Informal movements in Russia. Youth subcultures in modern Russia sociology project

Bikers Where did they come from The history of bikers began in 1901, when a company of twenty-year-old inventors from American state Milwaukee began working on motorizing the bicycle. William Harley and Arthur Davidson worked on the creation of the first-born, and Arthur’s two brothers, Walter and William, participated in the development. The result was a constructively new phenomenon. However, it cannot be said that William Harley and the Davidson brothers became pioneers of motorcycle construction as such. By 1903, there were other motorcycle companies in the United States. And one of them, the Indian motorcycle company, founded in 1901, became the main competitor for Harley-Davidson for many years. But it can still be argued that bikers began with Harleys. The fact is that only William and Arthur made their products something more than just a motorcycle. The degree of contact between the driver and the resulting hybrid was reminiscent of the rider’s relationship with a restive and capricious, but no less beloved horse. The sounds produced, the level of adrenaline in the blood and the speeds developed simply had no analogues. The desire for high speeds prompted the company to create powerful and powerful engines and motorcycles. Where did they come from? The history of bikers began in 1901, when a company of twenty-year-old inventors from the American state of Milwaukee began working on the motorization of the bicycle. William Harley and Arthur Davidson worked on the creation of the first-born, and Arthur’s two brothers, Walter and William, participated in the development. The result was a constructively new phenomenon. However, it cannot be said that William Harley and the Davidson brothers became pioneers of motorcycle construction as such. By 1903, there were other motorcycle companies in the United States. And one of them, the Indian motorcycle company, founded in 1901, became the main competitor for Harley-Davidson for many years. But it can still be argued that bikers began with Harleys. The fact is that only William and Arthur made their products something more than just a motorcycle. The degree of contact between the driver and the resulting hybrid was reminiscent of the rider’s relationship with a restive and capricious, but no less beloved horse. The sounds produced, the level of adrenaline in the blood and the speeds developed simply had no analogues. The desire for high speeds prompted the company to create powerful and powerful engines and motorcycles.

Goths and SATANISTS The goth movement is based on goth music, which grew out of post-punk. Therefore, ready is still considered a musical direction. In general, many trends emerged from punk, including decadent - more depressive and gloomy (later “gothic”). The look is ready - black outfits, bats, vampire teeth and other symbols - everything that has at least some relation to the aesthetics of death. Subsequently, mystical symbols began to be added to the decadent flavor, without any attempt to connect them with each other and comprehend them. This uncertainty is the weak point of the Gothic movement: as a subculture that does not have a clear ideology, it is constantly pulled in different directions, and these deviations do not always decorate the reputation of the Goths. Goths perceive their movement as a protest against mass consciousness, bad taste and diversity. While the pop music is composing its “three words, 2 chords” about love, the goth, whose whole appearance reminds of death, goes to the cemetery. It doesn’t matter what he will do there: think about the vanity of all things or just have fun with friends. However, the meaning of life is Gothic - this is Gothic itself - as an angle of perception of life, and not at all a cult of death. Gothic is an aesthetic phenomenon, and dark images are nothing more than shocking. It is foolish to look for the meaning of life in death - it is not there. Death is a reminder, a reason to strive for life. Goths perceive their movement as a protest against mass consciousness, bad taste and diversity. While the pop music is composing its “three words, 2 chords” about love, the goth, whose whole appearance reminds of death, goes to the cemetery. It doesn’t matter what he will do there: think about the vanity of all things or just have fun with friends. However, the meaning of life is Gothic - this is Gothic itself - as an angle of perception of life, and not at all a cult of death. Gothic is an aesthetic phenomenon, and dark images are nothing more than shocking. It is foolish to look for the meaning of life in death - it is not there. Death is a reminder, a reason to strive for life. Goth vamps Punk Goth Victorian Goth Androgyn Goth Hippie Goth Corporate Goth Cyber Goth Goth vamps Punk Goth Victorian Goth Androgyn Goth Hippie Goth Corporate Goth Cyber Goth

Graffiti Where did they come from Graffiti is still an art. Some researchers officially consider it a fully established movement of modern avant-gardeism. Graffiti first appeared in America in the late 60s as part of street culture. It all started with simple tags (literally “mark”) in the New York subway, and they left these tags simply to indicate their presence. Today the same thing is happening in the Moscow metro, but real graffitters strongly condemn this. Then taggers switched from vandalizer markers to spray paint, and the inscriptions became larger, brighter and more impressive. A fashion appeared, the business gained momentum, and “bombing” teams began to paint subway cars not only from the inside, but also from the outside at night. This view street art called subway art. The word graffiti is Italian and originally means scratched. So this definition can include anything, including rock paintings, but this term is usually used to designate art on the walls of houses and in the subway using cans of paint (and occasionally markers), most often in the same style. Street artists are called riders, grafflers or graffitters.

Metalheads, rockers Where did they come from? The history of heavy music is primarily the history of “dirty” sound. Everyone knows that rock and roll gave birth to modern guitar music, but it is less known that until about the beginning of the 60s, guitarists did not use an overloaded sound in rock. It was believed that an electric guitar should sound like a regular guitar - just louder, richer and brighter. Any background or distortion was perceived as a defect when adjusting the sound. Little by little, with the development of guitar and sound reinforcement technology, innovative guitarists began to experiment with the volume and frequency knobs of their instruments and “amps.” And this, in turn, led to a change in the methods of the game. The accompanying composition of the groups also began to adapt to the new sound and techniques, then the guitar gradually came to the fore and from an inconspicuous accompanying instrument turned into the queen of the ball, sometimes even pushing aside the vocalist. Metalheads are one of the largest “informal” subcultures. Once upon a time, heavy music was either the hobby of a few music lovers, or the elite entertainment of the intelligentsia... and even the momentary hobby of gopniks. Today almost everyone listens to heavy music. Now this is a very rich musical layer, some components of which have nothing in common with each other, except for the characteristic “overloaded” sound. “Heaviness” today is an equal, fashionable, advanced movement, not an underground movement, not a rebellion, as it used to be. Their appearance is defiantly aggressive: black clothes with a lot of metal, images of skulls, blood, the inscription “Satan” on English. Although the clothes are clean and tidy. Classic metalheads wear tight black jeans tucked into high boots or “cossacks”, leather jackets with oblique zippers - “leather jackets”, “bravers”, earrings in the left ear, rings with images of skulls or other black magical symbols (pentagram, skeleton, etc. . d.) But their external aggressiveness and gloominess are most often a means of shocking the people around them. Those over 25 years old who are engaged in serious work are, as a rule, peaceful, although sometimes they can misbehave with those who are younger. Among metalheads there are real experts and connoisseurs of hard rock. They are peace-loving, do not get carried away by paraphernalia, and are well versed in musical directions not only modern, but also classical music. Often metalheads are bikers, which will be discussed later.

