Easel art- a type of fine arts, the works of which are independent in nature and do not have a direct decorative or utilitarian purpose (in painting - paintings; in graphics - prints, easel drawings and popular prints). The name comes from the machine (easel, sculpture machine) on which many works are created. Easel graphics Depending on the nature of the technique, it is divided into two types: printmaking and drawing. A print is a print on paper. The main forms of existence of easel graphics are museum and exhibition collections and expositions.
Easel graphics is a type of graphic art, the works of which are:
- independent in purpose and form;
- not included in book or album ensembles;
- are not included in the context of a street or public interior;
- have no practical purpose.
Easel graphics materials are very diverse. Let's dwell on easel works, created with such widely used materials as pencil, ink, black watercolor and others. These works are often preparatory exercises, auxiliary material for any work (painting, print, illustration, etc.). They can be made from nature or from an idea. This includes very quick sketches that capture individual characteristic features life drawings (sketches), more detailed drawings or detailed, finished things.
G. Holbein.
Portrait of Thomas Eliot.
Around 1530. Drawing
Many of these supporting drawings are so skillfully executed and so meaningful that they acquire the value of a first-class work of art. An example is the portrait drawings of the artist G. Holbein the Younger.
Most of these drawings were made as studies for pictorial portraits, but they contain such vivid human characters and their professional skill is so great that it is difficult to find anything equal in the art of drawing.
The so-called Italian and charcoal pencils give a very beautiful deep black and velvety touch. Artists often work with pencils made from colored pigments (sanguine, colored chalk pencils, etc.). Pencil is a very flexible, docile material that allows you to work in a variety of ways within a small sheet of paper. I. E. Repin, in his pencil portrait of L. N. Tolstoy, using meager and noble means, created a soulful image of a great and wise, simple and humane writer. Of course, such a drawing goes beyond just a sketch from nature. Its deep content makes it an independent and significant work.
Coal is a favorite material of many artists. Charcoal drawing is usually done on rough paper, and sometimes on canvas, and is distinguished by a beautiful velvety tone and a broad and energetic stroke. The artist K. Kollwitz, in her work “The Household Worker,” made excellent use of the possibilities of charcoal drawing, creating the image of a simple woman exhausted by hard work
I. Repin. L.N.
Tolstoy at work.
1891. Pencil
K. Kollwitz.
Domestic worker.
1906. Coal
Sauce is often found in graphics - a drawing material made from very fine black powder, held together with an adhesive. Sometimes the sauce is used in the form of a dry powder, but most often it is diluted with water.
V. Van Gogh. Scenery. Feather
Feather drawing has special qualities. The artist works with diluted ink or special ink, using ordinary steel, as well as goose and reed pens, in a special way sharpening them. Different feathers give different strokes - sometimes very sharp and thin, sometimes soft and wide. The pen drawing is beautiful with its clarity, purity and grace of strokes of various shapes. For example, Van Gogh's landscape was made with a steel pen with a predominance of short strokes in different directions, which allowed the artist to express various items, their texture and the space connecting them.
The technique of drawing with liquid black materials (most often ink) using brushes, the so-called felt pen or sharpened wooden sticks is widespread in Soviet graphics. This technique is distinguished by a very diverse, free and temperamental combination of strokes and spots of one deep black tone. Many of the drawings by O. Vereisky, A. Kokorin, V. Goryaev, E. Charushin and other Soviet masters were made using this method.
But especially widespread in graphics is working with ink, black watercolor, gouache, tempera and other black materials diluted with water. The brushes that the graphic artist uses are very diverse. The tonal nuances of this technique are endless.
Chinese masters have achieved extraordinary perfection in this area. Their art is so significant that it is worth telling about it in more detail. The traditions of this art have been formed for centuries, and in the work of such masters as, for example, Qi Bai-shi and Xu Bei-hung (Ju Peon), they achieved great perfection. The subjects of works by Chinese artists are most often drawn from nature. These simple stories solved with such inspiration that they awaken a whole range of wonderful feelings in a person’s soul, making them feel the diversity and beauty of the world around them. Chinese masters know how to evoke in the viewer a feeling of such changeable phenomena as the murmur of water jets, a gust of wind, the flight of a bird, the running of clouds in the sky. Chinese craftsmen work with ink on particularly thin paper that absorbs moisture well. Chinese mascara (liquid or dry - in sticks) is rightly considered the best in the world. Dry mascara is ground with water in special stone mascara. Chinese brushes are very diverse and carefully selected. Drawings are most often made on vertical strips of paper. In some places of the drawing, the artist applies ink with a quick, precise movement with a drier brush; the ink does not have time to smear on the paper and lays down clearly. In other places, a wet brush intentionally lingers longer on the paper, causing the ink to smudge and produce soft, blurry, juicy stains. Some places are drawn with reverse side thin paper so that especially delicate spots appear on the front side.
