Mari proverbs about good relationships. Mari proverbs and sayings. See also in other dictionaries

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Introduction

Proverbs and sayings of any nation reflect the spirit, experience and wisdom of the people. Therefore, knowledge of proverbs and sayings helps in learning not only the language, but also contributes to understanding the traditions, character, way of thinking, habits and worldview of the people.

Relevance This study consists, firstly, in the fact that this research is within the framework of the most popular and actively developing field of linguistics - linguoculturology, which studies the connection between language and culture. Secondly, knowledge of the characteristics of the national mentality of native speakers of the language being studied, their differences from one’s own national mentality, as well as knowledge of all the values of the system of representatives of the studied linguistic cultures, plays important role in the process of intercultural communication.

The purpose of this work- comparative study of proverbial expressions in the languages under study and, on the basis of this, identifying their common and nationally specific features.

Object of study- common and distinctive features of English, Russian and Mari proverbs and sayings.

Subject of research- English, Russian and Mari proverbs and sayings.

Research hypothesis: Between English, Russian and Mari proverbs and sayings there is a semantic connection, thematic similarity, and instructive character, which is based on moral principles.

To achieve the goal and test the hypothesis, it is necessary to solve the following: tasks:

Identify the sources of the formation of proverbs and sayings;

Define the concepts of “proverb” and “saying”;

Consider the main tasks of proverbs and sayings;

Identify translation difficulties English proverbs and sayings in Russian.

3) conduct a survey among residents of the village of Bekmurzino, 7th grade students, to find out the role of proverbs and sayings in their lives.

Plan actions: study theoretical material; collect and analyze factual material: vocabulary, proverbs, sayings; conduct a survey of the population; Write a research paper based on the work done.

Degree of knowledge: Many scientific works in certain areas are devoted to the study of proverbs and sayings of the English, Russian and Mari languages. But we have not identified specific material on our topic.

Source database: survey results.

Research methods: theoretical, search, comparison, analysis.

Used in this work literature: Anikin V.P. "Russian oral folk art", Kunin A.V. "Course of phraseology of modern English language."

Chapter I. English, Russian, Mari proverbs and sayings as a genre of oral folk art

1.1 Sources of proverbs and sayings

Proverbs and sayings are the pearls of folk art, where centuries-old experience is stored, passed on from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation. It has long been noted that the wisdom and spirit of a people are manifested in their proverbs and sayings, and knowledge of the proverbs and sayings of a particular people contributes not only to better knowledge of the language, but also to a better understanding of the way of thinking and character of the people. Comparing proverbs and sayings of different peoples shows how much these peoples have in common, which, in turn, contributes to their better mutual understanding and rapprochement. Proverbs and sayings reflect the rich historical experience of the people, ideas related to work, life and culture of people. The correct and appropriate use of proverbs and sayings gives speech a unique originality and special expressiveness.

If in the last century the main goal of studying proverbs and sayings was to understand the “spirit of the people,” now many are interested in the purely linguistic features of these units, their use in artistic speech, interaction with the folklore fund of other peoples, problems of translation into other languages.

The sources of proverbs and sayings are very diverse, but first of all we should include people’s observations of life. And at the same time, the source of proverbs and sayings is both folklore and literature itself.

In the Russian bookstore and literary tradition proverbs have a special authority. They are referred to by the legendary Nestor, who compiled the Initial Russian Chronicle, and the author of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” and numerous writers secular and religious works Ancient Rus'. Often, a reference to a proverb summarizes the meaning of what was said, gives it special evidentiary power, and makes it especially memorable important idea. The saying “willy-nilly” appears repeatedly in chronicles. “Gleb Stoslavich. I don’t want to go. but also willingly and unwillingly. I'm going to him."

In the Russian language, proverbs are derived from fables and fairy tales. For example, we can include “And Vaska listens and eats,” “All ages are submissive to love.” Some sayings owe their origin to proverbs. For example, the proverb “It’s easy to rake in the heat with someone else’s hands” is used as a saying “To rake in the heat with someone else’s hands,” that is, a lover of someone else’s labor is portrayed.

Mari language It is also not inferior to Russian in its culture and richness of language. The Mari language originated in ancient times folklore, the main genres of which are legends, traditions, fairy tales, proverbs and sayings, songs, as well as signs and riddles. Mayorov Shketan, a famous Mari writer and poet, made extensive use of all the linguistic richness of Mari folklore, which is confirmed by his frequent use of proverbs, aphorisms, and folk expressions: kurym muchko ilen, kurym muchko tunem (Live and learn); kornym onchykten, and kornylan kinde shultyshym puen ogyl (Showed the way, but didn’t give bread for the journey); kiyishe ku yimak vud yogen ok puro (Water does not flow under a lying stone).

The English language has a thousand-year history. During this time, it accumulated large number expressions that people found apt, apt and beautiful. This is how proverbs and sayings arose. Some proverbs were borrowed from other languages. Back in the 10th century, proverbs were used in England as one of the means of studying Latin. The most common proverbs are still part of general education every person who speaks English.

Dum spiro, spero. (Cicero) - As long as I live, I hope. (Cicero). - As long as I breathe, I hope.

Dura lex, sed lex. - The law is harsh, but it is the law. - The law is hard, but it is law.