Where did they come from? Punks appeared in Great Britain, more precisely in Wales, in the first half of the 30s. This is what people who lived in poor areas of cities called themselves, as a rule, the children of coal miners. They drank "Indian moonshine" - hooch, smoked opium, snorted toxic substances. The means of livelihood was elementary banditry, entertainment - fights, breaking glass. Punk music in the 1930s was “black jazz,” performed by blacks. The ideology is based on anarchy and the complete negation of the state and society. Gradually, the punks of those years turned into people who listen to “punk” and “punk rock”. Conventionally, we can distinguish two age groups punks. The first is to imitate punks of the 30s and musicians on stage. They dress provocatively, try to wash themselves as little as possible, think that it’s very “cool” to swear, engage in petty hooliganism, smoke “weed” - their intellect is not sufficiently developed for anything more. They listen to “punk” and “punk rock” without understanding the essence. The second group of punks are older. They do not behave aggressively, dress more respectably, take music seriously, and many play musical instruments themselves. Occasionally they are not averse to reading books, although they are far from Russian classical literature. This trend is antisocial, anarchic, with elements of denial of the culture of older generations and civilizations. Punks have always been against power, regime, order, and therefore they themselves never promoted any ideas other than anarchy.

Rastafarians (Rastafari) Where did they come from? We can safely say that few of the young Russians who have tried on this style are deeply familiar with the ideology of the national-religious movement of the African-American population of Jamaica, who saw in the Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie a messiah, a kind of collector of “dispersed” people from Africa . In 1930, distant Jamaica was an explosive mixture of African sects with names that were difficult to pronounce. Marcus Mosiah Garvey, expelled from the United States, actively preaches the idea that Jesus Christ was black, so we should wait for the coming of a great king from Africa - the savior of the black race. On November 2, 1930, Prince Tafari Makonen (or Ras Tafari - hence the name of the movement) was crowned Emperor of Ethiopia. Thousands of people found the prophecies to come true. This is how Rastafarianism was born. Rastafarians believe that everything valuable to humanity originated in Africa. Africa is a paradise on Earth where Rastafarians live, according to the will of the great Jah. They declare war on Babylon (white culture). From their point of view, you can: love people, smoke weed, sit back, understand the meaning of life, tell others about Rastafari, philosophize, play the drums, fight Babylon, wear dreadlocks and listen to reggae; you cannot: eat pork, shellfish, salt, vinegar, fish without scales, cow's milk, smoke tobacco, drink rum and wine, carry things from someone else's shoulder, eat food prepared by others, gamble, touch the dead, preach to the unworthy. Subculture that emerged in the 20s. XX century in Jamaica and has its roots in the syncretic cults of Africa and the Caribbean. In appearance In addition to T-shirts with cannabis leaf, berets, knitted hoodies and hats (homemade) colored red, yellow and green (the colors of the Ethiopian flag), Rastafari have other insignia. For example, borings. These are several long hairs with threads, pebbles, balls or something else woven into them and, of course, dreadlocks - long locks of hair braided into braids, rubbed with hair wax and twisted into tight strands.

“Rave” (from the English rave - to rave, nonsense, incoherent speech, also: to rage, roar, howl, rage, speak with enthusiasm) is interpreted in T. Thorne’s Dictionary of Modern Slang as “a wild party”, dancing or a situation of desperate behavior." The source of life guidelines for ravers was the musical style, or more precisely, the lifestyle examples of their idols, musicians. Ravers basically take the behavior model of nightclub regulars. According to this model, the raver's lifestyle is nocturnal. Their appearance and behavior promote man's departure from nature. Rave is not only music, but also bright synthetic clothes, dyed hair (often exotically colored in squares, circles), special earrings, fennies, and dance. Their life is pure entertainment. Entertainment - not only discos, drugs and other pleasures, but also cinema, painting, and less often - theater. The ideology of ravers is based on fun and non-interference. They do not believe that their parents should necessarily give them money. They agree to earn extra money, but where they don’t have to work hard to earn their living. In a reputable, prestigious company: for big money - please. This is also one of the expensive lifestyles. It is still very common among young people. Typically, ravers are simply called “party people.” Acid players join the ravers. They also wear exotically bright clothes and hairstyles; they see the meaning of life in entertainment.

Appearance. They wear wide clothes that are several sizes larger. Athletic. Favorite sport is basketball. Jewelry includes badges and earrings. The hair is cut short. Many rappers do not drink alcohol, not even beer, but prefer hard drugs. Rappers are not only those who listen to rap music, but also people who write rap, imbued with its idea. For the most part, rappers are not aggressive, except for those who consider themselves to be part of the “Gangsta” movement. Appearance. They wear wide clothes that are several sizes larger. Athletic. Favorite sport is basketball. Jewelry includes badges and earrings. The hair is cut short. Many rappers do not drink alcohol, not even beer, but prefer hard drugs. Rappers are not only those who listen to rap music, but also people who write rap, imbued with its idea. For the most part, rappers are not aggressive, except for those who consider themselves to be part of the “Gangsta” movement. Among many other subcultural forms based on musical styles, in Russia rap (English rap - light blow, knock) has gained wide scope. The manner of performance (“reading”), the appearance of the performers, their actions come from the street life of teenagers in the black neighborhoods of America in rap. On Russian soil This style is imitative in nature and has recently increasingly become part of a subcultural polystylistic formation called hip-hop culture. Her priorities, besides rap: breakdancing as a form of dance and body work, graffiti as a type of special wall painting, extreme sports, streetball (street basketball), etc. She is quite democratic and does not lose a direct connection with the “youth of the street” , although it is obvious that her identity is supported from the outside. In large cities there are quite a lot of young people wearing clothes stylistically related to rap. But rap fans view the "tough guys in baggy pants" posing as rappers with contempt. The fact that rapper clothing is found quite often in Moscow and some other Russian cities is largely influenced by economic factor: such clothes are sold at wholesale clothing markets and are relatively inexpensive. But of course certain part young people are quite consciously focused on hip-hop culture.

