Monuments of Gothic architecture. Three sides of architecture. The most famous monuments of Gothic architecture

Published: April 17, 2007

So what is it style? We often talk about lifestyle, music styles, speech styles and communication styles. What is it architectural style? First of all, let's give a comprehensive definition. Style is a set of stable artistic forms. Style is a derivative of the era. There are so many eras and so many styles.

Style can completely unite various items: houses, furniture, dishes, paintings and even clothes. First of all, it is the style that dictates their shapes, outlines, colors, and motifs. In other words, style makes things what they are.

Style is a very important factor, but it’s not so much the style that will give your home its individual, unique features, but rather the architect’s. And, of course, not without your participation. Do you like not one, but several styles and you don’t know which one to choose or take as a basis? No problem. A good architect will be able to show you how your home idea can be realized in each of them.

photo: © www.site, Lviv, St. Elizabeth's Cathedral, cathedral, church, Catholicism, Catholic cathedral, Gothic cathedral, Gothic

To make your conversations with architects easier, we suggest you familiarize yourself with the main styles that humanity has developed throughout history that you can now use. We will talk about styles that in one way or another influenced modern architecture and are still reflected in it.

The emergence of architectural styles

The origins of architectural styles lie in humanity’s irresistible desire for beauty. The formation of architectural styles has always been strongly influenced by religious views, style of thinking and government, national characteristics and environment, nature. But first of all, the development of architecture as artistic phenomenon contributed... to the growth of humanity's technical capabilities. After new technologies appeared, the prerequisites for a new architectural style arose, and with it the appearance of temples, public buildings and private houses changed. But, as a rule, new style was not an absolute negation of the past, it inherited some of its characteristics, while at the same time giving rise to forms of art that had never existed before. Only in modern history humanity, a number of architectural styles emerged that were a complete negation of the previous millennium artistic heritage, old rules and methods of architecture.

Antiquity

However, the Greeks alone were destined to play a decisive role in the development of architectural styles of subsequent eras. Only their legacy has remained over the centuries and evolved right up to the present day. Sometimes it was forgotten, sometimes it was decisively abandoned, but again and again it rose from oblivion. What was it that attracted and attracted Greek art so much? Grace and nobility of forms, thoughtfulness and refinement of all details, balance and calm grandeur. And at the same time – constructive simplicity.

The Greeks, who gave the world the beginning of many sciences, were the first to develop a coherent theory of architecture. They introduced into practice the law of symmetry, which they never violated. Subsequently, in Europe it will become the unshakable foundation of classicism

The attractive power of Greek culture was such that Rome, having conquered Athens, itself found itself in the position of being conquered. But in architecture, the Romans do not copy the Greeks, although they imitate them. And just as the Greeks were subtle artists, the Romans became practical builders. They create architecture, which, with its scope and colossal scale, was a manifestation of the power of their empire, its symbol.

Rome spreads its culture among the peoples it conquered, regardless of their national characteristics. But empires collapse, and what they built becomes a monument and an example to follow. Rome fell under the blows of the barbarians, Byzantium became its heir... An entire era ended - the era of antiquity. But ancient art, many centuries later, still has to be resurrected in the Renaissance - in order to forever remain in the history and practice of mankind. You can still see Doric, Ionic and Corinthian styles on many buildings today, and not only in Europe. If you are attracted by antiquity and classicism, transfer them to your own home.

Gothic

Now let's step with you into the next period of European history - the Middle Ages. Many people see it as something dark and scary. But it was he who gave the world an amazing style - Gothic.

However, Gothic, from the point of view of modern art criticism, is the only European style that has a completely unique system of forms, a new understanding of the organization of space and volumetric composition. There is not a drop of imitation of anyone or anything in it - unlike the art of the Renaissance, which is nothing more than a return to antiquity. Gothic developed as a religious art, Christian in spirit and theme. It was correlated with eternity, with higher, irrational forces. The cathedral occupied a special place in Gothic art - an example of a special synthesis of architecture, sculpture, painting (stained glass) and music. The vertical and dynamic thrust of its towers and vaults, the rows of slender pillars created the impression of uncontrollable upward movement, which was enhanced by the powerful takeoff of pointed pointed arches.

The interior of the cathedral was illuminated by the multicolored radiance of stained glass windows, which created a special, mysterious and at the same time unusually joyful atmosphere. All this had a strong emotional impact on a person, calling on him to strive for the highest and most beautiful. (see section Gothic in paintings)

Baroque

Now let's turn to the next (after the Renaissance of antiquity) bright style that left a tangible mark on the history of mankind - Baroque. Intricate expressiveness and external effectiveness ensured Baroque dominance over other styles of European culture for more than a century - with late XVI V. until the middle of the 18th century. This style is characterized by luxury, pomp, decorativeness, a desire for grandeur and splendor, that is, everything that makes a strong impression on a person, amazes his imagination.

In the architecture of facades, horizontal straight lines almost disappear, and softly curved, smooth lines appear. The buildings appear to be cast from one giant piece of stone, sculpted rather than built. The recesses gracefully flow into the protrusions and create the impression of one continuous, undulating and very plastic mass. The effect is enhanced by the abundance of decorative elements made with great imagination and ingenuity. All this becomes amazingly picturesque and dynamic and seems to flow into the surrounding space.

The Baroque buildings that we can see today are ancient palaces, which have mostly become museums. Nowadays almost no one builds anywhere in the Baroque style. But if you like this style, if you want to imitate the aristocracy of past centuries, and if you live a measured life, which is alien to time pressure, then baroque can become your good friend. Your home will be a wonder and will undoubtedly amaze both its visitors and passers-by. (see section Baroque in paintings)

Classicism

Time passed, and gradually humanity became tired of the Baroque. After a century of pomp and pretentiousness, the need arose for something more restrained and simple. Baroque was replaced by classicism, which was already completely dominant in the second half of the 18th century. Science and industry developed rapidly. Strong empires were formed in Europe. Order, severity, sense of proportion, balance of classicism are more suitable in government affairs and are better absorbed by all layers of society than the preaching of sensuality and unbridled passions of the Baroque.

The architecture of classicism as a whole is characterized by a reasonable logic of planning and rational geometry of the volumetric form. Classicism turns to the heritage of ancient architecture, creatively comprehends and applies its laws, especially the law of symmetry. However, the best architects of classicism quote rather than copy antiquity.

Over time, classicism degenerates into academic art and begins to dominate not only the architect, but also the client. Classicism is gradually transforming into the Empire style, which became the final phase of its existence. The bulkiness and ponderous forms of the Empire style, as well as the emergence of new trends in architecture, ultimately led to the fact that classicism came down from its pedestal. But it will return in the second half of the 20th century, will be creatively rethought and, having been included in modern art, will again become desirable for a considerable part of humanity. (see section Classicism)

Empire style

Empire style dominated architecture (and art in general) during the first three decades of the 19th century. It was the last stage in the evolution of classicism in the history of Europe. Under the influence of the imperial spirit, classicism changed the graceful simplicity of forms to monumental expressiveness.