Proverbs and sayings are eternal genres of oral folk art. They arose in ancient times, are actively living and being created today. The need for linguistic creativity and the ability of the people to do it are a sure guarantee of their immortality.

1.2 What are proverbs and sayings

Proverbs are understood as “aphoristically condensed sayings with an edifying meaning in a rhythmically organized form.”

A proverb is a small form of folk poetic creativity, dressed in a short, rhythmic saying, carrying a generalized thought, conclusion, allegory with a didactic bias.

The definition given to a proverb, taking into account all its structural and semantic types, is as follows: a proverb is a short, stable in speech, rhythmically organized saying, either with a common direct or figurative, ambiguous meaning based on analogy. To the features that are named, it is necessary to add the most important one - the functional purpose of proverbs as affirmation or negation, reinforcing the speaker’s speech with a reference to general order things and phenomena.

Proverbs are an expression of folk wisdom, and they are characterized by a higher degree of abstraction than sayings. A proverb is a “communicative phraseological unit of a non-proverbial nature.” Most sayings are colloquial in nature. In the English language there are many times fewer sayings than proverbs.

For the most part, sayings are evaluative phrases expressing both positive (May your shadow never grow less - I wish you good health for many years!; more power to your elbow! - I wish you good luck/success), and a negative assessment (woe betide you - damn you!).

Proverbs and sayings carry the experience accumulated over generations, and also decorate our speech and make it more expressive.

1.3 Objectives of proverbs and sayings

Having analyzed 60 proverbs and sayings in the English, Russian and Mari languages, we came to the following conclusion: each proverb and saying has its own function (Appendix 1).

Warn:

If you hurry, you will make people laugh. - Haste makes waste. - Sodor will go away - it will go away.

People's experience is summed up:

Like the mother, like the daughter. Like father like son. - As is the mother, so is the daughter. Like mother, like child. - Ava mogai - yochazhat tugai.

Living life is not a field to cross. - Life is not a bed of roses. - Ilysh yizhynan, tighten savyrtashan.

Make fun of:

Everyone calls his own geese swans. - Every sandpiper praises his swamp - Kazhne kayiklan shke pyzhashyzhe sherge (Uzhavanat shke muryzho ulo).

Comment on the appearance:

They are greeted by their clothes and escorted by their intelligence. - Judge not of men and things at first sight. - Vurgem onchen vashliyyt, ushyzh semyn uzhatat.

Advise:

Don't put off until tomorrow what you can do today. - Don’t put off till tomorrow what you can do today. - Tachyse pasham erlalan kodyman ogyl.

They teach wisdom:

Knowledge is power - Tunemmashte - viy - Knowlelge is power. - Score twice before you cut once. - Shym gana vise - ik gana puch.

The similarity of proverbs is obvious, therefore, the peoples of English, Russian, and Mari languages have the same moral values, concepts of culture, and traditions. All examples reflect folk wisdom accumulated over the years.

1.4 Difficulties in translating English proverbs and sayings into Russian. Features of foreign language culture.

When communicating with a native speaker of another language, it is necessary to know not only the language, but also the culture of this people, linguistic and cultural characteristics, as well as knowledge of the phraseological richness of the language. And for us, students studying three languages, English, Russian and Mari, sometimes in order to fully understand a statement it is necessary to analyze in our minds the meaning of the text on three levels.

The English language has its own word order, and the Russian language has a different one; the Mari language has a slightly different word order. In an English phrase there can never be two negatives, but in Russian we have just used two of them: “never”, “not”. The English phrase would literally be: “There can never be two negatives in an English phrase.” The Russian language is flexible, and it allows you to preserve the English word order in a phrase, but not always. The English phrase “He was not happy” literally translates as “he was not happy.” This word order hurts the ear, so we change it to “He was not happy.” Difficulties in translating English proverbs and sayings arise and have always arisen. And, taking into account all the features of a particular language, translating what is considered part of the culture of one people into another language is very difficult.

For example, the English proverb: The pot calls the kettle black. The literal translation of this proverb is: The pot calls this kettle black. If for the English the meaning of the proverb is clear, then for the Russian person this proverb seems something new, so the meaning is not always fully revealed. This means that in order for the Russian to understand what the British wanted to say with the proverb, we must look for the Russian equivalent: Whose cow would moo, but yours would remain silent. This option is more understandable and closer to Russian people. But if you translate it into English, you get the following: Anyone’s cow may moo, but yours should keep quite. As you can see, the initial version is far from the final one.

For example, the proverb Curiosity killed the cat. The literal translation of this proverb is: Curiosity killed the cat. But in the Russian language there is no such proverb, but there is another proverb: Curious Varvara’s nose was torn off at the market. Translated into English it sounds like this: Curious Varvara’s nose is teared off at the marketbazar. In principle, these two proverbs are equivalent in meaning. But the literal translation of the Russian proverb will sound like this: Life is better, where we are not present.

Let's take Russian expression“They don’t go to a foreign monastery with their own rules,” which is used to mean behave in a foreign place as is customary there. The English equivalent of this proverb is the expression: When in Rome do as the Romans do. When translated into Russian, this proverb sounds like “When in Rome, behave like the Romans.”

