Basic drawing skills are practiced using simple three-dimensional figures. What is important here is the ability to correctly measure the sizes and relationships of objects, and correctly construct a perspective, and compose an image on a sheet, and accurately convey chiaroscuro. What are simple three-dimensional figures?
Simple volumetric figures By simple volumetric figures in drawing we mean such volumetric figures as: cube, parallelepiped, prism, cone, ball. For educational purposes, figures cast from plaster are used in drawing. All of them have regular geometric features and a smooth white surface.Geometrically correct volumetric bodies help develop the ability to accurately draw straight and curved lines. For example, in drawing a cube, you need to accurately determine the perspective cuts and draw its smooth edges by hand, without aids. And, in drawing a ball, it is important to draw the correct circle, again without additional means at hand. Just a pencil, paper and eraser.
Features of constructing volumetric figures
for beginning artists
In a training drawing entry level a perspective construction technique is used, in which vertical lines are depicted strictly vertical, and horizontal and diagonal lines are drawn taking into account perspective.
Such postulates for constructing perspective, on the one hand, run counter to modern trends in 3D graphics, where machines are already trained to convey perspective cuts that are practically indistinguishable from real ones, and we are accustomed to this quality of display of reality. On the other hand, for educational purposes, the depiction of vertical lines without taking into account perspective makes it easier for the novice artist to construct space and objects in it. In addition, in practice, strictly vertical lines in the works of beginners help to properly organize the space and look quite harmonious.
Chiaroscuro in educational drawing of volumetric figures
IN general outline Let's understand the concept of educational tonal drawing of three-dimensional figures. When applying tone in a training drawing of three-dimensional figures, it is important to concentrate on creating the illusion of volume and space. The first is achieved by following the general principles of shadow theory. It is important to note here that when learning to draw three-dimensional figures, it is advisable to use shading in the shape of these same figures and in the direction of the shadows. The feeling of space in a training drawing is achieved by increasing the contrast of light and shadow gradations in the foreground and softening the shadows in the background.
When needed: to identify personality types: leader, performer, scientist, inventor, etc.
TEST
"Constructive drawing of a man from geometric shapes»
Instructions
Please draw a human figure made up of 10 elements, which may include triangles, circles, and squares. You can increase or decrease these elements (geometric shapes) in size and overlap each other as needed.
It is important that all these three elements are present in the image of a person, and the sum of the total number of figures used is equal to 10. If you used more figures when drawing, then you need to cross out the extra ones, but if you used less than 10 figures, you need to complete the missing ones.
Key to the test “Constructive drawing of a person from geometric shapes”
Description
The test “Constructive drawing of a person from geometric figures” is intended to identify individual typological differences.
The employee is offered three sheets of paper measuring 10 × 10 cm. Each sheet is numbered and signed. On the first sheet, the first test drawing is made, then, accordingly, on the second sheet - the second, on the third sheet - the third.
The employee needs to draw a human figure on each sheet, made up of 10 elements, which may include triangles, circles, and squares. An employee can increase or decrease these elements (geometric shapes) in size and overlap each other as needed. It is important that all these three elements are present in the image of a person, and the sum of the total number of figures used is equal to 10.
If an employee used a larger number of shapes when drawing, then he needs to cross out the extra ones, but if he used fewer than 10 shapes, he needs to complete the missing ones.
If the instructions are violated, the data will not be processed.
Example of drawings made by three assessees
Processing the result
Count the number of triangles, circles and squares used in the image of a man (for each picture separately). Write the result as three-digit numbers, where:
- hundreds indicate the number of triangles;
- tens – number of circles;
- units – number of squares.
These three-digit numbers make up the so-called drawing formula, according to which those drawing are assigned to the corresponding types and subtypes.
Interpretation of the result
Our own empirical studies, in which more than 2000 drawings were obtained and analyzed, showed that the relationship of various elements in structural drawings is not accidental. The analysis allows us to identify eight main types, which correspond to certain typological characteristics.
The interpretation of the test is based on the fact that the geometric figures used in the drawings differ in semantics:
- the triangle is usually referred to as a sharp, offensive figure associated with masculine;
- circle – a streamlined figure, more in tune with sympathy, softness, roundness, femininity;
- a square, a rectangle are interpreted as a specifically technical structural figure, a technical module.
