Leonardo da Vinci defines art as “cosa mentale” - literally: “mind-thing”, conventionally: “essence of the mind”. In his opinion, through painting, thought takes on perfect form.
Self-portrait
OK. 1515; 33x21 cm; sanguine drawing
Royal Library, Turin
***
During the creation of this self-portrait
Leonardo da Vinci
was already more than sixty years old
The author of La Gioconda belongs to the second generation Italian artists Renaissance era. From a chronological point of view, he is the heir of Masaccio (1401-1428) and the same age as Botticelli (1445-1510), but his work goes beyond the art of the Quattrocento rather than being its logical continuation.
Already the first paintings Leonardo discover the scope of his interests relating to the depiction of nature. This is, first of all, a formidable element - waves beating against coastal rocks, various atmospheric phenomena, a rapidly changing sky before a thunderstorm and reflections sunlight after her...
The artist is very impressionable; nature equally delights him both in its powerful manifestations and in the most insignificant - in a drop of water or in a blade of grass. In his opinion, nature is a dynamic phenomenon; it changes due to the constant evolution of all living things. Therefore, Leonardo’s attraction to naturalism is caused by the desire to demonstrate both obvious and hidden forces and phenomena of nature.
Leonardo da Vinci was, perhaps, the only one of the entire brilliant cohort of great painters Italian Renaissance, who paid the most attention in his work to the depiction of nature. Leonardo's landscape played as important a role in the compositional space as the characters surrounded or shaded by it.
The famous sfumato, characteristic of the background of some of his paintings, symbolizes the secret forces of nature - those forces on which human life depends and the existence of which man himself, due to his imperfections, is not even aware of. This ignorance is embodied by the characters placed by Leonardo against a “smoky” background - most often, they are devoid of any kind of illusions regarding their fate, are submissive to it and therefore can afford ironic smiles...
Leonardo's contemporaries considered the establishment of such a relationship between the represented characters and nature unacceptable. For example, in Botticelli’s paintings, nature, being a secondary element in relation to the Characters, carries practically no functional load.
Embryo drawing
1510-1513; 30x22 cm; pen drawing
Royal Library, Windsor
The contribution is truly invaluable Leonardo da Vinci into the science that studies the structure of the human body - anatomy. Moreover, he was interested in the characteristics of the body not only from the position of a scientist, but also from the position of an artist, striving to represent a person in his canvases as accurately as possible, about which he himself wrote more than once:
„In order for an artist to convey the pose and gestures of a naked person as reliably as possible, he must carefully study the structure of bones and muscles. Only then will he be sure that it is those and not other muscles that are responsible for this or that movement or effort. And only these he will emphasize and make visible, instead of showing them all together, en masse, as is done by those who, claiming to be great artists, present naked figures as hard - almost wooden, and therefore ugly. Forms made in this way are more reminiscent of sacks of nuts than muscular human bodies...”
This statement contains an allusion to the work of Pollaiuolo (c. 1432-1498), with whom Leonardo more than once debated over the representation of human bodies and whose sculptures he sarcastically called “bags of nuts” or “sacks of turnips”... On the other hand , Leonardo highly appreciated from this point of view the characters from the paintings of Ghirlandaio (1449-1494), with their refined movements and generalized body shapes, reminiscent of harmonious spirals.
A talented master of depicting the human body Leonardo da Vinci Verrocchio also believed, although the teacher considered himself defeated by his student - and this recognition does him honor. It is enough to look at the “Baptism of Christ” to appreciate the difference between the impeccably modeled figure of an angel with exquisitely curling curls, painted by Leonardo, and the rest of the characters belonging to the brush of Verrocchio.
Ambiguity of feelings
Portrait of a musician
OK. 1484; 43x31 cm;
Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, Milan
***
Leonardo plays music beautifully.
He even creates his own instrument -
lute to play
for Lodovico Sforza
Art Leonardo da Vinci Stendhal highly appreciated, noting that “Leonardo’s style, sublime and melancholy, is marked special gift- exceptional expressiveness." After all, before Leonardo, the outlines of objects acquired decisive importance, the line reigned in painting (especially in Florence) - that’s why the works of Leonardo’s predecessors and contemporaries often resemble painted drawings.