Thus, it is obvious that there are proverbs in the English language, the meaning of which is incomprehensible to a native Russian speaker or vice versa. This is explained by linguistic, stylistic, cultural characteristics one language or another.

Chapter II. Practical part

2.1 National culture through the prism of proverbs

The English language is very rich in idiomatic expressions, proverbs and sayings, which are constantly found in literature, in newspapers, in films, in radio and television programs, as well as in every day of communication between Englishmen, Americans, Canadians, and Australians. English idioms, very diverse, are quite complex for English language learners. There are no languages known to science that have no idioms at all. phraseological units, proverbs and sayings. But the English language surpassed everyone.

Proverbs and sayings, being an integral attribute of folklore, and in turn, an attribute of culture of a given people, carry a reflection of the life of the nation to which they belong. This is the way of thinking and the character of the people.

Proverbs and sayings are diverse; they seem to be outside of temporary space. Indeed, no matter what time we live in, proverbs and sayings will always remain relevant, always relevant. Proverbs and sayings reflect the rich historical experience of the people, ideas related to work, life and culture of people. The correct and appropriate use of proverbs and sayings gives speech a unique originality and special expressiveness.

Comparing proverbs and sayings of different peoples shows how much these peoples have in common, which, in turn, contributes to their better mutual understanding and rapprochement. Living in a multinational country, studying foreign language, it would be appropriate to draw an analogy between English, Russian and Mari proverbs and sayings. Identifying Features national history and everyday life, made by different peoples and imprinted in the language in the form of proverbs and sayings, is successful in shaping students’ horizons, awareness of the unity and integrity of world development.

We studied 60 of the most frequently used proverbs and sayings in the English, Russian and Mari languages (Appendix 1).

Money

In English, much attention is paid to proverbs on the topic of “money”. A penny saved is a penny earned and All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. Money is a good servant but a bad master. Money is a good servant, but a bad master. The meaning of the proverbs is that a person should manage money, and not money for them. To identify analogies and differences, let us cite Russian proverbs as an example: without money, sleep better; trading without money is like eating without salt; without a penny, the ruble is chipped; trade crazy - only lose money; Without the owner, money is shards. We find an analogy in Russian and English proverbs, which state that a person must manage money skillfully. Russian proverbs also say that money does not bring good; life is easier without money.

Honesty

The topic of honesty plays an important role in the life of any nation. In English, honesty and trust are traits of a decent person: Honor and profit lie not in one sack. - Honesty and profit do not lie in one bag; Honesty is the best policy. - Honesty is the best policy; Fair play is a jewel - Honesty is a treasure. The Russian proverb also says that “honesty is more valuable than anything else.” Mari proverbs have the same attitude towards honesty. For example, the Mari proverb “Shke say liyat gyn, en'at tylat poro liesh” has the same meaning as the golden rule of morality - a general ethical rule that can be formulated as “Treat people the way you want to be treated.” . However, other statements can be found in Russian proverbs. For example: you won’t get rich by honest work; You can’t dress yourself in truth.

Family

As the analysis of the collected material shows, the understanding of marriage, successful family life increasingly becoming more down to earth and largely associated with the material aspect. Marriages of convenience, a growing number of divorces - all this is reflected in modern Russian and English proverbs:

A Russian proverb says: “When you get married, keep your eyes peeled.” English analogy - Keep your eyes wide open before marriage, and half shut afterwards. (Keep your eyes open before marriage and with half-closed eyes after).

Russian proverb - Marriage is like a lot - who will pull out what. English analogy - Marriage is a lottery. (Marriage is a lottery.)

However, in Mari proverbs such a tendency is not observed:

Mari - Ava kumyl keche dechat shoksho (Mother's heart is warmer than the sun);

Ava-surtyn en’ertyshyzhe. The Russian analogy is a woman who is the keeper of the hearth.

Thus, we see that in Mari proverbs there is no two-faced connotation in relation to marriage, as in Russian and English proverbs. This can be explained by the fact that English and Russian are more productive. This attitude did not have time to be reflected in the Mari language. However, this can also be explained by the stereotypes that have developed among these peoples.

Time

Nowadays, time is money. This applies to all peoples. Time is money (Russian) - Time is money (English).

You can also always come across proverbs that say that time is the best healer. Time cures all things (time heals everything). Time is the great healer. The Russian analogy is the proverb “time is the best healer.” Time tame the strongest grief (time softens the strongest grief).

Good

Proverbs and sayings about good and evil teach us to do good deeds and be kind. Doing a good deed makes a person joyful and happy, but evil always brings disappointment. evil people alone, they are tormented by envy, evil destroys them.

Do good and you will be well - Do well and have well (do good and you will receive good) - Mar. Poro pasha porym konda (literally, a good deed brings good). Thus, we see an analogy of proverbs in the Russian, English, and Mari languages, which proves their commonality of views and the same attitude towards kindness.

Labor, work

Many proverbs and sayings are devoted to the topic of labor. The concept of labor has long been inseparable from the Russian people; it is no coincidence that this proverb is folk wisdom. In ancient times, work was the only thing that helped ordinary people survive. And today it is not easy for an unemployed person to live. The proverb “you can’t catch a fish out of a pond without effort” symbolically reflects a very important morality, or rather folk wisdom. Of course, we are not talking about fishing here, but about the fact that if you want to get the desired result, you will have to work hard. There are other proverbs in the Russian language with the same moral: if you love to ride, love to carry a sleigh; Patience and labor will grind everything down; no pain - no victories; He who does not work does not eat.