Just like classicism, the Empire style is guided by examples of ancient art. But it absorbs only some of its features, characteristic of the imperial ambitions of Rome, which needed visual illustrations of its power. The main elements of the Empire style: a monument, massive porticoes, military emblems in the design of facades and interiors: military armor, laurel wreaths, eagles. Reflecting Napoleon's Egyptian campaigns and discovery ancient culture Egyptians, the Empire style includes in its arsenal motifs consonant with it: massive geometric volumes, Egyptian ornaments, stylized sphinxes.

Empire style covers more than just architecture. This style is used for painting ceilings and walls, dishes, furniture and other interior items. (see Empire section)

Romanticism

In parallel with the Empire style, romanticism existed and developed in the 19th century. He also had a tremendous influence on the development of modern architecture. This style is a negation of the grandiose totalitarian Empire style. Romanticism poeticizes folk architecture as well as the art forms of earlier times. It carries the charm of hoary antiquity, pastoral idyll, spicy exoticism.

Romanticism is close in spirit to the now well-known country style, with its praise of folk life, artificial chests, wicker furniture and other lovely antiquities with an environmental touch.

But, perhaps, most of all, romanticism - that real, historically reliable romanticism - manifested itself in the creation of a special kind of landscape gardening ensembles. Characteristic of it is the disappearance of the border between nature and the artificial, planted, designed park. The park contains artificial ponds, waterfalls, and grottoes, which create the impression of natural ones that have existed here since time immemorial. Romanticism has always been characterized by a variety of forms and creative freedom. Naturally, this was an adequate response to the harsh monotony of the Empire style.

Modern

Since the middle of the 19th century, new trends in architecture have been observed. It becomes more independent from generally accepted norms and rules, from academicism with its rigid principle of building only this way and no other way. This phenomenon became possible due to the fact that many wealthy people appeared in society. They were not associated with high aristocratic society, with its mannerisms and stereotypes. They ordered houses in the most incredible, often difficult to describe styles. It was a protest against the aristocracy.

Art Nouveau gave birth to a new principle of building design - from the inside out, which became fundamental in all architecture of the 20th century. From now on, the main criterion becomes benefit. It is rational functionality that now determines the space-planning solutions of buildings. First of all, a home should be comfortable for a person, consistent with his lifestyle, hobbies, work, and leisure.

Early modernism was an almost absolute rejection of many, if not all, classical principles of building construction. Characteristic feature early modernism is the rejection of straight lines and angles in favor of a more natural, smooth movement curved lines. This style gives very durable and massive objects the appearance of fragility and airy lightness.

Modern architecture

Functionalism

The first in the ranks of modern architectural movements must be placed functionalism(V Soviet Russia it had a different name - constructivism). It arose in the early 20s and attracted architects from many countries around the world. They decided to implement the following principle: the aesthetic qualities of art should be entirely subordinated to benefits for humans.

Functionalism spread, like Art Nouveau, to the entire world of objects - furniture, clothing, and even book graphics. He declared the contemporary state of architecture fatal disease and denied everything creative heritage past eras. However, his goals were noble: to improve the health of cities and improve people's lives, using the achievements of scientific and technological progress. Functionalism is democratic, does not require large material costs and allows you to create “more living space for the same money.”

Functionalism places humans at the center of the design process. However, not a specific person, but a person in general, as a kind of biological and social being. The functional component of buildings should primarily be determined by the physiological and social needs of humans. Architects of this direction design houses in such a way as to provide people with the necessary conditions for comfortable living (or work).

The aesthetic postulates of functionalism are the extreme simplification of forms, the rejection of decoration and the desire for minimal surface treatment. Functionalism is also very reserved about the introduction of color into architecture.

Functionalism is a movement to minimize literally everything that surrounds a person - from facades to interiors and clothing models. Adherents of functionalism were a kind of romantics - simplicity, usefulness and freedom from the heritage of the past. But, alas, rejecting the mandatory standards of classical architectural forms, functionalism comes to create its own highly uniform artistic form. And a prescription for this form is offered (or rather, even imposed) in all cases, regardless of the diagnosis. The circle closed, and the functionalists found themselves in the same trap from which they had first escaped.

Brutalism and Hi-Tech

In the 50s, another direction of modern architecture arose in England - brutalism (from the English "brutal" - rough). In their works, brutalists strive to expose the structures from which the building is built, to maximize the exposure of deliberately simple, crude architectural masses.

Very common style last decades XX century became high-tech. This is a high-tech style, a kind of opposite of brutalism. Brutalism can be fairly accurately called low-tech, a stylization of low technology. In contrast, high-tech is extremely neat, sophisticated and sophisticated. It is primarily associated with an abundance of glass combined with metal structures. High-tech actively includes elements of their engineering equipment in the architectural composition of buildings: air ducts, pipelines, ventilation shafts.

The appearance of a high-tech building takes on a “technotronic” look through the use of various kinds of accessories. The favorite metal of this style is aluminum. In interior design it is often used in combination with wood. (See section. High-tech in painting And High-tech, minimalism and techno in the interior)

interior in Eclectic style, photo: © www.site

Postmodernism

Today, the architectural environment is dominated by a pluralism of ideas and opinions. Not a single direction of architecture can be called a priority; not a single concept is placed on a pedestal as true. The development of such views was facilitated by the postmodernism movement. His philosophy is based on the principle that orientation towards the artistic absolute provokes the reproduction of totalitarian consciousness in humans and totalitarian structures in society and therefore cannot be successfully used.

Architectural postmodernism revives historical principles building the composition of buildings (symmetry, perspective, proportionality), uses elements of all styles, applying the principles of high eclecticism. In addition, postmodernism freely handles almost any type of decor. Copying as such is simply excluded here. Several styles can be brought together and interpenetrate each other, forming amazing and unique buildings.

In the architecture of the twentieth century, many other trends, movements and schools also emerged and disappeared. Modernism, international style, historicism, structuralism... However, not all modern trends have a tangible impact on the design and appearance of private homes. And there is another reason why the new architecture is not very widespread: the customer very often turns out to be unprepared to perceive certain avant-garde ideas. It turns out that modern architecture - for all its wonderful simplicity - turns out to be elitist, sometimes to the extreme. As they say, class is not mass. However, if you wanted to build a house in the style of brutalism or hi-tech, then do you really need to deny yourself this, looking at your neighbors or friends who prefer something more traditional? (see section architecture in painting)

Completion of the plan

If you have not yet decided which direction in architecture to give preference to, then you have at your disposal many books, magazines, catalogues, hundreds and even thousands of photographs that can help you find the right artistic direction. Look into illustrated albums on architecture. Choosing a style does not mean that your home should become a copy of one of the buildings of the ancient era or the past 20th century. It will just be a quotation of this or that style, its modern and personalized refraction. If you find it difficult to define and choose an architectural style, then at least find those houses that you simply like. Bookmark the photos you like. Let there be many of them. Take them with you to your meeting with the architect. This will prove to be a good conversation starter.