Typology based on the preference for geometric shapes allows us to form a kind of system of individual typological differences.
Types
Type I – leader
Drawing formulas: 901, 910, 802, 811, 820, 703, 712, 721, 730, 604, 613, 622, 631, 640. Dominance over others is most severely expressed in subtypes 901, 910, 802, 811, 820; situationally - at 703, 712, 721, 730; when influencing people with speech - verbal leader or teaching subtype - 604, 613, 622, 631, 640.
Typically, these are people with a penchant for leadership and organizational activities, focused on socially significant norms of behavior, and may have the gift of good storytellers, based on a high level of speech development. They have good adaptation in the social sphere and maintain dominance over others within certain limits.
It must be remembered that the manifestation of these qualities depends on the level of mental development. At a high level of development personality traits developments are feasible and well understood.
At low levels they may not be detected in professional activity, and to be present situationally is worse if it is inadequate to the situations. This applies to all characteristics.
Type II – responsible executor
Drawing formulas: 505, 514, 523, 532, 541, 550.
This type of person has many traits of the “leader” type, being disposed towards it, however, there are often hesitations in making responsible decisions. Such a person is focused on the ability to get things done, high professionalism, has high feeling responsibility and exactingness towards oneself and others, highly values \u200b\u200brightness, that is, it is characterized by increased sensitivity to truthfulness. He often suffers from somatic diseases of nervous origin due to overexertion.
Type III – anxious and suspicious
Drawing formulas: 406, 415, 424, 433, 442, 451, 460.
This type of people is characterized by a variety of abilities and talents - from fine manual skills to literary talent. Usually these people are cramped within one profession, they can change it to a completely opposite and unexpected one, and also have a hobby, which is essentially a second profession. Physically they cannot tolerate clutter and dirt. They usually conflict with other people because of this. They are characterized by increased vulnerability and often doubt themselves. Need encouragement.
In addition, 415 - “poetic subtype” - usually persons who have such a drawing formula have poetic talent; 424 – a subtype of people recognized by the phrase “How can you work poorly? I can’t imagine how it could work poorly.” People of this type are particularly careful in their work.
IV type – scientist
Drawing formulas: 307, 316, 325, 334, 343, 352, 361, 370.
These people easily abstract from reality, have a conceptual mind, and are distinguished by the ability to develop all their theories. They usually have peace of mind and rationally think through their behavior.
Subtype 316 is characterized by the ability to create theories, mainly global ones, or carry out large and complex coordination work.
325 – a subtype characterized by a great passion for knowledge of life, health, biological disciplines, and medicine. Representatives of this type are often found among people involved in synthetic arts: cinema, circus, theatrical and entertainment directing, animation, etc.
Type V – intuitive
Drawing formulas: 208, 217, 226, 235, 244, 253, 262, 271, 280.
People of this type have a strong sensitivity of the nervous system and its high exhaustion. They work more easily by switching from one activity to another; they usually act as advocates for the minority. They have increased sensitivity to novelty. They are altruistic, often show concern for others, have good manual skills and imaginative imagination, which gives them the ability to engage in technical types of creativity. They usually develop their own moral standards and have internal self-control, that is, they prefer self-control, reacting negatively to attacks on their freedom.
235 – often found among professional psychologists or people with an increased interest in psychology;
244 – has the ability for literary creativity;
217 – has the ability for inventive activity;
226 – has a great need for novelty, usually sets very high standards of achievement for himself.
Type VI – inventor, designer, artist
Drawing formulas: 109, 118, 127, 136, 145, 019, 028, 037, 046.
Often found among people with a technical streak. These are people with a rich imagination, spatial vision, and often engage in various types technical, artistic and intellectual creativity. More often they are introverted, just like the intuitive type, they live by their own moral standards, and do not accept any outside influences other than self-control. Emotional, obsessed with their own original ideas.
The following subtypes are also distinguished:
019 – found among people who have good command of the audience;
118 is the type with the most pronounced design capabilities and ability to invent.
