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Petr Grinev occupies a special place in the work. He is “the author of notes, the narrator. “He comes from an old, noble, but impoverished noble family, opposed to the government.”
Died on the forehead distant ancestor Grinev, and his grandfather suffered along with Volynsky and Khrushchev. Grinev's father also condemns secular St. Petersburg morals. The court calendar reminds him of the careerism and immorality that reigns at court. Therefore, he sends his son Petrusha not to the Semenovsky regiment, but to the army of the distant Orenburg region: “No, let him serve in the army, let him pull the strap, and smell gunpowder...” Grinev’s father is a typical landowner. Pushkin depicts the stagnation and monotony of life, depicting the Grinev family. For the writer, its wretchedness is redeemed by the fact that the old landowner, although strict and despotic, is fair. Let us remember how he bids his son farewell: “Farewell, Peter. Serve faithfully to whom you pledge allegiance; obey your superiors; Don’t chase their affection; don’t ask for service; and remember the proverb: take care of your dress again, but take care of your honor from a young age.”
The environment in which Pyotr Grinev grew up could not develop his intellectual abilities (“I lived as a teenager, chasing pigeons and playing leapfrog with the yard boys”). In terms of education, he is, of course, inferior to his antipode - Shvabrin. But the strong moral principles that his father instilled in him helped him get out of the most difficult situations.
Pushkin showed the image of Grinev in development: a crazy boy, a young man asserting his independence, a courageous and persistent adult. The events in which he finds himself are what make him so fast. For Pyotr Grinev, honor is loyalty to service and class. In the famous conversation with Pugachev we see a brave nobleman. Finding himself among enemies in a rebellious settlement, he behaves with great dignity. In relation to himself from Pugachev, he does not even allow a mocking tone. He does not need a life bought at the price of humiliating his noble rank. Grinev also truly loves. He saves the life of Masha Mironova, putting his own in danger. At the trial, Peter does not name the girl, preferring to be convicted. The quarrel with Shvabrin speaks of the nobility of Grinev, who stands up for the honor of Masha, whose love for himself he does not know. Shvabrin's vulgarity outrages him. Peter tries to hide his triumph over the defeated Shvabrin. By pitting Grinev and Shvabrin against each other in various life situations, the writer shows that the most important thing in a person is not education and external brilliance of the mind, but devotion to convictions and nobility.
By depicting Grinev and Shvabrin, Pushkin denies the possibility of an alliance between the nobility and the rebellious peasantry. People like Shvabrin join the uprising because they have no principles, no honor, no conscience and are driven by personal goals.
The writer does not think of hiding the class psychology of the Grinevs. He shows that even the morality of the most honest and just landowners is influenced by the power of the serf owner. Those actions of Pyotr Grinev that are worthy of condemnation are associated with his attitude towards serfs, and above all towards his faithful servant Savelich. I remember that one day Petrusha almost left his uncle among his enemies.
Grinev is still young, so out of frivolity he does not think about how his behavior is assessed from the outside when they accept Pugachev’s help in freeing Marya Petrovna. He is grateful: “I don’t know what to call you... But God sees that with my life I would be glad to pay you for what you did for me. Just don’t demand what is contrary to my honor and Christian conscience.”
Grinev sends Marya Ivanovna with Savelich to her parents - there is nowhere else to hide the orphaned captain’s daughter. He himself remembers his officer’s duties and remains in Zurik’s detachment. Then - arrest, trial... Grinev understands perfectly well what charges will be brought against him: “my unauthorized absence from Orenburg,” “my friendly relations with Pugachev.” Grinev does not feel much guilt here, and if he does not justify himself, it is because he does not want to “get Marya Ivanovna’s name mixed up among the vile slander of villains and bring her herself to a confrontation.”
This is Pushkin’s Grinev. Despite the mistakes of the hero of the work, we see the image of an honest, brave man, capable of great feeling, faithful to duty, but still frivolous in understanding the meaning of the events in which he was a participant.
This is how the aging landowner Pyotr Grinev sees himself, because the narration in the novel is still told on behalf of the hero himself, it was he who spoke about the events of his youth, about the 70s of the 18th century.
Masha Mironova- daughter of the commandant of the Belogorsk fortress. During our first meeting with her, we see an ordinary Russian girl: “chubby, ruddy, with light brown hair combed smoothly behind the ears.” Timid and sensitive, she was afraid even of a gun shot. In many ways, her timidity and embarrassment were caused by her lifestyle: she lived rather secluded, even lonely.