Also in the English language, many proverbs and sayings are devoted to the topic of labor. The British believe that work always requires some kind of effort.

Nothing to be got without pains (Without diligence you will get nothing).

No sweet without sweat (If you sweat, you won’t get something sweet).

The Mari people are known for their hard work, respectful attitude to all work, with patience and diligence. Historically, the Mari people had to go through difficult trials, where, of course, labor was a means of survival. All Mari writers sang the theme of love of work, which is reflected in Mari works.

Ko: pasham ok yshte, tudo ok koch (he who does not work does not eat). Yogyn chilajat korshta (everything hurts for a lazy person). Ilysh poro pashalan pualtyn, the Russian analogy of which is “life is given for good deeds.” Pasha yu:kta, pasha puksha, pasha memnam ilash tunykta (Work gives water, work feeds, work teaches us life).

Thus, by comparing proverbs and sayings in different languages, it is obvious that these peoples have a lot in common: attitudes to kindness, life, family, money, time. But there are also differences that depend on the mentality of the people, traditions and customs that have developed historical conditions.

2.2 Survey results

To identify the current state of the language, we conducted a survey. (Appendix 2). The respondents were 30 people from 8 to 75 years old. Questionnaires were offered to students, teachers, parents, and pensioners. Results:

26 people were able to explain the meaning of the proverb, 4 people found it difficult to answer.

Everyone was able to give an example of the Russian proverb - 30.

All students (grades 7-9) were able to give an example of an English proverb.

Among the respondents, all native speakers of the Mari language were able to give an example of a Mari proverb.

To the question “Do you use proverbs in your speech?” we received the following answers: 15 - “necessarily”, 14 - “rarely”, 1 - “no”.

To the question “Would you like to use proverbs and sayings more often?” Not everyone answered positively: 19 - yes, 11 - no.

Thus, popular Russian proverbs have become: “Measure twice, cut once,” “Live forever, learn forever,” “What you sow is what you reap.” Most students noted the English proverb “Better late than never”, “East or west home is best” (Away is good, but home is better). Most speakers of the Mari language called the proverb “Prepare a sleigh in the summer, and a cart in the winter” (Terzhym Kenezhym, Orvazhym Telyem Yamdyle).

Based on the results of the study, we conclude that proverbs and sayings have not lost their life value, they take place in our speech. Many of them have been passed down from century to century and will undoubtedly still be useful. They decorate our language. Studying them is important for learning the language itself.

Conclusion

As a result of our work, the sources of the formation of proverbs and sayings in the English, Russian and Mari languages are identified. We have revealed the concepts of proverbs and sayings, relying on several sources. We also analyzed 60 proverbs and sayings, with the help of which we identified the tasks of proverbs and sayings and gave relevant examples. We described the difficulties of translating English proverbs and sayings into Russian, and possible difficulties in finding similar examples in the native Russian and Mari languages.

In the practical part of our work, English, Russian and Mari proverbs and sayings are grouped according to various topics: money, family, goodness, work, honesty, time. It is obvious that many things connect these languages and cultures. There are also distinctive features of these peoples, which depend on the mentality of the people, the level of development, the prevailing historical conditions, traditions and customs. The survey showed that proverbs and sayings have not lost their vital value; they have a place in our speech.

Novelty Our research is to compare English, Russian and Mari proverbs and sayings, as well as to identify common and distinctive features languages being studied.

We have tried to confirm our working hypothesis: between English, Russian and Mari proverbs and sayings there is a semantic connection, thematic similarity, instructive character, which is based on moral principles.

I would like to conclude the work with the words of K.D. Ushinsky: “The language of the people is the best, never fading and ever-blooming flower of their entire spiritual life.”

This research work can be published in a newspaper, can be used in Mari and English lessons for the purpose of learning the language and educating the younger generation in love and respect for the native and foreign languages being studied.

Literature

Anikin V.P. Russian oral folk art - M.: graduate School, 2001. - P. 367

Kunin A.V. Course of phraseology of modern English - M.: Higher School; Dubna: Phoenix, 1996. - P. 378

Mari literature: Vizymshe classlan textbook-reader. - Yoshkar-Ola: Mari book Savyktysh, 2005. - P.61

Mari Kalykmut muter. - Yoshkar-Ola: Mari book publishing house, 1991. - 336 p.

1st ed. Ipatiev Chronicle. St. Petersburg, 1843, 388 p. - Inventory A, No. 1397.

https://ru.wikipedia.org (date of visit: 12/01/2017)

http://www.homeenglish.ru/ (date of visit: 02.12.2017)

http://www.sixthsense.ru/proverbs/ (date of visit: 03.12.2017)

https://www.native-english.ru/proverbs (date of visit: 03.12.2017)

Appendix 1

The most frequently used English, Russian and Mari proverbs and sayings

If you hurry, you will make people laugh.

Like the mother, like the daughter.

Like father like son.

Living life is not a field to cross.