VII type – emotive
Drawing formulas: 550, 451, 460, 352, 361, 370, 253, 262, 271, 280, 154, 163, 172, 181, 190, 055, 064, 073, 082, 091.
They have increased empathy towards others, have a hard time dealing with cruel scenes of the film, and can be unsettled for a long time and shocked by cruel events. The pains and worries of other people find in them participation, empathy and sympathy, on which they spend a lot of their own energy, as a result it becomes difficult to realize their own abilities.
Type VIII – the opposite of emotive
Drawing formulas: 901, 802, 703, 604, 505, 406, 307, 208, 109.
This type of people has the opposite tendency to the emotive type. Usually does not feel the experiences of other people, or treats them with inattention, or even increases pressure on people. If this is a good specialist, then he can force others to do what he considers necessary. Sometimes it is characterized by callousness, which arises situationally when, for some reason, a person becomes isolated in the circle of his own problems.
Fun and colorful tasks for children "Drawings from geometric shapes" are a very convenient educational material for preschool and younger children school age on learning and memorizing basic geometric shapes: triangle, circle, oval, square, rectangle and trapezoid. All tasks are intended for independent work child under adult supervision. The parent or teacher must correctly explain to the child what he must do in each task.
1. Drawings from geometric shapes - Conditions for completing tasks:
To start completing the tasks, download the attached form in which you will find 2 types of tasks: drawings of geometric shapes for coloring and a task for drawing figures using logical and imaginative thinking. Print the downloaded page on a color printer and give it to your child along with colored pencils or markers.
- In the first task, the child needs to mentally connect each two parts of the presented figures into one and draw the resulting geometric shape in the corresponding cell. Explain to your child that the parts can be rotated in different directions in his mind until he gets the desired combination to make the figure. For example, two triangles can be rotated to make a square. After this, the square needs to be drawn in the cell next to the triangle. The rest of the drawings must be made using the same principle.
- In the second task, children must correctly name the figures that make up the drawn pictures. These pictures then need to be colored using the colors next to the geometric shapes. Each figure must be painted only in the specified color.
To give the activity more energy and enthusiasm, you can unite several children into a group and let them complete tasks for a while. The child who is the first to complete all tasks without errors is declared the winner. As a prize, you can hang his work on the wall of achievements (such a wall must be present both at home and in kindergarten).
You can download the task "Drawings from geometric shapes" in the attachments at the bottom of the page.
2. Geometric shapes in drawings - 3 coloring tasks:
The next activity also hides basic geometric shapes in drawings. The child needs to find these figures, name them, and then color them in such a way that each figure corresponds to a specific color (following the instructions on the form with the task).
In the second task, you need to draw any geometric shapes on all floors, but you must comply with the following condition: on each floor, the shapes must be in a different order. This task can be modified later. To do this, it is enough to draw exactly such a house on paper and ask the child to fill it with figures so that in each entrance there are no identical figures(the entrance is a vertical row of squares).
In the third task, you need to, guided by the arrows, draw exactly the same geometric shapes inside or outside these shapes.
Do not rush your child or give him any hints until he asks you to do so. If your child gets something wrong, you can always print out another copy of the educational form with the task.
You can download the assignment “Geometric Shapes in Drawings” in the attachments at the bottom of the page.
In this activity, children will again have to find geometric shapes among the drawings. After previous lessons, it will be easier for them to navigate familiar forms, so I think both tasks will not cause any difficulties for them.
The second task also gives the child the opportunity to repeat mathematical signs and learn to count to ten, as he will need to count the number of figures and put “more” and “less” signs between the pictures.
You can download the coloring book "Funny Drawings of Shapes" in the attachments at the bottom of the page.
You will also find other materials on studying geometric shapes useful:
Here you and your child can learn geometric shapes and their names with fun picture activities.
The tasks will familiarize the child with the basic shapes of geometry - circle, oval, square, rectangle and triangle. Only here there is no boring memorization of the names of figures, but a kind of coloring game.
As a rule, geometry begins to be studied by drawing flat geometric figures. The perception of the correct geometric shape is impossible without drawing it with your own hands on a sheet of paper.
This activity will greatly amuse your young mathematicians. After all, now they will have to find familiar shapes of geometric figures among many pictures.