Xu Bei-hong.
A fast galloping horse.
1930s. Mascara
The works of Chinese masters are distinguished by their compositional perfection. Images are often combined with inscriptions, and the hieroglyphs themselves are used as decorative and compositional elements works. In these works we are attracted by the parsimony of visual means, the great accuracy and precision of the drawing. famous work Xu Bei-hong's "Fast Galloping Horse" thanks to high skill and perfect mastery of technique, a complex movement is simply, freely and confidently conveyed
Easel works are performed not only in any one technique. Very often, graphic artists combine two, three, or even more different techniques in one work, which expands creative possibilities and enriches the artist’s stock of visual tools. Often easel works are made using black material using color.
Magnificent examples of easel drawings were created by Italian masters Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Tintoretto, German artists Holbein, Durer, Menzel, Dutch and Flemish masters Rembrandt, Van Dyck, Rubens, French artists Watteau, Fragonard, Ingres, Daumier and many artists from around the world.
Among the Russian artists of the past, such masters of drawing as O. A. Kiprensky, A. A. Ivanov, I. E. Repin, V. A. Serov, P. A. Fedotov, M. A. Vrubel. In Soviet art, easel drawing was further developed in the works of such artists as E. A. Kibrik, G. S. Vereisky, Kukryniksy, N. A. Tyrsa, D. A. Shmarinov, V. V. Lebedev, N. N. Zhukov, G. Reindorf, A.F. Pakhomov, B.I. Prorokov, O.G. Vereisky, and many others.
Graphics
Graphics from the Greek - I write - a type of fine art that uses lines, strokes, spots and dots as the main visual means, contrasting with the white (and in other cases also colored, black, or less often textured) paper surface - the main basis for graphic works.
The most ancient and traditional type graphic art, where the basis of the image is line and silhouette. In graphics, along with completed compositions, full-scale sketches and sketches for works of painting, sculpture, and architecture also have independent artistic value.
Classification:
Depending on the method of execution and replication capabilities, graphics are divided into unique and printed. Unique graphics— creation of works in a single copy (drawing, watercolor, monotype, appliqué, etc.). Printed graphics (engraving)— creation of printing forms from which you can receive several prints.
Unique graphics:
Watercolor, water paints on paper or silk. Technology using special watercolor paints, when dissolved in water, forming a transparent suspension of fine pigment, and due to this, allowing you to create the effect of lightness, airiness and subtle color transitions.
Shanko Irina, paper, watercolor, 2014.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Gouache, chalk based water paints. A type of adhesive water-soluble paints, more dense and matte. Gouache paints are made from pigments and glue with the addition of white. The admixture of white gives the gouache a matte velvety quality, but when drying the colors become somewhat whitened (lightened), which the artist must take into account during the drawing process. Using gouache paints you can cover dark colors light. The dried image made with gouache is slightly lighter than the wet one, which makes color selection difficult. The foundation can also be susceptible to cracking if applied too thickly.
Shanko Irina, paper, gouache. 2012
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Pastel, colored crayons. Most often it comes in the form of crayons or rimless pencils, shaped like round bars or bars with a square cross-section.
There are three types of pastel - " dry, oil and wax. Oil pastels are made from linseed oil pigment by pressing. “Dry” pastels are produced in a similar way, except that no oil is used. The basis of mixing wax pastels is wax top quality and pigments. Oil pastel is considered an educational material, while its dry counterpart is used both for educational purposes and for purely artistic purposes. In the “dry” pastel technique, the “shading” technique is widely used, which gives the effect of soft transitions and delicacy of color.
There are two main types of dry pastels: hard and soft. Soft pastels are composed primarily of pure pigment, with a small amount of binder. Suitable for wide, rich strokes. Hard pastels are less likely to break because they contain a larger amount of binder. And they are great for drawing, because the side of the stick can be used for tone, and the tip for fine lines and detail work.