Skinheads Derived from English. skin head - shaved head. These are neo-fascist closed youth groups. Preaching a cult strong personality, racism, chauvinism, cult of black magic, systematically engage in physical training. They don't hide their views. The greeting is an outstretched hand. Often the head of such a youth group is an adult with pro-fascist views. Strangers are not allowed to attend meetings. Military-style organization. Ideology is the subordination of a strong personality; all the weak and infirm have no right to life. The ideology is based on the ideas of National Socialism and anti-Semitism. They hate grungers, rappers, hippies, ravers and people of a different skin color. Metalheads and most rockers are either indifferent or sympathetic. They are afraid of bikers. Middle age skins years. They like to listen to military anthems and marches, “metal” of the mid-80s. Another subculture is very similar to skinheads: RNE (Russian National Unity). Style The first skin generation listened to ska in defiance of hippie reggae, wore loose suit jackets and badges of banned parties.. Once, in 1969, a fight broke out in a port London pub between the first skinheads and the marines. The first battle for the skinheads ended with heavy losses. After this, the skins cut their collars, narrowed their trousers, took off their badges, and put heavy construction boots on their feet. This is how the canon of skinhead clothing was established. Everything in this clothing is strictly functional, adapted for a street fight: thick black jeans, cheap, durable, on which dirt and blood are hard to see, heavy laced army boots with thick soles, comfortable for running and a weapon in a fight, short jackets - “bombers” "without a collar, so that the enemy has nothing to grab onto; a shaved or cropped head, so that the enemy cannot grab the hair. Nothing superfluous: no glasses, badges, no bags, shoulder straps, nothing that prevents you from dodging the enemy’s hands. Instead of black laces, white laces appeared in the boots, as a symbol of the fact that the skins are fighting for the White Race. This is how skinheads were formed - young people who decided to fight... Where did they come from? The first skinheads appeared in England in the fall of 1968. These were tough guys who equally hated young bourgeois majors and relaxed hippie drug addicts. Strong fists and bulging biceps formed the basis of a subculture of children from poor suburbs, sons of the working class, who are steadily replenishing the army of the unemployed. The visiting emigrants not only took away jobs from the natives, but also behaved obscenely. The number of robberies, murders, and rapes committed by emigrants increased. In urban areas that were inhabited by blacks and Turks, to the white man it was dangerous to walk, especially at night. They could easily have been robbed or killed. Detachments of skinheads began to visit these areas. Sometimes small fights turned into bloody massacres, pogroms. There were killed and wounded. Everything is like in war. The ideology of “White Power” has emerged - White Power (Power to Whites), which must maintain racial balance not only in Europe, but throughout the world. Real skinheads do not call for the destruction of other races, they simply say that everyone has their own home, their own homeland, the land of their ancestors.

Football fans A group close to criminal subcultures consists of fans (fans) of football teams. Communities of football fans are one of the most common forms of subcultural youth activity in modern Russia, which has a long origin. Many forms of support for teams by their fans developed back in the 30s, when football was amateur in the full sense of the word, and football players worked among their fans. Later, as football became professionalized in Russia, arose modern practice organized fan trips to support the team at games in other cities. The specificity of this subculture is that it requires a minimum of effort from participants and does not deeply affect the way of life. The game itself on the football field inspires fans, but more significant for them are the moments of general emotional release, the opportunity to “break away”, to express their feelings to the fullest (yell, rowdy). Sometimes their actions are downright criminal in nature. But the subcultural meaning of football fan communities does not end there, of course. Young fans get the opportunity, among their peers, to model their behavior as a group and at the same time not experiencing pressure from the main social control authorities (parents, school, etc.). Football fans- a complex community in organization. Travel to other cities is very often associated with fights - often on the station square. The main means of distinguishing fans is a scarf (“rosette”, “rose”). A regular scarf is designed in the colors of the football team and can have various inscriptions. Within the framework of the fan movement, different attitudes and lifestyles are combined. A group of Spartak fans, the Gladiators, are guided by the philosophy of a “clean lifestyle.” Physically well developed, its members avoid fights, but protect the “little ones” - the youngest part of the fans, the newcomers.

Hippies All hippies wear long flowing hair (hair), usually parted in the middle. A thin bandage (hairatnik) covers the forehead and back of the head. Usually there are jeans or a denim jacket, sometimes a hoodie of an unspecified color, and around the neck there is a “xivnik” (small leather handbag), decorated with beads or embroidery. On the hands - “fenki” (from the English thing - thing), i.e. homemade bracelets or beads, most often made of beads, wood or leather. Many men grow a beard. Reasons why they wear long hair, the following: 1) it is more natural, closer to nature; 2) Jesus Christ wore long hair and a beard, hippies imitate him; 3) long hair makes it possible to better capture the radiation of the cosmic mind, being a kind of antenna. This organization is not so numerous, but has long-standing traditions. Their philosophy influenced the views and lives of the 1970s generation. Hippies have their own rules of behavior and their own philosophy. They unite into the System. This is a kind of club that not everyone is accepted into. The system is divided into groups (parties), where there are two layers: “pioneers” and “old ones” (mammoths). “Pioneers” are teenagers, “old ones” are old members of the System, seriously delving into the problems of religion, mystics, artistic creativity. Dress code: jeans, sweaters, T-shirts, out-of-fashion coats. Clothes are often shabby or specially given this appearance: artificial holes are made, bright patches are placed on jeans and jackets, inscriptions are made in English. In the cold season, hippies live in the city, go to “parties,” and in the summer they hitchhike and set up tent cities. Ideology - a person must be free, first of all, internally. Man is also free in love, which promotes the unity of people. They preach pacifism: they call not to respond to violence with violence, they oppose military service. They believe in a higher reality that exists alongside the everyday one in which we all live. You can reach it through a change in consciousness through art. Hence the interest in religion, creative activity. The desire for naturalness is expressed in the desire not to change what happens by itself (for example, not to cut hair), not to carry out active, purposeful actions, to be inactive, to be unpretentious in everyday life, to be able to endure adversity and deprivation. Hippies are romantics, they love everything bright, original, and creative. They want to be independent from social conventions, free individuals. To emancipate one's consciousness and sense of freedom, smoking hashish is common among hippies. They are interested in the philosophy of the East. From musical movements prefer soft rock, in particular the group "Aquarium", ethnic music different peoples. Dress code: jeans, sweaters, T-shirts, out-of-fashion coats. Clothes are often shabby or specially given this appearance: artificial holes are made, bright patches are placed on jeans and jackets, inscriptions are made in English. In the cold season, hippies live in the city, go to “parties,” and in the summer they hitchhike and set up tent cities. Ideology - a person must be free, first of all, internally. Man is also free in love, which promotes the unity of people. They preach pacifism: they call not to respond to violence with violence, they oppose military service. They believe in a higher reality that exists alongside the everyday one in which we all live. You can reach it through a change in consciousness through art. Hence the interest in religion and creative activity. The desire for naturalness is expressed in the desire not to change what happens by itself (for example, not to cut hair), not to perform active, purposeful actions, to be inactive, to be unpretentious in everyday life, to be able to endure adversity and deprivation. Hippies are romantics, they love everything bright, original, and creative. They want to be independent from social conventions, free individuals. To emancipate one's consciousness and sense of freedom, smoking hashish is common among hippies. They are interested in the philosophy of the East. Among musical trends they prefer soft rock, in particular the group "Aquarium", and ethnic music of different nations.