Layering shapes on top of each other is a geometry activity for preschoolers and junior schoolchildren. The point of the exercise is to solve addition examples. These are just unusual examples. Instead of numbers, you need to add geometric shapes.
This task is designed in the form of a game in which the child will have to change the properties of geometric shapes: shape, color or size.
Here you can download tasks in pictures that show how to count geometric shapes for math classes.
In this task, the child will become familiar with the concept of drawings of geometric bodies. Essentially, this lesson is a mini-lesson on descriptive geometry.
Here we have prepared for you three-dimensional geometric paper shapes that need to be cut and glued. Cube, pyramids, rhombus, cone, cylinder, hexagon, print them on cardboard (or colored paper and then paste them on cardboard), and then give them to the child to memorize.
Children love to color and trace, so these activities will make your numeracy sessions as effective as possible.
And you can also play online math games from little fox Bibushi:
In this developing online game The child will have to determine which is odd among the 4 pictures. In this case, it is necessary to be guided by the characteristics of geometric shapes.
Identification of individual typological differences.
Test instructions
“You need to draw a human figure made up of 10 elements, which may include triangles, circles, and squares. You can increase or decrease these elements (geometric shapes) in size and overlap each other as needed. It is important that all these three elements are present in the image of a person, and the sum of the total number of figures used is equal to ten. If you used a larger number of shapes when drawing, then you need to cross out the extra ones, but if you used fewer than ten shapes, you need to complete the missing ones. Carry out the drawing according to these instructions."
Material: subjects are offered three sheets of paper measuring 10x10 cm, each sheet is numbered and signed. On sheet No. 1 the first test drawing is made; further, respectively, on sheet No. 2 - the second, on sheet No. 3 - the third. After three drawings are completed, the data is processed. If the instructions are violated, the material will not be processed.
Processing test results
Data processing is carried out as follows: the number of triangles, circles and squares spent in the image of a man is calculated (for each picture separately), and the result is written in the form of three-digit numbers, where
- hundreds indicate quantity triangles,
- tens- quantity circles,
- units-quantity squares.
These three-digit numbers make up the so-called “drawing formula”, according to which those drawing are assigned to the corresponding types and subtypes, which are presented in the table.
Interpretation of test results
The interpretation of the test is based on the fact that the geometric figures used in the drawings differ in semantics. Triangle usually referred to as a “sharp”, “offensive” figure associated with the masculine principle. Circle– a streamlined figure, more in tune with sympathy, softness, roundness, femininity. It is easier to build something from square-shaped elements than from others, therefore square, the rectangle is interpreted as a specifically technical structural figure, a “technical module”.
Personality types
Type I – “ supervisor" Usually these are people with a penchant for leadership and organizational activities. They are oriented towards socially significant norms of behavior and may have the gift of good storytellers, based on a high level of speech development. They have good adaptation in the social sphere and maintain dominance over others within certain limits.
Drawing formulas: 901, 910, 802, 811, 820, 703, 712, 721, 730, 604, 613, 622, 631, 640.
- Most severe domination over others expressed in subtypes 901, 910, 802, 811, 820;
- situationally-у 703, 712, 721, 730;
- when influencing people with speech - verbal leader or “teaching subtype” – 604, 613, 622, 631, 640.
It must be remembered that the manifestation of these qualities depends on the level of mental development. At a high level of development, individual traits are developed, realizable, and quite well understood. At a low level of development, they may not be detected in professional activities, but are present situationally, worse if they are inadequate to the situations. This applies to all characteristics.
Type II – “ responsible executive“possesses many of the traits of the “leader” type, however, there is often hesitation in making responsible decisions.
This type of people is more focused on “the ability to get things done”, high professionalism, has a high sense of responsibility and demands on themselves and others, highly values being right, i.e. characterized by increased sensitivity to truthfulness. They often suffer from somatic diseases of nervous origin as a result of overexertion.
Drawing formulas: 505, 514, 523, 532, 541, 550.
III type – “ anxious and suspicious“-characterized by a variety of abilities and talents - from fine manual skills to literary talent. Usually, people of this type are cramped within one profession, they can change it to a completely opposite and unexpected one, and also have a hobby, which is essentially a second profession. Physically they cannot stand disorder and dirt. They usually conflict with other people because of this. They are characterized by increased vulnerability and often doubt themselves. They need gentle reassurance.
