What is civilization? The ancient Greek historian Thucydides considered the signs of “Hellenism” (civilization) to be statehood, which ensures public order; - high level of culture and well-being; Pavlova Anelya - protection of human rights. Vasilievna, Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 12, Vyshny Volochek, Tver region,
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The XYIII century is the true birth of the concept and theory of civilization. This concept for the enlighteners meant: Softening morals in society Enlightenment of people; High level of their spiritual development; The main indicator is civil society, in which the rights and freedoms of all its members must be ensured, where there is no room left for the arbitrariness of rulers.
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Theory of civilization The idea of progress Progress is the improvement of humanity in the process of historical development.
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Civilization is a certain stage in the development of mankind barbarism Accumulation of knowledge; “War of all against Technical all” (T. Hobbes XYII century) improvements; Improving the standard of living civilization The accumulation of knowledge does not necessarily lead to an improvement in society; The most harmonious state of a person is a “natural”, uncivilized life. (J.J.Rousseau XYIII century)
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The main basic characteristics of civilization: Statehood and the legal system; Cities as administrative, religious, cultural and commercial centers; Writing, formation of science; Crafts separated from agriculture; Complication of the social structure of society.
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The XYIII century is the period of the birth of two main theories of civilization. staged History represents a single flow. Peoples were compared on the basis of their “civilization”; the researcher was not interested in the originality. local History consists of a number of separate streams. The main interest is not the uniformity of development cycles, but the uniqueness of cultures. Civilization is a living organism. (positivists English. Philosopher G. Spencer of the 19th century.
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A cultural-historical type is a complex system that includes all the uniqueness of the Theory of cultural and social life of historical types. All cultural N.Ya. Danilevsky historical types are equivalent, therefore any civilization deserves the right to Civilization - the most existence, since the creative stage of development realizes a cultural-historical unique model of the type. development. Under the influence of positivists, new theories of local civilizations began to appear.
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German philosopher O. Spengler (1880-1936), a proponent of a multilinear perception of history, outlined his concept in the book “The Decline of Europe.” Cultures do not contribute to the progress of mankind and are not its steps; Denial of the possibility of mutual influence and interaction of cultures; To understand a culture one must study it from the inside; Every great culture has created its own “picture of the soul.”
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A. Toynbee (188901975) “The Study of History” Not society or the state, but local civilization is the basic unit of historical research. Civilizations are known only by comparison; Recognition of the cyclical pattern of civilization development; An attempt to prove that the stages of development (birth, flourishing and decline) of civilization are associated with historical patterns.
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Law of "Challenge-and-Response" Too strong a challenge - the development of culture is suspended. Natural and climatic conditions Natural environment challenge River floods Too weak a challenge - development is suspended. Construction of irrigation dams Built environment Toynbee’s followers were historians who united around the journal
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20th century – the emergence of new stage theories. One of them belongs to the German philosopher K. Jaspers. He was the first to prove that the era of the creation of world religions, the “Axial Age,” plays an important role in the history of civilization; This is due to the emergence of a new personality, new ideas about the world.
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American historian O. Toffler identified several periods in world history, taking material production as a criterion. Toffler's three waves Civilization of the “third wave”: ?????? ?????????? Civilization of the “second wave”: industrial Civilization of the “first wave”: agricultural
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The theory of “growth stages” by W. Rostow Society of “high mass consumption” Industrial society (“maturity stage”) “Shift stage” “transitional society” “traditional society”
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Typology of civilizations 1. “primary” (in them there is no leading N.Ya. Danilevsky principle that determines their meaning) - Egyptian, Chinese, Iranian; 2. “single-basic” (they have one distinct beginning from which all their features originate) – ancient Greek (culture), ancient Roman (politics); 3. “two-basic” – European (culture and politics); 4. “unifying” - harmonious According to A. Toynbee 1. “primary” - undeveloped, adapted to life in certain geographical conditions, easily arising and easily dying; 2. “secondary” – arising in response to a challenge; 3. “tertiary” - arise on the basis of common religions and churches from secondary ones; (by the middle of the 20th century no more than 7-8) According to O. Spengler 1. A clear distinction between the concepts of “civilization” and “culture”; 2. Civilization was understood as a stage of decline, ossification, and dying of culture; 3. Speaking about cultures, he singled out, emphasizing their independence, only 8: Egyptian, Babylonian, Arab-Byzantine, Greco-Roman,
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The following Industrial periodization can be considered the most generally accepted: Pre-industrial Post-trial (machine industrial, (agrarian, technogenic traditional) end XYIII - IY- III thousand. beginning XIX BC to c. to industrial revolution of the last third of the 20th century. (informational); the transition to it is taking place now.
