What musical abilities did the future composer Haydn possess? Brief biography of Joseph Haydn. Free musician again

Haydn Joseph Franz(1732-1809)

Franz Joseph Haydn

His ancestors were Austro-German peasant artisans. He inherited his love for music from his father. Even when he was 5 years old, musicians paid attention to him, because even then he had excellent hearing, memory, and a sense of rhythm. After church choir the future composer ended up in the choir chapel at the main St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna. It was the most significant event in his life. In addition to singing, which occupied most of his time, he managed to play the violin and clavichord, achieving significant success in playing music.

Creative path

When Haydn's voice began to break, he was expelled from the chapel and had to start all over again. In search of income, he began giving singing and music lessons, playing the violin on holidays or just at big roads, just not to die of hunger. However, he understood that these earnings were accidental. It was then that the decision came - musical writing. Only four years later he found a permanent job - he got a job as an accompanist for the famous Italian opera composer Nicolet Porpore (1686-1768). He appreciated musical talent Haydn and began teaching him composition.

Having read many books, studied with many teachers, an upswing was gradually brewing in his life: his financial situation began to improve, life positions strengthened. In 1761, Haydn entered the service of the wealthy Hungarian princes Esterhazy and spent almost thirty years at their court as a composer and leader of the chapel. In 1790, the chapel was dissolved, but Haydn retained his salary and the position of conductor. This gave the master the opportunity to settle in Vienna, travel, and give concerts.

Having become a free composer, the owner of many honorary degrees and titles, he worked extensively in England, Austria and Great Britain. Among his students was the young Beethoven.

Symphonies, quartets, sonatas and orchestra

Autograph of the score of Joseph Haydn's symphony

Haydn’s work is associated with the flourishing of such genres as the symphony (he had one hundred and four of them, not counting those lost), string quartet (eighty-three), keyboard sonata (fifty-two); The composer paid great attention to concerts for various instruments, chamber ensembles and sacred music.

Haydn is credited with forming a stable composition symphony orchestra. Previously, composers were content only with those instruments that at the moment were available. The appearance of a stable orchestra is a clear sign of classicism. Sound musical instruments was thus brought into a strict system that obeyed the rules of instrumentation. These rules are based on knowledge of the capabilities of instruments and assume that the sound of each is not an end in itself, but a means of expressing a certain idea. The stable composition gave a solid, homogeneous sound to the orchestra.

Besides instrumental music Haydn paid attention to opera and spiritual works (he created a number of masses under the influence of Handel), and turned to the oratorio genre (The Creation of the World, The Seasons).

"Father" of the symphony

Coins dedicated to the great composer

Joseph Haydn is often called the “father” of the symphony. It was in his work that the symphony became the leading genre of instrumental music.

In Haydn's symphonies, the development of the main themes is interesting. By conducting a melody in different keys and registers, giving it one mood or another, the composer thus discovers its hidden possibilities, reveals internal contradictions: the melody is either transformed or returns to its original state. Haydn had a subtle sense of humor, and this personality trait was reflected in his music. The Ninety-fourth Symphony is witty. In the middle of the second part, when the music sounds calm and quiet, timpani strikes are suddenly heard - so that the listeners “don’t get bored.” It is no coincidence that the work was called “With the Fighting Timpani, or Surprise.” Haydn often used the technique of onomatopoeia (birds sing, a bear wanders through the summer, etc.).

In his symphonies, the composer often turned to folk themes, mainly to Slavic - Slovak and Croatian.

Great joker

About the music of Joseph Haydn, one of the founders of the Viennese classical school, his friend and younger contemporary Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote: “No one is able to do everything: joke and shock, cause laughter and deeply touch, and all equally well, as he can.” Haydn."

This is real music! This is what should be enjoyed, this is what should be absorbed by everyone who wants to cultivate a healthy musical feeling, sound taste.
A. Serov

The creative path of J. Haydn - the great Austrian composer, senior contemporary of W. A. ​​Mozart and L. Beethoven - lasted about fifty years, crossed the historical boundary of the 18th-19th centuries, and covered all stages of the development of the Viennese classical school - from its inception in 1760 's until the flowering of Beethoven's work at the beginning of the new century. The intensity of the creative process, the wealth of imagination, the freshness of perception, the harmonious and integral sense of life were preserved in Haydn's art until the very last years of his life.