From the words of Vasilisa Yegorovna, we learn about the unenviable fate of the girl: “The girl is of marriageable age, but what is her dowry? a fine comb, a broom, and an altyn of money... something to go to the bathhouse with. Okay, if you can find it kind person; Otherwise you’ll sit as an eternal bride among the girls.” But Masha refuses Shvabrin’s offer to become his wife. Her pure, open soul cannot accept marriage to an unloved person: “Alexey Ivanovich, of course, is an intelligent man, has a good family name, and has a fortune; but when I think that it will be necessary to kiss him under the aisle in front of everyone... No way! not for any well-being!” A marriage of convenience is unthinkable for her, even if she finds herself in the most difficult situation. Masha sincerely fell in love with Peter Grinev. And she does not hide her feelings, openly giving him an answer to his explanation: “She, without any affectation, admitted to Grinev her heartfelt inclination and said that her parents would be glad of her happiness.” However, she never agrees to get married without the blessing of the groom's parents. It was not easy for Masha to distance herself from Pyotr Andreevich. Her feelings were still as strong, but pride, honor and dignity did not allow her to do otherwise after she learned of his parents’ disagreement with this marriage.
A bitter fate awaits the girl ahead: her parents were executed, and she was hidden in her house by the priest. But Shvabrin took Masha by force and put him under lock and key, forcing her to marry him. When the long-awaited salvation finally comes in the person of Pugachev, the girl is overcome by conflicting feelings: she sees before her the murderer of her parents and at the same time her savior. Instead of words of gratitude, “she covered her face with both hands and fell unconscious.”
Pugachev released Peter and Masha, and Grinev sent her to her parents, who received the girl well: “They saw the grace of God in the fact that they had the opportunity to shelter and caress a poor orphan. Soon they became sincerely attached to her, because it was impossible to recognize her and not love her.”
The character of Masha Mironova is clearly revealed after Grinev’s arrest. She was very worried because she knew the real reason arrest and considered herself guilty of Grinev’s misfortunes: “She hid her tears and suffering from everyone and meanwhile constantly thought about ways to save him.” Having told Grinev’s parents that “her entire future fate depends on this journey, that she is going to seek protection and help from strong people as the daughter of a man who suffered for his loyalty,” Masha goes to St. Petersburg. She is determined to achieve the release of her loved one, no matter the cost. Having met the empress by chance, but not yet knowing who this woman is, Masha openly tells her her story and the reasons for Grinev’s action: “I know everything, I’ll tell you everything. For me alone, he was exposed to everything that befell him.” It is in this meeting that the character of a modest and timid Russian girl without any education is truly revealed, who, however, found in herself enough strength, fortitude and unyielding determination to defend the truth and achieve the acquittal of her innocent fiancé. Soon she was called to the court, where the release of Pyotr Andreevich was announced.
After reading the work, we understand that the image of Masha Mironova was dear and close to the author. She personifies, along with Tatyana Larina, Pushkin’s ideal of a woman - with a pure, albeit slightly naive soul, a kind, sympathetic heart, faithful and capable of sincere love, for which she is ready to make any sacrifices and do the most daring things.
Popular mass shown in Pushkin's story is not one-faced. Among the peasants there were also active participants in the Pugachev movement (for example, the sentry peasants who captured Grinev near Berdskaya Sloboda), but there were also people like Savelich. The image of Savelich, a servant devoted to his masters, was necessary for Pushkin to true portrayal life of that time. In the image of Savelich, Pushkin painted a good Russian man, the tragedy of whose situation is that he lives in the era of serfdom, which depersonalizes the peasant, and above all and most of all, the courtyard. “Savelich is a miracle. This is the most tragic face, that is, the one who is most pitied in the story,” one of the writers of Pushkin’s contemporaries said well.
IN image of Savelich embodies many attractive traits characteristic of a simple Russian person: fidelity to duty, directness, the ability for deep affection and self-sacrifice. All the best in Grinev was brought up mainly by Savelich. Savelich is deeply attached to Grinev. He sees his duty as ensuring the happiness of his pet. Savelich is a slave by position, but not a slave by spirit. A sense of human dignity lives in him. Bitterness and pain were caused in Savelnch by the rude letter to him from old man Grinev. In Savelich’s response letter, Pushkin emphasized not only the old man’s obedience to his master, but also the awakening in the serf slave of the consciousness that he was the same person as his masters. In the image of Savelich, Pushkin protests against serfdom.