To paint with pastels, you need a textured surface that will hold the pigment. Pastel drawings are usually done on colored paper. The tone of the paper is selected individually, taking into account the objectives of the drawing. White paper makes it difficult to appreciate the saturation of the main colors.
Degas. Blue dancers.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sanguine, chalk or pencil of a “red” color. Often included in pastel kits (dry pastels).
Shanko Irina, Paper, sanguine
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sepia, crayon or pencil brown, from a substance released by cuttlefish. Often included in a set for pastels (dry pastels).
Shanko Irina, paper, sepia
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Coal, in art, is a drawing material made from fired thin tree branches or planed sticks (in the 19th century also from coal powder with vegetable glue).
Charcoal sticks
Charcoal sticks are made from grape, beech or willow knots, fired in a sealed oven at high temperature. Willow charcoal sticks are the most common option. Grape and beech sticks are more expensive, but they leave richer strokes. Sticks 15 cm long are sold in boxes, their degree of hardness and thickness varies. Soft carbon turns into powder faster and penetrates paper less well than hard carbon. Therefore, soft charcoal is more convenient for creating large tinted areas, as well as for imperceptibly transitioning from shade to shade and for shading.
Harder types of charcoal are suitable for writing details and drawing lines; they are less shading. The only drawback of charcoal sticks is their fragility: under strong pressure they usually break.
Pressed coal
This type of coal is made from ground coal chips mixed with a binder and pressed into short thick sticks.
Compressed charcoal is stronger than charcoal sticks, does not break as easily and leaves a rich, velvety finish.
But it is much more difficult to brush such coal off paper than natural coal.
Charcoal pencil (retouching)
The retouch is a thin “slate” of pressed charcoal encased in a wooden shell. These pencils do not stain your hands and are easier to control than charcoal sticks. They have a slightly firmer texture. You can only use the tip of this pencil, so you won't be able to make broad strokes. The tip of the pencil can be sharpened in the same way as lead pencils are sharpened.
Shanko Irina, paper, coal, chalk.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sauce, a material for drawings, in the form of short round gray and black sticks. A sauce is prepared from kaolin, chalk and pressed carbon black. Sauce is a type of pastel. It has the great strength and looseness of soft pastels. Drawing with sauce is done in two ways - dry and wet.
Student work. Photo from the Internet.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ink, paint for drawing and calligraphy made from soot.
Mascara can be liquid, concentrated and dry in the form of sticks or tiles. Apply to paper using pens or brushes.
Shanko Irina, paper, ink, pen, brush.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Italian pencil, which appeared in the 14th century. It was a rod of clayey black shale. Then they began to make it from burnt bone powder, held together with vegetable glue.
A. A. Ivanov. "A boy playing the pipe." Study for the painting "Apollo, Hyacinth and Cypress". Italian pencil. OK. 1831-34. Tretyakov Gallery. Moscow.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Engraving, a type of circulation graphics, when several prints can be obtained from one original. Types of engravings:
Woodcut, woodcut.
A. P. Ostroumova-Lebedeva. "Mining Institute". Wood engraving for N. P. Antsiferov’s book “The Soul of St. Petersburg.” 1920.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Lithograph, stone engraving.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Linocut, engraving on linoleum.
I. V. Golitsyn. "In the morning at V. A. Favorsky's." Engraving on linoleum. 1963.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Etching, metal engraving, there are several different techniques: mezzotint, aquatint, drypoint.
T.n. Master of playing cards. "Lady with a Mirror" Chisel engraving on copper. Mid 15th century
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Mezzotint
The pre-polished surface of a metal board is subjected to graining - it is covered with the help of a “rocker” (cutting machine) with many tiny depressions, acquiring a characteristic roughness. Graining is a long and very labor-intensive process. When printed, such a board (“blank”) produces a solid black tone. There are other methods of graining boards, including through etching.
In places corresponding to the light parts of the picture, the board is scraped and smoothed, achieving gradual transitions from shadow to light. Mezzotint engravings are distinguished by their depth and velvety tone, richness of light and shadow shades. Mezzotint is also used for color printing.
An example of a mezzotint engraving by the Flemish artist Vallerant Vaillant
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Aquatint
An engraving print in this manner resembles a drawing with water paints—watercolors; This similarity determined the origin of the name. The essence of this technique comes down to the fact that before etching, an acid-resistant resin is applied to the printing plate - rosin, asphalt or other powder or powder, which, in the process of heating the printing plate, melts and forms a coating on the surface of the board, through the smallest gaps between the particles of which the metal is etched onto different depths, which creates different tonal planes on prints during printing, consisting of many dots; Thus, the size of the granules of resin powder or dust, its dispersion, affects the texture and tonal characteristics, which are the main purpose of this auxiliary type of metal engraving.