EMO Emo subculture, was born approximately 22 years ago. Of course, Emo culture, like many other subcultures, was collected from several other cultures, modernized, or simply taken halfway. But now let's look at Emo culture in music. As you know, Emo comes from the word emotion, emotional. In Emo music, there are very beautiful, melodic vocals and always hysterical creaking vocals. This type of vocals is called “Scream vocals” (From English, sl., Scream.) Many groups playing in this style finish their performances early due to the fact that they are overwhelmed by emotions and cannot control themselves . More and more often I am faced with the fact that many people have a too primitive and superficial concept of EMO culture. Many people believe that all emos are characterized by whining, tears, withdrawal and suicidal tendencies, but this is wrong! We need to start from the fact that each person is a person, an individual! And a sub-culture can only be characterized by the style of music and clothing, but emo is not just an image, it is a worldview, it is a soul, it is a lifestyle. EMO does not have the same philosophy as the goths or punks, but many do not delve into the essence of EMO, and either become posers.

Ganguro Appearance Bright, colored (pink-blue) clothes, girls wear miniskirts Plastic jewelry in the form of flowers, High-platform shoes White knee-highs Light makeup Shiny lipstick Dark from a solarium or foundation skin Bleached long hair Ganguro is a subculture of Japanese youth that appeared in the 1990s. Conservatives call ganguro - yamanba - mountain witches, caricatures of Europeans.

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Positive and negative aspects of the influence of subcultures

Recent sociological studies have shown that many teenagers identify themselves as representatives of one or another subculture. At the same time, some young people are subject to the strong influence of subcultures, which can be both positive and negative. In the first case, teenagers receive what they need to live in social society skills, and in the second - they acquire qualities with which society is all accessible ways tries to fight.

Teenage subcultures help young people realize their desires and adapt to adulthood and independent life. But there are also negative aspects, such as cruelty towards certain groups of people. For example, skinheads are racist and, according to their ideology, can commit criminal acts against persons of other nationalities. For them, there is nothing illegal in such behavior, and therefore they do not understand that they are responsible for the actions they have committed. In this case, adolescent subcultures negatively affect their worldview, pitting the younger generation against others

Varieties of subcultures

All teenage communities have not only their own laws of behavior, but also rules that require a certain appearance. Certain youth movements can shock adult society with numerous piercings, unusual hair color, and strange style of clothing and accessories. Quite often, disagreements between parents and teenagers arise precisely on this basis. Young people do not like it when their personal lives are interfered with, and parents want their child not to stand out from the crowd.

Subculture of working youth - teddy boys

The social youth group Teddy Boys formed back in the early 50s due to the relative improvement of the working class. This youth subculture, which became widespread in the post-war period, consisted of working-class people with unfinished higher education and without a highly paid profession. Their style was copied from the clothing and behavior of members of the upper classes. In the classic version, the “tadd” looked like this: pipe trousers, a loose jacket with a velvet collar, a lace tie and boots with rubber platforms. The image was typically masculine, despite its elegance.

Representatives of the Teddy Boys tried their best to maintain the “high” status they had created, which became the cause of conflicts that arose with representatives of other sectors of society. For example, there were clashes with wealthier teenagers and attacks on elite youth clubs. There were also attacks on immigrants.

Subculture of the skilled working class - fashion

The group of mods included teenagers who, after graduating from school, mastered working professions that required a high level of preparedness. In fact, the mod in ideal understanding he had to live luxuriously, visit prestigious and expensive clubs, restaurants and shops, and dress in extremely expensive things. But for many such pleasures were inaccessible, so all that remained was to try to recreate perfect image. There are four types of mods:

Aggressive type in jeans and rough shoes.
Owners of scooters, also in jeans and jackets with a hood.
Mods in suits and polished shoes made up the majority of this subculture. The list is completed by fashion girls, exemplary in appearance and with short hair.
Students art schools, students and so on.

Subculture - rockers

Rockers appeared in the mid-60s. This group consisted mainly of teenagers without education or from single-parent families. The main attributes of the people of this subculture were a leather jacket, worn jeans, large rough shoes, long hair combed back and tattoos. Of course, what is a rocker without such an important element as a motorcycle. Rock music occupies a special place in the rocker subculture.

Skinheads or skinheads

The members of this group, like the rockers, predominantly came from low-skilled workers. Among them, many were unemployed, poorly educated and with a low cultural level. Skinheads wore jeans rolled up at the bottom, large, rough shoes, and shaved their heads. Football hooligans are closely associated with the skinheads. These types of subcultures are largely similar in social composition. They are also united by aggressive behavior, for example, associated with football matches.

Punk subculture

This group predominantly included young people from unskilled and low-paid segments of the population. The critical situation of young people led to the emergence of this subculture. The list of associations consisting of poorly educated members of society was supplemented by punks. The stereotypes of this group were closely intertwined with aggressive self-affirmation, but, in addition, it was largely based on views opposed to traditional moral principles and values. Initially, the punk subculture used appearance to provoke society: unusual hair coloring, strange hairstyles, shocking behavior and different style in clothing, but over time they began to use more strong techniques impact through themes of violence and death.

Hippie movement

This subculture appeared in the USA in the 60s and very quickly spread throughout the world. At one time, hippies evolved from the beatniks, representatives of the middle class, who for a long time influenced the people of their group. These American subcultures have one common distinctive feature - an ideology clearly expressed in words. The main elements of the hippie style or worldview were the following:

Peacefulness and non-violence. Pacifism was the main hippie ideology. That is why representatives of this group were distinguished by their disregard for power and apoliticality, since it is the rulers who incite wars and force people to fight.
Self-development and individualism. These elements were a reaction to the dullness of mass society.
Conscious simplification, that is, the transition from a prosperous life to poverty, the rejection of material wealth.
Drugs, sexual experiments, travel, festivals, communes - all these are the most striking features of the hippie subculture.
Living together is a distinctive feature of hippies, as other subcultures did not adhere to this form of behavior.