As a result of painstaking and fascinating reflection on the functional and artistic side of your future home, you must formulate a task for the architect. The more details and details of your plan you convey to the architect, the better, more accurately and faster he will be able to implement it. Any architect will be very glad that you came ideologically prepared and not empty-handed. You may even be able to achieve better financial conditions for yourself - because you speak the same language, and the architect will spend less time on your project.

Let's consider the main architectural styles; many are still in demand in world architecture and are used in the construction of buildings.
Byzantine style.
This type is characterized by huge walls cut by small window openings and arches. The exterior decoration is lavishly decorated with colorful floor carpets.
Gothic style.
This style is distinguished by the peculiarity of elongated and spacious proportions, which stretch very upward into rooms where a person would feel like a very small creature. As a counterbalance to the uselessness of flesh, the stone lace of delicate Gothic buildings bloomed with bright colors, this was the era of the revival of colorful stained glass in the form of lancet windows. This structural system made it possible to achieve enormous vault heights with the help of large windows and high-quality lighting.
Renaissance or Renaissance.
An unsurpassed master of the Renaissance was Michelangelo Buonarotti, who was primarily more of a sculptor than an architect. From this point of view, Michelangelo created architectural masterpieces as some interesting background for his own sculptures. In particular, he loved to double columns and pilasters, changing their rhythm.