They are greeted by their clothes and escorted by their intelligence.

Don't put off until tomorrow what you can do today.

Knowledge is power.

Whose cow would moo, but yours would be silent.

Curious Varvara's nose was torn off at the market.

They don’t go to someone else’s monastery with their own rules.

Measure seven times, cut once.

Money is a good servant, but a bad master.

Curiosity killed the cat.

Sleep better without money.

Trading without money is like eating without salt.

Without a penny, the ruble is chipped.

It's crazy to trade - you only lose money.

Without the owner, money is shards.

Get married - keep your eyes peeled.

Mom's heart is warmer than the sun.

Honesty and profit do not lie in one bag.

Marriage is like a toss-up - who will pull out what.

Time is money.

Measure seven times, cut once.

Live and learn.

What goes around comes around.

You won't get rich by honest work;

You can't dress yourself with truth.

Honesty is the best policy;

Honesty is a treasure

Keep your eyes open before marriage and with half-closed eyes after.

Marriage is a lottery.

Away is good, but home is better.

Better late than never.

Time is the best healer.

Do good and you will receive good.

He who does not work does not eat.

Everything hurts for a lazy person.

Time heals everything.

Without sweating, you won't get sweets.

Without diligence you will not get anything.

As is the mother, so is the daughter.

Like mother, like child.

Life is not a bed of roses

Judge not of men and things at first sight.

Everyone calls his own geese swans.

Don’t put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

Score twice before you cut once.

The pot calls the kettle black.

Curiosity killed the cat.

When in Rome do as the Romans do.

A penny saved is a penny earned.

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

Haste makes waste.

Money is a good servant but a bad master.

Honor and profit lie not in one sack.

Honesty is the best policy.

Knowledge is power.

Fair play is a jewel.

Marriage is a lottery.

Better late than never.

East or west home is best.

Time cures all things.

Time is the great healer.

Time tame the strongest grief.

Do well and have well.

Nothing to be got without pain.

No sweet without sweat.

Keep your eyes wide open before marriage, and half shut afterwards.

Ilysh yizhynan, we push savyrtashan.

There is nothing like leather.

Kazhne kayiklan shke pyzhashyzhe sherge.

Uzhavanat shke muryzho ulo.

Poro pasha porym konda.

Vurgem onchen vashliyyt, ushyzh semyn uzhatat.

Tachyse pasham erlalan kodiman ogyl.

Ava mogai - yochazhat tugai.

Tunemmashte - viy.

Shym gana vise - ik gana puch.

“Shke say liyat gyn, en’at tylat poro liesh.

Ava kumyl keche dechat shoksho.

Ava-surtyn en’ertyshyzhe.

Ko: pasham ok yshte, tudo ok koch.

Yogyn chilajat korshta.

Ilysh poro pashalan pualtyn,

Pasha yu: kta, pasha puksha, pasha memnam ilash tunykta.

Sodor will go away - it will go away.

Appendix 2

Survey Questions

What are proverbs?

Give an example of a proverb in Russian. How do you understand it?

Give an example of a proverb in English. How do you understand it?

What Mari proverbs and sayings do you know?

Do you use proverbs and sayings in your speech?

Would you like to use them more often? Why?

2 I smell

G. skins

1. long; having a great length, extension. Kuzhu dech kuzhu is very long, very long; kuzhu tuvir long shirt; Kuzhu kechyol long ray of sun; kuzhu sola dene with a long whip; A meter dech kuzhu is longer than a meter.

□ Agysyr, kuzhu corridor muchko hourly semyn mӧҥesh-onysh koshtam. G. Chemekov. Like a sentry, I walk back and forth along a narrow, long corridor. Kuzhu ӱmylka shinchaorak shuynymyla koesh. P. Korilov. The long shadow seems to clearly stretch.

2. tall; large in extent in the direction from bottom to top. Kuzhu shulyshan kem boots with high tops; kuju shudo tall grass; cap dene kuzhurak is quite tall, taller.

□ Kuzhu, kuzhgӧ tumo erkyn lӱҥgaltesh. K. Vasin. A tall, thick oak tree slowly sways. Wed. kukshӧ.

3. long; long lasting, long lasting. Kuzhu Umyr for a long time; I hear stories long history; kuzhu kenezh keche on a long summer day.

□ Kuzhu shyzhe – kuzhu telylan. Palais. Long autumn - to a long winter. Ketchival of change kuzhu. B. Danilov. The lunch break is long.

4. oblong, elongated shape. Kuzhu shurgyvylyshan has an oblong face.

□ Kuzhu gyna kuryk vuyyshtyzho Ik saltak imnyzhym ӧrtnerla. Muro. At the top of an oblong mountain, a soldier saddles his horse. KuryshtI kuzhu the cage-weeping smile. "Botany". The cortex contains elongated cells.

5. long, significant in volume or requiring lengthy reading or writing etc. I'm writing a long novel; I'm trying to tell a long tale; I'm trying to learn a long poem for the chelamutym tunemash.

□ Serysh, zhamat, kuzhu liesh. V. Yuksern. My letter will obviously be long.

6. drawn out, drawn out, slowly or for a long time. I hear this long melody.

