First people:
- appeared on the lands of our Motherland about 40 thousand years ago
- their main occupations were hunting and gathering
- simple tools made of wood, stone and bone - choppers, scrapers, bone awls
- the first human habitations were caves
- people lived primitive herds
About 10 thousand years ago the ice age ended
People reached the Baltic Sea in the west and the Pacific Ocean in the east. They crossed the Arctic Circle, and through the Bering Strait they began to populate America.
Sites and burials of Stone Age people:
- Sungir (near Vladimir)
- Kapova Cave in the Southern Urals (rock paintings)
- Lyalovo (near Zelenograd)
Gradually, people's economy became producing.
Man learned to raise livestock, cultivate the land, and grow crops.
It started metal production :
- products from copper, the softest and most convenient for metal processing;
- bronze- an alloy of copper with tin or other additives
- iron
- Fatyanovo (near Yaroslavl) – Bronze Age burial ground
- Dyakovo (near Moscow) – an Iron Age village
Larger communities of people emerged:
- Several related families made up tribal community.
- Tribe – association tribal communities with a single territory, a single leader, common traditions, beliefs and customs.
The occupations of the tribes varied among themselves:
In the south, in the steppe zone, there is cattle breeding (pastures);
Forest belt - agriculture (dugouts - huts sunk into the ground with stone hearths; log houses - houses built from logs)
Formed craft
Appeared commodity exchange, when tribes with different economic structures began to exchange the products or products they had.
Language family – unification of related languages
The language families whose languages are spoken by the current residents of our country were formed in
III-II millennia BC.
TASK FILL IN THE TABLE
Language family
Languages
Checking the correctness of the task
Language family
Languages
Indo-European
Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian
Finno-Ugric
Udmurt, Karelian, Mordovian, Mari
Turkic
Tatar, Chuvash, Bashkir
Caucasian
languages of the Caucasus
Mongolian
Buryat, Kalmyk
Paleoasian (ancient Asian)
Chukchi, Eskimo
HOMEWORK
§1, notes in notebook
Scientists attribute the dwellings of ancient people to the very first method of defense in history, which was used by man to protect himself from external threats. The second way was clothing. Let's look at how the house has changed in the history of mankind in our article.
Paleolithic era
Previously, scientists believed that during the Paleolithic (the first period of the Stone Age) people did not have settled dwellings, hunted, and led a wandering life. Archaeologist I. Bayer discovered and described a Paleolithic dwelling during excavations at the beginning of the 20th century. However, at that time the discovery was not given serious significance. The study of the issue began later by archaeologists P.P. Efimenko and S.N. Zamyatin. These specialists were able to study and describe in detail the first dwellings of ancient people. This became possible thanks to a new technique.
Essence of the method
Previously, excavations were carried out using a caisson method: the territory was divided into squares and each section was explored. All finds were described, photographed, and further dug. This approach made it possible to study each section thoroughly, but did not provide the opportunity to compile big picture about the study area.
Archaeologists Zamyatin and Efimenko conducted excavations over vast areas. The territory was also divided into squares, but the archaeologist could see major finds in their relative positions. Thus, the opportunity arose to study the dwellings of ancient people.
A new method was used to study dwellings during excavations in Gagarino, as well as in the Kostenkovsko-Borshchevsky region Voronezh region. As a result of the research, it was concluded that many Paleolithic inhabitants led a sedentary life, including hunters.
The described method is used today by specialists all over the world.
Structures made from skeletons
The dwellings of ancient people were discovered repeatedly during excavations. They dated back hundreds of thousands and millions of years. Many interesting details were discovered in such buildings.
During the Upper Paleolithic era, there was a revolution in the process of building and ordering housing. Perhaps it is associated with a radical change in the climate of the East European Plain.
23-18 thousand years ago there was a severe cold snap. The northwestern territories of Russia are covered harsh ice. The permafrost area extended to the Black Sea coast. Ancient people were faced with a serious choice - to leave these territories or change their way of life. The population chose the second path, although it was not easy.
