Music, according to the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, gives life and joy to everything that exists in the world, is the embodiment of that beautiful and sublime that exists on earth.
Like any other form of art, music has its own specific features And means of expression . For example, music is not capable of depicting various phenomena, like painting, but it can very accurately and subtly convey a person’s experiences, his emotional state. Its content lies in artistic and intonation images formed in the mind of a musician, be it a composer, performer or listener.
Each type of art has a language that is unique to it. In music, such a language is the language of sounds.
So, what are the main means of musical expression that reveal the secret of how music is born?
The basis of any piece of music, its leading principle is melody. A melody is a developed and complete musical thought, expressed monophonically. It can be very different - both smooth and jerky, calm and cheerful, etc.
No less important okay as a means of expression. There are two types: major and minor. Their differences from each other are that major music evokes clear, joyful feelings in listeners, while the minor one evokes a little sad and dreamy feelings.
Pace – expresses the speed at which a particular piece of music is performed. It can be fast (allegro), slow (adagio) or moderate (andante).
A special means of musical expression is timbre. It represents the color of sound characteristic of any voice and instrument. It is thanks to timbre that one can distinguish the human voice or the “voice” of a musical instrument.
In music, melody is always inseparable from another means of expression - rhythm, without which it cannot exist. Translated from Greek, rhythm is “measurement,” that is, a uniform, coordinated alternation of short and long sounds. It is rhythm that has the ability to influence the character of music. For example, lyricism is imparted to a piece of music using a smooth rhythm, while some excitement is added to a piece of music using an intermittent rhythm.
Additional means of musical expression include invoice – a method of processing a certain material, strokes or methods of extracting sounds, dynamics - sound strength.
Thanks to the harmonious combination of all of the above expressive means or part of them, music appears that accompanies us in life almost everywhere.
The melody is the soul of the composition, it allows you to understand the mood of the work and convey feelings of sadness or joy; the melody can be jumpy, smooth or abrupt. Everything depends on how the author sees it. Pace
Tempo determines the speed of execution, which is expressed in three speeds: slow, fast and moderate. To designate them, terms are used that came to us from the Italian language. So, for slow - adagio, for fast - presto and allegro, and for moderate - andante. In addition, the pace can be lively, calm, etc.
Rhythm and meter, as means of musical expression, determine the mood and movement of music. The rhythm can be different, calm, uniform, abrupt, syncopated, clear, etc. Just like the rhythms that surround us in life. Meter is needed for musicians who determine how to play music. They are written as fractions in the form of quarters.
The mode in music determines its direction. If it is a minor key, then it is sad, sad or thoughtful and dreamy, maybe nostalgic. Major corresponds to cheerful, joyful, clear music. The mode can also be variable, when the minor changes
Timbre colors music, so music can be characterized as ringing, dark, light, etc. Each musical instrument has its own timbre, just like the voice of a particular person
The register of music is divided into low, medium and high, but this is important directly to the musicians who perform the melody, or to experts who analyze the work. Means such as intonation, accent and pause allow you to clearly understand what the composer wants to say.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSICAL EXPRESSIVENESS,
THEIR ROLE IN THE CREATION OF AN ARTISTIC IMAGE OF A MUSICAL WORK.
Music is specific form artistic reflection reality in a musical image. There is a hypothesis that music originated from expressive human speech. A musical image is created using means of musical expressiveness:
TEMP – speed of music performance.
TIMBRE – color of sound. When determining timbre, words of associative meaning predominate (transparent, glassy, juicy, velvety music).
INTONATION – carries the main semantic core in music, therefore it is the most important. Intonation in a broad sense is the development of the entire musical work from beginning to end, the intonation of a musical work. The intonation of the second determines the direction of the piece of music.
RHYTHM is a sequence of sounds of varying lengths.
LAD – emotional coloring of sounds, combination of sounds in pitch (major, minor)
REGISTERS – high, medium, low.
GENRE – type artistic creativity, connected with the historical reality that gave birth to it, the life and way of life of people (song, dance, march - “3 pillars” - Kobalevsky).
Music is close to the emotional nature of a child. It develops under the influence of music artistic perception, experiences become richer.