Baroque style.
Michelangelo is at the same time both the last Renaissance artist and the creator of the Baroque, because it was Michelangelo who understood it as the basis of the stylistic formative element, the plasticity of the walls. The triumph of his creative life is such creations as St. Peter's Cathedral in the capital of Italy, the city of Rome, which is now classified as Baroque.
Rococo.
This style is a modern trend in the decoration of noble buildings of the late 19th century. Luxurious living rooms, which are replete with expensive collections of world works of art. The second half of the 19th century was marked by Russian versions of solutions in the Rococo style, when the owner of the building decorated his premises based on his views. This style is overloaded with decorated elements, a large number of objects and, in addition, spatial isolation, standard signs of a style crisis of that time.
Classicism style.
The name alone speaks for itself. This is a style based on the accumulated experience and basic principles of previous leading trends. Attempts to create universal styles, not just for centuries, but forever. The idea was sometimes revived again, becoming relevant. To this day, the principle “if you don’t understand how, do it in the classic version” is considered valid. It is used in the design of various rooms, halls and facade elements.
Romanticism style.
Natural decorated forms, natural stones, forgings, Gothic elements, evening by candlelight, all this is a feature for a poetic nature. Style under strange name neomodern. The use of plastic Art Nouveau forms for the architectural design of premises on a modern technical basis, with a complete absence of any ornaments.
Art Deco style.
This unique style prevailed in the 1930s of the 20th century, and was a kind of continuation of the Art Nouveau direction. Along with this, he was greatly influenced by cubism, which was a folk American design art that was rapidly developing in those days of automobile and aircraft manufacturing. Paris at all times set fashionable styles, with ease and grace, tried to perceive the speed and pressure of the future machine age - it gave birth to a style of decorated art called “Art Deco”.
Art Nouveau style.
The revival of Cubism and the German design school called “Bauhaus” represented a search for aesthetic rationality, which reveals the technological and utilitarian essence of everything that happens.
Minimalist style.
This style completely neglects decoration in search of universal proportions and standard color schemes in dominant forms. Also read: Japanese minimalism in the interior of your home
Art Nouveau style.
This architectural style developed very quickly in the art and design of Europe at the end of the 19th century, in contrast to the neo-Gothic style. Its characteristic features are sinuous, beautiful outlines with a stable asymmetrical tendency. There are natural and natural motivations in furniture decoration. The decoration of this style is characterized by images of female silhouettes with flowing hair. In our country, this style took place in history under the name Art Nouveau. The symbols of this architectural style are plant elements, especially the flowers of irises and orchids were revered.
Eclectic style.
The use of mixed stylization, or a combination of different objects, style and time. Eclecticism is an interior style if it was designed according to the principles of combining no more than 3 stylized types, connected by color, textures, and architectural solutions. This directionality of style, or absence as a definition, usually flourishes at a time when a certain style has already established itself, and a new one has not yet emerged. The modern period of time, that is, the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, is precisely this time. Everything that suits one's liking or fits in a functional sense is in fashion. This style can be characterized by rounded corners, strict plumb lines and protruding shapes. It differs from many styles of furniture in the use of decorated elements, triangles, and circles.
Industry style.
This style is closely associated with minimalism, as well as with full-fledged spatial areas, as if from a science fiction movie. Steel object objects that can resemble unique devices and equipment. Among other things, this style can be characterized by the presence of unhidden communication; industrial forms can be visible in the interior. Often, steel tables and cast iron floor slabs are used. To most, this style seems inhuman, wild, uninhabited, and is sometimes used not only in offices, but also in residential premises. The industrial style is a kind of game that emphasizes neglect of everyday life.
"High Tech" style.
This style originated in Great Britain in the 1970s of the last century. Style and design theory based on the latest technical advances. Main feature it is considered the presence of protruding structural elements and engineering equipment. Gray metal pipes and surfaces, polished connecting jumpers, bolts, and everything that may indicate thoughts and current concepts of space. All attributes are in high demand in high-tech interiors. The fashion for this style emerges in waves, with the emergence of either new building materials, or from a certain demand for specialized technologies.
Post-modernism style.
This style developed at the end of the last century in architecture and art, as an opponent of radical modernity. Adherents of this style use alloys of different styles of past centuries, for example, classicism and baroque, often using them with some undisguised irony. The specificity of this style is a certain hyperbole, as a tool for creating a colorful theatrical image of the environment.
Standard style.
These styles mainly include interior respectability, embodying the bourgeois way of life. This is high-quality furniture in the antique style (of the past), an interior that consists of objects that always have a historical predestination.
Modern style.
Any innovations in construction and technology generate own style and new trends that influence material, which in turn influences fashion. For example, in the primitive communal system it was “fashionable” to wear and use natural stone in different situations. Similarly, in the construction of houses, cottages, and apartments, wood was used, or a derivative wood element called papyrus, which was used not only for communication at a certain distance, but also for decoration. Much later, with the advent of metal, materials such as copper, then bronze, gained considerable popularity in everyday use. Later, modern civilization glass was created, and its plastic features began to be actively used in the design of residential premises. Several centuries have passed, flow production, industrial chemistry have been created, and, as a consequence of man's triumph over the natural elements, synthetic material is widely used in industrial areas and various decorations. The age of plastics to this day fits perfectly into a modern interior, both in the classic and in the secondary version.
Kitsch.
This term refers to the combined name of certain stylistic movements, post-modern and Memphis, which exploited the potential for bad taste and the charm of sentimental objects of mass demand. This is a kind of game of tasteless design, which is a kind of protest movement in modern interior fashion for those who do not take their own living environment very seriously.
China style.
The arrangement of Chinese buildings in a certain way differs in style from other eastern nations. A balanced lifestyle and a unique attitude towards everything that happens in the world play a certain role in this. There are no sharp corners or bulky furniture in Chinese interiors, and what is available is not particularly diverse. For example, the material for creating furniture, in most cases, uses a super-strong but elastic bamboo stem. Furniture elements are decorated using the most complex multi-layer varnishing technique; carvings in black varnish were used for future decoration. Differing from Japanese simplicity, the Chinese primarily use the external space of premises, creating niches, arches for furniture elements, as well as various vases, etc. The furnishings of such a home are completed by exquisitely decorated dining room furniture, on which various decoration elements are displayed. In such furniture utensils, the intarsia technique, famous by Europeans, is widely used, which consists of mortise decorations made of thin plywood of different shades on the surface of a table or cabinet. But, different from European furniture, Chinese furniture can protrude above the surface. Chinese furniture of noble people is very different from the furniture of ordinary people, and the main elements of the interior are a lounger, a chair and a table. Any objects are created using bamboo, mainly in rectangular shapes. Another important principle that only the Chinese lived by is complete absence window curtains, there are no chandeliers in the houses, although electricity, of course, illuminates most houses, but with the help of ordinary lighting lamps. The predominant idea of ​​the fragrance of Chinese housing is the interweaving of reality and mythology, where the main character is the dragon, that is, the most powerful among animals. The key color of China is red, that is, the color of the red dragon, an energetic color.
You can find out additional information - features of oriental interiors.
Japan style.
The Japanese type of home, although predetermined by certain laws, however, reflects the personal spirit. A distinctive feature of this style is the tendency towards simplification, simplicity, the interior seems to breathe freely. If, for example, in the Chinese style, partitions or screens are often used, then in Japan, mats are used together with such partitions, in addition, not just to define the area between rooms, but also as wall decorations, and for floor coverings, which the Japanese conduct most of your life, talking peacefully, eating food. The main question for the owner of the home is complete isolation from the world, which is answered by strict room functionality. There is simply no furniture; instead of a closet or various shelves, wall niches in the walls are used, where you can place both a wardrobe and bed linen, etc. Small cabinets and chests are still present in small quantities in the home, but, like Every Japanese thing is a masterpiece of art.
India style.
This style embodies the colors of turquoise and raspberry, and are absolutely unique in their kind. Indian silks are not as smooth and slippery to the touch as Chinese ones, they are a little rough. Furniture in the homes of this country is often handmade from highly durable wood. Distinctive feature This style is a facilitated transformation of household parts; chairs and tables, shutters and doorways are often replaced by each other.
African style. This is probably the most exotic of ethnic styles, African colors, warm and auspicious, imitating the coloration of a wild animal. Tiger or zebra skins can add effect to the design. Read more: room in African style.
England style. In this style, for example, the walls are typically painted in bright yellow, red or soft cream. The floors are made of wooden material, covered with thick and comfortable wool carpets. An indispensable attribute of such a living room is a pleasant wool blanket with a checkered pattern, as well as a small footstool. The rooms are often “decorated” with heavy but elegant polished furniture. The synthesis of fabrics in the interior of such living rooms may seem somewhat chaotic, but at the same time, the “strictest check” looks great along with the romanticism of colored patterns.
Mediterranean style.
This style is distinguished by its brightness, like the nature of this part of the world, which is dominated by the sea of ​​sun and the ocean of flora and fauna. Predominant colors: blue, green, gold, brown. Colorful colors on the brightest wall coverings, on the floor with a laid pattern of marble or colored ceramic tiles. A characteristic feature is also some roughness and pronounced unevenness, a certain texture, hand-made finishing and coloring. Huge windows let in a lot of sunlight. In these houses, wrought iron furniture predominates, which is combined with painted wood, often painted.
Egypt style.
This style came to us with the help of a religious building, and although it existed for more than 4000 years, it has not changed at all since its birth. Architectural monuments of that time that have survived to this day, for example, a temple, a palace, a tomb, that is, monuments of buildings that personify eternity. A wall, pylon, column was often covered with hieroglyphic written drawings and scenes of special rituals, where the silhouettes of people were depicted in a certain pose, for example, the head and the rest of the body were in profile, and the hands were in front. In the buildings of that time, you can find 3 types of columns, namely, the lotus column, the papyrus column and the gatoric column. The exception is the Amarna historical period, when Amenhotep IV ruled. Bans on numerous old cults and the proclamation of the sun god gave some impetus to the formation different arts. Certain scenes were replaced by images of fish, butterflies, and touching life scenes. Sculptures also acquired new, non-canonical forms. Over time, the entire Empire style and Art Deco began to be based on elements of this style.
Feng Shui style.
This style is home household magic. If you want to change your life, move 27 objects to own home, says the ancient Chinese folk wisdom. If you have a home with a clear rectangular shape, you can consider yourself a lucky person, because this is a favorable shape. As well as an octagon, but this is very rarely seen, if at all. Some protrusions and cutouts on the plans can increase or decrease certain areas. A little about flowers. In this style, any zone has a certain color. The right color can increase energy in a specific area of ​​your life process. Of course, not every person will paint several rooms in different colors. To increase QI, you should try placing a purple lamp in the wealth zone, a vase that is filled with tender pink flowers, into the zone of mutual relations, and the black marble sculpture into the zone that will correspond to the career.

The architectural style, which originated in medieval Europe, is characterized by semicircular arches, which differ from Gothic pointed arches. Since examples of Romanesque architecture can be found throughout the European continent, the style is often considered to be the first pan-European architectural style since the Roman Empire. In addition to semicircular arches, the direction is distinguished by massive forms, thick walls, strong supports, cross vaults and large towers. From the 6th to the 10th centuries, most churches and monasteries in Europe were built in this majestic style. We have selected 25 of the most breathtaking and impressive examples for you. Romanesque style in architecture that simply must be seen!

Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Gurk, Austria. 12th century

This basilica is considered one of the most important Romanesque buildings in the country. It has two towers, three apses, a crypt and galleries.

Notre Dame Cathedral, Tournai, Belgium. 17th century

Since 1936 it has been considered the main attraction and heritage of Wallonia. It is impossible not to note the heavy and serious nature of the building, the Romanesque nave and the cluster of five bell towers and semicircular arches.

Rotunda of St. Longina, Prague. 12th century

Founded as a parish church in a small village near Prague, it was almost destroyed at the beginning of the 19th century, but was later rebuilt.