Leonardo's discovery was that "light and shadow should not be sharply differentiated, for their boundaries are in most cases vague." The master wrote: “If a line, as well as a mathematical point, are invisible things, then the boundaries of things, being lines, are invisible... Therefore, you, painter, do not limit things...” For Leonardo, blurred contours and sfumato symbolized instability “ the fluidity" of the visible world and the power of time - this "destroyer of things" that has power over everything.
Leonardo da Vinci can safely be considered one of the unique people of our planet... After all, he is known not only as one of the greatest artists and sculptors of Italy, but also as the greatest scientist, researcher, engineer, chemist, anatomist, botanist, philosopher, musician and poet. His creations, discoveries and research were several epochs ahead of their time.
Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452 near Florence, in the city of Vinci (Italy). Quite a bit of information is known about da Vinci’s mother, only that she was a peasant, was not married to Leonardo’s father, and raised her son in the village until he was 4 years old, after which he was sent to his father’s family. But Leonardo’s father, Piero Vinci, was a fairly wealthy citizen, worked as a notary, and also owned land and the title of Messer.
Leonardo da Vinci primary education, which included the ability to write, read, and learned the basics of mathematics and Latin at home. For many, his manner of writing in mirror image from left to right was interesting. Although, if necessary, he could write traditionally without much difficulty. In 1469, the son and his father moved to Florence, where Leonardo began to study the profession of an artist, which was not the most revered at that time, although Piero had a desire for his son to inherit the profession of a notary. But at that time, an illegitimate child could not be a doctor or a lawyer. And already in 1472 Leonardo was accepted into the guild of painters of Florence, and in 1473 the very first dated work of Leonardo da Vinci was written. This landscape showed a sketch of a river valley.
Already in 1481 - 1482. Leonardo was accepted into the service of the ruler of Milan at that time, Lodovico Moro, where he served as the organizer of court holidays, and part-time as a military engineer and hydraulic engineer. Being engaged in architecture, da Vinci had a huge influence on the architecture of Italy. In his works, he developed various options for a modern ideal city, as well as projects for a central domed temple.
At this time, Leonardo da Vinci tried himself in various scientific directions and achieved unprecedented positive results almost everywhere, but could not find the favorable environment he needed so much in Italy at that time. Therefore, with great pleasure, in 1517 he accepted the invitation of the French king Francis I to the position of court painter and arrived in France. During this period, the French court tried to become quite actively involved in culture. Italian Renaissance, therefore, the artist is surrounded by universal veneration, although, according to the testimony of many historians, this veneration was rather ostentatious and of an external nature. The artist’s weakened strength was at its limit and after two years, on May 2, 1519, Leonardo da Vinci died in, near Amboise, in France. But despite the short life path Leonardo da Vinci became a recognized symbol of the Renaissance.
Today everyone knows, even schoolchildren, who the legendary Leonardo da Vinci is. He became famous thanks to many interesting inventions and projects, but most of all, he is known as best artist Renaissance.
Who is Da Vinci?
Each of his works evokes admiration and a lot of discussion, because each of his pictures is full of mysteries that his contemporaries are still puzzling over.
It is worth paying attention to the fact that he was born on April 15, 1452, and died on May 2, 1519, and in such a short time, he managed to create many masterpieces that are worth looking at at least once in his life.
Let's see best works this legendary person?
"Mona Lisa" (La Gioconda)
It is difficult to imagine a person who is not familiar with the image of the famous Mona Lisa.
To date, the painting "Mona Lisa" is considered the most famous work art in the world.
The full title of the painting is “Portrait of Mrs. Lisa Giocondo.” Da Vinci worked on the order of the silk merchant from Florence Francesco del Giocondo for 4 years and it remained unfinished. The artist did not hand over the painting to the customer and carried it with him until the end of his life.
The Mona Lisa gained incredible popularity due to its theft in 1911.
Last Supper
Fresco " Last Supper"is slowly but rapidly being destroyed due to da Vinci's experiments with materials. The monumental painting depicts the scene of Christ's last meal with his disciples.
Created in the Dominican monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan.
Vitruvian Man
This is a drawing created as an illustration for a book about the works of Vitruvius (Roman encyclopedist). This drawing clearly shows the image of a man in two positions, one on top of the other.
What's special about this drawing? It is called the canonical proportion.