Hipsters

This youth subculture arose in the USSR in the late 40s of the 20th century. In this way, Soviet youth protested against the stereotypes of society. The main direction of the dudes was blind copying of the style of the West and the USA. At that time, dudes looked more like a caricature: wide pants bright colors, baggy double-breasted jackets, boots with thick soles and, of course, brightly colored socks peeking out from under the trousers. The image was very original and bright, no one worried about the combination of colors.

But over time, closer to the 50s, the dudes changed their image a little. They began to wear tight trousers and elegantly cut jackets with wide shoulders, a thin tie around the neck and, of course, a greased “cock”. It is worth noting that only guys had a certain look; stylish girls wore fluffy bright dresses or tapered skirts, pointed shoes and wore bright makeup. Society did not allow the development of this subculture in the USSR and in every possible way condemned and persecuted representatives of this vibrant group.

Social subcultures

The process of socialization of adolescents in the subcultures of society occurs much faster. Examples of subcultures such as “green” or “animal defenders” teach the younger generation to help nature and take care of environment. But theoretical information alone is not always enough to teach teenagers responsibility. We need to show our work in practice" positive subcultures" it needs not only theorems and axioms, but their consolidation by actions and results, otherwise it does not realize the need for good deeds.

Subcultures popular in modern society

The criminal subculture (rockers, punks, emo, skinheads, etc.) in Russia is already losing its position. Negativity and aggression are gradually going out of fashion. In search of new directions, he comes up with his own modern look. For example, the footing subculture does not carry any negative manifestations, therefore it is very well perceived by society. Members of this youth group do not wear shoes in any weather.

Due to the widespread use of the Internet, the subculture of gamers is gaining increasing momentum. Modern youth are increasingly hiding from reality in the virtual world. Many young children already confidently operate tablets, e-readers and mobile phones. But this is basically a false substitute for real hobbies that their parents impose on them to save money. own strength and time. After all, when a child is busy playing computer games, he does not require so much attention and care. In fact, the problem of this subculture is very deep, and parents must take certain measures if their child has a gaming or computer addiction.

Distinctive features of modern youth trends

Youth subcultures modern world characterized by an increase in the number of active associations. In addition, today's youth are increasingly immersed in the Internet. They look for like-minded people online, organize meetings, and hold promotions. Three social and value orientations of modern subcultures can be distinguished:

Prosocial trends: the rapper subculture and the role-playing game movement.
Asocial movements: punks, metalheads, emo and hippies.
Antisocial groups similar to the adult criminal subculture: skinheads in their radical form.

Youth subcultures can also be classified as the group’s activities are included in the lifestyle young man. There are behavioral groups and active ones. In the first case, adolescents adhere to the style of clothing, behavior and communication characteristic of the selected group. Such areas are not characterized by engaging in any activity. This includes emo, hipsters and goths. In other words, the younger generation will only change their external image and behavior style.

Active types of subcultures are those communities that are based on a passion for specific activities that require one or another activity. This group can include parkourists, graffists, and role-players.

What attracts young people to subcultures

Youth subcultures on a personal level are a way to achieve self-esteem and compensate for the negative attitude of others towards oneself. Dissatisfaction with one’s own style of behavior, body, inconsistency with the standards of femininity or masculinity. Subcultures, the list of which is huge and varied, allow teenagers to give themselves an aura of specialness and bright individuality.

Social and psychological reasons are considered to be the attractiveness of an informal lifestyle, which does not require responsibility, focus and dedication, in contrast to generally accepted requirements in society. There are three possible consequences of the influence of the subculture on the socialization of youth:

A positive orientation, which manifests itself in social and cultural self-determination, creative self-realization and experimentation with images, behavioral style, and so on.
Socially negative orientation, which is found in joining subcultures of a criminal, extremist nature, drugs and alcohol.
An individually negative tendency manifests itself in escaping reality, justifying one’s infantile behavior, and avoiding cultural and social self-determination.

It is quite difficult to determine which trends predominate in a particular subculture. It is even more difficult to notice how it affects a person’s lifestyle. Modern trends attract young people with their diversity and provocative appearance and behavior. But it is worth noting that belonging to a certain social group is, as a rule, a short-term phenomenon. Basically, the passion for subcultures begins at the age of 13 and goes away by the age of 19. By this age, a person changes his hobbies or rethinks. But there are exceptions within the age range, for example, the rocker subculture has no time limits. Among the representatives of this community you can also find mature people, and sometimes even elderly people. They have remained true to their teenage hobbies and still listen to rock or play music groups. As a rule, the rocker subculture includes those people who, even in adulthood, are not ready for a responsible and independent life.

The characteristics of adolescent subcultures include their inconstancy in behavior. Many teenagers have an unstable psyche, which largely depends on how their relationship with their parents develops. If there is distance in relationships with close people, then the chances that the child will come under outside influence increase. After all, a teenager needs communication, advice and understanding. If he does not receive all this in his family, then he will seek support among people who are close in spirit and moral state. Very often, a child’s deviant behavior in adolescence is associated with a bad example from the outside. This could be television, bad actions of comrades in the company, etc. In order to prevent a negative influence on the child, parents need to establish contact with him or attract older youth for this purpose.

Sources of the emergence of subcultures in Russia

In the Russian youth environment, the emergence of subcultures is due to a number of reasons. In the last 15-20 years daily life adult society and children have undergone strong changes. The openness of Western and Eastern cultures greatly influenced people’s worldviews and dissolved many traditions, stable relationships, and values of Russian citizens. The new scientific and technological revolution, which is primarily associated with the emergence of phenomena such as computers, mobile phones, and the Internet, has had an equally strong impact on people’s lives.

Basically, youth subcultures spread spontaneously. Although quite often parties, trendsetters, and so on contribute to this spread. There is another way - commercial and youth organizations take as a basis forms of youth leisure that exist spontaneously and create organized directions. An example is street dancing. But this process also requires a special approach. Experts believe that interaction with potentially positive informals should be carried out according to three rules: it is necessary to coordinate your actions with the leaders, provide them with everything they need to carry out events, and agree on restrictions on behavior and activity during the actions.