Cathedral of Saint Trophime, Arles, France. 15th century

One of the most important examples Romanesque architecture in France.

Saint-Savin-sur-Gartampe, France. Mid 11th century

The church, listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983, has a square tower and five radial chapels with a polygonal apse.

Bamberg Cathedral, Bamberg, Germany. 13th century

Founded in 1012 by Emperor Henry II, the church is famous for its four imposing towers. The cathedral was partially destroyed by fire in 1081, but rebuilt by 1111.

Cathedral in Clonfert, Ireland. 12th century

The doorway of this cathedral is considered the crown of the Romanesque style. It is decorated with animal heads, leaves and human heads.

San Liberatore in Maiella, Abruzzo, Italy. 11th century

The façade of this abbey is an example of the Lombard-Romanesque architectural style.

Modena Cathedral, Modena, Italy. 12th century

The cathedral is considered one of the most iconic Romanesque buildings in Europe and is a World Heritage Site.

Basilica of St. Servatius, Maastricht, Netherlands. 11th century

The building is considered an example of various architectural styles, but predominantly Romanesque.

Doors of the Cathedral in Gniezno, Poland. 12th century

The bronze doors are considered one of the most significant works of Romanesque art in Poland. They are decorated with bas-reliefs that show 18 scenes from the life of St. Wojciech.

Monastery of Peter and Paul, Kruszwica, Poland. 1120

This work of Romanesque art is built from sandstone and granite. It has a transept, presbytery and apse.

St. Andrew's Church, Krakow, Poland. 1079-1098

This church was created for defensive purposes. It is one of the few remaining examples of European fortified churches.

Lisbon Cathedral, Portugal. 1147

The most old church in Lisbon, which is a mixture various styles and became famous for its Romanesque iron gates.

Cathedral of St. Martin, Slovakia. 13th-15th century

The largest and most interesting Romanesque cathedral in Slovakia. Inside it are marble tombstones, and the walls are painted with scenes of the coronation of Charles Robert of Anjou.

Basilica of San Isidro, Leon, Spain. 10th century

Among the building's most notable features are the arches that cross the transept and the carved tympanum.

Lund Cathedral, Sweden. 1145

The Romanesque style here is expressed in the layout, crypt and arched galleries.

Grossmunster, Zurich, Switzerland. 1100-1120

Protestant church in Romanesque style. It has a large carved portal with medieval columns.

Durham Cathedral, England. 1093

The building is notable for its unusual nave roof vaults, transverse arches and massive columns.

Dunnottar Castle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. 15-16th century

The ruined medieval fortress consists of three main wings set around a quadrangle and an unusual, intricate oak ceiling.

Salamanca Cathedral, Spain. 1513-1733

Although the cathedral was rebuilt in the 17th century and became Gothic, it retains much of the Romanesque style.

Wonchock Abbey, Wonchock, Poland. 1179

The abbey is recognized as one of the most precious monuments of Romanesque architecture in Poland.

Cathedral in Porto, Portugal. 1737

This is one of the oldest cathedrals in the city. It is surrounded by two square towers supported by buttresses and topped by a dome.

Santa Maria Maggiore, Veneto, Italy. 11th century

The interior of this cathedral is decorated with amazing mosaics from the 9th century.

Cathedral of San Nicola di Trullas, Italy. 1113

The cathedral was built as rural school, and then became a monastery with cross vaults and frescoes.

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Architectural styles in chronological order, starting from time Ancient World, put them into sections, wrote a few words about each, added examples, photos, videos to make everything easy to understand.

Styles in architecture and their features

Architectural styles are formed characteristics and properties of a historical period, region or country, which are manifested in the distinctive features of buildings and compositions, such as:

• purpose of buildings (temples, palaces, castles),
• structures and materials used in construction,
• compositional techniques,
• lines and design of facades,
• plans,
• forms used.

Different styles arise in specific conditions of economic and social development. They are influenced by:

• religious movements,
• statehood,
• ideological component,
• historical techniques of architecture and
• national differences,
• climate,
• landscape and relief.

Technical progress, ideological changes or geopolitical relations have always led and continue to lead to the birth of a new style.

Architectural styles of the Archaic period

Ancient Egyptian style

This style gave rise to a huge variety of architectural structures and great monuments. , including on the Nile River, is evidence of the existence of one of the most outstanding civilizations in the world. Predominant building materials- This is sun-baked brick, limestone, sandstone and granite.

Architecture Ancient Egypt: Pyramids of Giza

Modern people's understanding of the ancient Egyptian style is based on surviving religious temples and massive structures of unknown purpose, with characteristic sloping walls with a small number of openings, surrounded by mystery. It is widely believed that these are tombs, but there are other theories. Additional architecture details

Architectural styles of antiquity

Antiquity is Ancient Rome plus Ancient Greece.

Ancient Greek style

The Greeks built many temples for sacrifices to the gods. They laid the foundation for European architecture, which served as an example for the whole world. Their high-tech systems for proportions and style, using mathematics and geometry, created external harmony and beauty. Having replaced wood with white marble and limestone back in the archaic era, the Greeks built noble and durable buildings. Can be divided into the following periods:

• archaic,
• classical,
• Hellenism.

Antique Greek architectural style: Temple of Hera (c. 460 BC) at Paestum, Italy (mistakenly called Neptune or Poseidon).

Ancient Roman style

Ancient Roman architecture is a form of Etruscan architecture. This style is characterized by grandeur, power and strength. The Greeks had a strong influence on her. It is distinguished by its monumentality, many decorations and lush decoration of buildings, strict symmetry.

The Romans built most buildings for practical purposes rather than temples like in Greece. Read briefly. The history, materials used, technologies and urban planning are described.

Ancient Roman architectural style: Pantheon, Santa Maria in VIA Lata, Rome, Italy

Byzantine style

The capital of the Roman Empire was moved by the Roman Emperor Constantine I to the city of Byzantium (Constantinople) in 330 and became known as New Rome. Naturally, in the architecture of Byzantium, one can see a strong influence of the ancient Roman style. At the same time, in terms of grace and luxury, she sought to surpass old Rome.

The Byzantine style is a fusion Christian and ancient worldview with elements of the artistic culture of the East.
The empire expanded its territories to the former provinces of Rome in the west, where it erected monuments, palaces, temples, churches in order to show luxury and establish the status of the new imperial power.

Basilica of San Vitale in Byzantine style, Ravenna, Italy

• Buildings have become geometrically more complex.
• In addition to stone, brick and plaster were used to decorate the buildings.
• There is a freer attitude towards classical elements; carved decorations were replaced by mosaics.
• The simplicity and restraint of the exterior of the temples contrasted sharply with the magnificent precious mosaics, sparkling with gold, inside the premises.