Music is the greatest source of aesthetic and spiritual pleasure. It accompanies a person throughout his life, causing an emotional response, excitement, and a desire for action. It can inspire, ignite a person, instill in him a spirit of vigor and energy, but it can also lead to a state of melancholy, sorrow or quiet sadness.
Considering the enormous impact of music on emotions and the child’s desire to understand and feel its content, it is especially important to use musical works that artistically specifically reflect the reality that is close and accessible to him. It is known that one of the sources of the emergence of musical images are the real sounds of nature and human speech - everything that the human ear perceives in the surrounding world.
Developing in the process of sound communication, music was initially inseparable from speech and dance. She adapted to the rhythm of labor movements, facilitated them, and united people with a single desire. Just as a painter imitates the forms and colors of nature, so a musician imitates the sound - intonation, timbre, voice modulations. However, the essence of music is not in onomatopoeia and pictorial moments. The musical image is devoid of direct, concrete visibility, but it is dynamic in nature and expresses in a generalized way, through sound means, the essential processes of life. “Emotional experience and an idea colored by feeling, expressed through sounds of a special kind, which are based on the intonation of human speech - such is the nature musical image" (Boreev Yu.B.)
By influencing people's feelings and thoughts, music promotes emotional understanding of the surrounding reality and helps transform and change it. With the help of its emotional language, music influences feelings, thinking, influences a person’s worldview, guides and changes him.
One of the main means of creating a musical image is a melody, organized rhythmically, enriched with dynamics, timbre, etc., supported by accompanying voices.
Musical images are created using a set of means of musical expression and are an emotional reflection of images of the real world.
The peculiarity of music, its emotional power lies in the ability to show the rich world of human feelings that arose under the influence of the surrounding life. “Music, through the revelation of human experiences, reflects the life that gave birth to them.” (Vanslov V.V.)
Nature of impact musical composition depends on how specific its content is. From this point of view, a distinction is made between music with verbal text, program and non-program purely instrumental music (program music is equipped with a verbal program that reveals its content).
Non-program music expresses only emotional content. But this content must be there. They determine special cognitive abilities musical art.
Music does not provide new specific factual knowledge, but it can deepen existing knowledge by emotionally saturating it.
3. Concept
Couplet (French couplet) is a part of a song that includes one stanza of text and one melody (chant).
The verse is repeated throughout the song with new verses of poetic text, while the melody may remain the same or vary slightly. As a result, the so-called verse form is formed, which underlies the structure of most musical works of the song genre.
1) Start of singing; singing.
2) The beginning of the choral song or each of its verses, performed by the soloist.
3) The beginning of the epic, usually not related to its main content, necessary to attract the attention of listeners; beginning
part of a verse song, performed at the end of the verse, in a choral song - by the choir after the solo chorus. Unlike the chorus, the text of which is updated in each verse, P. is usually sung to the same text. P. is characterized by simplicity of melody and rhythmic clarity. Often P.'s text represents the expression general idea, slogan, appeal (especially in revolutionary and mass songs). In many cases, P. is performed twice each time, which gives it special weight. The “chorus - chorus” relationship is also transferred to instrumental music - a two-part form arises, the second part of which is often also repeated, Rondo or rondo-shaped form (see Musical form).
No. 4. The concept of unwritten and written musical culture. Features of folk musical art as a phenomenon, its features as a specific layer of musical culture: orality, variation and variability, the presence of standard tunes, syncretism, etc.