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Parameters that distinguish industrial civilization from agricultural civilization Dependence on the natural environment is lost; Science is closely related to production; The urban population predominates over the rural; Industrial production is pushing agriculture into the background; Democratization of the political system; A system of social protection of citizens and protection of individual rights is being approved; The personality is freed from connection with its social environment; The process of globalization is underway; Spiritual life is characterized by increased rationalism.
Civilization is (from the Latin civilis civil, state) a term first introduced by Mirabeau (1756) in his work “The Friend of Men.” Initially used by French educators to designate civil society, which is characterized by freedom, justice, and the legal system. Thus, the author of the term Mirabeau wrote: “If I asked the majority what civilization consists of, they would answer: civilization is a softening of morals, courtesy, politeness and knowledge disseminated in order to observe the rules of decency and so that these rules play the role of laws of common life , all this shows only the mask of virtue, and not its face. Civilization does nothing for society if it does not give it the basis and form of virtue.” Subsequently, the content of the concept of “civilization” changed; at present, this term, in particular, denotes the stage of development of society, which is characterized by a certain, fairly high level of spiritual, cultural and technological achievements of society, progress in the arts and sciences, the intensive use of writing, the emergence of a complex of political and social institutions.
Civilization is a cultural and historical type of society with a single historical destiny and one spiritual and material culture that give people a sense of belonging to a community. Civilizations are created by peoples or groups of peoples close in language, traditional culture and area of residence. Civilization includes (and determines) the spiritual and material values of a people, their way of life and social and community composition, the place and role of a person in society.
Civilizations are traditional, monotonous, repeating cultural experience. Civilizations are renewing, modernizing, developing new cultural experiences. Middle civilizations, which combine the features of tradition and renewal. Traditionalism is characteristic of the peoples of the East, modernism is characteristic of the peoples of the West. Civilizations are monolithic, fenced off from other civilizations, based on the culture of one people. Synthetic civilizations, connecting several civilizations, developing the culture of a group of peoples. Agrarian civilizations material value which was the cultivated land, and the spiritual values of everything that connected people with the land. Industrial civilizations, the material value of which is technological progress, everything that reduces human dependence on nature. Continental civilizations tie people to geographic space. Marine and oceanic civilizations, opening up new geographical spaces for the people. Almost all civilizations can be classified into several types at once and exist, as it were, at their intersection.
Ancient world(the period from the separation of man from the animal world about 2 million years ago until the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD). Middle Ages (the period from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the beginning of the eras Renaissance XVI V.). Modern times (from the Renaissance to 1918 - the end of the First World War). Modern times(from 1919 to the present day).
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The concept of “Civilization”
(Presentation, slide No. 2)
A form of social coexistence called “civilization” arose about 5 thousand years ago. This is a society with an economy, a state, money circulation, cities as centers of power, military and financial power, culture, science, and art. The concept of “civilization” was first introduced into circulation by the philosophers of the French Enlightenment; it was used by Voltaire, Montesquieu, Diderot and others. Enlightenmentists understood the term “civilization” as a reflection of civil society. However, a single concept of “civilization,” like the concept of “culture,” has not been developed. There are approximately 200 definitions of this concept.