□ Kuzhu kudyrchӧ yoҥgaltaren ertysh. A. Filippov. A prolonged thunder roared. Maxi bayan dene kuzhu murym shokta. A. Volkov. Maxi plays a drawn-out song melody on the button accordion.

7. wide, sweeping, long (about step, steps). (Komelinin) kuzhu oshkylzhylan ver shagal gynat, koshtesh, ala-mom vucha. N. Lekain. Although there is not enough space for Komelin to take long steps, he walks around, waiting for something.

8. in combination with adjectives denoting the possession of something. sign, corresponds to Russian. long-, long-, high-. Kuzhu Kapan is tall and tall; Kuzhu ӱpan long-haired; kuzhu urvaltan long-sexed, long-sexed.

9. in meaning noun (great) length or extent; smb. long; length; slow passage (of time). Kornyn kuzhuzho (long) road length; uto kuzhu dech utlash to get rid of unnecessary lengths.

□ Kavashte kuzhuzhat kuchykla koesh. P. Kornilov. In the sky, even the long seems short. Zhapyn kuzhuzhym Veruk shizhesh. M. Shketan. Veruc feels how slowly time is passing (literally, the length of time).

◊ Kuzhu Yilman is talkative, with a long tongue. Kuzhu yilman it liy! Don't be chatty! Kuzhu kidan

1. unclean of hand, thieving, greedy of others. Aram it oilo, tukymnashte Kuzhu kidan uke iktat. M. Kazakov. Don’t say in vain, there is no one in our family who is dishonest; 2) having long arms, i.e. capable of influencing everyone. Kugyzha kuzhu kidan. The king has long arms. Kuzhu mut dene is verbose, lengthy, with copious outpourings of words. Tidym (aktivyn yshtylmyzhym) Ivanov pogynymashte kuzhu mut dene soretlen puysh. D. Orai. At the meeting, Ivanov verbosely outlined the activities of the activist. Kuzhu mutan verbose

1. suffering from verbosity (about a person). Utyzhdene kuzhu mutan eҥdech yyrnet. You dislike a person who is too verbose. 2) long, not laconic, lengthy (about speech or written text). Kalyk-mut kuzhu mutan ok liy. A proverb is never verbose. Kuzhu tengge decomposition long ruble, easy and big earnings. (Acham) kuzhu tegem kychal kaen. V. Ivanov. My father went to buy a long ruble.

3 proverb

proverb (Kalykmut). (Zverev:) Olga Pavlovna, rush the proverb tyge kalasa: “Shushpyklan fable ogyt puksh.” S. Chavain. (Zverev:) Olga Pavlovna, a Russian proverb says: “You don’t feed a nightingale with fables.”

4 that's too bad

G. toshty

1. adj. old, dilapidated, dilapidated; long-used, deteriorated by time. Toshto newspapers are old newspapers; Too bad old shoes; it's a dilapidated house.

□ Too bad, I was tortured. K. Vasin. The fur coat is old, all patched. Railsom kӱrtnyӧ lom dene nӧ ltalyn, yimachynzhe toshto sleepers shӱ dyren luktyt, olmeshyzhe u sleepers chyken shyndat. A. Erykan. Lifting the rail with iron crowbars, they pull out the old sleepers and put new sleepers in their place.

2. adj. old, former, ancient; happened in the past. Toshto yӧ n the same method; Toshto shoot the old trail; Toshto Pasha old job; Toshto couples old debt.

□ It growls, but it’s shinchatshe toshtak. M. Shketan. Your gun is new, but your eyes are the same. Osyp den Eman toshto palyme ulyt. M.-Azmekey. Osyp and Eman are old acquaintances.

3. adj. old; ancient, ancient. Toshto yu la is an ancient custom; toshto kushtymash ancient dance; What an old melody.

□ Oksa toshto, kugyzhan godso. V. Boyarinova. The money is ancient, from tsarist times. Kumalyt, --- chyla toshto mari yumymat kalasat. MEE. They pray and mention all the ancient Mari gods.

4. adj. old; outdated, outdated, outdated. Toshto zap old times; toshto koyysh unmodern behavior, a relic; Toshto modo outdated fashion.

□ And the play is sadak toshtak smile. M. Shketan. But the plays are still outdated. Proclamation --- toshto slim somyral shuash ӱzhmӧ. N. Lekain. The proclamation contains a call to overthrow the old system.

5. adj. old; someone who has been doing something for a long time, experienced, experienced. Toshto Kolyzo is an experienced fisherman; Toshto is an old (experienced) worker.

□ Toshto the frame was walking. N. Lekain. Few old shots. Memnan Rotyshto Pavlovsky Toshto Saltak yle. M. Shketan. In our company, Pavlovsky was an old soldier.

6. adj. old; of great age; stored for a long time. Toshto piste old linden; too old garden garden.

□ There’s a lot of stuff going on. Kalykmut. The old tree is held up by its roots. Toshto kavanetim uzhale, aram pӱ knen shincha vet. V. Yuksern. Sell your old haystack, it’s in vain, it’s growing moldy.

7. noun old, former; something past, past, former, ancient. It’s too much to stir up the past; Toshtym usheshtarash remember the past; toshto godso ilysh past life.