Strategies for youth activities

If we consider youth activities from the perspective of social education, then we can distinguish three main pedagogical strategies. Ignore, do not exclude spontaneous penetration into social life and only after that work or analyze the potential of youth subcultures from the point of view of additional educational methods and use them in the interests of the personal development of adolescents and children.

The potential of youth subcultures from the point of view of education is that the types and forms of activity of adolescents and young people, which arose independently of the pedagogical sphere, in an environment of free communication among young people, are socially positive in nature. But at the same time it is necessary to apply appropriate pedagogical tools.

In fact, modern educational methods have virtually no contact with such youth and adolescent communities. Moreover, this contact is mainly observed in summer camps, in children's public associations and extremely rarely in secondary school institutions.

As a rule, the lifestyle, behavior and external signs of subcultures of adolescents and young people are covered in a negative way, which contributed to the active imitation of representatives of these communities by a certain unreached part of youth. This, in turn, served as an impetus for the spread of these subcultures beyond the borders of one country. Nevertheless, the variability and other characteristics of subcultures were greatly influenced by ethnic and social conditions. For example, Soviet hippies were not much like representatives of this subculture in Western countries. And the skinheads of modern Russia are very different from the first skinheads of Great Britain.

Violent youth protests in Western countries in the 60-70s and in the Soviet and post-Soviet space in the second half of the 90s caused not only a decrease in social activity among young people, but also contributed to the development of certain tendencies towards escapism. Distinctive characteristic of the modern world is the increase in the number of protest youth subcultures, as well as the diversity of forms. Thus, we can say that new subcultures are emerging, the list of which is growing.

Photo. Meeting after ten years of starting school. Summer 1981

According to the rules of correspondence, it was necessary to respond and comment somehow, and I wrote the following.

May 10, 2009 Ivan Shestakov
– By the phrases “hipsters” and “hippies,” they probably meant guys’ hairstyles?
If you think or imagine what it was like at that time, as it is now: wear whatever you want, dress as you like, and no one cares, then everything was not like that, I’ll even say frankly - not like that at all. Everyone cared about your appearance: from October activists to Soviet and party workers, represented by at least the head teacher of the school. Because appearance, as you know, is a reflection of your inner world, and inner world a fighter of communism must be ideal and untainted. Hence all the misfortunes.
Retreat. I remember that I myself was an ardent activist and participant in brainwashing. In fairness, I would like to note that young people really need to be looked after: us when we were young, and young people now, and young people in the future. But we need to participate in their lives, create conditions and interest them, and not force them with the police into some fictitious and unrealistic framework.
Let's get back to the hairstyles. It would seem that hair grows quickly, but for some reason it grows back slowly, but here is the fashion for long hairstyles. The highlight was to let the hair curl, no matter where or how – as long as it wasn’t straight icicles. We went to the bathhouse once a week. Within a week, the dirt on those whose hair was curly began to straighten, and those whose hair did not curl, of course, began to curl. In this way, one might say, the flow of visitors to the common bathhouse was regulated (just kidding).
We have been growing our hair since the seventh grade, finished the eighth grade, came to Sogra in the ninth grade - shaggy, as we then talked about ourselves (or rather about our hair). And in the ninth grade there is a military training lesson (voenka), and he teaches it former director school, front-line soldier - Arkady Ivanovich Dunaev. Each military training lesson began with the formation and inspection of the students’ appearance. If you look at the guys from other places: Sogry, Palovy, Lambasa, then everyone has neat hairstyles, but the guys from Krasnaya are all shaggy. To part with your hair - the brainchild of many years of work, you don’t have the strength - it’s better than death!

I thought this comment would be enough, but it sparked a response:
“May 10, 2009 Alexander Morozov
- Yes, Ivan, you had strict rules. Ours is still simpler. In fact, I don’t even remember anyone forbidding me to wear it, but the fact that my hair was dirty was just the right thing to do, so to speak, to shame me. The bathhouse was really once a week, in the evening we washed ourselves in a basin. But the story is interesting, no doubt about it, and we are looking forward to the continuation. Do the people agree? – and had to continue.

May 10, 2009 Ivan Shestakov
– Of course, it didn’t come to death. In the morning at the boarding school, before each military training class, an impromptu hair salon opened. In order not to lose their hair, they styled it, combed it, doused it with hairspray, in a word, licked it so that the hair actually became visually shorter, and most importantly, it did not get on the white collar of the shirt. “White collar” was not just for the sake of catchphrase; psychology was involved here. Unusual phenomenon, or rather, a pattern, noted Vitka-Formula. If the shirt is not white, then for some reason your slicked hair did not suit Arkady Ivanovich, and he sent you straight from class to get yourself in order, that is, to get a haircut. But if you put on a white shirt, and even with a tie, then this is a completely different matter - your appearance, along with your hairstyle, was impeccable, and you were set as an example. It would seem that this is the salvation from troubles - guys put on white shirts, but...
And there were only a couple of white shirts for the entire boarding school, and there weren’t enough for everyone who wanted to keep their shirts. At that time, the store was not like now, you can buy whatever you want, at that time there was a shortage of everything, by the way, we lived in developed socialism - I am describing the events of 1979...81.
So we suffered whole year and the hair still stood up: they put on white shirts for the military service, styled their hair like a half-box, and after the lesson they let down their curls, that is, they “set up nets” for the girls. It seemed to us guys that only curly hair attracted them, and if you parted with them, then you had no attractiveness for your classmates, that you immediately looked like white crow- vulgar and ugly. Now, years later, you understand what a misconception this is - it’s just real nonsense.

That's it for now (that's not all) about hairstyles. If you're interested, I'll continue next time.

No one responded to this, but I continued.

