michelangelo. His portrait art reaches its peak: he was very perspicacious and knew how to see and portray the contradictory character traits of people: confidence, pride and dignity, combined with suspicion, hypocrisy and deceit. He knew how to find the right compositional solution, pose, facial expression, movement, gesture. He created many paintings on biblical subjects.
Titian "Behold the Man" (1543). Oil on canvas. 242x361 cm. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
This painting is considered Titian's masterpiece. It is written in gospel story, but the artist skillfully transfers the gospel events into reality. Pilate stands on the steps of the stairs and, with the words “behold the man,” betrays Christ to be torn to pieces by the crowd, which includes warriors and young men of a noble family, horsemen and even women with children. And only one person realizes the horror of what is happening - the young man in the lower left corner of the picture. But he is nothing before those who have power over Christ at the moment...
Towards the end of his life, Titian developed a new painting technique. He applied paints to the canvas with a brush, a spatula, and his fingers. TO the latest masterpieces The artist’s paintings include “The Entombment” (1559), “The Annunciation” (circa 1564-1566), “Venus Blindfolding Cupid” (circa 1560-1565), “Carrying the Cross” (1560s), “Tarquin and Lucretia "(1569-1571), "St. Sebastian" (circa 1570), "Crown of Thorns" (circa 1572-1576), "Pieta" (mid-1570s).
The painting "Pieta" depicts the Virgin Mary supporting the body of Christ with the help of a kneeling Nicodemus. To their left stands Mary Magdalene. These figures form a perfect triangle. The painting "Pieta" is considered last work artist. It was finished by Giacomo Palma Jr. It is believed that Titian depicted himself in the image of Nicodemus.
Titian "Pieta" (1575-1576). Oil on canvas. 389x351 cm. Academy Gallery, Venice
In 1575, a plague epidemic began in Venice. Titian, infected by his son, dies on August 27, 1576. He was found dead on the floor with a brush in his hand.
The law prescribed that the bodies of those who died from the plague should be burned, but Titian was buried in the Venetian Cathedral of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari.
On his tomb are carved the words: “Here lies the great Titian Vecelli -
rival of Zeus and Apelles"
Giorgione (1476/1477-1510)
Giorgione "Self-Portrait" (1500-1510)
Another representative of the Venetian school of painting; one of greatest masters High Renaissance.
His full name– Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco, after the name of a small town near Venice. He was a student of Giovanni Bellini. He was the first of the Italian painters to introduce landscape, beautiful and poetic, into religious, mythological and historical paintings. He worked mainly in Venice: he painted altar images here, carried out numerous portrait commissions, and decorated chests, caskets and house facades with his paintings according to the custom of that time. Died of the plague.
His work is noted for his skillful mastery of light and color, his ability to perform smooth color transitions and create soft outlines of objects. Despite the fact that he died very young, many famous Venetian artists are considered his students, including Titian.
One of the most famous paintings Giorgione is considered "Judith". By the way, this is the only painting by the artist located in Russia.
Giorgione "Judith" (circa 1504). Canvas (translated from board), oil. 144x68 cm. State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg
One of the many works fine arts based on a biblical plot on the theme of the story of Judith and Holofernes. General Holofernes, commander of Nebuchadnezzar's army, carried out his command to “take... vengeance on the whole earth.” In Mesopotamia, he destroyed all the cities, burned all the crops and killed the men, and then besieged the small city of Bethulia, where the young widow Judith lived. She snuck into the Assyrian camp and seduced Holofernes, and when the commander fell asleep, she cut off his head. The army without a leader could not resist the inhabitants of Vetilui and was scattered. Judith received Holofernes's tent and all his utensils as a trophy and entered Bethulia as a triumphant.
Giorgione created not a bloody, but a peaceful picture: Judith holds right hand sword, and with his left he rests on a low parapet. Her left foot rests on the head of Holofernes. A peaceful landscape opens up in the distance, symbolizing the harmony of nature.
Tintoretto (1518/19-1594)
Tintoretto "Self-Portrait"
His real name is Jacopo Robusti. He was a painter of the Venetian school of the late Renaissance.
He was born in Venice and received the nickname Tintoretto (little dyer) by profession from his father, who was a dyer (tintore). He discovered his ability to paint early. For some time he was a student of Titian.
The distinctive qualities of his work were the lively drama of the composition, the boldness of the drawing, the peculiar picturesqueness in the distribution of light and shadows, the warmth and strength of the colors. He was generous and non-covetous, he could work for free for his comrades and reimburse himself only for the cost of paint.
But sometimes his work was characterized by haste, which can be explained a huge amount orders.
Tintoretto is predominantly known historical painting, as well as portraits, many of which surprise with the composition of figures, expressiveness, and power of colors.
Tintoretto passed on his artistic talent to his children: his daughter, Marietta Robusti (1560-1590), successfully studied portrait painting. The son, Domenico Robusti (1562-1637), was also an artist, a skilled portraitist.
Tintoretto "The Last Supper" (1592-1594). Oil on canvas. 365x568 cm. Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice
The painting was painted specifically for the Venetian church of San Giorgio Maggiore, where it remains to this day. The bold composition of the painting helped to skillfully depict earthly and divine details. The subject of the canvas is the Gospel moment when Christ breaks bread and pronounces the words: “This is My body.” The action takes place in a poor tavern, its space is drowned in twilight and seems limitless thanks to the long table. The artist resorts to the technique of contrast: in the foreground on the right there are several objects and figures not related to the plot, and the upper part of the canvas is imbued with deep spirituality and mystical excitement.
The sense of wonder is not overshadowed by the sight of the feast. The room is filled with supernatural light, the heads of Christ and the apostles are surrounded by shining halos. The diagonal of the table separates the divine world from the human world.