"The Captain's Daughter", in general, everything is soaked through and through folklore; she's saturated in folk speech and folk poetic images. Proverbs, sayings, songs, and fairy tales are generously woven into the fabric of the narrative. It is well known what importance he attached to
Pushkin epigraphs. Epigraphs should illuminate the story, emphasize its main idea, and explain individual episodes. Of the eleven epigraphs to “The Captain’s Daughter,” ten are borrowed from folk poetry, which seems to suggest and instill in the reader the idea of the folk element of the story. Pugachev’s speech is especially rich in folkloric moments. And the main revelation of Pugachev’s appearance was given by Pushkin in the images and symbols of folk poetry, in Pugachev’s “favorite song” and in Kalmyk fairy tale about the eagle and the raven, which he tells to Grinev.
These folkloric moments in “The Captain's Daughter” are not just an aesthetic device, but a poetic expression of a certain political concept. The assessments and views of M. N. Pokrovsky have still not been eliminated in the Pushkin studies literature. Pokrovsky considered “The History of Pugachev” a work that was “obviously unsuccessful” and, moreover, imbued with pronounced noble tendencies. “We must not forget for one minute,” wrote M. N. Pokrovsky, “that “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion” was written by the gentleman “landowner.” This led to a number of “contradictions”: the master Pushkin was the first idealizer of the leader of the peasant revolution and, in addition, it turns out that this gentleman and “admirer of the ultra-monarchist historiographer” (Karamzin) “loved rebels most of all in history.” “But this contradiction,” M.N. Pokrovsky further wrote, “is apparent. For Pushkin, Pugachev is not at all the leader of the peasant revolution, consciously directed against the masters. For him, Pugachev is the leader of the Cossack uprising, to whom the mob has attached itself, which adheres to any disorder that promises relief of its situation and plunder. But Cossacks are not at all like peasants. The first idealizer of Pugachev was at the same time the first idealizer of the Cossacks.”
Here Pushkin's point of view is expressed with utmost clarity. For him it is absolutely indisputable folk character Pugachev’s movements, and in the light of this note the meaning becomes clear folklore images and the folklore style of “The Captain’s Daughter”. The folklore element in the story reveals and symbolizes the folk character of the Pugachev movement. And all imbued folk wisdom, constantly spouting sayings and proverbs, getting carried away folk songs and revealing your dreams in images folk tale, Pugachev for Pushkin is, as it were, the embodiment of this popular element, its leader and its symbol. Of course, it does not follow from this that Pushkin was the ideologist of the peasant revolution. But Pushkin acutely realized the inevitability of peasant uprisings under the existing feudal system and with exceptional strength and poignancy raised this topic before his contemporaries and posterity
The folklore element of “The Captain's Daughter” clarifies the true essence of the story; in the images of folklore, the undoubted for Pushkin - using his own formula - nationality of the movement is revealed. At the same time, Pushkin’s understanding of folklore as the main artistic medium disclosure of nationality. “The Captain’s Daughter” is the completion of the path begun in “Fairy Tales” - the path of holistic disclosure through folklore of the image of the Russian people and their creative power. From “Ruslan and Lyudmila” - through “Songs about Razin” and “Songs of the Western Slavs” - to “Fairy Tales” and “The Captain’s Daughter” the path of Pushkin folklorism followed. In the era of “Ruslan and Lyudmila,” Pushkin perceived mainly the literary side of folk legend; in the southern period, the historical significance of folk literature was revealed to him; in Mikhailovskoye he understood and realized folklore as an expression of the nationality and as a powerful creative source. The last period is marked by the unification and creative synthesis of all these elements. The historical understanding of nationality that Pushkin had now developed led him to focus his work on folklore, which thereby meant an orientation toward the broad masses of the people and a break with noble-feudal limitations.
Old literary criticism failed to realize the significance of Pushkin’s holistic and organic path to folklore. The appeal to the Russian folk element seemed to remove Pushkin’s previous passion for Western culture. Such a mistake was completely natural. It is no coincidence that Turgenev could not understand the artistic power and charm of Pushkin’s “Fairy Tales”. ““Fairy Tales” and “Ruslan and Lyudmila” are the weakest of all his works,” he said in his speech at the opening of the Pushkin monument in 1880. At the same time, he added: “as is known,” i.e., apparently he thought so a common and taken-for-granted opinion. For Turgenev, such a judgment was inevitable - it flowed from his understanding of the essence of the people and the people's poet. It is rooted in his opposition between people and nation. In the same speech, Turgenev argued that ordinary people would never read Pushkin. "What a great poet read by those we call common people. The German common people do not read Goethe, the French Molière, even the English do not read Shakespeare.” “Their nation reads them.”