Pre-Romanesque architectural styles

Pre-Romanesque style or Pre-Romanesque architecture spans the ages

• Merovingian kingdom (5th - 8th centuries),
• Carolingian era (8th - 9th centuries) and
• Ottonian period (10th century) until the beginning of the 11th century, when the Romanesque style was born.

The main theme during this period is classical Mediterranean and early Christian forms in interaction with Germanic ones. They contributed to the emergence of new innovative designs. This, in turn, led to the emergence of the Romanesque architectural style.

Merovingian style

Merovingian architectural style: Saint-Leons Cathedral, Fréjus, France

The period of spread of this style dates from the 5th to 8th centuries, when the Frankish royal dynasty of the Merovingians ruled in the lands belonging to modern France, Belgium and parts of Germany. This is the time of the baptism of barbarians. Combines the traditions of late antique Roman style and barbarian traditions.

Carolingian style in architecture

Pre-Romanesque architecture: a typical Carolingian church in northern France Nova Corbeia

The Merovingian era was replaced by the Carolingian era (780 - 900). The Carolingian Revival of the late 8th and 9th centuries is a style of pre-Romanesque architecture in northern Europe.

When he became emperor, the German king Charlemagne wanted his empire to be as great as Rome before him. He sponsored the arts and financed building projects, mainly cathedrals and monasteries. Many of these buildings also served as schools, as Charlemagne sought to create a large literate base for his empire.

Trying to consciously imitate Roman architecture, the Carolingian style borrowed many elements from early Christian and Byzantine architecture.

Ottonian style

Ottonian Church of St. Cyriacus (960-965), Germany

The Ottonian period follows the Carolingian period and precedes the appearance of Romanesque architecture. Surviving examples of this style are found in Germany and Belgium. The Ottonian Renaissance (951-1024) arose in Germany during the reign of Otto the Great and drew inspiration from the Carolingian and Byzantine eras.

Respect for the mathematical sciences is expressed in the balance and harmony of the building elements. Most Ottonian churches make generous use of the round arch and have flat ceilings. The exterior of most basilicas resembles the Carolingian style, while the interior is early Christian.

Romanesque style

Romanesque buildings were built in Europe from about 1000 until the advent of the Gothic style in the 12th century.

This style contains many basic features of Roman and Byzantine architecture.

It represents the construction of fortified castle cities with strong walls, narrow windows and defensive ditches around the fortifications, where bridges and city gates were guarded by guards, and streets were blocked off with chains at night.

The castle was usually built on a hill, which was of strategic importance for defense and surveillance. The composition was decorated with towers - shelters. Their shape could be round, quadrangular or hexagonal with a pointed roof. The remaining buildings of unpretentious geometric shapes were located around it.

The Romanesque style can be most clearly observed in churches connected to such towers, having semicircular doorways and windows. The galleries and outer walls of churches were decorated with decorative pillars connected by small arches.

Buildings in the Romanesque style look solid, durable and harmonious against the background of the surrounding nature.

Romanesque church of San Millan, Segovia, Spain

Gothic style

Based on the Romanesque style, it arose with soaring spiers, pointed arches and carvings on religious themes. This style originated in northern France in the 12th century. It has become widespread in Austrian, German, Czech, Spanish, and English cities.

In Italy it took root with great difficulty and strong changes, which marked the beginning of the “Italian Gothic”. At the end of the 14th century, this architectural style was transformed into the so-called “International Gothic”.

Gothic cathedral in Lyon, France

For those interested, see the article in more detail. The article describes 6 of the most striking examples of Gothic in Europe. An example of radiant Gothic is given in the article about.

Architectural style Renaissance or Revival

The revival began in Italy and spread throughout Europe. The humanistic orientation of the period 1425-1660 was characterized by attention to human activity and a revival of interest in antiquity.

In architectural buildings this is reflected in the order of columns, pilasters and lintels. Asymmetrical medieval features change to semi-oval arches, hemispherical domes and niches (aedicules). Antique forms are returning to architecture again.

The Renaissance is a fusion of Gothic and Romanesque styles.
After the crisis of ideas in the 16th century, the Renaissance was replaced by Mannerism and Baroque.

Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in the Renaissance architectural style (Renaissance era), Florence, Italy

Mannerism

The style has changed late Renaissance with unstable moral, social and religious phenomena. In architecture, he expressed himself through the disruption of the Renaissance balance, elements of the grotesque, and the use of conceptual solutions that could cause a feeling of anxiety.

Example of Mannerism: Palazzo Massimo alle Colonna, Rome, Italy

Some art historians call it early baroque. Origins: Florence, Rome and Mantua in Italy (it. maniera- manner). But most importantly, he became a reflection of the transformation medieval art in modern times.

Baroque

Architectural styles of classicism

At the end of an era Renaissance Palladio and Scamozzi ( Italian architects) expressed in architectural language direction of classicism. The basis of the classical style: rationalism and the use of only functional details.

Architect A. Palladio. Villa La Rotonda, Vicenza, Italy. Classic style in architecture

Thanks to following strict canons, the buildings are different

• correctness of planning,
• clear forms,
• symmetrical compositions and
• discreet decoration.

The aestheticism of classicism was supported by large-scale urban planning projects, which resulted in the streamlining of urban developments.

In different countries this direction manifests itself with some peculiarities. Italy, France, England, Germany, USA expressed the classics as:

• Palladianism or early classicism,
• Georgian architecture,
• Empire style,
• Regency,
• Biedermeier,
• Federal architecture.

Residence of the Prime Minister of Great Britain. Georgian house at 10 Downing Street, London

Historicist styles in architecture

This direction tends towards the conscious recreation of forms and content. historical styles architecture of the past. It can simultaneously combine several ancient trends and introduce new elements. This is a kind of smooth dissociation from classicism, time.

Sint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk, Ostend, neo-Gothic, 1899–1908 Belgium

It includes

• subjective interpretations of neo-Gothic and neo-Renaissance with elements new to them,
• combinations with neo-Moorish or Byzantine styles,
• Variations on a Baroque - Neo-Baroque theme
• and the theme of the Greek style - neo-Greek.

Historicism in Russia took shape in the “pseudo-Russian style.”

A harmonious combination of forms of past styles is characteristic of pure. It is inherent in late historicism to focus on the period of Baroque in the revival - neo-Baroque.

Modern architecture, using this style in our time, has created another type, which is called Neo-historicism.

Modern architectural styles

Although art historians in Great Britain clearly define it as Victorian, its birth heralded the beginning of the Art Nouveau era. And this was in 1861.

Art Nouveau (Art Nouveau)

This architectural style developed from the late 19th century to the mid-20s of the 20th century. The founder of Art Nouveau is considered to be the Englishman William Morris (1830-1896), the famous leader of Arts and Craft, and the Pre-Raphaelite artists.

Despite the different names, “Liberty”, “Jugendstil”, “Tiffany”, “Metro” and others, it is easily recognizable, because takes its inspiration from nature. Its main characteristic is ornaments filled with stylized motifs of plants and flowers, birds, insects, and fish.