The choice was determined by the favorable conditions of the forest-tundra or forest-steppe. Many bushes and grasses grew here, and therefore mammoths and other game were found. Conditions for hunting are quite suitable. But the severe cold, down to minus 50 degrees, required warm clothing and the construction of comfortable housing.
Before the climate change, light huts were built on the ground. In the center of such a building there was a hearth, around which there was a spot with the remains of bones and other traces of the life activity of the ancients. The houses were probably covered with animal skins. This type of construction was common throughout the world during the Upper Paleolithic and in later centuries.
Alexander-Telman type
Such dwellings of ancient people resembled those described earlier. They were also round with a hearth in the middle. The floor went down and there were holes for household items. The structure of the hearths became more complex: they also deepened, and there were pits around them for cooking. Stones and large mammoth bones were placed along the contour of the dwelling to give strength to the entire structure.
Aleksandrovsko-Pushkarevsky type
These structures were elongated, had a length of 20-35 meters, a width of 5-6 meters. The floor in the central part and the hearths went deeper down. There were sections inside. Various items were stored in holes in the floor. Food was baked in pits near the fireplaces.
The roof of these dwellings was a gable structure.
The emergence of new types of dwellings was explained by the adaptation of the ancients to changed climate conditions, as well as the emergence of a new people from the Danube coast.
Kostenkovsko-Avdeevsky type
This variety represents the most complex design of this era. The dwelling looks like an oval-shaped depression 30 meters long and 8 meters wide. The lesions were 1-1.2 meters in diameter. The storage pits were round or pear-shaped.
The ceiling was constructed from large mammoth bones. Skulls and flat mammoth bones were attached to the floor at the entrance. The roof was made from tusks. The section for storing items was also separated by bones.
There were numerous holes on the floor that served as cabinets and drawers.
Anosovsko-Mezinsky type
Such buildings appeared 20 thousand years ago among the inhabitants of the Russian Plain. These are ground-type houses of a rounded shape, 6-9 meters in diameter. Inside, archaeologists discovered many mammoth bones. Dwellings were built from them. The bones were placed in a thoughtful order, with amazing beauty and symmetry. Archaeologists were especially struck by the “herringbones” formed by the mandibular bones.
If we talk about how to draw the dwelling of ancient people, then it will be a rather interesting combination of large and small mammoth bones. This is clearly visible in the photo.
Such structures had pits for storing things. Many designs surprised with their expressiveness, and they even decided to preserve them in museums. The Kyiv Zoological Museum displays a life-size reconstruction of similar houses.
The primitive dwellings of ancient people of this type were located in a certain way: in a circle, inside which people conducted their daily life. Such settlements dated back to 14 thousand years ago and were located on the territory Eastern Europe. After the disappearance of the mammoth, the “mammoth” buildings also disappeared.
Archaeologists are very struck by one feature of the described buildings. They had a “clean” floor. Scientists still cannot understand why there are no traces of human activity left on the floor. Or were these structures not houses at all?
Some experts suggest that the structures with accumulations of bones were intended for religious activities, and not for living. Other scientists believe that mammoth bones were used by the ancients as musical instruments.
It must be said that the presented dwellings were found only in Eastern Europe. In other areas of the planet, people lived in caves and grotto niches.
Tent houses
In addition to those presented, dwellings in the form of tents were also known. Such a house could be carried with you. This feature was used by nomadic ancient people.
Such dwellings resembled Indian wigwams and Asian tents. The huts were built from animal bones and covered with their skins. The houses were quickly set up and also easily cleaned if necessary.
There was a fire going on inside. The smoke was released through a hole at the top of the structure.
Neolithic houses
During the final era of the Stone Age, people began to build houses from stone. There has been a transition from agriculture to cattle breeding.
Dwellings were characterized by permanence. Houses were no longer moved from place to place. People no longer wandered after animals, but grazed livestock near their houses.
The dwellings of this era were distinguished by a more complex structure; they were divided into rooms with different purposes.