And only in the light of our understanding of nationality, in the light of the era of socialist construction and the creation of a classless society, is the organic combination of Pushkin’s two paths clearly revealed and fully comprehended. Orientation towards folk poetry and “vernacular”, on the one hand, and towards the great Western European writers, on the other, were inseparable in his mind, and on this path he saw the future of Russian literature. He envisioned the development of Russian literature along the path of broad Western European enlightenment and at the same time a deep mastery of the entire heritage of national Russian culture. Advanced ideas of world literature should become a national property. Hence the desire for simplicity, which Pushkin invariably preached. The system of these ideas contains the meaning and socio-historical significance of Pushkin’s folklorism.
One of the main characters of A. S. Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter” is Pyotr Grinev, it is on his behalf that the story is told, through his perception all the events of the story are shown. As fate would have it, his time in the army coincided with the time of the peasant uprising. This was a serious test not only for the state, authorities, nobles, but also for every person.
It is in critical situations that the true essence of a person, his character, will and good nature are revealed. A.S. Pushkin, as it were, throws his hero into the very thick of military events, guides him through all the vicissitudes of the uprising. At the same time, the spiritually rich personality of Pyotr Grinev is revealed to us.
Petrusha is a young nobleman who received a typical upbringing for those times. And “Although his French teacher did not give him deep knowledge, nevertheless Peter loved to read and even wrote poetry. Wanting to raise his son courageous and persistent, his father decided to send him to serve in the army, but not in the capital, but in some some distant fortress. From the moment Petrusha leaves his parents’ house, his independent, adult life begins. At first, it seems to him that he can cope without Savelich’s help.
In Simbirsk, Peter easily falls under the influence of the more experienced captain Zurin, who gave him punch and beat him a large amount into cards. Peter understands that he acted dissolutely, but duty is a matter of honor, as it is associated with a noble word. Of course, now it’s difficult for Petrusha to look Savelich in the eyes, but he learned the first lesson in his life. You can’t trust people you don’t know well; not everyone is as trusting and simple-minded as he is. While in the Belogorsk fortress, Grinev believed Shvabrin that Masha Mironova was a stupid and boring girl. But he believed it only because he did not allow the thought that a nobleman could slander and have some other benefit from it. Thus, we can say that Peter Grinev is an open, honest and decent person.
His most important qualities are loyalty to duty and Honor, which he considered important for any nobleman. Thanks to these qualities, Peter was able to go through all life's trials and dangers. Petrusha believed that it was impermissible for a nobleman who swore allegiance to the empress to swear allegiance to an escaped convict. He preferred to die than to become a traitor to his homeland and trample his honor and dignity into the mud. But Pugachev did not forget the kindness of Petrusha shown at the first meeting, he remembered the hare’s sheepskin coat and spared the young man.
Grinev, under no circumstances, can accept Pugachev’s offer to serve on his side. He is true to the leader of the rebellion to the end and openly declares to him,
that he cannot help but fight against, for it is his duty. And Pugachev accepted this argument. We see that such qualities of Grinev as honesty, openness, loyalty to duty and honor evoke admiration from Pugachev. He respects Grinev and is ready to help him, even when he openly fights against him. Peter does not tolerate injustice and deception. His feelings for Masha are pure and tender. He is ready to stand up for her honor and openly challenges Shvabrin to a duel.
We see that for Grinev the question of honor is a matter of life and death. During interrogation in the Pugachev case, Peter does not make excuses, does not mention Masha’s name, but behaves courageously and steadfastly.
In the image of Pyotr Grinev, A. S. Pushkin showed the most important personal qualities young man. The fate of the hero depends on them; they help him get out of any situation with dignity. Honesty, decency, justice and masculinity of Grinev can be an example for every person who begins an independent adult life. It is no coincidence that the epigraph of the story is the Russian proverb: “Take care of your honor from a young age.”
In the story “The Captain's Daughter” A.S. Pushkin touches on the problem of noble honor, which is very important for him and his compatriots. Showing the gradual development of the personality of Pyotr Grinev, the main character of the work, the author outlines the Russian national character, who is characterized by such qualities as kindness, nobility, honesty, loyalty to his word and the sovereign. Only after going through difficult life trials does the young nobleman become what we see him in the finale.
Life in my father's house
The text of the story is a memoir written on behalf of the main character, which gives the events described greater authenticity: no one can tell about a person better than himself.
Petrusha received a traditional upbringing for noble children. The kind uncle Savelich was assigned to him, who accompanied the young man even after his departure for service. He was taught by the French hairdresser Beaupré, who could not give a thorough education. The boy lived as a teenager, carefree and without thinking about the future.