The main approaches to the definition of “civilization” are as follows.
The German philosopher O. Spengler understood civilization as the decline phase of the cultural-historical cycle, as a dying culture. In his famous book “The Decline of Europe” (1918), he wrote: “At a certain moment in the development of culture, when the goal is achieved and the idea is completed, then the culture suddenly freezes, dies, its blood coagulates, its strength breaks down - it becomes a civilization.”
O. Spengler compared the world historical process with the collective biography of cultures.
Theory of local civilizations A. J. Toynbee.
Toynbee called “local civilizations” societies that have an extension in time and space greater than the life of the state. He identified 23 civilizations that existed in history: Western, two Orthodox (Byzantine and Russian), Iranian, Arab, two Far Eastern, ancient, Egyptian, etc. He considered the Greco-Roman “common mother” for Western European and Orthodox Christian civilizations. Toynbee pointed out that the growth of civilization is caused neither by the geographical spread of society nor by technological progress. The growth of civilization is the progress of its internal self-expression, its specificity. Developing, civilization unfolds its predominant capabilities: aesthetic - in ancient times, religious - in Indian ones, scientific-mechanical ones - in Western ones.
(Go to slide number 5)
Local civilizations are like molecules. (Remember Brownian motion in physics!)
They intersect, are absorbed, die, progress, assimilate, moving in a single “civilized channel”. Many philosophers see the life of civilization as the life of a living organism: origin, formation, maturity, decrepitude, crisis, death.
Assignment: Give examples of the death of individual civilizations. Do disappeared civilizations leave traces in history?
Another approach to the concept of civilization can be formulated as follows: civilization is a feature of cultural and historical development.
In the 19th century, the founder of scientific anthropology, American L.G. Morgan, and then the philosophers and sociologists K. Marx and F. Engels began to understand civilization as a certain stage of development. F. Engels believed that “civilization” is a higher stage of development of society compared to “savagery” and “barbarism”.
(Slide No. 7)
So, with all the diversity of points of view on the concept of “civilization,” we can distinguish two main approaches: some put forward the idea of the existence of local civilizations, others talk about civilizations as stages of a universal human historical process.
Let us dwell in more detail on the stage theory.
(Slide No. 8)
The terms “agrarian and industrial society” arose approximately 200 years ago (C.A. de Saint-Simon is recognized as the author of the term industrial society). American sociologist Alvin Toffler believed that human society goes through the following stages of development (civilization waves):
8-9 thousand years ago (from the Neolithic revolution) - agricultural civilization
300 years ago (since the industrial revolution) – industrial civilization
Since the end of the twentieth century (with the information revolution) - the emergence of post-industrial civilization
(Thanks to the hyperlinks from slide No. 8, the teacher can present the material according to his plan, characterizing each type of society and the socio-ecological crises that caused the transition from one type of civilization to another. The author provides comments on the slides).
The path of world civilization was not only difficult, but also uneven. He walked through global crises caused by both natural and human influences. The first significant crisis was the Neolithic Revolution.
Neolithic revolution. (Slides No. 9, 10)
8-9 thousand years ago, changes in nature forced man to react not with a biological change. His answer was to be the answer of the social group. Not an increase in the brain of an individual, but a unification of the intellects of individuals. From the time a person violated the law of natural evolution, left its subordination, found a path of development different from the path of development of other living organisms, the history of the relationship between two principles begins: society and nature. Archaeologists and historians associate the beginning of human civilization with the Neolithic revolution, the deepest revolution in society and man himself.
What is the essence of the Neolithic revolution:
- There was a transition from an appropriating economy to a producing economy (that is why the Neolithic revolution is also called the agrarian revolution)
- The social genotype of modern man arose; man learned to independently obtain the basic means of subsistence.
