Presentation on the topic Interesting traditions of China. Chinese culture. Features of Chinese culture. Chinese culture is one of the oldest cultures on the planet. It was she who laid the foundation for such religions,

Completed by: Vlad Peskov 6th grade student Leader: V.A. Aleksandrova MCOU Polyanskaya secondary school

Cricket fighting was popular in China during the Tang Dynasty. Crickets are a hobby and a pastime for residents in the Yangtze River Delta. They are kept for their chirping, like birds for their singing. There are references to crickets in early Chinese literature from the Tang Dynasty (613-905), when the Chinese began keeping crickets in cages and it developed into an art. During the Song Dynasty (960-1280), cricket fighting originated.

Despite the ban introduced in 1949, it is still an exciting sporting spectacle for many people. Fighting crickets are caught towards the end of summer. Before a big battle, they are tickled with special devices. The winner is given the proud name "Winning Cricket". After death, his ashes are placed in a silver coffin. There are 67 species of fighting and loudly singing crickets. Especially outstanding crickets stand like racing ponies.

Like ponies, crickets have servants - grooms. They are kept in separate clay pots with a bed of humus and a tiny cup for water. Singing crickets are also kept in such pots. There is a special diet for fighting crickets and medicine if they get a cold. There are amazing cages for crickets - these are pumpkin bottles. They are cleaned from the inside, holes are cut out, and they are often grown in shapes that give the pumpkins fancy shapes. The pinnacle of art are cages made of ivory, jade, turtle shell or simple bamboo grown in a special way.

Only one species is used for fighting, and the origin of the crickets is of great importance to buyers. Crickets from Shandong Province are known for their skill and bravery. A Westerner may not be able to tell the difference, but to a Chinese it is obvious because they keep crickets as pets.”

A competitor with his cricket during the Yu-Shen Cup tournament on Chongmin Island. This tournament is held during a week-long national holiday and features 16 groups. Betting on grasshoppers is prohibited, but the winning team receives a prize certificate worth 10,000 yuan ($1,500).

Crickets at a zoological market in Shanghai. For those who do not collect or raise insects themselves, such a market is an ideal place to pick up a fighter. Prices range from $2 to $50, although particularly aggressive specimens can cost much more.

A shopper examines insects at a market in Shanghai before making a purchase. He teases the cricket with a straw to determine how aggressive it is.

A seller at a Shanghai market. Many small pets are sold here and the losing crickets are fed to the birds.

Singing crickets in jars. They are kept mainly because of the melodious sounds they make. It is believed that the fashion for these crickets was introduced by court women during the Tang Dynasty.

Sellers who do not have counters lay out their goods directly on the ground

The seller shows one of his fighters. Only male crickets fight. If a cricket loses a fight, it will not fight again for the next 24 hours. Scientists are studying this phenomenon in the hope that it will help them better understand the nature of human depression.

Set of crickets for sale.

Cricket fight on one of the counters

E yes for crickets at a two-day tournament in the city of Qibao, organized by the Minhang Collection Association.

Owners make sure their crickets are well fed during the Qibao tournament.

Before the match, judges weigh each cricket on electronic scales. Opponents are selected by size, weight and color.

Two crickets are placed in a plastic "arena" at a tournament in Kibao. The insects are poked with straws until they get angry and attack each other.

Participants and guests watch the fight on the big screen. Most of the participants are older men. Young cricket owners are rare. This is a sport for the older generation.

The Cricket House at Silay Farm is a museum of the long history of insect fighting.

People on the street in the old part of Shanghai gather around the battle site and money changes hands.

The participants watch the battle tensely. Even if you are unlucky, you can always try your luck next year.

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Chinese culture

China is one of the oldest civilizations. The history and culture of the Celestial Empire goes back several thousand years, and during this time the Chinese have changed little. And this is largely due to their religion and philosophy, which modern China still adheres to.

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This state has always been peaceful and hospitable, which was determined by their vision of the world, attitude towards each other and towards nature. Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism have brought up a kind, calm, hardworking people, which honored its traditions and preserved it to our centuries. These teachings instilled in people a love and respect for harmony in all things. And it’s true. The proverb: “Sit on the shore and wait for the corpse of your enemy to float down the river” - about the Chinese. Although they were famous for their knowledge of military affairs and the invention of gunpowder, crossbows and mines, they preferred to resolve wars through diplomacy, because war is unpleasant for people. Isn't it true, wise people? Such peacefulness and wisdom simply cannot but command respect.