Studying
Nowadays, the study of houses of the ancient population begins in high school. This topic quite interesting for students. Schoolchildren get acquainted with housing in 5th grade history lessons ancient man. Teachers tell children about different types houses represented in different historical eras.
At the end of the lesson, the children are given the task of creating a project “Dwelling of Ancient People” in the form of a presentation.
Homes in different eras Born before the revolution. Almost all buildings to this day are unique. By modern standards, the height of these buildings is small, and at the beginning of the last century even seven-story buildings were considered skyscrapers. Architectural monument Savinsky Compound, built in 1907. Pre-war Stalinists. Stalin's houses are by no means an architectural term. Stalinka buildings are mass-built houses, usually three to seven floors high, made of brick. Residential buildings of the Stalin era are the best architecture in Moscow at the time when they were created. The art of home decoration has reached significant heights over the period of human history. The use of new technologies and modern industrial methods makes it possible to increase the durability, decorative and aesthetic qualities of Buildings.
Tasks of the 1st stage of the game Topic: Buildings and structures 1.5. Name and show in the figure the architectural and structural elements of the building 1. The underground part of the building. 2. The lower part of the external walls. 3. Horizontal protrusion from the plane of the wall. 4. Divides the building into floors. 5.They are internal and external. 6.A structural element designed to move between floors. 7.The final part of the building and protecting it from the effects of precipitation. 8. Ceiling separating the upper floor from the attic. 9. Ceiling separating the first floor from the basement. 10. It can be attic or without attic.
The first tools and mechanisms Primitive people knew how to make tools from stone. They also used other tools as tools. natural materials- wood and animal bones, which expanded human capabilities in the construction of dwellings. People learned to grind stone using sand, as well as drill and saw it
Today, leveling ceilings and walls using plasterboard is becoming increasingly popular, but in some cases it is better to use monolithic plaster. The most commonly used plaster mixtures are gypsum or cement based. Materials The final stage of construction includes the finishing of buildings. It gives buildings a finished look. IN Ancient Egypt the walls were leveled using slaked lime, and in Ancient Babylon, using gypsum. And people have been familiar with clay for a very long time, since time immemorial.
Tasks of the 3rd stage of the game Topic: Materials Task) Which method of surface finishing is more industrial? a) finishing the surface with plasterboard sheets b) finishing the surface with monolithic plaster 2) In what rooms is cladding with plasterboard sheets used? a) in rooms where air humidity does not exceed 60% b) in all rooms 3) How is dry plaster performed? a) in the same way as monolithic plaster b) by attaching it to the frame 4) Which method of surface finishing is the most productive? a) finishing the surface with wet plaster b) finishing the surface with dry plaster 5) For what surfaces is plaster used? a) for cladding the facade b) for cladding internal surfaces 6) What is the beginning of setting of the fast-hardening gypsum binder? a) 2 minutes b) 1 minute c) 20 minutes
Tasks of the 3rd stage of the game Topic: Materials 3.2. How are solutions divided depending on the ratio of binders? 3.3. Name which pictures show the composition of the components of a simple and complex solution? 3.4. Name binders and fillers? 3.5. One of the main building materials, without which it is impossible to manufacture reinforced concrete structures. Select materials that are used both for the preparation of solutions and for painting compositions.
Svetlana Shevlyakova
NOD "Journey into the history of human habitation"
NOD "Journey into the history of human habitation"
(senior group)
Shevlyakova Svetlana Leonidovna,
MBDOU No. 85 "Malinovka"
combined type,
Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk region.
Target– create conditions for the development of preschoolers’ ideas about the history of the dwellings of various peoples.
Tasks:
Introduce children to the first dwelling of ancient man;
Give an idea of what kind of dwellings people built depending on the climate and living conditions;
Expand children's orientation in space and time;
Strengthen the ability to correlate the type of home and person;
Practice forming adjectives from nouns denoting building materials;
Develop creative imagination;
Develop curiosity;
Develop communication skills and friendliness;
Cultivate respect for architectural heritage our ancestors;
Foster interest in the history of human development;
Integrated educational areas:
"Cognition"
"Communication"
"Socialization"
"Reading fiction"
Form of activity: subgroup activity of adults and children.