The son of a carriage maker, Haydn discovered rare musical abilities. At the age of six he moved to Hainburg, sang in the church choir, learned to play the violin and harpsichord, and from 1740 he lived in Vienna, where he served as a choirmaster in the chapel of St. Stephen's Cathedral ( cathedral Vienna). However, in the chapel they valued only the boy’s voice - a treble of rare purity, and entrusted him with the performance of solo parts; and the composer's inclinations, awakened in childhood, remained unnoticed. When his voice began to break, Haydn was forced to leave the chapel. The first years of independent life in Vienna were especially difficult - he was poor, hungry, wandering without a permanent shelter; Only occasionally was it possible to find private lessons or play the violin in a traveling ensemble. However, despite the vicissitudes of fate, Haydn retained his openness of character, his sense of humor, which never betrayed him, and the seriousness of his professional aspirations - he studies the keyboard works of F. E. Bach, independently studies counterpoint, gets acquainted with the works of the greatest German theorists, takes composition lessons from N. . Porpora - famous Italian opera composer and teacher.

In 1759, Haydn received the position of bandmaster from Count I. Mortsin. The first instrumental works (symphonies, quartets, clavier sonatas) were written for his court chapel. When Morcin dissolved the chapel in 1761, Haydn entered into a contract with P. Esterhazy, the richest Hungarian magnate and patron of the arts. The duties of the vice-kapellmeister, and after 5 years the princely chief-kapellmeister, included not only composing music. Haydn had to conduct rehearsals, maintain order in the chapel, be responsible for the safety of notes and instruments, etc. All of Haydn’s works were the property of Esterhazy; the composer did not have the right to write music commissioned by others, and could not freely leave the prince’s possessions. (Haydn lived on the Esterhazy estates - Eisenstadt and Esterhaz, occasionally visiting Vienna.)

However, many advantages and, above all, the opportunity to dispose of an excellent orchestra that performed all the composer’s works, as well as relative material and everyday security, persuaded Haydn to accept Esterhazy’s offer. Haydn remained in court service for almost 30 years. In the humiliating position of a princely servant, he retained his dignity, inner independence and desire for continuous creative improvement. Living far from the light, with almost no contact with the wide musical world, he became during his service with Esterhazy the greatest master of European scale. Haydn's works were successfully performed in major musical capitals.

So, in the mid-1780s. The French public became acquainted with six symphonies, called “Parisian”. Over time, the composites became increasingly burdened by their dependent position and felt loneliness more acutely.

The minor symphonies - “Mourning”, “Suffering”, “Farewell” - are colored with dramatic, anxious moods. The finale of “Farewell” gave many reasons for various interpretations - autobiographical, humorous, lyrical and philosophical - during this endlessly lasting Adagio, the musicians leave the orchestra one after another, until two violinists remain on stage, finishing the melody, quiet and gentle...

However, a harmonious and clear view of the world always dominates both in Haydn’s music and in his sense of life. Haydn found sources of joy everywhere - in nature, in the lives of peasants, in his works, in communication with loved ones. Thus, acquaintance with Mozart, who arrived in Vienna in 1781, grew into true friendship. These relationships, based on deep inner kinship, understanding and mutual respect, have had a beneficial effect on creative development both composers.

In 1790, A. Esterhazy, the heir of the deceased Prince P. Esterhazy, dissolved the chapel. Haydn, who was completely freed from service and retained only the title of bandmaster, began to receive a lifelong pension in accordance with the will of the old prince. Soon the opportunity arose to fulfill a long-time dream - to travel outside of Austria. In the 1790s. Haydn made two tours to London (1791-92, 1794-95). The 12 “London” symphonies written on this occasion completed the development of this genre in Haydn’s work, confirmed the maturity of Viennese classical symphonism (somewhat earlier, in the late 1780s, Mozart’s last 3 symphonies appeared) and remained the pinnacle phenomena in the history of symphonic music. London symphonies were performed in unusual and extremely attractive conditions for the composer. Accustomed to the more closed atmosphere of the court salon, Haydn performed for the first time in public concerts and felt the reaction of a typical democratic audience. At his disposal were big orchestras, similar in composition to modern symphonies. The English public enthusiastically received Haydn's music. At Oxfood he was awarded the title of Doctor of Music. Under the impression of G. F. Handel’s oratorios heard in London, 2 secular oratorios were created - “The Creation of the World” (1798) and “The Seasons” (1801). These monumental, epic-philosophical works, affirming the classical ideals of beauty and harmony of life, the unity of man and nature, worthily crowned creative path composer.