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Greeting as a custom that should not be forgotten

The philosophy, culture and traditions of China have brought up respectful attitude to the people around you. Of course, there is a certain gradation of respect, especially if people from different social classes or ranks meet (at work, for example). Therefore to different people applies different type greetings, but always respectful. In the old days, the Chinese greeted each other by putting their palms together and bowing. In this way, they showed that their intentions were pure and that they had no weapons in their hands. If a noble gentleman and a commoner met, the latter should bow deeper. In our time, China has partially preserved the traditions; the only greetings left are bows, and the subordinate always greets the boss with a deep bow, which expresses respect.

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Attitudes towards elders in Chinese culture

As Chinese customs show, elders and elderly people were always honored and respected because they were the bearers of wisdom that they passed on to other generations. Therefore, there was a special attitude towards them. They were even addressed in a special way - “Xiansheng”, which meant “teacher”, “master”. As for relationships in the family, no one ever contradicted the head of the family, the man, and this tradition has survived to this day. In the patriarchal society of China, the head of the family always began to eat first, and the rest of the family began after him.

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Visiting a Chinese family

If you are invited to visit by a friendly Chinese family, do not come empty-handed. You can give sweets that will be very useful for tea. You cannot give knives and watches, which in China symbolize death, as well as expensive gifts that can put the owners of the house in an awkward position. Avoid gifts in the amount of four - the number four is consonant with the hieroglyph meaning death and is considered an unlucky number. If you are given a gift, then accept it with both hands and open it at home.

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Tea ceremony

The Chinese tea ceremony - Gongfu Cha or, as it is often called in China, Kung Fu tea, is one of many historically Chinese traditions, which originated several thousand years ago in ancient China. Chinese Gongfu Cha is the ancestor of all tea traditions that have spread throughout the world, representing a separate ritual of admiration for the taste of a tea drink, originating from the Chinese provinces of Fujian and Guangdong.

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National cuisine of China

Due to the fact that China is a multinational state with a long history, it has a rich and varied cuisine. Different provinces had their own dishes, which was determined by the geographical location and specialization of the region. Contrary to popular belief that Chinese cuisine consists only of rice and fish dishes, I would like to note that national traditions China also includes the consumption of meat - pork, lamb, beef. In ancient times, meat was indeed consumed in small quantities, and rice, of course, dominated the table. Now the Chinese diet has diversified and is represented by all kinds of soups, fish and meat dishes, noodles and vegetables.

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Holidays in China

The traditional cultural festivals of the Chinese are related to their agricultural activities and nature. The Chinese celebrate the winter solstice, All Souls' Day, and Mid-Autumn Day, which marks the end of the harvest. Along with traditional holidays that have been celebrated for many centuries, relatively new dates have appeared related to the communist history of China. In Chinese People's Republic International Women's Day is also celebrated, which also falls on March 8th.

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Chinese New Year

Chinese New Year, which after 1911 in literal translation is called the Spring Festival, has been the main and longest holiday in China since ancient times. It is often informally called the “lunar new year”, since it is a derivative of the lunisolar Chinese calendar, and its exact date is determined based on the lunar phases. According to the Chinese, on this first day of spring, nature awakens, the earth and its treasures come to life. sprouts of life. Each year is designated by one of the 12 zodiac animals and a color according to the “Five Elements” (“U-sin”) system.

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Mythology of Chinese New Year

According to ancient myth, at the beginning of every new year, the Chinese hide from a monster called Nian (年 (nián) means "year" in Chinese). Nian comes on New Year's Day to devour livestock, grain and food supplies, and sometimes villagers, especially children. To protect themselves, residents placed food at the entrance to the room, opposite the door, with the arrival of each new year. According to legend, the more food there is, the kinder and more compliant the beast will be, and after Nian is satisfied with the food prepared for him, he will no longer attack people and leave them alone. One day people saw that Nian was afraid of a small child dressed in red clothes and decided that he was afraid of the color red. Since then, every time New Year comes, people hang red lanterns and red scrolls on the windows and doors of their homes and light fireworks. According to legends, these traditions scare Nyan away and force him to go around the settlements.