□ Chilazhat toshtesh kodesh. M.-Azmekey. Everything remains in the past. Achazhyn palymyzhe-vlak tolyt. Kutyrat, toshtym sharnaltat. G. Chemekov. My father's friends come. They talk and remember the past. Wed. ertyshe.

8. noun old; something outdated. Yal kalyk ilyshishte toshto den u vuya-vuya shogysht. M. Shketan. In the life of the village people, old and new fought with each other. Wash the skinny doll, the mind is empty. K. Korshunov. I uproot the old, build the new.

◊ Toshto Mari

1. ancient Mari. Toshto mariy dech tӱ rlӧ archaeological monument Kodyn. "Onchyko." Various archaeological sites remain from the ancient Mari. 2) ancestors, great-grandfathers. Kum kechylan kaet gyn, arnyalan sityshe kindym nal, toshto mary chynym oilen. V. Sapaev. The ancestors said correctly: if you go for three days, take with you enough bread for a week. 3) dead, deceased. Toshto mariyim will hurt - nochkylan. Palais. If you see a dead person in a dream, it means bad weather. Toshto mute proverb, saying. Are you confused? Korak korak shincham nigunam ok chungal. N. Lekain. Do you know the proverb? A crow will never peck out a crow's eye. Toshto behind the flawed, waning moon. U lum toshto tylzyn koesh – tele leve liesh. Palais. The first snow will appear with a debilitated moon - the winter will be mild.

5 shaya

1. story; a short verbal message about someone; what is being told; speech. Shayam tӹ ngӓ losh to begin the story; Shayam pakila vish continue (lit. continue) the story; popyshyn shayazhym kolyshtash listen to the speaker's story.

□ Savikyon shayym loeshto rosh tsatsat gӹ nyat, so to the priest. N. Ignatiev. Despite the fact that they are trying to interrupt Savik’s story, he says everything. The teacher popym yazhon kolysht, shayazhym yngylash tsatsi. K. Belyaev. Listen carefully (literally well) to what the teacher says, try to understand her speech.

2. speech; conversation, conversation, words; verbal exchange of information and opinions. Shayam tӓrvӓ tӓsh start a conversation; shayash (ky) ushnash join the conversation; there is no interrupted conversation.

□ – Uzham, shaya nigytseӓ t ak kӹ ldӓ lt. V. Susa. – I see that the conversation doesn’t fit in at all. Shaya root kushtylta. A. Kanyushkov. Conversation makes the journey easier. Wed. oilymo, oilymash, mut, mutlanymash.

3. word, words, statement, phrase, expression, sentence. Pura shayam keleso say a kind word; the rest of the last words; worst shaya dono vyrsash to scold with abusive (literally bad) words.

□ Kon yaratymy ӹ dӹ rzhӹ uly, tӹ dӹӹ shke shanymy ӹ dӹ rzhӹm uzhnezhӹ dokym-nӹl shayam peleshto nezhӹ. N. Ignatiev. Whoever has a favorite girl wants to see his desired girl and say three or four words. Chairman of the organization Lida yakshargen cash. A. Kanyushkov. Lida blushed at these words from the chairman. Wed. mut, oh, shomak.

4. word, words; opinion, thought. Tӧ r shaya is the right word; ik shayam kelesosh say one word; popyshyn shayam yaryktash approve the speaker’s opinion.

□ Keleso shoshlyk shayaetom monden shuetot, zalyshky tymanala anzhyltash tӹ ngӓlot. N. Ilyakov. You forget the word you should say and start looking into the hall like an owl. Shayaet lachok: auntie shӱ m empty. A. Kanyushkov. Your words are true: without a child, the heart is empty.

5. word, opinion, decision, order; instruction, advice. Kogorakyn shayazhym kolyshtash listen to the words of the elders.

□ Party yukym, tӧr shayym yshish pishten, pӓshӓ m ӹ shtosh tsilӓ n mishto. N. Ignatiev. Taking into account the voice of the party, its correct word, let everyone come to work. – Mӹ n tӹ n gӹ tset ik pury shayam yadnem ylnezhӹ. N. Ignatiev. – I want to ask you for some good advice. Wed. mut, oh, shomak.

6. word, phrase, saying; expression, figure of speech containing deep thought. Yishan shaya is a wise saying.

□ “Makhan pop, tekhen parish” manmy shayam coldelda ma? N. Ignatiev. Haven’t you heard the saying: “Like the priest, such is the parish”? Shaya tidy at least toshty, doyuzhnamzhy kӹ zӹ tӓt kynesh tolesh. N. Ilyakov. Although this word is old, it sometimes still fits. Wed. mut, shomak.

7. conversations, rumors, gossip, rumors, rumors; news, news. Shayam shӓrӓsh to spread rumors; Shingi-shangi shaya rumors.

□ Iktӹ pashtek weighty Halyk loshty kӹ nӹ lӹn. A. Kanyushkov. Among the people, one after another, conversations arose (literally arose). Onyat, shaya vele tidy, Onyat, ӹ lӓkӹ zӹ tӓt. G. Matyukovsky. Perhaps this is just a rumor, perhaps it still lives on. Wed. mut, oh, shomak.

8. word, permission to speak publicly; speech, public verbal performance. Shayam kashartash finish the speech.