Agrarian (traditional) society. (Slide No. 13)
The features of an agrarian society are manifested in all spheres of public life: economic, political, social, spiritual.
Economy: complete dependence on natural and climatic factors, the basis of the economy is agriculture and cattle breeding, traditional type of economy, distribution depends on social status, the main factor of production is land
Social relations: inclusion of everyone in the collective, attachment to it, feeling part of it (rural community, craft workshop, merchant guild, monastic order, church, beggar corporation, etc.)
Closedness social structures, communities are closed, separated by customs and language dialects. A person was born, married, died in the same environment, place. Occupations and family professions were passed down from generation to generation. Leaving the team is difficult, even tragic. The peasant community is the basis of an agrarian society. It was built on clan ties, communal land use, and joint labor activity. Agrarian society is characterized by low dynamics. The position of an individual depends on social status and proximity to the ruler. An agrarian society is also called traditional, since it is based on custom and tradition. Here the authority of the elder is indisputable; it is his intervention that can extinguish all conflicts.
Political organization: determined not by law, but by tradition; Two types of political units predominantly developed: - local self-governing communities, - traditional empires
Power is a greater value than law (despotic power). It doesn't require any justification. All power is inherited, and its source is God's will. Power belongs to one (monarch) or to a few (aristocratic republic)
Spiritual life:
During the agrarian and especially urban revolution, a new type of consciousness began to form - traditional consciousness. Traditionalism in the form of world religions has created closer conditions for communication. Traditional consciousness sees the connection between generations and feels the need to transfer knowledge. Traditional man realized that he is not omnipotent, he is not equal to nature (the unattainability of the ideal), hence the concept of sinfulness, the emergence of religions of salvation. Tradition and custom determined the spiritual life of people in an agrarian society. Originating in the 3rd millennium BC. writing testified to a new quality of human culture. At the same time, the transmission of oral information prevailed over written information. The circle of educated people was small.
(Slide No. 11) Industrial (industrial revolution).
The crisis of agrarian society must be sought in the relationship between society and nature. The next socio-ecological crisis originated in Europe in the 13th century and continued for several centuries. It was associated with the colossal plowing of land in Europe, deforestation, and the transformation of cities into waste dumps. This led to the spread of the “Black Death” - a plague that sometimes destroyed the inhabitants of entire cities and regions. The threat of extermination and depletion of fertile lands, forests and reservoirs forced people to look for new, nature-friendly technologies at that time. At first, industry was a technology that preserved nature. The transition from a predominantly agricultural economy to industrial production, as a result of which the transformation of an agrarian society into an industrial one occurs. The industrial revolution did not occur in different countries at the same time, but in general it can be considered that the period when these changes took place began in the second half of the 18th century and continued throughout the 19th century.
(Slide No. 14) Industrial society.
Economy: independence from natural and climatic factors, the basis of production is industry (manufacture, factory), the dominance of private property, market relations, individual labor, the main factor of production is capital, the use of mechanisms and technologies.
Social relationships: greater mobility, openness; the position of an individual depends on his own merits
Politics: The birth of nation states, colonial empires. Rule of law and civil society
Spiritual development: modernization of consciousness, “personocentrism”, Personality, Law, Freedom, Equality, Justice, recognition of the idea of progress, languages of interethnic communication
Scientific and technological revolution (slide No. 12)
With the growth of industrial production, population, cities, and the improvement of industrial technologies, man again began to consume nature in such quantities that there was a threat of its destruction. The psychology of the inexhaustibility of nature, its resources, and the awareness of oneself as the sovereign master of nature have led humanity to another socio-ecological crisis. In the second half of the twentieth century, awareness of global problems began to be of a universal nature.
Global problems of humanity:
- Environmental problems.
- Saving the world.
- The problem of raw materials.
- Food problem.
- Energy problem.
- Population problem.
- The problem of overcoming the backwardness of a number of regions of the world.