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Chinese medicine

The achievements of the Chinese in medicine are truly enormous. Since ancient times, health problems have worried these people. And although many of their recipes and discoveries are lost or forgotten, even those remaining known to contemporaries are in many ways ahead of European medicine. Medicine in China is one of the oldest sciences, which dates back 4 thousand years. The classic work "Huang Ding Jing", written 2400 years ago, outlines some concepts of anatomy, physiology, pathology and diagnosis, and also describes methods of treating various diseases. This book laid the foundations of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

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Chinese opera

Chinese opera is a popular form of drama and musical theater in China with roots going back to early periods in China. It is a complex performing art that is an amalgamation of various art forms that existed in ancient China and gradually developed over more than a thousand years, reaching its mature form in the 13th century during the Song Dynasty. The early forms of Chinese drama are simple, but over time they included various art forms such as music, song and dance. martial arts, acrobatics, and literary forms art to become Chinese opera.

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What attracts tourists to China?

National songs and dance, opera and drama, customs and mores, which have centuries-old traditions, are a treasure trove of tourism resources in China. Tourists in China can enjoy Peking Opera, Humorous Dialogue "Xiangsheng" and other national art, which have an original charm, as well as get acquainted with national customs and morals by participating in such holidays as the “Water Festival” of the Dai people, the “Torch Festival” of the Yiyang people, the “March Bazaar” of the Bai people, the Zhuang song competitions, “Nadom”, etc. Getting to know Chinese cuisine is another exotic thing when traveling around China. Tourism in China is a highly developed sector of the economy and last decades is developing rapidly. In terms of the number of tourists visiting the country, China ranks 3rd in the world, and this is due to the beautiful, unusual and fascinating traditions of this country.

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The extraordinary culture of China 中国的文化 The project was prepared by 8th grade student D Dergacheva Alexandra

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Culture and traditions China is famous for its long history and the past. The people of China are very peaceful and hardworking people. They respect elders, love children and are patient with others. The Chinese are, by nature, thrifty and modest. They believe in harmony and never enter into conflict. The Chinese greet foreigners warmly and are very tolerant towards them. Throughout history, Chinese culture has not lost its activity, maintaining its monolithic nature. Each of the cultural eras left for descendants values unique in beauty, originality and diversity. Works of architecture, sculpture, painting and crafts are priceless monuments cultural heritage China.

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Holidays Official holidays: January 1 - New Year March 8 - International Women's Day May 1 - International Workers' Day May 4 - Chinese Youth Day June 1 - International Children's Day July 1 - Founding Day of the Communist Party of China August 1 - Founding Day of the People's Party of China Chinese Liberation Army October 1 - National holiday Education of the People's Republic of China In addition to the official ones, traditional holidays that go back thousands of years are widely celebrated in China. Initially, many Chinese holidays had the meaning of sacrificial rites, imbued with a mysterious aura, but over time they began to acquire an entertainment and ritual character. When planning a business trip, you need to carefully consider the New Year period according to the Chinese lunar calendar. New Year is the longest and most solemn holiday in China.

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… National holidays: 1st day of the first month of the new year according to the lunar calendar - Spring Festival, New Year according to the traditional calendar. The 15th day of the first month of the new year according to the lunar calendar is the Lantern Festival. The 2nd day of the second month according to the lunar calendar is the Dragon Festival. The end of the second month or the beginning of the third month according to the lunar calendar is All Souls' Day. The 5th day of the fifth month according to the lunar calendar is the Festival of the Beginning of Summer. The 7th day of the seventh month according to the lunar calendar is the Double Seven Festival. The 15th day of the eighth month according to the lunar calendar is the Moon Festival, Mid-Autumn or Harvest Festival. The 9th day of the ninth month according to the lunar calendar is the Double Nine Festival.

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Spring Festival 春节 Spring Festival (Lunar New Year) is celebrated at the end of the winter season, on the eve of spring. It is accompanied by the posting of paired paper inscriptions on both sides of the entrance to the house, the room is decorated inside with popular New Year's paintings. On the days of the holiday, mass performances are organized: lion dances, dragon dances, round dances of “land boats”, performances on stilts. On this day, red color predominates everywhere - the color of sun and joy, since evil spirits are afraid of red. According to established tradition, the Chinese on this holiday must completely pay off their debts, acquire new clothes, do general cleaning in the house, arrange a magnificent family feast, bring gifts to the spirits, give children red envelopes with lucky money. After mutual congratulations, the New Year's feast began. In the north of China, the main New Year's ritual dish on the New Year's table was dumplings, in the south - sweet dumplings made from rice flour, shaped like silver ingots.