Recent years Haydn's life was spent in Vienna and its suburb of Gumpendorf. The composer was still cheerful, sociable, objective and friendly in his attitude towards people, and still worked hard. Haydn passed away at an alarming time, in the midst of Napoleonic campaigns, when French troops had already occupied the capital of Austria. During the siege of Vienna, Haydn consoled his loved ones: “Don’t be afraid, children, where Haydn is, nothing bad can happen.”

Haydn left a huge creative heritage- about 1000 works in all genres and forms that existed in the music of that time (symphonies, sonatas, chamber ensembles, concerts, operas, oratorios, masses, songs, etc.). Large cyclic forms (104 symphonies, 83 quartets, 52 keyboard sonatas) constitute the main, most precious part of the composer’s work and determine his historical place. P. Tchaikovsky wrote about the exceptional significance of Haydn’s works in the evolution of instrumental music: “Haydn immortalized himself, if not by inventing, then by improving that excellent, ideally balanced form of sonata and symphony, which Mozart and Beethoven later brought to the last degree of completeness and beauty.”

The symphony in Haydn's work passed big way: from early samples close to the genres of household and chamber music(serenade, divertissement, quartet), to the “Paris” and “London” symphonies, in which the classical patterns of the genre were established (the relationship and order of the parts of the cycle - sonata Allegro, slow movement, minuet, fast finale), characteristic types thematic and development techniques, etc. Haydn's symphony takes on the meaning of a generalized “picture of the world”, in which different aspects of life - serious, dramatic, lyrical-philosophical, humorous - are brought to unity and balance. The rich and complex world of Haydn's symphonies has the remarkable qualities of openness, sociability, and focus on the listener. Their main source musical language- genre-everyday, song and dance intonations, sometimes directly borrowed from folklore sources. Included in the complex process of symphonic development, they discover new imaginative, dynamic possibilities. Complete, ideally balanced and logically constructed forms of parts of the symphonic cycle (sonata, variation, rondo, etc.) include elements of improvisation; remarkable deviations and surprises heighten interest in the very process of development of thought, which is always fascinating and filled with events. Haydn’s favorite “surprises” and “practical jokes” helped the perception of the most serious genre of instrumental music, giving rise to specific associations among listeners that were fixed in the names of the symphonies (“Bear”, “Chicken”, “Clock”, “Hunting”, “ School teacher", etc.). Forming the typical patterns of the genre, Haydn also reveals the wealth of possibilities for their manifestation, outlining different paths of evolution of the symphony in the 19th-20th centuries. In Haydn's mature symphonies, the classical composition of the orchestra is established, including all groups of instruments (strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion). The composition of the quartet is also stabilized, in which all instruments (two violins, viola, cello) become full members of the ensemble. Of great interest are Haydn's keyboard sonatas, in which the composer's truly inexhaustible imagination each time opens up new options for constructing a cycle, original ways of designing and developing the material. The last sonatas written in the 1790s. clearly focused on the expressive capabilities of the new instrument - the piano.

Throughout his life, art was Haydn’s main support and constant source of inner harmony, mental balance and health. He hoped that it would remain so for future listeners. “There are so few joyful and contented people in this world,” wrote the seventy-year-old composer, “everywhere they are haunted by grief and worries; Perhaps your work will sometimes serve as a source from which a person full of worries and burdened with affairs will draw moments of peace and relaxation.”

Joseph Haydn (Haydn) - famous German composer, was born in the village of Rohrau (in Austria) on March 31, 1732, died in Vienna on May 31, 1809. Haydn was the second of twelve children of a poor coachmaker. As a child, he showed extraordinary musical abilities and was first sent to be trained by a relative-musician, and then at the age of eight he ended up as a singer in Vienna, in the chapel at the Church of St. Stefan. There he received his school education and also studied singing and playing the piano and violin. It was there that he made his first experiments in composing music. As Haydn began to grow up, his voice began to change; Instead, his younger brother Mikhail, who entered the same chapel, began singing treble solos, and finally, at the age of 18, Haydn was forced to leave the chapel. I had to live in the attic, give lessons, accompany, etc.