Types of activities:
Gaming
Communicative
Cognitive
Reading fiction
Form of implementation: travel game
Equipment and materials:
didactic game “Settled home” (pictures depicting a yaranga, a cave, an igloo, a primitive man, an Eskimo, an African, modern man); cubes; multimedia presentation “Human Dwellings”.
Tell me please, do you like to travel?
Where can you travel?
And today I invite you to travel not only in space, but also in time.
But you will guess what journey we will go on if you guess my riddle.
Adults and children need it,
Everyone in the world needs it,
He will protect us from the cold,
And uninvited guests.
And we always strive for it
We'll be back soon.
It's hard for us to live without him,
I am telling my story about...
Of course you guessed it
This is our favorite... (HOUSE)
That's right, this is a HOME. Every person needs a warm and protected home, and today we will take you on a journey through the history of homes different nations.
Our journey begins, close your eyes (music sounds)
So, open your eyes. Maybe someone has already guessed where we ended up? (slide “primitive world”)
That's right, you and I found ourselves in a time when man had just appeared. (slide “Primitive Man”)
Please tell me, where did primitive man live then?
That's right, primitive people lived in caves.
Our distant ancestor was surrounded by forests, mountains, and deserts. But nature does not build houses, and man did not yet know how to use trees, stones or clay. To primitive man it was cold because, unlike animals and birds, he had neither warm fur skin nor plumage. Our distant ancestor was threatened from all sides.
The man began to look for somewhere to hide. I searched and searched and found a CAVE.
A cave is an empty space in a mountain (slide “Image of a cave”).
He brought branches and dry grass there and built himself a bed. He built a fireplace in the cave, and hung the entrance with animal skins. The hearth heated the home, and food could be cooked on the fire. So the cave became for a distant ancestor his first home (slide “Primitive people in a cave”).
Game "Cave good and bad."
Think and say what good happened to a person with the appearance of a cave, and how a cave differs from a modern house.
Fine– protects against dangerous wild animals; protects from bad weather; serves as a place to relax; You can cook food on the fireplace.
Badly– the door had not yet been invented, so the entrance to the cave had to be protected from wild animals; Not every area had caves.
Our journey continues, close your eyes and we will move on.
Look carefully, who can tell where we ended up?
(slide “Snowy Desert”)
Please tell me, could people live in such harsh conditions?
It turns out that even in such difficult and difficult natural conditions man has adapted to survive (slide “Igloo”)
Have you already guessed what their unusual houses are made of?
That's right, these dwellings are built of snow and ice. And Eskimos live in such houses; the home of the Eskimos is called an “igloo”. They find a flat place, outline a circle, and build walls from heavy ice bricks that they cut out of ice. An entrance is dug into the finished wall and snow is removed. That's it, the igloo is ready. Inside there are bowls of seal oil. This fire is not at all enough to melt the ice; on the contrary, the slightly thawed ice freezes even tighter. And they try to cover the snowy floor and walls with animal skins.
Game "Eskimo House"
Let’s imagine that these cubes are made of ice and build a house like the Eskimos (children build an “igloo” from the cubes)
Well done, who remembers the name of the house made of ice?
Well, our journey continues, close your eyes.
Look, we are in the Arctic Circle, where the winter is very long and completely short summer(slide “Tundra”).
Nationalities such as the Nenets and Chukchi live here. These nomadic peoples from time immemorial they bred deer and were engaged in fishing and hunting (slide “Peoples of the North”).
Without deer, these peoples would not have had warm fur clothes and fur boots, and without warm clothes in this cold region it is very bad.
And they built houses like this (slide “Yaranga and Chum”)
Look how unusual their houses are. These houses are called chum among the Nenets and yaranga among the Chukchi. They are very similar, only the chum is made in the form of a hut, and the yaranga is made in the form of a large tent. The basis of these houses are wooden poles, which are covered with deer skins. There is a small room fenced off inside, where people eat and sleep. And behind the curtain are the kitchen and pantry. The fire is crackling in the iron stove, and venison is cooking in the cauldron.