Drawing formulas: 406, 415, 424, 433, 442, 451, 460.
- 415 – “poetic subtype” – usually people who have this drawing formula have poetic talent;
- 424 – a subtype of people recognized by the phrase: “How can you work poorly? I can’t imagine how it could work poorly.” People of this type are particularly careful in their work.
Type IV – “ scientist" These people easily abstract from reality, have a “conceptual mind,” and are distinguished by the ability to develop their own theories “for everything.” They usually have peace of mind and rationally think through their behavior.
Drawing formulas: 307, 316, 325, 334, 343, 352, 361, 370.
- 316 is characterized by the ability to create theories, mostly global ones, or carry out large and complex coordination work;
- 325 – a subtype characterized by a great passion for knowledge of life, health, biological disciplines, and medicine.
Representatives of this type are often found among people involved in synthetic arts: cinema, circus, theatrical and entertainment directing, animation, etc.
V type – “ intuitive" People of this type have a strong sensitivity of the nervous system and high fatigue.
They work more easily by switching from one activity to another; they usually act as “minority lawyers”, behind whom lie new opportunities. They have increased sensitivity to novelty. They are altruistic, often show concern for others, have good manual skills and imaginative imagination, which makes it possible to engage in technical types of creativity.
They usually develop their own moral standards and have internal self-control, i.e. prefer self-control, reacting negatively to attacks on their freedom.
Drawing formulas: 208, 217, 226, 235, 244, 253, 262, 271, 280.
- 235 – often found among professional psychologists or people with an increased interest in human psychology;
- 244 – has the ability of literary creativity,
- 217 – has the ability for inventive activity;
- 226 – great need for novelty, usually sets very high standards of achievement for himself.
VI type – “ inventor, designer, artist" Often found among people with a “technical streak.” These are people with a rich imagination, spatial vision, and are often engaged in various types of technical, artistic and intellectual creativity. More often they are introverted, just like the intuitive type, they live by their own moral standards, and do not accept any outside influences other than self-control.
Emotional, obsessed with their own original ideas.
Drawing formulas: 109, 118, 127, 136, 145, 019, 028, 037, 046.
- 019 – found among people who have good command of the audience;
- 118 is the type with the most pronounced design capabilities and ability to invent.
VII type – “ emotive" They have increased empathy towards other people, have a hard time dealing with cruel scenes of the film, and can be unsettled for a long time and shocked by cruel events. The pains and worries of other people find their participation, empathy and sympathy, on which they spend a lot of their own energy, as a result it becomes difficult to realize their own abilities.
Drawing formulas: 550, 451, 460, 352, 361, 370, 253, 262, 271, 280, 154, 163, 172, 181, 190, 055, 064, 073, 082, 091.
VIII type – “ insensitive to the feelings of others" Has the opposite tendency to the emotive type. Usually does not feel the experiences of other people or treats them with inattention and even increases pressure on people.
If this is a good specialist, then he can force others to do what he considers necessary. Sometimes it is characterized by “callousness,” which arises situationally when, for some reason, a person becomes isolated in the circle of his own problems.
Drawing formulas: 901, 802, 703, 604, 505, 406, 307, 208, 109.
Studying and drawing geometric bodies in educational academic drawing is the basis for mastering the principles and methods of depicting more complex forms.
Education fine arts requires strict adherence to the sequence of complicating learning tasks and repeated repetitions to master the technique. The most suitable form for mastering the principles of drawing is geometric bodies, based on clear structural structures. On simple geometric bodies It is easiest to understand and master the basics of volumetric-spatial design, the transfer of forms in perspective reduction, the patterns of chiaroscuro and proportional relationships.
Simple drawing exercises geometric bodies allow you not to be distracted by the details found in more complex forms, such as architectural objects and the human body, and focus entirely on the main thing - visual literacy.
Correctly understood and mastered patterns when depicting simple forms should contribute to a more conscious approach to drawing complex forms in the future.