Joseph Haydn. Wax sculpture by F. Theiler, c. 1800

Little by little his first works - piano sonatas, quartets, etc. - began to spread (in manuscripts). In 1759, Haydn finally received a position as conductor for Count Morcin in Lukawiec, where, by the way, he wrote his first symphony. At the same time, Haydn married the daughter of the Viennese hairdresser Keller, who was grumpy, quarrelsome and did not understand anything about music. He lived with her for 40 years; they had no children. In 1761, Haydn became the second bandmaster in the chapel of Count Esterhazy in Eisenstadt. Subsequently, the Esterhazy orchestra was increased from 16 people to 30, and Haydn, after the death of the first conductor, took his place. It was created here by him most his compositions, usually written for holidays and special days for performance in the Esterhazy house.

Joseph Haydn. Best works

In 1790, the chapel was dissolved, Haydn lost his job, but was provided with a pension of 1,400 florins by the Counts of Esterhazy and could thus devote himself to free and independent creativity. It was during this era that Haydn wrote his best essays having highest value and in our time. In the same year, he was invited to London: for 700 pounds sterling, he undertook to conduct his new six symphonies there, specially written for this purpose (“English”). The success was enormous, and Haydn lived in London for two years. The cult of Haydn grew terribly in England during this time; at Oxford he was proclaimed Doctor of Music. This journey and stay abroad were significant in Haydn’s life. special meaning also because until then he had never left his native country.

Returning to Vienna, Haydn met with an honorable reception everywhere along the way; in Bonn he met the young Beethoven, who soon became his student. In 1794, following a second invitation from London, he went there and stayed there for two seasons. Returning again to Vienna, Haydn, who was then already over 65 years old, wrote his two famous oratorios, “The Creation of the World,” to the words of Lidley (according to Milton), and “The Seasons,” to the words of Thomson. Both English texts were translated for Haydn by van Swieten. Gradually, however, the infirmity of old age began to overcome Haydn. A particularly severe blow was dealt to him by the French invasion of Vienna; a few days after this he died.

Composer Franz Joseph Haydn is called the founder of the modern orchestra, the “father of the symphony,” and the founder of the classical instrumental genre.

Composer Franz Joseph Haydn called the founder of the modern orchestra, the “father of the symphony,” the founder of the classical instrumental genre.

Haydn was born in 1732. His father was carriage maker, mother served as a cook. House in the town Rorau on the river bank Leiths, where little Joseph spent his childhood, has survived to this day.

Craftsman's Children Matthias Haydn loved music very much. Franz Joseph was gifted child– from birth he was given a ringing melodic voice and absolute pitch; he had a great sense of rhythm. The boy sang in the local church choir and tried to learn to play the violin and clavichord. As always happens with teenagers, young Haydn lost his voice during adolescence. He was immediately fired from the choir.

For eight years the young man earned money by giving private music lessons and constantly improved with the help of independent studies and tried to compose works.

Life brought Joseph together with a Viennese comedian, popular actor — Johann Joseph Kurtz. It was luck. Kurtz ordered music from Haydn for his own libretto for the opera The Crooked Demon. Comic work was successful - it took two years to complete theater stage. However, critics were quick to accuse the young composer of frivolity and “buffoonery.” (This stamp was later repeatedly transferred by retrogrades to other works of the composer.)

Meet the composer Nicola Antonio Porporoi gave Haydn a lot in terms of creative mastery. He served the famous maestro, was an accompanist in his lessons, and gradually studied himself. Under the roof of a house, in a cold attic, Joseph Haydn tried to compose music on an old clavichord. In his works the influence of the works of famous composers and folk music: Hungarian, Czech, Tyrolean motifs.

In 1750, Franz Joseph Haydn composed the Mass in F major, and in 1755 he wrote the first string quartet. From that time on, there was a turning point in the composer’s fate. Joseph received unexpected financial support from the landowner Carl Furnberg. The patron recommended the young composer to a count from the Czech Republic - Josef Franz Morzin- Viennese aristocrat. Until 1760, Haydn served as Morzin's bandmaster, had a table, shelter and salary, and could seriously study music.

Since 1759, Haydn has created four symphonies. At this time, the young composer got married - it happened impromptu, unexpectedly for him. However, marriage to a 32-year-old Anna Aloysia Keller was concluded. Haydn was only 28, he never loved Anna.