May 10, 2009 Ivan Shestakov
– The tenth grade began with the same problems in the military service - the fashion for long hair did not go away, but only intensified, taking on the shape of the participants of the VIA “Time Machine”. For Petrovich and me, this made a lot of sense. After all, for members of the VIA, even a school one, playing at dances and performing at concerts with neatly trimmed hair is the same as coming to a party meeting without a party card - an internal contradiction of essence and existence. Everyday negotiations with Arkady Ivanovich led only to half-hearted success. Since he himself played the accordion well, he made an exception for me, as an accordion player, and allowed me to wear long hair in a neat hairstyle. I don’t know what kind of “neat hairstyle” this is, but one white shirt came loose. There was no talk of strumming in a school ensemble - no concessions. The girls were indignant and indignant, but they could not defend Petrovich as a drummer.
Fortunately for his hair, Arkady Ivanovich soon left the military leadership, giving way to Pavel Yegorovich.
It should be noted that the Gorky school is much more democratic than the Ilesh school. In Gorkovskaya there was no powerful ideological pressure: it was possible to talk with most of the teachers, so to speak, on equal terms and, most importantly, without an edifying tone on their part. Pavel Yegorovich was such a teacher. After all, the main thing in students is the desire to become better internally, and not externally. Having come to one of our rehearsals and listening to us play, Pavel Yegorovich noticed this desire and at the next military training lesson he made a remark to us about the length of our hair in the hope that we would begin to resist. Of course we started. The girls joined us, and Pavel Yegorovich, in the presence of the whole class, made an exception for Petrovich and me, taking the word from the rest of the guys that they would all put their hair in order. Of course, holding a fig in their pocket, the guys gave this word. This is how our curls, and soon the curls of our classmates, acquired a legal position. These curls can be seen in the photo, just after finishing 10th grade. And already on August 25, I had my hair cut bald, as I became a cadet at the Yegoryevsk Aviation Technical School of Civil Aviation - there were no stories about fashion there.

The story should be treated as a subjective description of events with elements of fiction. So about dirty hair, of course, is a fiction.

And a few years later a response came, to which for some reason I did not respond:
July 4, 2011 Anton Zvyagin
– maybe you can grow it back?))) (element of fiction)

This is the end of the story with the photo posted on the VK network.

Nevertheless, they have formed their own language of self-expression, street styles, fashion, art, communications, and a self-sufficient music lovers market.

Hippie

The heyday of the movement based on music lovers' psychedelic and hardrock preferences, which gave rise to the all-Union system of registrations, forest and beach camps, home concerts, as well as hitchhiking, occurred in the mid-70s. By the early 80s, hippie fashion swept the capitals; in Moscow, hippie communication covered the Boulevard Ring, Arbat and Mayakovsky Square. The ranks of the movement were joined by Beatlemaniac students, street bards and a generation of children of the Soviet intelligentsia who were engaged in unofficial creativity.

Hippie 1984

Hippie. Not far from the Tourist, 1988

Hippie. At the entrance to Saigon, 1987

Hipsters

In the 1980s, the movement was revived due to youth's interest in retro style. These groups appeared in Leningrad under the name “Secretists” in Leningrad, and in Moscow they were called “Bravists” (after the names of the groups Bravo and Secret)

Hipsters. Anton Teddy and comrades, 1984. Photo by Dmitry Conrad

Hipsters. Rus Ziggel and Teddy boys. Leningrad, 1984. Photo by Dmitry Konrad

Wide Hipsters. Moscow, 1987

New Wavers

The new wave movement received a rather vague manifestation in Soviet society. Initially based on music lovers' preferences in the form of electronic experiments and the aesthetics of post-punk "new romantics", domestic new wavers compiled their external aesthetics on the basis of "pure style", hairstyles of a certain type and makeup, with elements taken from other already established movements, ranging from breaker glasses, ending with a post-punk “dark style”.

After 85, following the partial legalization of foreign non-radical styles, the popularization of disco and the rise of the metal wave, the total mass of “ new wave"was divided into two camps. Disco fans of foreign pop music who consumed branded items and were labeled “poppers” due to their passion for pop music in the 80s. And more advanced fashionistas-new wavers, who were in close contact with the creative underground, experimenting within the framework of mod and post-punk traditions.

Newwaivers. Leningrad, 1984

Newwaivers. New wave at MEPhI, 1983

Newwaivers. At Mayak, 1990

Breakers

In the early 80s, echoes of the hip-hop movement reached Soviet youth and manifested themselves in the form of the “breakers” movement (according to the self-inflicted local definition dance style). Initially a lifestyle that combined skateboarding and disco dancing, this style was represented by a small student fashion community and the “golden youth” of the South-West of Moscow. But by the mid-80s, following the opening of youth cafes and the release of the film “Dancing on the Roof,” breakers were represented as nothing more than a dance subculture, with their own experiments in the field of appearance.

Breakers. Arbat, 1986. Photo by Sergey Borisov

Breakers. Arbat, 1987. Photo by Yaroslav Mayev

Break dance, 1987

Rockabillies

The style itself became widespread thanks to the pan-European revival of classic rock and roll and the beginning of the psychobilly movement in the second half of the 80s. In the Soviet Union, this manifestation was superimposed on the New Wave costume fashion, but after 86 it became isolated, partly in the Kupchinsky underground (Leningrad), partly in the rocker underground (Moscow, Moscow Art Theater), and among the Elvis Presley fan club (Moscow) with party places at the station. metro station Revolution Square and Catacombs (ruins of the Greek Hall)

Rockabillies. Hedgehog and Moor, 1987

Rockabilly. Leningrad, 1987

Rockabilly. Rockabilly on Arbat, 1989

Rockers

The term “rockers” appeared in the early 80s and initially applied to Soviet fans of rock music. But, already since 1984, the label “rocker” has been assigned to fans of hard rock, who gravitate towards external styling similar to the British “coffee bar cowboys” and American bike clubs. In September 1984 (on Coverdale's birthday), this term was raised to the flag by a party of hard rock fans at the Central Park of Musical Culture named after. Gorky, and later spread to the first motorcycle gangs of Moscow “Black aces” and “Street wolves”, then to all motorcycle associations until 1989.

Rockers, 1987

Rockers, on the outskirts of the Moscow Art Theater, 1988

Rockers, Night Out, 1988

Metalheads

Actually, the term “metalhead” itself originated in philophonic parties back in the early 80s, when at the turn of the decade the rhythms of groups that had previously been considered “hard rock” by Soviet standards changed. The slogan “heavy metal”, copied from foreign magazines, initially applied to “kisomaniacs” and other fans of “hardrock” in the early 80s. But by the middle of the decade, after the self-determination of some music lovers as “rockers” and the emergence of domestic bands “99%”, “ Metal corrosion", "E.S.T." and other groups of fans began to be called “metallists”

Metalworkers from Gorky, 1987

Metalheads. VDNH, 1986

Metalheads. KhMR-89, Omsk

Punks

The most ideological and, at the same time, apolitical movement received its first manifestations at the turn of the 80s. Not having complete visual information about foreign analogues, but understanding the effectiveness of the artistic caricatured lifestyle, this phenomenon manifested itself in the form of parodic street idiocy, artistic foolishness, gradually acquiring non-Soviet paraphernalia, playing music and arts.