The scientific and technological revolution (STR) is a radical qualitative transformation of the productive forces that began in the middle of the 20th century, a qualitative leap in the structure and dynamics of development of the productive forces, a radical restructuring of the technical foundations of material production based on the transformation of science into the leading factor of production, as a result of which transformation of industrial society into post-industrial one.
Information society. (Slide No. 15)
Economy:
1) total spread of information technology, computer science, telecommunications, computer technology, etc. in material and non-material production, in education, science;
2) creation and operation of an extensive network of various data banks;
3) turning information into one of the most important factors in economic, national and personal development;
4) free movement of information in society and the emergence new form democracy - “democracy of consensus”.
The new economy of the information society is based on the widespread use of information resources, since it is this that makes it possible to overcome the relative limitations of physical resources. Economic activity is determined not only by production itself, but also by its preparation, transportation, sales, etc. The speed of economic processes increases, as intermediate links in the “manufacturer-consumer” chain are eliminated (banking operations without cashiers, product deliveries from base warehouses, bypassing intermediate ones, retail trade through an electronic order system, etc.). A focus on efficiency makes cumbersome management apparatus unnecessary. Microprocessor technology and information technology reduce material and energy consumption of production. The new economy will also change the nature of accumulation: the accumulation not of material elements of production, but of knowledge and information.
Politics – globalization of the world.
Social life – openness of society.
Spiritual life is the desire for harmonization.
Erich Fromm, the greatest philosopher and sociologist of the twentieth century, in his forecasts pointed to three components of the society of the future: reason, humanism, ecology. This is what he believes will save humanity.
“Our future is not a universal battle of nations for survival, but a search for optimal and rational forms of productive forces, models of their social organization, and a new spirituality of man.” (E.N. Zakharova)
Literature used
1. E.N. Zakharova “Introduction to social science. Society – Culture – Civilization” / Textbook. 10–11 grade. Moscow textbook. 1999
3. Man and society: Proc. A manual on social studies for students of grades 10-11. educational institutions / Ed. L.N. Bogolyubova. – M.: Education, 2003.
Internet resources (including illustrations for presentation):
- Wikipedia
- www.proshkolu.ru
- dds.hubpages.com
- Civilization(from lat. civilis- civil, state):
- general philosophical significance - social form of movement matter, ensuring its stability and ability for self-development through self-regulation of exchange with environment(human civilization on the scale of the cosmic device);
- historical and philosophical meaning - the unity of the historical process and the totality of material, technical and spiritual achievements humanity during this process (human civilization in the history of the Earth);
- stage of the world historical process associated with the achievement a certain level sociality (the stage of self-regulation and self-production with relative independence from the nature of differentiation public consciousness );
- society localized in time and space. Local civilizations are integral systems, representing a complex of economic, political, social and spiritual subsystems and developing according to the laws of vital cycles.
An attempt to establish the time of appearance of the term “civilization” was made by the French historian Lucien Febvre. In his work “Civilization: the evolution of a word and a group of ideas,” the scientist came to the conclusion that the term first appears in printed form in the work “Antiquity Unveiled in Its Customs” (1766) by the French engineer Boulanger.
“ When a savage people becomes civilized, in no case should the act of civilization be considered completed after the people have been given clear and indisputable laws: they must regard the legislation given to them as a continuing civilization. ”
- Boulanger N.A.
The term civilization is used in several senses:
The stage of historical development of mankind following barbarism (L. Morgan, F. Engels, A. Toffler);
Synonym of culture (A. Toynbee and others);
Level (stage) of development of a particular region or individual ethnic group (ancient civilization, for example);
A certain stage in the development of local cultures, the stage of their degradation and decline (“The Decline of Europe” by O. Spengler). The generally recognized features of civilization are that the transition to it itself becomes a key moment in the formation of culture.
Civilization means the transition to the actual social organization of society, when society has formed with all its differences from barbarism.