20 shillings, 1982, Austria, Haydn

After his marriage, Josef lost his position with Morcin and was left without income. He was lucky again - he received an invitation from an influential Prince Paul Esterhazy, who was able to appreciate his talent.

Haydn served as conductor for thirty years. His responsibility was to lead the orchestra and manage the choir. At the prince's request, the composer composed operas, symphonies, instrumental pieces. He could write music and listen to it performed live right there. During his service with Esterhazy, he created many works - one hundred and four symphonies alone were written in those years!

Haydn's symphonic concepts were unpretentious, simple and organic for the average listener. Storyteller Hoffman once called Haydn's works "the expression of a childishly joyful soul."

The composer's skill has reached perfection. The name Haydn was known to many outside Austria - he was known in England and France, in Russia. However, the famous maestro had no right to perform or sell works without Esterhazy's consent. In today’s language, the prince owned the “copyright” to all of Haydn’s works. Even long trips without the knowledge of the “master” were prohibited for Haydn.

Once, while in Vienna, Haydn met Mozart. Two brilliant musician We talked a lot and performed quartets together. Unfortunately, the Austrian composer had few such opportunities.

Joseph also had a lover - a singer Luigia, a Moorish woman from Naples, is a charming but selfish woman.

The composer could not leave the service and become independent. In 1791 old prince Esterhazy died. Haydn was 60 years old. The prince's heir dissolved the chapel and assigned the conductor a pension so that he would not have to earn a living. Finally, Franz Joseph Haydn became a free man! He went on a sea voyage and visited England twice. During these years, the already middle-aged composer wrote many works - among them twelve “London Symphonies”, the oratorio “The Seasons” and “The Creation of the World”. The work “Seasons” became the apotheosis of his creative path.

Large-scale musical works were not easy for the aging composer, but he was happy. The oratorios became the peak of Haydn's work - he wrote nothing else. In recent years, the composer lived in a small secluded house on the outskirts of Vienna. Fans visited him - he loved to talk with them, remembering his youth, full of creative searches and hardships.

Haydn died at his home in 1809. First, the maestro was buried in the Hundsturmer cemetery. Since 1820, his remains were transferred to the temple of the city of Eisenstadt.

Biography

Youth

Joseph Haydn (the composer himself never called himself Franz) was born on March 31, 1732 on the estate of the Counts of Harrach - the Lower Austrian village of Rohrau, near the border with Hungary, in the family of Matthias Haydn (1699-1763). His parents, who were seriously interested in vocals and amateur music-making, discovered musical abilities in the boy and in 1737 sent him to relatives in the city of Hainburg an der Donau, where Joseph began to study choral singing and music. In 1740, Joseph was noticed by Georg von Reutter, director of the chapel of Vienna's St. Stefan. Reutter took the talented boy to the choir, and he sang in the choir for nine years (including several years with his younger brothers).

Singing in a choir was good for Haydn, but the only school. As his abilities developed, he was assigned difficult solo parts. Together with the choir, Haydn often performed at city festivals, weddings, funerals, and took part in court celebrations. One such event was the funeral service for Antonio Vivaldi in 1741.

Service at Esterhazy

The composer's creative heritage includes 104 symphonies, 83 quartets, 52 piano sonatas, oratorios (The Creation of the World and The Seasons), 14 masses, 26 operas.

List of essays

Chamber music

• 12 sonatas for violin and piano (including sonata in E minor, sonata in D major)
• 83 string quartet for two violins, viola and cello
• 7 duets for violin and viola
• 40 trios for piano, violin (or flute) and cello
• 21 trios for 2 violins and cello
• 126 trio for baritone, viola (violin) and cello
• 11 trios for mixed winds and strings

Concerts

35 concertos for one or more instruments with orchestra, including:

• four concertos for violin and orchestra
• two concertos for cello and orchestra
• two concertos for horn and orchestra
• 11 concertos for piano and orchestra
• 6 organ concerts
• 5 concertos for two-wheeled lyres
• 4 concertos for baritone and orchestra
• concert for double bass and orchestra
• concerto for flute and orchestra
• concerto for trumpet and orchestra

Vocal works

There are 24 operas in total, including:

• “The Lame Demon” (Der krumme Teufel), 1751
• "True Constancy"
• "Orpheus and Eurydice, or the Soul of a Philosopher", 1791
• "Asmodeus, or the New Lame Demon"
• "Acis and Galatea", 1762
• "The Desert Island" (L'lsola disabitata)
• "Armida", 1783
• “Fisherwomen” (Le Pescatrici), 1769
• "Deceived Infidelity" (L'Infedelta delusa)
• “An Unforeseen Meeting” (L’Incontro improviso), 1775
• "The Lunar World" (II Mondo della luna), 1777
• "True Constancy" (La Vera costanza), 1776
• "Loyalty Rewarded" (La Fedelta premiata)
• “Roland the Paladin” (Orlando Рaladino), a heroic-comic opera based on the plot of Ariosto’s poem “Roland the Furious”

14 oratorios, including:

• "Creation of the World"
• "Seasons"
• "Seven Words of the Savior on the Cross"
• "The Return of Tobias"
• Allegorical cantata-oratorio “Applause”
• oratorio hymn Stabat Mater

14 masses, including:

• small mass (Missa brevis, F-dur, around 1750)
• great organ mass Es-dur (1766)
• Mass in honor of St. Nicholas (Missa in honorem Sancti Nicolai, G-dur, 1772)
• Mass of St. Caeciliae (Missa Sanctae Caeciliae, c-moll, between 1769 and 1773)
• small organ mass (B major, 1778)
• Mariazellermesse, C-dur, 1782
• Mass with timpani, or Mass during the war (Paukenmesse, C-dur, 1796)
• Mass Heiligmesse (B major, 1796)
• Nelson-Messe, d-moll, 1798
• Mass Theresa (Theresienmesse, B-dur, 1799)
• Mass with theme from the oratorio “The Creation of the World” (Schopfungsmesse, B-dur, 1801)
• mass with wind instruments (Harmoniemesse, B-dur, 1802)

Symphonic music

A total of 104 symphonies, including:

• "Oxford Symphony"
• "Funeral Symphony"
• 6 Paris Symphonies (1785-1786)
• 12 London Symphonies (1791-1792, 1794-1795), including Symphony No. 103 “With tremolo timpani”
• 66 divertissements and cassations

Works for piano

• Fantasies, variations

Memory

• A crater on the planet Mercury is named after Haydn.

In fiction

• Stendhal published the lives of Haydn, Mozart, Rossini and Metastasio in letters.

In numismatics and philately

Literature

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Alshvang A. A. Joseph Haydn. - M.-L. , 1947.
• Kremlev Yu. A. Joseph Haydn. Essay on life and creativity. - M., 1972.
• Novak L. Joseph Haydn. Life, creativity, historical significance. - M., 1973.
• Butterworth N. Haydn. - Chelyabinsk, 1999.
• J. Haydn - I. Kotlyarevsky: the mystery of optimism. Problems of mutual interaction between science, pedagogy, theory and practice of illumination: Collection of scientific works / Editorial. - L.V. Rusakova. VIP. 27. - Kharkiv, 2009. - 298 p. - ISBN 978-966-8661-55-6. (Ukrainian)
• Dies. Haydn's Biography. - Vienna, 1810. (German)
• Ludwig. Joseph Haydn. Ein Lebensbild. - Nordg., 1867. (German)
• Pohl. Mozart und Haydn in London. - Vienna, 1867. (German)
• Pohl. Joseph Haydn. - Berlin, 1875. (German)
• Lutz Gorner Joseph Haydn. Sein Leben, seine Musik. 3 CDs mit viel Musik nach der Biographie von Hans-Josef Irmen. KKM Weimar 2008. - ISBN 978-3-89816-285-2
• Arnold Werner-Jensen. Joseph Haydn. - München: Verlag C. H. Beck, 2009. - ISBN 978-3-406-56268-6. (German)
• H. C. Robbins Landon. The Symphonies of Joseph Haydn. - Universal Edition and Rockliff, 1955. (English)
• Landon, H. C. Robbins; Jones, David Wyn. Haydn: His Life and Music. - Indiana University Press, 1988. - ISBN 978-0-253-37265-9. (English)
• Webster, James; Feder, George(2001). "Joseph Haydn." The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Published separately as a book: (2002) The New Grove Haydn. New York: Macmillan. 2002. ISBN 0-19-516904-2

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