"Vitruvian Man" received the status of a work of art and scientific work.
Self-portrait
Most reliable source our knowledge of what it looked like great artist- This is his Turin self-portrait.
It was made with sanguine on paper, but over time it was quite damaged, and at the moment not exhibited.
There are a lot of speculations around the drawing: in particular, some studies have found that it is a sketch for the painting “Mona Lisa”!
Madonna Litta
The Littas are a Milanese family that kept the Madonna together with other paintings in their collection throughout the 19th century. Today the painting belongs to the State Hermitage Museum. It was painted in 1490-1491 and depicts a woman feeding a baby.
The girl’s gaze, thoughtful and full of tenderness, is fixed on the child. The baby looks at the viewer, holding his mother’s chest with one hand and holding the goldfinch in the other.
Annunciation
One of Leonardo da Vinci's early paintings. There is no perspective in it yet (it was simply not used before Leonardo), but carefully drawn folds on the clothes and the expressive hands of the Virgin Mary are already visible.
By the way, the wings of the Archangel Gabriel were initially more proportional, but later some unknown artist I finished drawing them, and the wings turned out to be somewhat bulky.
Madonna with pomegranate
The earliest, most touching and spontaneous of all Leonardo da Vinci's Madonnas. All the works he created later (including the aforementioned Litta) are close to it in style and composition. The image of a young mother conveys gentleness and tranquility.
Some researchers explain a certain disproportion of the child’s body by the absence of a baby sitter for the artist, and yet it is strange to suspect the great master of drawing “at random”! Most likely, he wanted to emphasize the unearthly origin of this child.
Woman's head
This is just a sketch made with pencil and chalk, but it also amazes art connoisseurs with the careful depiction of details (for example, curls of hair) and the accurate transmission of emotions manifested in the eyes of a young woman, the curve of her lips...
Lady with an ermine
The painting was painted towards the end of the 15th century. The girl in the picture is presumably Cecilia Galleroni, the favorite of Duke Ludovico Sforzi, because at the time the picture was painted, da Vinci was in the service of this nobleman.
But this painting is not at all like a standard portrait of a beautiful grande dame. The figure is depicted in three-quarter view, and the gaze is directed to the side (da Vinci's innovation).
By the way, the girl herself is not such an “air nymph” at all: despite her attractiveness, the hard fold of her lips betrays her imperious character. Just like the hand that holds the animal - supposedly carefully, but at the same time tenaciously (and da Vinci’s hands always turned out to be very expressive).
Well, in order to become the favorite of such a noble man, an iron character was indeed required...
John the Baptist
A figure depicted quite often in painting, but how was the Baptist usually depicted? A middle-aged man, with a beard and a stern look... But not a sweet smiling young man, as Leonardo portrayed him!
The painting belongs to the late period of the artist’s work. It's surprising that there's nothing familiar in the background picturesque landscape: John’s light body stands out against the gloomy monotonous background.
The figure of John the Baptist is equipped with traditional symbols:
- thin reed cross;
- woolen clothes;
- long hair.
The raised finger of the right hand is also a traditional gesture that often appears in Da Vinci's paintings. Perhaps in this way the artist wanted to convey something important.
The image of John is gentle, he has a soft smile and an amazing look, as if penetrating the viewer’s soul.
Leonardo da Vinci, Italian painter, sculptor, architect, scientist and engineer. Founder artistic culture High Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci developed as a master, studying with Andrea del Verrocchio in Florence. The methods of work in Verrocchio's workshop, where artistic practice was combined with technical experiments, as well as friendship with the astronomer P. Toscanelli, contributed to the emergence of the scientific interests of the young da Vinci. IN early works(head of an angel in Verrocchio’s “Baptism”, after 1470, “Annunciation”, around 1474, both in the Uffizi; the so-called “Benois Madonna”, around 1478, State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg) artist, developing art traditions Early Renaissance, emphasized the smooth volume of forms with soft chiaroscuro, sometimes enlivened faces with a subtle smile, using it to achieve the transmission of subtle states of mind. Recording the results of countless observations in sketches, sketches and full-scale studies performed in various techniques(Italian and silver pencils, sanguine, pen, etc.), Leonardo da Vinci, sometimes resorting to almost caricatured grotesque, achieved acuteness in conveying facial expressions, and brought the physical features and movement of the human body of boys and girls into perfect harmony with the spiritual atmosphere of the composition .