The essence and specificity of folklore as a phenomenon, features musical language The problem of forming national identity as the basis for preserving the national identity of culture in modern conditions world globalization undoubtedly deserves close attention already at the initial stage of human comprehension of culture - during preschool childhood. And folklore ( folk wisdom), and original works of art are indispensable means of influencing the feelings and consciousness of a preschooler, therefore any area of education, including musical and aesthetic education, involves the use of samples national culture and, first of all, musical folklore. Musical folklore is a combination of song, dance, instrumental creativity people. Folklore is a more ancient layer of musical culture than composer's music. This is unwritten musical culture, which differs significantly from the written one. Folklore has a number of features, taking into account which makes it possible to effectively use it in musical development children preschool age. 1. For folklore tradition Orality is characteristic, transmission from person to person, from generation to generation. Due to oral nature, works of folklore use frequent repetitions of melodic turns and texts (counting on the limited capabilities of human memory), laconic musical form. These features make musical folklore accessible to preschool children. 2. As a result of orality, such features as variability and variation have developed in folklore. Variation implies the existence of many similar variants of one sample in space (different regions) and in time. Variability - changing a sample during its performance (depending on the capabilities of the performer). These features of folklore make it possible to use its works as invaluable material for the development of musical and creative abilities of preschoolers. A folklore pattern taught with preschoolers is a model on the basis of which a child can improvise, create his own variations, without conflicting with the very nature of folklore. 3. As a result of oral tradition, typical melodies, rhythms, and texts were recorded in folklore, which are transferred from one sample of folklore to another, often being signs of the genre (tertian mode in lullabies, the sung fifth syllable in the phrases of carol songs, the text refrains “Shchodry Vechar, good evening”, “Kalada”, “Agu, vesna!” etc.). Preschoolers, becoming familiar with a number of traditional tunes, learn the “vocabulary” and “grammar” of the national musical (as well as verbal) language. In this process, the child’s musical intonation vocabulary is enriched, and folklore becomes recognizable to him (as a result of frequent repetition) and a familiar phenomenon. 4. Folklore (especially the early layer) is characterized by syncretism - the unity of all its elements (singing, movement, use of instruments, play). The child’s worldview is also syncretic, types musical activity preschoolers are closely related. Thus, the folklore repertoire corresponds to the age capabilities and needs of a preschool child
4. Concept
Instrumental music is music performed on instruments without the participation of the human voice. There are solo, ensemble and orchestral instrumental music. Widely distributed in classical music, jazz, electronic music, new age, post-rock, etc.
Music, according to the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, gives life and joy to everything that exists in the world, and is the embodiment of that beautiful and sublime that exists on earth.
Like any other art form, music has its specific features and means of expression. For example, music is not capable of depicting various phenomena, like painting, but it can very accurately and subtly convey a person’s experiences, his emotional state. Its content lies in artistic and intonation images formed in the mind of a musician, be it a composer, performer or listener.
Each type of art has a language that is unique to it. In music, such a language is the language of sounds.
So, what are the main means of musical expression that reveal the secret of how music is born?
- The basis of any musical work, its leading principle is melody. A melody is a developed and complete musical thought, expressed monophonically. It can be very different - both smooth and jerky, calm and cheerful, etc.
- In music, melody is always inseparable from another means of expression - rhythm, without which it cannot exist. Translated from Greek, rhythm is “measurement,” that is, a uniform, coordinated alternation of short and long sounds. It is rhythm that has the ability to influence the character of music. For example, lyricism is imparted to a piece of music using a smooth rhythm, while some excitement is added to a piece of music using an intermittent rhythm.
- No less important okay as a means of expression. There are two types: major and minor. The difference between them is that major music evokes clear, joyful feelings in listeners, while minor music evokes slightly sad and dreamy feelings.
- Pace– expresses the speed at which a particular piece of music is performed. It can be fast (allegro), slow (adagio) or moderate (andante).
- A special means of musical expression is timbre. It represents the color of sound characteristic of any voice and instrument. It is thanks to timbre that one can distinguish the human or “voice” of a musical instrument.
Additional means of musical expression include invoice– a method of processing a certain material, strokes or methods of extracting sounds, dynamics- sound strength.
Thanks to the harmonious combination of all of the above expressive means or part of them, music appears that accompanies us in life almost everywhere.
Music reference materials
Types of music:
By method of execution
Vocal, choral
Instrumental music- music that, unlike songs, is performed without words. There are solo, ensemble and orchestral instrumental music.
Chamber music - instrumental or vocal music for a small group of performers: solo compositions. Symphonic music.
Styles:
Antique
Medieval (polyphony appears from the 11th to the 18th centuries. Polyphony– type of polyphony (fugue, canon - polyphonic genres)
Baroque, classical, romantic, impressionism, modern, contemporary
Means of musical expression
Lad– a sound-pitch system, where each step is at its own level. The mode determines the color of the melody. The most famous modes are major and minor.