Even before birth, the father enrolled his son in But when Pyotr Grinev reached the age of sixteen, he decided to send him not to St. Petersburg, but to Orenburg, under the supervision of an old acquaintance. It was a foregone conclusion further fate young nobleman.
Entering an independent life
The main parting word that the father gave when seeing off his son: “Take care of... honor from a young age.” Peter will follow this principle throughout his life. In the meantime, he looks more like a spoiled little baron. For the first time he gets drunk and loses a hundred rubles to an unfamiliar Zurin, then demands that Savelich definitely repay the debt. He insists on an urgent departure to where he was assigned in Orenburg, and finds himself in a strong snowstorm. But the formation of the personality of Pyotr Grinev is already beginning. He suffers, realizing his guilt before his faithful uncle, and asks him for forgiveness - the ability to admit his mistakes. He gives the counselor who helped them get out of the snowstorm a sheepskin coat - gratitude for the help provided.
Test of love
In the Belogorsk fortress, life brings Pyotr Grinev together with a glorious family and the cowardly Shvabrin. The actions of the latter to a greater extent highlight the noble traits of the main character. Both fall in love with Masha Mironova, but if Shvabrin stoops to baseness after being refused, Grinev is ready to pay own life defend the honor of your beloved girl. This happens in the case of a duel, when the hero challenges a more experienced opponent to a duel, who spoke insultingly towards Masha. And also at the moment when the Pugachevites enter the fortress.
Shvabrin not only goes over to their side, but also tricks him into keeping the defenseless girl locked up, and then announces that she is the daughter of the executed commandant. The characterization of Pyotr Grinev is completely different in the current situation. He has to do difficult choice between the duty of an officer, which obliged him to go to the unit, and the desire to protect his beloved. While the hero is sure that nothing threatens Masha, he goes to Orenburg, but at her first call, without receiving support and understanding from the command, he returns to the fortress. The hero will also remain silent at trial, when the accusation of treason based on the denunciation of the same Shvabrin could cost him his life. After all, to tell for what purpose he went to the fortress to Pugachev meant to involve the commandant’s daughter in an unpleasant story. And only Masha’s meeting with the empress will help restore justice and justify the hero.
Thus, the next stage when the formation of Pyotr Grinev’s personality occurs is his love, sincere and selfless. She turned yesterday's mischievous person into one capable of taking responsibility for another person.
Meeting Pugachev
During the capture of the Belogorsk fortress, Grinev shows strength of character, loyalty to the oath and the empress, and courage. Of course, a certain role in the fact that he was not executed along with the others was played by the hare sheepskin coat that Peter gave to the counselor on the way to the fortress. But the young officer refused to kiss the impostor’s hand and swear allegiance to him. Exactly this moral fortitude and the willingness to accept death for his convictions determined Pugachev’s attitude towards Grinev. And also the ability to always tell the truth, sincerity in everything and a feeling of complete inner freedom. This could be the characterization of Pyotr Grinev in the chapters that describe his meetings with the impostor. Indeed, the latter did not invite everyone to his table, let him go on all fours after refusing to go into his service, or gave his blessing for marriage with the daughter of the commandant of a military fortress.
The image of Pyotr Grinev in the story “The Captain's Daughter”: conclusions
Thus, during the events described, the character of the protagonist undergoes changes. And several points are important in this process. Firstly, the reasonable decision of the father, who sent his son not to St. Petersburg, where an idle life and amusements awaited him, but to a remote fortress, which in fact became the place where he pulled the strap and smelled gunpowder. Secondly, the era itself and the important historical event- uprising under the leadership of Pugachev. As a rule, only in difficult life situations do they manifest themselves true human. IN in this case the carefree boy turned into a real man.
Defining the ideological plan of A. Pushkin, it can be noted that the gradual formation of the personality of Pyotr Grinev was supposed to reveal in the hero those traits that every Russian nobleman should have. And the main ones are “two wonderful qualities”: kindness and nobility. They are exactly what Pyotr Grinev would like to see in his descendants. This wish of the author of the memoirs, which completed the draft version of the story, was excluded during the last edition of The Captain's Daughter.
Fate and character. One of the main characters of A. S. Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter” is Pyotr Grinev, it is on his behalf that the story is told, through his perception all the events of the story are shown. As fate would have it, his time in the army coincided with the time of the peasant uprising. This was a serious test not only for the state, authorities, nobles, but also for every person. It is in critical situations that the true essence of a person, his character, will and good nature are revealed. A.S. Pushkin, as it were, throws his hero into the very thick of military events, guides him through all the vicissitudes of the uprising. At the same time, the spiritually rich personality of Pyotr Grinev is revealed to us.