In 1481 or 1482 Leonardo da Vinci entered the service of the ruler of Milan, Lodovico Moro, and served as a military engineer, hydraulic engineer, and organizer of court holidays. For over 10 years he worked on the equestrian monument of Francesco Sforza, the father of Lodovico Moro (the life-size clay model of the monument was destroyed when the French captured Milan in 1500). During the Milanese period, Leonardo da Vinci created “Madonna of the Rocks” (1483-1494, Louvre, Paris; second version - around 1497-1511, National Gallery, London), where the characters are presented surrounded by a bizarre rocky landscape, and the finest chiaroscuro plays the role of spiritual beginning, emphasizing the warmth of human relationships. In the refectory of the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie, he completed the wall painting “The Last Supper” (1495-1497; due to the peculiarities of the technique used during Leonardo da Vinci’s work on the fresco - oil with tempera - it was preserved in a badly damaged form; it was restored in the 20th century ), marking one of the peaks European painting; its high ethical and spiritual content is expressed in the mathematical regularity of the composition, which logically continues the real architectural space, in a clear, strictly developed system of gestures and facial expressions of the characters, in the harmonious balance of forms.
While studying architecture, Leonardo da Vinci developed various versions of the “ideal” city and projects for a central-domed temple, which had a great influence on the contemporary architecture of Italy. After the fall of Milan, Leonardo da Vinci's life was spent in constant travel (1500-1502, 1503-1506, 1507 - Florence; 1500 - Mantua and Venice; 1506, 1507-1513 - Milan; 1513-1516 - Rome; 1517-1519 - France) . In his native Florence, he worked on the painting of the Great Council Hall in the Palazzo Vecchio “The Battle of Anghiari” (1503-1506, unfinished, known from copies from cardboard), which stood at the origins of the European battle genre of modern times. In the portrait of the “Mona Lisa” or “La Gioconda” (circa 1503-1505, Louvre, Paris) he embodied the sublime ideal of eternal femininity and human charm; An important element of the composition was the cosmically vast landscape, melting into a cold blue haze. The late works of Leonardo da Vinci include projects for the monument to Marshal Trivulzio (1508-1512), the altar image “St. Anne and Mary with the Child Christ” (circa 1507-1510, Louvre, Paris), completing the master’s search in the field light-air perspective and the harmonious pyramidal structure of the composition, and “John the Baptist” (circa 1513-1517, Louvre), where the somewhat sweet ambiguity of the image indicates the increase in crisis moments in the artist’s work.
In a series of drawings depicting a universal catastrophe (the so-called “Flood” cycle, Italian pencil and pen, circa 1514-1516, Royal Library, Windsor), thoughts about the insignificance of man before the power of the elements are combined with rationalistic ideas about the cyclical nature of natural processes. The most important source to study the views of Leonardo da Vinci are his notebooks and manuscripts (about 7 thousand sheets), excerpts from which were included in the “Treatise on Painting”, compiled after the death of the master by his student F. Melzi and which had a huge influence on European theoretical thought and artistic practice. In the debate between the arts, Leonardo da Vinci gave the first place to painting, understanding it as a universal language capable of embodying all the diverse manifestations of intelligence in nature. The appearance of Leonardo da Vinci would be perceived by us one-sidedly without taking into account the fact that he artistic activity turned out to be inextricably linked with scientific activities. In essence, Leonardo da Vinci represents the only example of his kind of a great artist for whom art was not the main business of life.
If in his youth he paid primary attention to painting, then over time this ratio changed in favor of science. It is difficult to find areas of knowledge and technology that would not be enriched by his major discoveries and bold ideas. Nothing gives such a vivid impression of the extraordinary versatility of the genius of Leonardo da Vinci as the many thousands of pages of his manuscripts. The notes they contain, combined with countless drawings that give Leonardo da Vinci’s thoughts plastic materiality, cover all of existence, all areas of knowledge, being, as it were, the clearest evidence of the discovery of the world that the Renaissance brought with it. In these results of his tireless spiritual work, the diversity of life itself is clearly felt, in the knowledge of which the artistic and rational principles appear in Leonardo da Vinci in indissoluble unity.