Art Deco (Art Deco)

It's dynamic and bold continuation of Art Nouveau. He does not reject neoclassicism, but welcomes modern technology and aerodynamic elements. Transforms the smooth lines of Art Nouveau into geometry, angular ornaments and ethnographic patterns. Prefers expensive materials, such as rare woods, ivory, aluminum and silver.

Luxury is limited by strict patterns and the absence of bright colors in the design. The main emphasis is the beauty of the material. Art Deco gained international recognition in the 30s and 40s of the last 20th century.

Art Deco. Chrysler building, New York, USA

Modern Rational

In 1930-1937 Art Deco gently flows into Rational Art Nouveau. This style emphasizes curved, horizontally elongated shapes and elements of naval architecture. Industrial designers deprived Art Deco of ornamentation in favor of clean lines, sharp angles were replaced by aerodynamic curves, and exotic woods and stones were replaced by cement and glass.

Pharmacy building, Kansas City, Missouri, USA, in Art Nouveau style.

Architectural styles of modernism

The global movement in architecture and design of the 20th century, which united emerging architectural styles based on innovations in construction technology, new materials, reinforced concrete, steel and glass, was called international style.

Characteristics:

• decisive renewal of forms and designs,
• analytical approach to the function of buildings,
• strictly rational use of materials,
• openness to structural innovations.

He rejects ornamentation, the neoclassical approach to architecture and the Beaux-Arts styles, which means "beautiful architecture", and prefers minimalism. Main elements:

• asymmetrical compositions,
• cubic or cylindrical shapes,
• flat roofs,
• use of steel and reinforced concrete,
• large windows.

In different countries, their features acquired their own sound. But everyone follows the same principles:

• desire to save,
• make extensive use of new materials,
• using a framed modular structure to create free plans of simple geometric shapes.

The buildings lack national cultural characteristics, there is no decor, but there are surfaces made of glass and metal.

The international style covers modern trends in architecture such as:

• Brutalism,
• Constructivism,
• Functionalism,
• Rationalism,
• De Stijl (neoplasty),
• Bauhaus and others.

Modernism. Palace of Gustavo Kapanema, Rio, Brazil

The architectural styles of this direction are discussed in more detail in the article.

Architectural styles of postmodernism

Association architectural movements that emerged in the 60s of the last century as a reaction to austerity, formalism and lack of diversity is postmodernism. Its heyday came in the 1980s.

The recurrence of various principles contained mainly in the classical architecture of the past and their application to modern structures gave rise to the architecture of historical allusion ( stylistic device, hinting at something generally known).

The search for uniqueness, the creation of new forms, the idea of ​​harmonizing architecture in accordance with the environment are the hallmarks of the work of postmodernists. They are characterized bright colors, classic motifs, variety of structures, materials and shapes.

The desire to maintain proportions and symmetry, to express the imagery of buildings, the introduction or revival of decor (bas-reliefs, paintings) are actively used in external decoration.

Since the late 1990s, it has been breaking up into new trends of high-tech architecture, neoclassicism and deconstructivism.

High-tech in architecture

High Tec - high technology. It emerged in the 1970s based on elements of high technology in industry and engineering.
The concept of High Tech developed from British modernist architecture of the late 1960s. Prefers lightweight materials and clean, smooth, impenetrable surfaces, often glass. Characterized by pronounced exposed steel structures, exposed pipes, ducts, etc., flexibility to create interior areas and interiors.

These changes were introduced and implemented by the style's key architects Norman Foster and Richard Rogers from the 1970s.

Hi-tech building: Channel 4 headquarters, Horseferry Road, London, 1994

Deconstructivism

These strange, distorted, almost impossible buildings are actually part of a very specific, non-linear approach to design.
Deconstructivism is characterized

• using fragmentation
• manipulating the ideas of the surface structure,
• redefining its forms and
• a radical manifestation of their complexity in the building.

Focusing on freedom of form rather than functional concerns, deconstructivists aim to amaze visitors by making their experience in their space memorable: the interior is as captivating as the exterior.

This fragmented style is believed to have developed from postmodernism, which began in the late 1980s. While postmodernism returned to the historical roots that modernism eschewed, deconstructivism rejected the postmodern acceptance of such references and took a bold step toward extraordinary innovation in architecture.

Deconstructivism. Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain

Green, organic architecture

Green building strives to minimize negative impact construction in nature. This movement strives for moderate and efficient use of materials, energy and space with the goal of organic development of the ecological system as a whole.
The key factor of green architecture: the use of environmentally friendly technologies and resources at every stage of construction, from idea and planning to destruction. Sagrada Familia - shining example that.

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Brief description of the main architectural styles