In order to learn how to competently and correctly depict the shape of an object, it is necessary to understand the internal structure of the object hidden from the eyes - the design. The word “design” means “structure”, “structure”, “plan”, that is, the relative arrangement of the parts of an object and their relationship. This is important to know and understand when depicting any form. The more complex the form, the more and more seriously you will have to study the internal structure of the full-scale model. So, for example, when drawing a living nature - a head or a human figure, in addition to knowing the design features, you should definitely know plastic anatomy. Therefore, without a clear understanding of the structure of the form and nature of the object, it is impossible to competently master drawing.
When depicting spatial forms, in addition to knowledge of the laws of the structure of the structure, knowledge of the laws of perspective, proportions, and light and shade is necessary. To correctly depict a full-scale model, you must accustom yourself to always analyze the nature, to clearly imagine its external and internal structure. You should approach your work consciously, from a scientific point of view. Only such drawing will contribute to the successful completion of work depicting both simple and complex forms.
At first glance, drawing geometric shapes seems quite easy to inexperienced draftsmen. But this is far from true. To confidently master drawing, you first need to master the methods of analyzing shapes and the principles of constructing simple bodies. Any shape consists of flat figures: rectangles, triangles, rhombuses, trapezoids and other polygons that delimit it from the surrounding space. The challenge is to correctly understand how these surfaces fit together to form a shape. To depict it correctly, you need to learn how to draw such figures in perspective in order to easily identify on a plane volumetric bodies bounded by these flat figures. Flat geometric figures serve as the basis for understanding structural construction volumetric bodies. So, for example, a square gives an idea of the construction of a cube, a rectangle - of the construction of a parallelepiped prism, a triangle - of a pyramid, a trapezoid - of a truncated cone, a circle is represented by a ball, a cylinder and a cone, and ellipsoidal figures - spherical (ovoid) shapes.
All objects have volumetric-spatial characteristics: height, length and width. To define and depict them on a plane, dots and lines are used. The points define the characteristic nodes of the structure of objects; they establish the relative spatial arrangement of the nodes, which characterizes the design of the form as a whole.
Line is one of the main visual means. Lines indicate the outline of objects that form their shape. They indicate height, length, width, structural axes, auxiliary lines that define space, construction lines, and much more.
For thorough study, geometric shapes are best viewed as transparent wireframe models. This allows you to better trace, understand and master the basics of spatial construction of structures and perspective reduction of the shapes of geometric bodies: cube, pyramid, cylinder, sphere, cone and prism. At the same time, this technique greatly facilitates the construction of a drawing in which all spatial angles, edges, and faces of the body are clearly visible, regardless of their rotations in space and in perspective reduction. Frame models allow the beginning artist to develop three-dimensional thinking, thereby facilitating the correct depiction of a geometric shape on the plane of paper.
To thoroughly consolidate in the minds of a novice artist a volumetric-spatial idea of the structure of these forms, it would be most effective to make them with your own hands. Models can be made without much difficulty from available materials: ordinary flexible aluminum, copper or any other wire, wooden or plastic slats. Subsequently, in order to master the patterns of light and shade, it will be possible to make models from paper or thin cardboard. To do this, you need to make blanks - corresponding developments or separately cut planes for gluing. No less important is the modeling process itself, which will be more beneficial for students to understand the essence of the structure of a particular form than the use of already finished model. Making frame and paper models will require a lot of time, so in order to save time, you should not make large models - it is enough if their dimensions do not exceed three to five centimeters.
By turning the manufactured paper model at different angles to the light source, you can follow the patterns of light and shadow. In this case, attention should be paid to the change in the proportional relationships of the parts of the object, as well as to the prospective reduction of forms. By bringing the model closer and further away from the light source, you can see how the contrast of lighting on the subject changes. So, for example, when approaching a light source, light and shadow on a form acquire the greatest contrast, and as they move away they become less contrasting. Moreover, nearby corners and edges will be the most contrasting, and corners and edges located in spatial depth will be less contrasting. But the most important thing at the initial stage of drawing is the ability to correctly display the volumetric-spatial design of forms using points and lines on a plane. This is a fundamental principle in mastering the drawing of simple geometric shapes, as well as in the subsequent study of more complex shapes and their conscious depiction.