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Yuanxiao Festival. Qingmi Festival. The Yuanxiao Festival is called the Lantern Festival. It coincides with the first full moon of the new year. On this day, people eat “yuan xiao” and admire the festive lanterns. Yuanxiao is made from glutinous rice with a sweet filling. They symbolize the happiness of a friendly family. In the evening, lantern fairs open in many cities, fireworks displays, and yangge dances are held. On the Qingmi holiday, people have been commemorating their ancestors since ancient times, and now they organize events in memory of fallen revolutionaries and fallen heroes. On this day, their graves are put in order. The Qingming Festival is also called “Tatsingjie” - a day of walking along the first greenery. Duanwu Festival is associated with the memory of Chinese ancient poet- patriot Qu Yuan. On this day, it is customary to organize boat races on the rivers, shaped like a dragon, and eat “zongzi” (rice wrapped in reed leaves). On the Zhongqiu holiday, people prepared gingerbread cookies from flour and brought them as a gift to the Moon God. At the end of the ceremony, the whole family ate gingerbread, which symbolized well-being in the family.

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Peony Festival During the Peony Festival (April 15 - 25), gala concerts, exhibitions of peonies, paintings, lanterns, seminars on the cultivation of peonies, and festive banquets are held. China also holds annual International festival calligraphers, Confucius Festival, International Wushu Festival in Shaolin, National Torch Festival and Kite Festival, Water Festival (Po Shui). Many national minorities have retained their traditional holidays. Among the Dais it is the “Water Festival”, among the Mongols it is “Nadom”, the Yians celebrate the “Torch Festival”, the Yaotians celebrate the “Danu Festival”, the Bayans organize a “March Bazaar”, the Zhuans have song competitions, the Tibetans celebrate the Tibetan New Year and the Harvest Festival “ Vango."

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Chinese cuisine Chinese cuisine, like Chinese civilization, is more than five thousand years old. The cult of food among the Chinese is huge. In the morning there is a mandatory breakfast, and from 12 to 14 o'clock lunch. At this time, it is not recommended to disturb the Chinese; it is better to eat with them. There is no single Chinese cuisine; it is very diverse. Conventionally, culinary China can be divided into four large regions: Beijing, Sichuan, Shanghai and Canton. Usually they start with a cold meat appetizer, then fish or seafood, hot meat or poultry, vegetables and soup are served. The fish is served whole and should not be turned over. It is believed that otherwise the boat of the fisherman who caught it might capsize. Chinese cuisine is specially designed for chopsticks, which are easy to pick up small pieces that form the basis of dishes. Rice is served at the table in any case. In northern China, noodles and steamed buns may be served instead of rice.

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Beijing cuisine 北京菜 Beijing or northern (imperial) cuisine traditionally uses lamb in dishes, as well as sesame (oil, grains, dough). They prefer to season food with spicy rice vinegar and cook vegetables in sweet and sour sauce. Traditional dishes include Peking duck. The duck is dried, soaked in soy sauce and fried. A waiter wearing white gloves cuts the finished dish right in front of you. A piece of crispy-skinned duck, slices of cucumber and onion are served on a transparent pancake. Another popular dish is "beggar's chicken". The chicken is stuffed with champignons, cabbage, onions, herbs, wrapped in lotus leaves, coated with clay and fried in the oven. The clay crust is broken using a small hammer.

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Shanghai and Sichuan cuisine 上海和四川菜 Shanghai cuisine is famous for a variety of soups, fried ravioli, seafood, “hairy” crab, eel in wine with garlic, fried noodles with shrimp. Sichuan cuisine is very spicy, fragrant with the aromas of garlic, dill, coriander, and anise. Popular dishes include: frog legs, smoked duck in tea leaves, king prawns with garlic, tofu (fermented soybean cheese) with pepper, chicken with peanuts. The main food requirements in Cantonese cuisine are fresh ingredients and a minimum of seasonings. Restaurants serve Cantonese rice, shark fin soup, and exotic dishes made from dog, snake and turtle meat.

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Tea drinking culture文化喝茶 Tea drinking culture is a Chinese tradition. In southern China, tea has been drunk for more than two thousand years. In the 9th century, tea spread from China to Japan, then to Korea. And tea came to Russia from Asia through Siberia. In 1567, Cossack atamans who visited China described a Chinese drink unknown in Rus'. A century later, tea appeared at the royal court: it was brought by Ambassador Vasily Starkov as a gift from the Mongol Khan. Almost all Chinese also like to drink coffee.