As a scientist and engineer, he enriched almost all areas of science of his time. A prominent representative of the new, experiment-based natural science of Leonardo da Vinci special attention paid attention to mechanics, seeing in it the main key to the secrets of the universe; his brilliant constructive guesses were far ahead of his contemporary era (projects of rolling mills, cars, submarines, aircraft). The observations he collected on the influence of transparent and translucent media on the coloring of objects led to the establishment of scientifically based principles of aerial perspective in the art of the High Renaissance. While studying the structure of the eye, Leonardo da Vinci made correct guesses about the nature of binocular vision. In anatomical drawings, he laid the foundations of modern scientific illustration; he also studied botany and biology. And in contrast to this full of supreme tension creative activity- Leonardo’s life fate, his endless wanderings associated with the inability to find favorable conditions for work in Italy at that time.
Therefore, when the French king Francis I offered him a position as a court painter, Leonardo da Vinci accepted the invitation and arrived in France in 1517. In France, which during this period was especially actively involved in the culture of the Italian Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci was surrounded at court by universal veneration, which, however, was rather external in nature. The artist's strength was running out, and two years later, on May 2, 1519, he died in the castle of Cloux (near Amboise, Touraine) in France. Tireless experimental scientist and genius artist, Leonardo da Vinci became a universally recognized symbol of the Renaissance. The history of the origins of the Italian Renaissance.
Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452, on April 15th. He died in 1519, on May 2. This person can certainly be considered one of the unique talents of our planet. He is known not only as one of Italy's greatest sculptors and painters, but also as a poet, musician, philosopher, botanist, anatomist, chemist, engineer, explorer, and scientist. His discoveries and creations were ahead of their time by more than one era. We will describe the main paintings by Leonardo da Vinci with titles in this article.
"Portrait of Ginevra de Benci"
Done this work approximately from 1474 to 1478. This early work depicts a Florentine poetess who lived in the 15th century. From there we will begin to present you with paintings by Leonardo da Vinci with names and descriptions.
Probably this work can be considered the first psychological portrait in the history of painting. It clearly expresses a mood of sadness, possibly associated with the breakdown of this girl’s relationship with Bernardo Bembo, the Venetian ambassador, her lover. Ginevra's pale face with narrow eyes and wide cheekbones stands out in contrast against the background of nature - the evening landscape. In the picture we see a juniper bush called jinepro. This is a subtle hint to the girl's name. The canvas demonstrates the artist's undoubted technical skill. With the help of sfumato, black and white modeling, the contours of the figure are softened. At the same time, the author violated the Renaissance tradition in depicting portraits that existed at that time. The model is turned to the right, not to the left, and the light source is positioned accordingly.
The emblem is on the back of this piece - a juniper branch placed inside a wreath of palm and laurel branches. “Beauty is the adornment of virtue,” says the Latin inscription on the ribbon entwining them.
"Saint Jerome"
We continue to describe Leonardo da Vinci's paintings with names. The following work was completed by the artist in 1482. It is kept in Unfortunately, some of the paintings of this great artist, thinker, and scientist of the Renaissance were not completed. The canvas that interests us also belongs to them. However, it is a work in which the entire author’s intention is already visible. The painting "Saint Jerome" was done at the underpainting level.
Description of the painting
It depicts Saint Jerome - translator of Latin Bible, religious thinker, ascetic and ascetic, who retired to the desert, where he spent several years. This man is depicted as repentant. His eyes are full of prayer. He pushes aside his cloak over his shoulder with one hand and swings the other back, swinging to hit himself in the chest with a stone. The muscles of the ascetic, thin face, arms and shoulders are tense, the foot stands firmly on a large stone. Jerome is a continuous cry for forgiveness. In the foreground we see a lion, which, according to legend, has accompanied this saint since he met him in the desert and cured the beast. This wild animal submitted to the goodness and love with which God filled Jerome’s soul.
"Madonna and Child with Saint Anne"
This work, kept today in the Louvre, was completed around 1510 on a popular subject. It depicts the infant Christ with the Holy Virgin and Anna, her mother. The arrangement of the figures in this group differs from earlier compositions, which were static. Leonardo da Vinci spent the first years of the 16th century working on various options of this plot. For example, a drawing has been preserved that shows a slightly different interpretation, including John the Baptist in his infancy.