Physical education lesson “Building a house”
What does it cost us to build a house?
There is a foundation, can you live? No.
And we look out our window.
A roof for us from bad weather,
Covers everyone all year round.
There's smoke coming from the chimney,
Mom bakes pies:
"Help yourself!"
Well, we rested a little and we can hit the road again. Close your eyes and our journey continues.
Who guessed where we ended up this time? That's right, this is Africa (slide “Africa”)
What do you know about Africa?
That's right, it's really always summer here and very hot. And all sorts of people live here African tribes(slide “African tribes”)
In such natural conditions, very warm houses are not needed and people build houses like this for themselves (slide “Houses of African Tribes”)
What fancy houses they create for themselves, some even look like gnome houses.
Look carefully, what natural materials do they use to build their houses?
Indeed, palm leaves, clay, bamboo branches, and reed stems are used.
Game "Fourth wheel"
I will now pronounce a chain of words, and you must listen carefully, find the extra word and explain why it is superfluous here.
Heat, desert, snow, sun.
Elephant, hippopotamus, polar bear, giraffe.
Lion, crocodile, giraffe, cheetah.
Pineapples, bananas, coconuts, apples.
But our journey does not end. We close our eyes again... and find ourselves in the world familiar to us (slide “Modern City”)
Modern people have learned to build beautiful houses that are very comfortable and safe for their living. These can be one-story cozy houses for one family or multi-story skyscrapers where a lot of people can live at once (slide “House and Skyscraper”)
Didactic game “Say it differently”
I will name the building material and throw the ball, and the one who catches will answer what kind of house can be built.
House made of stone -…. stone
bricks -
logs -
Our journey has come to an end. And I want to offer you a very interesting and difficult task: “Dissettle people in their homes.”
You need to choose the right home in which they live.
Well done, everyone coped with this task.
We were on a journey.
Have you forgotten anything?
Give me your hand,
Tell me what you remember!
What did you like about the trip?
Name the dwelling of primitive man?
What was the name of the Eskimo's home?
What kind of house would you like to live in?
Well done, next time we will meet others interesting dwellings different peoples.
“Home Ecology” - Modern electrical household appliances are the results of the scientific and technological revolution. Conclusions or what is included in the concept of “environmentally friendly housing”. My favorite geopathogenic zone. Abstract topic: “Home ecology.” Basement insulation, there should be no gaps on the floor. The negative impact of computers on human health, primarily on vision and the nervous system, has been noted.
“Primitive World” - We know. Communities modern people. What did we want to find out? The first domesticated animal. Early community of people modern look. They eat small animals. What seemed unclear? Bow and arrows. They live in caves. At what age does a person develop acquired signs? What exactly are the changes in human society occurred in the era of the primitive world.
“Dwellings of different nations” - What do we want to know? What is the pattern of use building material for a home? Do the lifestyle and traditional occupations of peoples influence the architectural content of a house? Do you know... Do people live in houses made of snow? Why do some peoples move their homes from one place to another? Good luck to young researchers!
“Culture of a primitive society” - Girls are busy with games that reflect the life and work of their mother. Hunting played a special role. Differences in the upbringing of girls and boys. Games were an ancient form of organizing physical education. Physical culture of ancient people. The games directly reproduced elements of hunting or combat. Feature physical culture primitive society.
"Indoor air" - Nature's help. The simplest and most traditional way is to ventilate the premises. elimination of intra-apartment Technical means of air purification. Many types of plants effectively purify indoor air. Indoor air. Rose is the queen of flowers. Moistened leaves absorb gases 2-3 times more intensely than dry leaves.
“Human Dwelling” - What new did you learn in class? Izba is a traditional Russian home. Conversion, and therefore communion with the powerful forces of nature, is a spiritual act. House of the future. N.V.Gogol. Blitz - survey. Villa Adriana in Tivoli. Rate your work? The originality of housing buildings of different peoples of the world. The first decorations were rock paintings.