Petrusha is a young nobleman who received a typical upbringing for those times. And although his French teacher did not give him deep knowledge, Peter nevertheless loved to read and even composed poetry. Wanting to raise his son to be courageous and persistent, the father decided to send him to serve in the army, but not to the capital, but to some distant fortress. From the moment Petrusha leaves his parents' home, his independent, adult life begins. At first it seems to him that he can cope without Savelich’s help. In Simbirsk, Peter easily falls under the influence of the more experienced captain Zurin, who gave him punch and beat him for a large sum at cards. Peter understands that he acted dissolutely, but duty is a matter of honor, as it is associated with a noble word. Of course, now it’s difficult for Petrusha to look Savelich in the eyes, but he learned the first lesson in his life. You can’t trust people you don’t know well; not everyone is as trusting and simple-minded as he is. While in the Belogorsk fortress, Grinev believed Shvabrin that Masha Mironova was a stupid and boring girl. But he believed it only because he did not allow the thought that a nobleman could slander and have some other benefit from it. Thus, we can say that Peter Grinev is an open, honest and decent person.
His most important qualities were loyalty to duty and honor, which he considered important for any nobleman. Thanks to these qualities, Peter was able to go through all life's trials and dangers. Petrusha believed that it was impermissible for a nobleman who swore allegiance to the empress to swear allegiance to an escaped convict. He preferred to die than to become a traitor to his homeland and trample his honor and dignity into the mud. But Pugachev did not forget the kindness of Petrusha shown at the first meeting, he took the hare's sheepskin coat and spared the young man. Grinev, under no circumstances, can accept Pugachev’s offer to serve on his side. He is honest with the leader of the rebellion to the end and openly declares to him that he cannot help but fight against him, because it is his duty. And Pugachev accepted this argument. We see that such qualities of Grinev as honesty, openness, loyalty to duty and honor evoke admiration from Pugachev. He respects Grinev and is ready to help him, even when he openly fights against him. Peter does not tolerate injustice and deception. His feelings for Masha are pure and tender. He is ready to stand up for her honor and openly challenges Shvabrin to a duel. We see that for Grinev the question of honor is a matter of life and death. During interrogation in the Pugachev case, Peter does not make excuses, does not mention Masha’s name, but behaves courageously and steadfastly.
In the image of Pyotr Grinev, A.S. Pushkin showed the most important personal qualities of a young man. The fate of the hero depends on them; they help him get out of any situation with dignity. Grinev's honesty, decency, justice and masculinity can be an example for every person who begins an independent adult life. It is no coincidence that the epigraph of the story is the Russian proverb: “Take care of your honor from a young age.”
Cool! 11
This essay reveals the character of Pyotr Grinev, his formation as a person.
Story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" was written in the thirties of the nineteenth century. In this work, the author touched on the topic of moral education younger generation. Therefore, as an epigraph to the story, Pushkin took a shortened version of the Russian proverb: “Take care of your honor from a young age.” Using the example of Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, the author revealed the formation of personality, the manifestation of his best human qualities.
The main character of the story, Pyotr Grinev, was the son of a military man, Andrei Petrovich Grinev, who retired. At the age of five, Peter was given to be raised by Savelich, a serf. When the boy was twelve years old, his father hired a Frenchman for him, who was supposed to teach Peter French, German and other sciences. But such a teacher was of little use. The Frenchman was “a kind fellow, but flighty and dissolute,” for which he was expelled from the estate. That was the end of Peter's education.
He lived as a teenager, running around with the yard boys. This continued until I was sixteen. When he got to the Belogorsk fortress, his life changed dramatically. The young rake is a thing of the past. In the fortress, Grinev met his love - Masha Mironova, the daughter of the commandant. Of course, there were actions that Peter recalled with shame. These are the money lost to Captain Zurin, rudeness and lordly manners towards Savelich, who did not want to pay his debt. By his behavior, Peter wanted to prove that he was an adult. But there was also an act that later saved his life. On the way to the fortress, having gotten lost during a snowstorm, Grinev and Savelich met a random passer-by who led them to the inn. In gratitude, Peter gave the peasant his sheepskin coat, without thinking that his kindness would be repaid to him a hundredfold.
When the fortress was captured by Pugachev, Peter chose the most terrible execution, but not betrayal, he remained faithful to the oath he took to the empress. But the faithful Savelich saved his master by reminding Pugachev of the hare’s sheepskin coat. In a face-to-face conversation, Pugachev called Peter a man of honor, since he stood up for his ideals to the end, distinguished by valor, dignity and loyalty. And Pyotr Grinev, over several meetings, saw a human being in the rebel and villain, and was able to appreciate in him his ingenuity, love of will, talent and originality.