Although St. Anna in her usual place, that is, behind the Holy Virgin, all three figures are very realistic and alive. Leonardo da Vinci, moving away from the then-existing tradition of depicting Anna as an elderly matron, painted her as unexpectedly attractive and young. She can hardly contain her glee at the sight of the baby. An allusion to the future role of the innocent victim, the lamb of God for the atonement of sins, is the lamb in the arms of Christ.
"Madonna and Child"
This painting is exhibited in the Hermitage. The years of its creation are 1490-1491. It also has a second name - “Madonna Lita”, named after one of the owners of this painting, Leonardo da Vinci. The title of the painting “Madonna and Child” tells us the plot. Every person who looks at the canvas has a feeling of sublime peace, contemplative spiritual silence. In the image of the Madonna, da Vinci combined the earthly, sensual, spiritual and sublime into one unshakable harmonious image of beauty. Her face is serene, and, despite the fact that there is no smile on her lips, her posture and tilt of her head express endless tenderness towards the child. Madonna breastfeeds her baby. He looks absentmindedly at the viewer, right hand holding mother's chest. On the left is the goldfinch bird, which is a symbol of the Christian soul.
"Madonna Benois" ("Madonna and Child")
There are two paintings by Leonardo da Vinci with titles (a photo of one of them was presented above) that are similar to each other. - this is both “Madonna Benois” and “Madonna Lita”. We have already met the last one. Let's tell you about the first one. This work is also kept in the Hermitage. It was completed by the artist in 1478.
This painting is one of the iconic ones in his work. The center of the composition is the flower in the hands of Mary, to which Jesus is drawn. The master places the Madonna, dressed in the Florentine fashion that existed in the 15th century, and the baby in a room lit only by a window located in the back of the room. But a soft, different light pours from above. He brings the canvas to life with the play of chiaroscuro. This gives volume to the figures and reveals the modeling of the form. The picture has a slightly muted, dim color.
"Mona Lisa"
We continue to describe the paintings of Leonardo da Vinci with names and year. The next work that interests us is now in the Louvre. It was written between 1503 and 1505. There is not a single mention of this work in the artist’s own notes. It's about, perhaps, about the most famous painting Leonardo da Vinci - painting "Mona Lisa".
Who is depicted in this picture?
There are many versions of who is actually depicted in the painting. It has been suggested that this is a self-portrait of the artist himself or his student, an image of his mother, or simply a collective female image. According to official opinion, the picture shows the wife of a Florentine merchant. The famous smile that gives her face charm and mystery is frozen on this woman’s lips. It seems that it is not the viewer who is looking at her, but she is watching him with an understanding, deep gaze.
The painting is made in unusually thin, almost transparent layers. It seems that she is alive, and not painted. The strokes are so small that neither X-rays nor a microscope detect traces of the artist’s work and cannot determine the number of layers in the painting. “La Gioconda” is unusually airy. The space of the picture is filled with a light haze. It allows diffused light to pass through.
"Annunciation"
The main paintings by Leonardo da Vinci with the titles that we presented in this article conclude with a description of the next painting. You can admire this work in It was written in 1472.
The master worked on the canvas while he was still in Verrocchio’s workshop. The artist had to complete this painting, begun by other students, and also correct their mistakes. Leonardo completed several sketches that depicted Mary's cloak, as well as the robes of the Archangel Gabriel. He rewrote the draperies based on these drawings. As a result, they lay in voluminous folds. After this, the master painted Gabriel’s head again, tilting it slightly, but did not have time to make changes to the image of Mary. Her pose does not look entirely natural. Probably, the one who worked on the canvas before Leonardo did not know the laws of perspective very well. However, in an unexpected way, all these mistakes show how difficult it was to master realistic painting.
These are the main paintings of Leonardo da Vinci with names and descriptions. We tried to briefly talk about them. Of course, the title of Leonardo da Vinci's paintings is English sounds different, just like in Italian, the artist’s own language. However, every person, regardless of nationality, is able to be imbued with these great works. Many English people, for example, do not necessarily need to see the titles of Leonardo da Vinci's paintings in English. They already know what kind of work it is. The works of the great artist are so popular that they often do not need introduction.