Rhythm ratio of sound durations in their sequence
Pace– music speed:
slowly
calmly
lively
Timbre - coloration of the sound of instruments or voices
Register - height
Dynamics- volume (forte, piano)
Intonation- semantic expressiveness
Form- plan of a musical work.
Variations (A., A1, A2, A3...)
Rondo(AVASADA…)
Sonata form.
Variations- (variation) is a musical form based on a theme and its variations.
Rondo– French round dance song. The refrain is one, the choruses change.
Sonata- a piece of music for one or two instruments. For example: sonata for violin and piano.
The structure of the first movement of a sonata, symphony, overture, quartet.
Introduction. The first section of sonata form is Exposition.
An exposition is a display of topics. Typically there are two main themes. Often they contrast with each other, which determines the further development of the work. The exposition consists of 4 topics: main, connecting, secondary and final. The semantic load falls precisely on the main and secondary parties.
Development (based on the motives of the exhibition).
Reprise (repetition of exposition themes with changes).
Coda (epilogue, afterword). Symphony- a piece of music for symphony orchestra. Consists of four parts: Fast, Slow, Cheerful, Solemn.
Genres:(from French - view). Each genre has its own characteristic means of musical expression.
Dance - an art form in which artistic image is created through rhythmic plastic movements and changes in expressive positions of the human body.
March- - music genre that has developed in instr. music in connection with the task of motion synchronization large number people...
Song- this is the form vocal music. In a song, words and melody are important.
Vocalise- singing without words
Romance- genre of vocal music; Musically - poetic work for voice with guitar accompaniment.
Ballad- Song or play narrative character with dramatic and lyrical content.
Play- small piece of music:
musical moments and impromptu, nocturnes and ballads, transcriptions for piano orchestral works and songs without words, fantasies, rhapsodies, suites, concertinos.
Special genre instrumental music - concert with orchestra, where the virtuoso features of the piano or other instruments appear with particular brightness.
Overture- an instrumental (usually orchestral) piece performed before the start of any performance - opera, ballet, film, etc., or a one-part orchestral work, often belonging to program music.
Opera(from Italian letters - work, composition) - a genre of vocal musical and dramatic art, based on the synthesis of words, stage action and music. Examples: M. Glinka “Ivan Susanin”, J. Bizet “Carmen”, M. Mussorgsky “Boris Godunov”.
(Overture, aria, cavatina, recitative, libretto - short text, leitmotif - a bright, imaginative melodic theme. The leitmotif changes as the image develops)
Ballet- a type of synthetic musical and theatrical art that combines drama, music, choreography and fine arts, view performing arts, the content of which is revealed in dance and musical images.
Oratorio(Latin oratorium, Italian oratorio) - a large musical work for choir, soloists and orchestra. In the past, oratorios were written only on subjects from Holy Scripture. It differs from opera in the absence of stage action, and from cantata in its larger size and branching plot.
Cantata a multi-part vocal-symphonic work of a solemn or narrative-epic nature (the term “cantata” comes from the Italian cantare - to sing)
Quartet– ensemble from four people
Quintet– ensemble of five people
Musical image- these are the thoughts and feelings of the composer expressed in sounds. They can be lyrical, dramatic, epic, etc. Imaginary pictures of the surroundings and inner world people, created by means of musical expressiveness. (“Morning”, “In the Cave of the Mountain King” by E. Grieg. “Sad Waltz” by J. Sibelius.)
Musical dramaturgy is the process of development of a musical work. Musical thought, developing through changes in the means of musical expression, forms the dynamics of musical sound, called musical dramaturgy. Dramaturgy is the embodiment of an idea, the composer's plan in a musical work through the development of one or more musical images. There are two types of dramaturgy: conflict dramaturgy and comparison dramaturgy. (for example, Beethoven’s “Egmont” overture and Glinka’s overture to the opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila”) Some of the most common ways of developing music are: repetition, variation, sequence, imitation.
2. Musical script that determines the relationship of images in the work
Program music is music that has specific content. Such works have a specific title or literary preface(epigraph), created or chosen by the composer himself. Example: Beethoven Overture to Goethe's drama "Egmont".
Introduction. Spaniards. People.
Exposition. Egmont. Klerchen.
Development. Spaniards. Klerchen.
Reprise. Klerchen. Death of Egmont.