Architectural style can be defined as a set of basic features and characteristics of architecture of a certain time and place, manifested in the features of its functional, constructive and artistic aspects (purpose of buildings, building materials and structures, techniques of architectural composition).
It is customary to distinguish architectural styles of global significance:
Prehistoric architecture
· Antique architecture. VIII century BC e. - V century n. e.
· Romanesque style. X - XII centuries
· Gothic. XII - XV centuries
· Revival. Beginning XV - beginning XVII century
· Baroque. Con. XVI century - end. XVIII century
· Rococo. Beginning XVIII - con. XVIII century
· Classicism, incl. Palladianism, Empire style, neo-Greek. Ser. XVIII - XIX centuries
· Eclecticism. 1830s - 1890s
· Modern. 1890s - 1910s
· Modernism. Beginning 1900s - 1980s
· Constructivism. 1920s - early 1930s
· Postmodernism. From ser. XX century
· High-tech. From the end 1970s
· Deconstructivism. From the end 1980s
In fact, there are practically no pure styles in architecture; they all exist simultaneously, complementing and enriching each other. Styles do not mechanically replace one another, they do not become obsolete, do not appear out of nowhere and do not disappear without a trace. In any architectural style there is something of the previous and future style. When attributing a building to a certain architectural style, we must understand that this is a conditional characteristic, since each work of architecture is unique and inimitable in its own way. In order to attribute a building to a specific style, we need to choose the main, in our opinion, feature. It is clear that such a classification will always be approximate and imprecise.
Antique (Greek) style is the architecture of ancient Rome and Greece. This style appeared on the lands of the Aegean Sea for such a long time that it was considered the progenitor and even in some way for such movements as Classicism, Neoclassicism, and Renaissance. Because the Romans were students of the Greeks, they immediately adopted the ancient style, supplementing it with their own elements (dome, arched order cell).
Romanesque style. X-XII centuries (in some countries XIII century) (with elements of Roman antique culture). Medieval Western European art of the time of complete dominance of feudal-religious ideology. Main role In the Romanesque style, harsh, serf-like architecture was assigned: monastery complexes, churches, and castles were located on elevated places, dominating the area. Churches were decorated with paintings and reliefs, in conventional, expressive forms, expressing the frightening power of the deities. The Romanesque era is characterized by nobility and austere beauty.
The Gothic style mainly manifested itself in the architecture of temples, cathedrals, churches, and monasteries. In contrast to the Romanesque style, with its round arches, massive walls and small windows, the Gothic style is characterized by pointed arches, narrow and tall towers and columns, a richly decorated facade with carved details (vimpergi, tympanums, archivolts) and multi-colored stained glass lancet windows . All style elements emphasize verticality. In Gothic architecture, there are 3 stages of development: early, mature (high Gothic) and late (flaming Gothic). The church of the Saint-Denis monastery, designed by Abbot Suger, is considered the first Gothic architectural structure. During its construction, many supports and internal walls were removed, and the church acquired a more graceful appearance compared to the Romanesque “fortresses of God.”
Renaissance (Renaissance). (French Renaissance), period in cultural and ideological development Western countries. And Central Europe(in Italy XIV-XVI centuries, in other countries the end of the XV-XVI centuries), transitional from medieval culture to the culture of new times. In architecture, secular buildings began to play a leading role - public buildings, palaces, city houses. Using the order division of walls, arched galleries, colonnades, vaults, domes, architects (Brunelleschi, Alberti, Bramante, Palladio in Italy, Lescaut, Delorme in France) gave their buildings majesty, clarity, harmony and proportionality to man. Special meaning in this direction, it is given to the forms of ancient architecture: symmetry, proportion, geometry and the order of its component parts, as is clearly evidenced by surviving examples of Roman architecture. The complex proportions of medieval buildings are replaced by an orderly arrangement of columns, pilasters and lintels; asymmetrical outlines are replaced by a semicircle of an arch, a hemisphere of a dome, niches, and aedicules.
Baroque (Italian barocco - “vicious”, “loose”, “prone to excess”, port. perola barroca - “pearl of irregular shape” (literally “pearl with vice”); - a characteristic of European culture of the 17th-18th centuries, the center of which was Italy. Baroque art is characterized by grandeur, pomp and dynamics, pathetic elation, intensity of feelings, a passion for spectacular spectacles, a combination of the illusory and the real, strong contrasts of scale and rhythm, materials and textures, light and shadow. Baroque palaces and churches thanks to the luxurious, the bizarre plasticity of the facades, the restless play of chiaroscuro, complex curvilinear plans and outlines acquired picturesqueness and dynamism and seemed to blend into the surrounding space. The ceremonial interiors of Baroque buildings were decorated with multi-colored sculpture, modeling, carvings; mirrors and paintings illusorily expanded the space, and the painting of the ceilings created the illusion of open spaces. Baroque architecture (L. Bernini, F. Borromini in Italy, V.V. Rastrelli in Russia) is characterized by spatial scope, unity, and fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms. There are various national versions of baroque (for example, “Moscow”, “Naryshkin” baroque in Russia).
Ukrainian or Cossack Baroque - widespread in Left Bank and Dnieper Ukraine in XVII-XVIII centuries a variation of the Baroque style, which is characterized by a combination of decorative and plastic solutions of Western European Baroque and Renaissance with creative processing of the heritage of Orthodox temple architecture and Old Russian architecture.
Rococo (French Rococo, from rocaille - a decorative motif in the form of a shell), a style direction in European art 1st half of the 18th century. Rococo, associated with the crisis of absolutism, is characterized by a departure from life into the world of fantasy, theatrical play, mythical and pastoral plots, and erotic situations. Rococo art is dominated by a graceful, whimsical ornamental rhythm. The characteristic features of Rococo are sophistication, great decorative loading of interiors and compositions, graceful ornamental rhythm, great attention to mythology, erotic situations, and personal comfort.
Classicism (French classicisme, from Latin classicus - exemplary) is an architectural style and aesthetic direction in European art of the late 17th - early 19th centuries. The main feature of the architecture of classicism was the appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as a standard of harmony, simplicity, rigor, logical clarity and monumentality. The architecture of classicism as a whole is characterized by regularity of layout and clarity of volumetric form. The basis of the architectural language of classicism was the order, in proportions and forms close to antiquity. Classicism is characterized by symmetrical axial compositions, restraint of decorative decoration, and a regular city planning system.
Empire (from the French empire - “empire”) - the style of late (high) classicism in architecture and applied arts. Originated in France during the reign of Emperor Napoleon I; developed during the first three decades of the 19th century; was replaced by eclectic movements. The Empire style is a unique reflection of Roman classics combined with Egyptian motifs. Empire architecture is characterized by monumentality, geometric regularity of volumes and integrity (triumphal arches, columns, palaces). The Empire style, through numerous attributes and symbols, affirmed the idea of ​​imperial greatness. The creator of the St. Petersburg Empire style is considered to be the “Russian Italian” K. Rossi. Another prominent architect of the same style was V. Stasov.

Eclecticism (eclecticism) (from the Greek eklektikos - choosing), a mechanical combination of heterogeneous, often opposing principles, views, theories, artistic elements etc.; in architecture and fine arts a combination of dissimilar stylistic elements or an arbitrary choice of stylistic design for buildings or artistic products that have a qualitatively different meaning and purpose.
Art Nouveau architecture is an architectural style that became widespread in Europe in the 1890s-1910s as part of the Art Nouveau art movement. Modern architecture is distinguished by its rejection of straight lines and angles in favor of more natural, “natural” lines, and the use of new technologies (metal, glass). Like a number of other styles, modern architecture is also distinguished by the desire to create buildings that are both aesthetically beautiful and functional. Much attention was paid not only appearance buildings, but also the interior, which was carefully worked out. All structural elements: stairs, doors, pillars, balconies were artistically processed. Art Nouveau architecture has a number of characteristic features, for example, the rejection of mandatory symmetrical forms. New forms appear in it, such as “shop windows,” that is, wide ones designed to act as shop windows. During this period, the type of residential apartment building finally takes shape. Multi-storey construction is being developed.
Constructivism, direction in contemporary art 1920s, which put forward the task of designing the material environment surrounding humans. Constructivism sought to use new technology to create simple, logical, functionally justified forms, expedient structures (architectural projects of the brothers A.A., V.A. and L.A. Vesnin, M.Ya. Ginzburg, I.I. Leonidov).
Hi-tech (English hi-tech, from high technology - high technology) is a style in architecture and design that originated in the depths of postmodern architecture in the 1970s and found widespread use in the 1980s. It is characterized by pragmatism, the idea of ​​the architect as an elite professional, the provision of services by architecture, complex simplicity, sculptural form, hyperbole, manufacturability, structure and design as an ornament, anti-historicity, monumentality.
Deconstructivism is a trend in modern architecture that took shape as an independent movement in the late 1980s in America and Europe and then spread in one form or another throughout the world.