This painting is considered the final work of Tintoretto’s work. Such skill is available only to a mature artist.
Giorgione, (1477–1510) “Judith”, Hermitage “Sleeping Venus” 1507. The main role in Giorgione’s work is played by color with a variety of tones and their soft tints. Giorgione is considered the founder of easel painting. His style influenced the painting of the Venetian school and was developed from his student Titian.
Country concert
Giorgione. Thunderstorm.About
Titian Vecellio (1476/77–1576) Titian’s color scheme is based on a golden color scheme, which is based on subtle shades of colors. Who was called by contemporaries “the painter of kings and the king of painters” and why? "Venus of Urbino", 1538
Mythological scenes for the "room of plaster castings" by Alfonso d'Este in Castello (Ferrara). Bacchus and Ariadne
Ascension of Our Lady (Assunta)
"Penitent Mary Magdalene", 1560s. “Portrait of Charles V” COLORIT – harmony of different colors of the picture.
Mannerism (from maniera - technique, manner), a movement that reflected the crisis of Renaissance humanistic ideals. The masters of mannerism sought not so much to follow nature, but to express the “inner idea” of the image born in the artist’s soul. -dynamic composition, -emphasized expression of decor, -desire for stage effects. Mannerism predetermined the birth of the Baroque style. Jacopo Tintoretto ()
The Battle of the Archangel Michael with Satan Second half of the 16th century Tintoretto, Jacopo [
Veronese, Paolo
The ability to harmoniously connect architecture with the surrounding landscape was manifested with particular force in Palladio’s villas, permeated with a sense of dissolution in nature, marked by the classical clarity of forms and overall composition of Capra or the “Rotunda” near Vicenza; Barbaro-Volpi in Masera near Treviso, 1560–1570. The most famous villa "Rotunda" is the first central-domed building for secular purposes.
Objective of the lesson:
- Introduce students to representatives of the Late Renaissance.
- To develop comparison and analysis skills in students using the example of representatives of the Late Renaissance.
- By introducing students to the atmosphere of the Renaissance, instill a sense of beauty.
Love painting, poets!
Only she, the only one, is given
Souls of changeable signs
Transfer to canvas.
N. Zabolotsky
“Painting must imbue its entire content into the minds of viewers in an instant.” Leonardo da Vinci
- Organizing the class for the lesson.
- Opening remarks teachers.
The Renaissance, which we continue to study, in a broader sense means new image life and a new worldview. This is the time of the emergence of capitalist relations, the formation of world trade relations, the formation of national states, the emergence social conflicts: religious wars in France, peasant war in Germany, bourgeois revolution in the Netherlands. During this period the process of separation begins artistic values from religious and ethical ones, and a new attitude towards art is established. The idea of man as an “earthly god” is born, being the true creator of his own essence and everything that his hands and intellect create.
Before we get acquainted with the representatives of the Late Renaissance: Titian, Dürer and El Greco, we will check your knowledge on the topic in the form of a test.
- Performing a test for 2 options using a presentation.
Appendix 1.Students, watching the presentation, answer questions on prepared pieces of paper. Answer keys:
- Studying new topic according to plan:
- Titian.
- Albrecht Durer.
- El Greco.
- A virtual tour through the halls of the Hermitage.
- Consolidating a new topic, composing short summary using a presentation. Appendix 1.
Students prepared messages and mini-presentations on representatives of the Late Renaissance. Brief summary.
1st student: Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) (circa 1489/90 - 1576) Italian painter. Head of the Venetian school of the High and Late Renaissance. He came from a well-born provincial family. In ≈ 1500 - was sent to study with a mosaic master, then studied painting with G. Bellini. From 1517 to 155 held the position of official painter of the Venetian Republic. His customers were emperors, kings, and popes. Artistic works: “Holy Family”, “Madonna and Child, Saint Catherine and Little John the Baptist”, “Penitent Mary Magdalene”.
2nd student: Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) was born and died in Nuremberg, a German painter and graphic artist. Founder of the German Renaissance. The son of a silversmith, a native of Hungary. He studied first with his father, then with the Nuremberg painter and engraver M. Wolgemut. During his years of wanderings (1490-1494) he visited Basel, Kalmar, and Strasbourg. Later, in 1494-1495, he visited Venice and Padua, and in 1520-1521, the Netherlands. Worked for Emperor Maximilian. He painted landscapes, drawings, portraits, successfully worked in the field of woodcuts (wood engraving), the “Apocalypse” series. In recent years he has published theoretical works. Works of art: “Drummer and Flutist”, “Four Horsemen”, “Portrait of a Priest”, “Portrait of a Young Man”.
3rd student: El Greco or Dominico Theotecopouli (1541-1614) Spanish artist of Greek origin. Little is known about early life. In 1567-1570 – lived in Venice, possibly studied with Titian. Visited Parma, Rome. From 1577 he lived in Spain. Paints paintings that have absorbed Byzantine traditions and achievements Italian Renaissance. He created altar paintings and portraits, and in the later period he painted paintings foreshadowing the apocalypse. Works of fiction: “The Holy Family”, “Christ expels the merchants from the temple”, “The Adoration of the Shepherds”, “Prayer of the Cup”, “Savior of the World”.
- A virtual tour of the Hermitage hall dedicated to the work of Titian(electronic manual).
- Summing up the lesson. Student reflection.
- Homework: abstract, individual assignments– prepare messages: Caravaggio, The Carracci Brothers and the Bologna Academy, L. Bernini.
Literature:
- “Youth about art” - T. Wiirand. Tallinn 1990
- Magazine “Gallery”. No. 1 – 195
- History of art foreign countries 17th-18th centuries. Edited by V.I. Razdolskaya. Moscow 1988