Code. Victory of the rebel people.
Means of musical expression.
Music, according to the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, gives life and joy to everything that exists in the world, and is the embodiment of that beautiful and sublime that exists on earth.
Like any other art form, music has its specific features and means of expression. For example, music is not capable of depicting various phenomena, like painting, but it can very accurately and subtly convey a person’s experiences, his emotional state. Its content lies in artistic and intonation images formed in the mind of a musician, be it a composer, performer or listener.
Each type of art has a language that is unique to it. In music, such a language is the language of sounds.
So, what are the main means of musical expression that reveal the secret of how music is born?
The basis of any musical work, its leading principle, is melody. Melody represents a developed and complete musical thought, expressed monophonically. It can be very different - both smooth and jerky, calm and cheerful, etc.
In music, melody is always inseparable from another means of expression - rhythm, without which it cannot exist. Translated from Greek, rhythm is “measurement”; This is the ratio of the durations of sounds (notes) in their sequence. It is rhythm that has the ability to influence the character of music. For example, lyricism is imparted to a piece of music using a smooth rhythm, while some excitement is added to a piece of music using an intermittent rhythm.
Lad- a system that connects sounds of different heights, based on stable sounds - tonic. There are two types of it: major and minor. The difference between them is that major music evokes clear, joyful feelings in listeners, while minor music evokes slightly sad and dreamy feelings.
Timbre(French “bell”, “distinctive sign”) – coloristic (overtone) coloring of sound.
Pace– speed of following metrically counting units. It can be fast (allegro), slow (adagio) or moderate (andante). Used to accurately measure tempo metronome.
Timbre is a special means of musical expressiveness. It is the color of sound characteristic of any voice and instrument. It is thanks to timbre that one can distinguish the human voice or “voice” of a musical instrument.
Texture- this is the device, organization, structure of the musical fabric, the totality of its elements. And the elements of texture are what it is made up of - melody, accompaniment, bass, middle voices and echoes.
Stroke - way (technique and method) of performing notes, a group of notes that form a sound - (translated from German - “line”, “line”). Types of strokes: Legato – coherent, Staccato – abrupt, Nonlegato – not coherent.
Dynamics– varying degrees of sound strength, volume and their changes. Designations: Forte – loud, Piano – quiet, mf – not very loud, mp – not very quiet.
Thanks to the harmonious combination of all of the above expressive means or part of them, music appears that accompanies us in life almost everywhere.
Musical sound.
Music is built from musical sounds. They have a certain pitch (the pitch of the fundamental tone is usually from to subcontracts to to - re fifth octave (from 16 to 4000 - 4500 Hz). Timbre musical sound determined by the presence of overtones and depends on the sound source. The volume of the musical sound does not exceed the pain threshold. A musical sound has a certain duration. The physical feature of musical sound is that the sound pressure in it is a periodic function of time.
Musical sounds are organized into a musical system. The basis for constructing music is the scale. Dynamic shades are subject to a volume scale that has no absolute values. In the most common scale of durations, neighboring sounds are in a ratio of 1:2 (eighths are related to quarters, as quarters are to halves, etc.).
Musical system.
Musical tuning is a system of pitch relationships of sounds adopted in one or another practice of tuning musical instruments, which is characterized by setting the frequencies of notes. There are many different musical scales, such as Pythagorean or midtone. Modern musical instruments with fixed tuning usually use equal temperament.
Consonance and HarmoniesI. The vast majority of modern musical styles make extensive use of the simultaneous sound of tones, which is called consonance. The consonance of two sounds is called a musical interval, and of three or more sounds - a chord, while the pattern of combination of tones in consonance is called harmony. The term “harmony” can refer to both a single consonance and the general patterns of their use. Harmony is also the name given to the branch of musicology that studies these patterns.
Many musical cultures have developed their own systems for recording music using written signs. The predominance of seven-step diatonic modes in European music became the reason that in the process of evolution seven notes were identified, the names of which come from the Latin hymn of St. Joanna - to, re, mi, F, salt, la, si. These notes form a seven-step diatonic scale, the sounds of which can be arranged in fifths, and the intervals between adjacent steps are major or minor seconds. The names of the notes apply to all octaves of the scale.