He began to understand the doom of the rebellious peasants and learned to sympathize with them.
While in besieged Orenburg, having learned about Masha who was in trouble, he rushed to her aid. Of course, love and duty fought in his heart. As a nobleman and an officer, he turned to the general for help, but he refused him, citing his own arguments. A sense of responsibility and love for Masha pushed him into the camp of the enemy. He saw no other way out.
Risking his life, career, noble honor, he saved Masha. And even when he was accused of treason, he did not justify himself before the court, not wanting to involve Masha in his troubles. This suggests that from the undergrowth it was formed a real man. And although Pyotr Grinev did not accomplish great feats, he remained faithful to the instructions of his father, for whom the most important values were duty and honor. Despite the fact that Peter's actions have no historical significance, but the human exploits he accomplished are more important than any significant state events.
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Along with other important issues, the novel “The Captain's Daughter” poses the problem of educating the younger generation in the spirit of patriotism. How does the writer propose to educate true citizens of the country? Pushkin is too smart to give ready-made recipes. In the characters of Grinev and Shvabrin, he shows examples of diametrically opposed characters, and the readers themselves must draw their own conclusions.
The novel is written in the form of memoirs of Pyotr Andreich Grinev, where he recalls his youth and meetings with the “robber Pugachev.” Grinev’s childhood and youth were no different from the lives of other underage bards, so this is mentioned in passing in the novel, but Grinev talks about his upcoming service in the army in detail, because he dreamed of serving in St. Petersburg, in the guard, and hoped for a cheerful and carefree life. His father gave him something else: “What will he learn in St. Petersburg? Wander and hang out? No, let him serve in the army, let him pull the strap, let him smell gunpowder, let him be a soldier, not a shamaton.” It was not customary to argue with the father; he decides what “Petrusha” should do; in his parting words to his son there is a serious order, which the son did not even try to challenge in his thoughts.
The authority of the father is the basis of the family. For Pyotr Grinev, this is a kind of oath of allegiance to the family, which he will never betray. The father instructs: “Farewell, Peter. Serve faithfully to whom you pledge allegiance; obey your superiors; Don’t chase their affection; don’t ask for service; do not dissuade yourself from serving; and remember the proverb: “Take care of your dress again, but take care of your honor from a young age.”
Grinev learned his father's lesson well. He understands perfectly well that a lost debt must be paid for. Pyotr Andreich responds to Savelich’s objections with insolence, but returns the money to Zurina. He presents the counselor with a hare's sheepskin coat, that is, according to Savelich, he behaves “like a foolish child,” but, in our opinion, nobly.
Service in the fortress is not burdensome for Grinev, and after he became interested in the captain’s daughter, it is even pleasant. The duel with Shvabrin adds positive traits Grinev. He is not some kind of incompetent, but a man who has an idea of how to handle a sword. And, don’t be mean to Shvabrin, it is still unknown how the duel would have ended.
His love for Masha Mironova played an important role in the formation of Grinev’s character. In love, a person opens up to the end. We see that Grinev is not just in love, he is ready to take responsibility for his beloved. And when Masha remains a defenseless orphan, Pyotr Andreevich risks not only his life, but also his honor, which is more important to him. He proved this during the capture of the Belogorsk fortress, when, without swearing allegiance to the “villain,” he awaited reprisals. “Pugachev waved his handkerchief, and the good lieutenant hung next to his old boss. The line was behind me. I boldly looked at Pugachev, preparing to repeat the answer of my generous comrades.”
Grinev never deviated from his father’s order, and when the turn came to answer for Shvabrin’s slander, Pyotr Andreich did not even think of justifying himself in Masha’s name. From the beginning to the end of the novel we see a mature, gradually maturing hero who sacredly observes his father’s oath and covenant. This character, sometimes youthfully dissolute, but kind and persistent, arouses the sympathy of readers. We are filled with pride in the knowledge that our ancestors were like this, having won many glorious victories.
Reading a novel, we not only admire it the best heroes, but I want to imitate them. Pushkin saw this as the main purpose of literature.
Source: www.litra.ru
The main character of the family and everyday part of the story is Pyotr Andreevich Grinev. The son of a landowner, Grinev received home education according to the custom of that time - first under the guidance of Uncle Savelich, then by the Frenchman Beaupré, a hairdresser by profession. Grinev’s father, domineering to the point of tyranny, but honest, alien to seeking before the highest ranks, wanted to see in his son a real nobleman, as he understood it.