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Sights of China China is a country of numerous historical monuments. More than 240 monuments with global significance. 24 cities with rich historical and revolutionary traditions have been declared protected areas. The country has 29 cultural and natural attractions included in the UNESCO Register of World Heritage Sites. By number unique monuments and natural areas that are part of the entire world heritage, China ranks third in the world, second only to Spain and Italy.

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… The attractions of China include: the ruins of the capital ancient kingdom Koguryo and the burial places of its rulers (northeastern Jilin province); 3 graves of Qing dynasty emperors and their ancestors (northeastern Liaoning province); palace complex of the first and second emperors of the Qing dynasty (Liaoning province).

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In Beijing, people usually visit the Great Wall of China, Summer Palace, Temple of Heaven and the inalienable wonder of China - Peking Opera. Shanghai is famous for the Jade Buddha Temple and the most famous entertainment center Paramount Hall (“Gate of a Hundred Joys”). Nanjing retains numerous medieval structures, including the Ming-era city wall, temples and pagodas, and the mausoleum of the first President of the Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen. 80 km northwest of Beijing are the Badaling, Mutianyu and Simatai sections of the Great Wall of China. IN ancient city Xi'an is located unique museum terracotta figures of warriors and horses from the tomb of Emperor Qinshihuang, and near Zhoukoudian there are unique archaeological sites included in the UNESCO cultural heritage list - the site of the discovery of fossil remains of the earliest forms of man.

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Suzhou has more than 100 well-preserved garden and park ensembles created by many generations of imperial dynasties. To the southeast of Beijing there is the famous Mount Taishan - one of the revered shrines of Taoism, the Temple of Confucius and the architectural and park complex of the Yanshenggong residence. The city of Pingyao is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List and is famous for the ancient city wall (1370), Zhenguosi Temple with the Wanfosi wooden pavilion (10th century), Shuanglinsi Temple (571) and Qingxuguan (657) and many monasteries. The main attraction of the city of Lijiang from the UNESCO World Heritage List is the street lined with multi-colored stone slabs - Sifang Square - one of the centers of the Silk and Tea trade routes of antiquity.

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The journey along the ancient Silk Road starts from the city of Chang'an (Xi'an) and passes through Central Asia to the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. Tourists will be able to visit the three famous canyons of Xinjiang, the Yangtze River, Mount Emei in Sanxia and state reserve Jiuzhaigou. You will get acquainted with the Famensi Temple, where the ashes of Buddha Shakyamuni are preserved; cave temples of Mogao and Binglinsi, caves in the Maijishan mountains; the outpost of Jiayuguan - the end point of the Great Wall of China, the Lamaist monastery of Taersi, the ruins of the ancient settlement of Gaochang. Along the “Silk Road” there are Lake Qinghaihu, Lake Tianchi in Xinjiang, the Bainbuluk Nature Reserve, and a wind turbine in the Karamay Desert. ruins of the ancient settlement Moguicheng (city of devils).

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In Hong Kong there are zoological and botanical gardens, Repalz Bay, Deep Water Bay and Stanley beaches. Tsim Sha Tsui (Kowloon Peninsula) - here are cultural center Hong Kong - Space Museum, History Museum, the famous Peninsula Hotel and Walled City Park

Guohua painting is the name of national painting. Its heyday occurred in the Tang Dynasty. In ancient times, painting was a hobby of aristocrats and artists. With the communists coming to power, painting changed its style. Today traditional painting China meets Western style.

Architecture In the country you can find both ancient Chinese and modern architecture. Traditional architecture distinguished by originality and modesty. All buildings are symmetrical and do not exceed three floors; they are made of wood. Mostly, ancient architecture persists in villages and suburbs. In large cities and the capital, for the most part, architecture is subject to Western influence.

Chinese dances folk dances originated before literature. Every Chinese can reproduce the national dance. The dance reflects inner world a person, his emotional load and love. The heyday of the ancient national dance occurred during the Tang Dynasty.

Literature Chinese literature dates back more than 4,000 years. Main literary books there were and are religious works. Fiction received less attention. Also important works are dynastic chronicles. In the 20th century, prose and poetry became popular. Contemporary literature associated with the activities of Lu Xun.

National costume The Chinese have the richest national costumes. People different classes are required to wear different clothes. The main color in clothes is red. However, white, blue and other colors are also found. Dresses are decorated with embroidery depicting dragons, flowers, etc.

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