Being the most “offensive” public manifestation for the Soviet nomenklatura (openly discrediting the image of a Soviet citizen in front of foreign tourists), “Soviet punk” was subjected to the most intense pressure from Komsomol members, the police and gopotas. All this led to radicalization; the merging of punks and rockers, the formation of hardcore, crusty and cyberpunk styles, with the first “Iroquois” on the deranged heads of the wearers. To the surprise of the representatives of the Soviet punk underground themselves, when information gaps were discovered in the “Iron Curtain”, it was discovered that these manifestations coincided with advanced global subcultural trends.

Punks. House of Culture Gorbunovo, 1987

Punks. Leningrad, 1986. Photo by Natalia Vasilyeva

Punks. Moscow, 1988

Mods

At the instigation of the first “new dudes” and receiving its starting impetus from the mod movement of the 60s, in the USSR it received a reverse vector of development from Soviet punk to the vintage motifs of the past. At the same time, without losing any radicalism, the Soviet “fashion styling” of the period of avant-garde artistic movements of the 80s became business card for many participants in musical and artistic projects, uniting a heterogeneous artistic people who gravitated toward music-loving omnivorousness and experienced all the latest innovations in fashion and music. Such characters, disparagingly called “mods” in the art community, participated in most key shows and performances, were carriers of the latest fashionable and cultural information and often shocked the population with parodies of social nomenclature costumes and punk antics.

Fashion. Moscow, 1988

Fashion. Moscow, 1989. Photo by Evgeny Volkov

Fashion. Chelyabinsk, early 80s

Hardmodes

The short-term manifestation of this intermediate foreign style of the 70s occurred at the end of the 80s, due to the consolidation of radical informal circles during resistance to pressure and the influx of a new wave of truly marginal elements, following the popularization of informal movements at the turn of 87-88 (exactly after turning point in street battles with “Lyubers” and Gopniks). It is worth noting that such manifestations in a caricatured ironic form were present in the vastness of our homeland, when radical informals dressed up in proto-Skinhead outfits, cut their heads bald out of spite, and crowded in crowded places. Scaring you with your appearance policemen and ordinary people, who in all seriousness listened to Soviet propaganda that all informals were fascist thugs. The hardmods of the late 80s were a sublimation of the punk, rockabilly and militaristic style, and of course, having never heard about what they should be called according to the stylistic classification, they preferred the self-name “streetfighters” and “militarists”.

Hardmodes. Red Square, 1988

Hardmodes. Moscow Zoo, 1988

Psychobills

Psychobilly in to a greater extent appeared in Leningrad at the turn of the 90s, together with the groups Swidlers and Meantreitors, when groups of young people formalized this direction musically, standing out from the rockabilly environment. But even before that, there were individual characters who fell outside the framework of the new subcultural leagues and who preferred polymelormania of the rock and roll variety. In terms of dress code, this tendency was close to punk aesthetics

Psychobills. In the courtyard of a rock club, 1987. Photo by Natalia Vasilyeva

Psychobills. Leningrad, 1989

Psychobills. Muscovites visiting Leningraders, 1988. Photo by Evgeny Volkov

Bikers

During clashes with gopniks and “lubers” in the period from 1986 to 1991, special active groups emerged in the rocker and heavy metal environment, which at the turn of the 90s transformed from motto gangs into the first motto clubs. With its own visual attributes modeled on foreign bike clubs, and on heavy motorcycles, modernized by hand or even post-war trophy models. Already by 1990, the groups “Hell Dogs”, “Night wolves”, “Cossacs Russia” could be distinguished in Moscow. Also present were shorter-term motorcycle associations, such as “MS Davydkovo”. The self-name bikers, as a symbol of the separation of this stage from the rocker past, was first assigned to the group rallied around Alexander the Surgeon, and then spread to the entire moto movement, gradually covering many cities of the post-Soviet space

Bikers. Surgeon, 1989. Photo by Petra Gall

Bikers. Kimirsen, 1990

Bikers. Night wolves on Pushka, 1989. Photo by Sergey Borisov

Bikers. Theme, 1989

Beatniks

A phenomenon no less multifaceted than the aesthetics of punk, Soviet beatism traces its origins back to the distant 70s, when this term included fashionable decadents visiting hot spots, growing their hair below their shoulders and decked out in leather jackets and Beatles. This term also included “labukhi” - musicians making music to order in Soviet restaurants, and simply people outside any “leagues”, leading an isolated and immoral, from the point of view of Soviet aesthetics, lifestyle. This trend in the early 80s was aggravated by a careless appearance, defiant behavior and the presence of some distinctive element in clothing. Be it a hat or a scarf or a bright tie.

Beatniks. Bitnichki, Timur Novikov and Oleg Kotelnikov. Photo by Evgeny Kozlov

Beatniks. Parade on the first of April, Leningrad-83

Beatniks. Chelyabinsk, late 70s

Fans

The movement, which originated in the late 70s and consisted of “kuzmichas” (ordinary visitors to stadiums) and the visiting elite who accompanied the teams at matches in other cities, by the beginning of the 80s had already acquired its district leaders, acquired “gangs”, merchandise and became into football communication. Following the quick start of Spartak fans (the most famous center of the party in the early 80s was the Sayany beer bar at the Shchelkovskaya metro station), holding their city actions and parades, “gangs” just as quickly began to appear around other teams.

Fans. Moscow, 1988. Photo by Victoria Ivleva

Fans. Moscow-81. Photo by Igor Mukhin

Fans. Reception of a Zenit fan in Dnepropetrovsk-83

Lyubera

A unique direction formed at the intersection of the hobby of bodybuilding and youth supervision programs.

Initially assigned to a local group of people from Lyubertsy, who often arrived in the capital to vacation spots for young people, the name “Luber” already from 1987 was interpolated not only to heterogeneous groups not connected with each other, but also to larger groups concentrated during this period in the Central Park of Educational Institutions them. Gorky and Arbat. Zhdan, Lytkarinsky, Sovkhozmoskovsky, Podolsky, Karacharovsky, Naberezhnye Chelnovsky, Kazan - this is an incomplete list of the “Moscow region brotherhood” that tried to control not only the designated territories, but also other hot spots and station squares.

Initially encouraged by the authorities who hoped to place these formations into the fabric of the “people's squad”, these groups did not have a common dress code other than an affinity for sportswear, but also had conflicting interests that were consolidated only within the framework of aggression against fashionistas and “informals”.

Lyubera. 1988

Lyubera. Africa and Lubera, 1986. Photo by Sergey Borisov

Lyubera. Lyuber and Podolsk in the Central Park of Education and Culture named after. Gorky, 1988