Looking at military service As a nobleman’s duty, old man Grinev sends his son not to the guard, but to the army, so that he “pull the strap” and become a disciplined soldier. Saying goodbye to Peter, the old man gave him instructions, in which he expressed his understanding of the service: “Serve faithfully to whom you pledge allegiance; obey your superiors; Don’t chase their affection; don’t ask for service, don’t talk yourself out of service, and remember the proverb: take care of your dress again, but take care of your honor from a young age.”
Pyotr Grinev strives to fulfill his father’s wishes. During the defense of the Belogorsk fortress, he behaves like a brave officer, honestly performing his duty. After a moment’s hesitation, Grinev responds to Pugachev’s offer to enter his service with a decisive refusal. “My head is in your power,” he said to Pugachev: “if you let me go, thank you; If you execute, God will be your judge.” Pugachev liked Grinev’s directness and sincerity and endeared him to the magnanimous leader of the rebellious people.
However, duty did not always win in Grinev’s soul. His behavior in Orenburg is determined not by the duty of an officer, but by a feeling of love for Masha Mironova. Having violated military discipline, he goes without permission to the Belogorsk fortress to save his beloved girl. And only after freeing her, moreover, with the help of Pugachev, he returns to the army again, joining Zurin’s detachment.
Pyotr Grinev shares the noble point of view on the peasant uprising. He sees in him a “senseless and merciless rebellion,” and in Pugachev a robber. In the scene when he demands money from Savelich to pay his loss to Zurin, he behaves like a serf-owner.
But by his nature, Grinev is a gentle and kind person. He is fair and admits to himself his frivolity. Feeling guilty before Savelich, he asks him for forgiveness and gives his word to obey his uncle in the future. Grinev loves Savelich. At the risk of his life, he tries to rescue Savelich when he fell into the hands of the Pugachevites of the Berdskaya Sloboda. Grinev is gullible and does not understand people of this type like Shvabrin. Sincere and deep love Grinev has feelings for Masha. He is drawn to the simple and good Mironov family.
Despite the noble prejudice against Pugachev, he sees him as smart, brave, generous person, protector of the poor and orphans. “Why not tell the truth?” Grinev writes in his notes. “At that moment, strong sympathy attracted me to him. I ardently wanted... to save his head..."
The image of Grinev is given in development. His character traits develop and are gradually revealed to the reader. His behavior, in each case, is psychologically motivated. Of the representatives of the nobility depicted in the story, he is the only positive face, although in his views and beliefs he remains a son of his time and his class.
Source: www.kritika24.ru
“Take care of honor from a young age” - this covenant is the main one in the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter". This is exactly what Pyotr Grinev follows.
The hero's parents were poor nobles who doted on Petrusha, because they had him only child. Even before his birth, the hero was enrolled as an officer in the Semenovsky regiment.
Petrusha received an unimportant education - under the guidance of Uncle Savelich, “in my twelfth year I learned Russian literacy and could very sensibly judge the properties of a greyhound dog.” The hero considered the most interesting activity to be “chasing pigeons and playing leapfrog with the yard boys.”
But at the age of sixteen, Grinev’s fate changed dramatically. He ends up in military service - in the Belogorsk fortress. Here the hero falls in love with the daughter of the commandant of the fortress, Masha Mironova. Here Grinev becomes a participant in the peasant uprising led by Emelyan Pugachev.
From the very beginning, the hero of the novel is distinguished by kindness, good manners, respectful attitude to people: “The husband and wife were the most respectable people.” Peter values most of all his good name and the honor of other people.
That is why he does not swear allegiance to Pugachev: “I am a natural nobleman; I swore allegiance to the Empress: I cannot serve you.” While communicating with him, the hero treats Pugachev as a criminal who wants to seize the sacred - state power.
Grinev behaves very honorably, even when he finds himself under investigation. He behaves calmly, thinks not only about himself, but also about Masha’s honest name: “I calmly looked at Shvabrin, but didn’t say a word to him.”
Pushkin shows that only by caring about one’s honor can one emerge victorious from all trials: in the end, Grinev is completely acquitted, and Shvabrin is rightly sentenced to imprisonment.
Thus, in Pushkin’s novel “The Captain’s Daughter” Grinev is positive hero. He is a “living person”, with his own merits and demerits (remember how he lost at cards or offended Savelich). But according to his “views,” this hero always remains on the side of good. That is why the author and we, the readers, sympathize with him.