□ Anzhyshashlyk question m yaryktat, dӓIzikin tong shayam nӓlesh. K. Belyaev. The issues submitted for consideration are approved, and Comrade Izikin takes the floor. Wed. mut.

9. word; unit of speech. Rushlaat kydy-tidishayavlo m mӹ n polӹ kӓlem. V. Patrash. And I know (a little) some words in Russian. Wed. mut, shomak.

10. speech; pronunciation, pronunciation, manner of speaking. (Kolyan) shayazhy, kid-yalzhy, votskӹ shӹ rgӹ vӹ lӹ shӹ zhӹ – tsilӓ Vaslinok. A. Apateev. Kolya’s speech, figure, delicate facial features - everything is like Vasli’s.

11. in pos. def. speech, conversation, phrase, word; relating to speech, conversation, phrase, word. Shaya sorӓltush turn of speech; shaya yuk conversation (lit. sound of conversation).

□ Pasna shaya kӹ rӹ kvlo Ozolin yakteӓ t shaktash tӹ ngӓ lӹt. N. Ilyakov. Some fragments of phrases begin to reach Ozolin.

◊ Vashtaltdymy (vashtaltash ledӹ mӹ) shaya sӓrӓ ltӹsh linguistic phraseology; stable expression in language. Vashtaltdymy shaya sӓrӓ ltӹ shvlo explanatory dictionary lӓ shto t anzhyktaltyt. “Mar. yӹ lmӹ ". Phraseologisms are also indicated in explanatory dictionaries. Vioshaya gram. direct speech; someone else's speech, conveyed without change on behalf of the speaker. See viyash. Yӓ l (ӹ n) shaya rumors, rumors, rumors, gossip (literally, other people's words, someone else's conversation). Yӓ lӹn shim shayashty veldӹk Ӧrdyzh vӓresh yamynat. G. Matyukovsky. Because of black gossip, you disappeared in a foreign land. Takesh shaya is empty, meaningless conversation; empty words. See takesh. Tuan Shaya's native speech. Plows rokym shorgo “Tuan shaya” book sheet. I. Gorny. The plow turns over the earth, like the pages of the book “Native Speech”. Extinguish unnecessary words (conversations); idle talk. Ӹ rveӹ shotan ylesh, uty shayam popash ak yaraty. A. Apateev. The guy is smart, doesn’t like to say unnecessary words. Halyk shaya proverb, saying (literally folk saying). Natural environment m try on the kandenno. "Zhero". As an example, we cited proverbs about nature conservation. Shaya gӹts shaya word for word; gradually, little by little (talk). Shaya gots shaya, Ivan Petrovich is a priest. V. Susa. Word for word, and Ivan Petrovich tells me. Shaya dorts(yn) (gӹ ts(ӹ n), seed, don) introductory sl. from words; based on smb. oral statement, utterance, message. Shayazhy Dortsyn, pӹ tori Stulov ik primary school shkolashty tymden. I. Gorny. According to him, at first Stulov taught in one elementary school. Shaya losh(ky) pyrash

1. interfere (interfere) with someone. speech; interrupt (interrupt) someone Galaat ӓ heavy shaya losh pyren-pyren keӓ. G. Matyukovsky. And Galya (every now and then) interrupts her father. 2) intervene (intervene) in the conversation; interrupt (interrupt), interrupt (interrupt) a conversation. (Bones of kuguz:) Soedodol shom tsorgosh manyn, keeping the loshki puffy. K. Belyaev. (Grandfather Kostya:) To stop the quarrel, I intervened in the conversation. Shaya Mastar is a talkative, talkative person; talker, talker, good storyteller. Ylyi tyotyam osh pandashan, shaya mastar litӹ mӓsh. K. Belyaev. My grandfather had a white beard and was a very good storyteller. Shaya thickish (tolshesh) introductory sl. by the way (to say); in addition to what was said (literally the word coming). Kӹ zӹt, shaya thick, mӓmnӓ tymdymy poshӓ write kogon pyzhlen shӹ zzon. N. Ignatiev. Now, by the way, our education (literally, teaching) has been greatly shaken. Shaya uke gots from nothing to say (speak); to keep the conversation going; just to say something. Vaslin kelesӹ mӹ zū weakkan, shaya uke gӹts popylla vele shaktysh. A. Kanyushkov. What Vasli said sounded weak, as if there was nothing to say. Shaya part linguistic part of speech; the main lexical and grammatical category of words (names, verbs, adverbs, etc.). Morphological part, shamak form m donon no grammatical meaning tymenyot. “Mar. yӹ lmӹ ". Morphology studies parts of speech, word forms and their grammatical meanings. Shayaat lin ak kerd and there can be no conversation (speech); completely excluded smb. Surskiy mynastirӹ shkӹ mӹ ngesh sӓrnӓ lmӹ gishӓ n nimahan shayaat lin ak kerd. N. Ilyakov. There can be no talk about returning to the Sura Monastery. Shayam vashtaltash (vashtalten koltash), shayam (weight corny) sorӓsh (sӓ rӓlӓsh) translate (translate) the conversation (to another topic) (literally road). Rose Shayanam is quite ok weight corny sorӓ l peg. K. Medyakov. Rosa turned our conversation to a completely different topic.