Jean-Claude Richard, Abbot de Saint-Non (from the original by Hubert Robert). View of the park at Villa Madama near Rome. 1765. Aquatint
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Drypoint is a metal engraving technique that does not use etching, but is based on scratching strokes on the surface of a metal board with the tip of a hard needle. The resulting image board is a form of intaglio printing.
A distinctive feature of prints from a form engraved in this way is the “softness” of the stroke: the needles used by the engraver leave deep grooves on the metal with raised burrs - barbs. The strokes also have a thin beginning and ending, as they are scratched with a sharp needle.
Jean-Michel Mathieux-Marie
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Outline open lesson according to the drawing,
1st year, specialty 072501 Design
Lesson topic: “Graphics and various graphic techniques”
Goals and objectives of the lesson:
Educational: Define graphics as an art form, identify the main characteristic features the following materials: sauce, sanguine, coal, pastel, coffee. Teach skills in working with various graphic materials. To consolidate knowledge about the layout of a drawing, construction, the meaning of light and shadow, and methods for conveying the volume of objects.
Developmental: Development of receptivity, speech, observation.
Educational: Cultivating interest in the subject, cultivating the ability to think, analyze, cultivating independence, self-confidence.
Lesson equipment: interactive equipment, slides, original graphic works, reproductions of works by graphic artists, various graphic materials: sauce, sanguine, ink, charcoal, pastel, paper, instant coffee as a graphic material.
Materials for students: paper of various textures and tones, sauce, sanguine, ink, charcoal, pastel.
Lesson plan:
1. Graphics as a form of art. Three types of graphics: monumental, easel, decorative.
2. Specifics of graphics. Two types of easel graphics: printmaking and drawing. Drawing is the main thing means of expression.
3. The origin of drawing in the Upper Paleolithic era. The formation of drawing as an independent type.
4. Features of various techniques and materials in the drawing (charcoal, sanguine, pastel, sauce, coffee).
5. Independent work of students in various techniques to choose from: sketches of objects or creative sketches.
6. Analysis of student work. Conclusion: the main differences between graphics and painting.
1. I show students various works in graphic technology.
I ask a question: What unites all the presented works? Students answer.
Teacher: Based on various characteristics, fine art can be divided into various groups and types.
One of the types of art – graphics, belongs to the spatial (plastic) types of art. The word “graphics” itself originates from the Greek word - grapho - I write, I draw. The drawing demonstrates the character, temperament, and mood of the artist. The graphic language is based mainly on expressive possibilities line, stroke, spot (sometimes of color), background of the base (an ordinary sheet of paper - white or tinted) with which the image forms a contrast or nuanced relationship. Despite the fact that the color in the graphics has great value, but is still used more limitedly than in painting. Graphics tend towards monochrome, most often extracting artistic expressiveness from a combination of two colors: white (or another shade of the base) and black (or some other color of the coloring pigment.)
Like all fine arts, graphics can be divided into three types: the teacher shows a slide film.
Monumental - closely related to the architectural ensemble, for example, a poster (monumental printed graphics), wall graphics, cardboards.
Easel - performed “on a machine”, having no connection with a specific interior, the purpose and meaning of the work is completely exhausted artistic content(drawing, print, popular print).
Decorative – book illustrations, postcards, any graphic images on any subject that does not have a special artistic value, but serving to organize the surface of an object. Decorative graphics also include floristry - compositions created using tree fluff, straws and other “living” materials.
2. Question: If graphics can easily be classified in the same way as other types of fine art, then how is it radically different from sculpture and painting?
Students answer.
Let me summarize the answers:
The specificity of graphic art is drawing. Although drawing (as well as an artistic and expressive means) is used in all types of fine arts, in graphics it is the leading, defining principle and is used in a purer form. Therefore, we can consider drawing the main means of graphics (like plasticity in sculpture, color in painting).
Graphic materials and techniques are varied, but, as a rule, the basis is a paper sheet. The color and texture of the paper play a big role. Colorful materials and techniques are determined by the types of graphics.
Depending on the nature and technique, easel graphics are divided into two types: printmaking and drawing.
The teacher shows slides and original graphic works.
Print – from French – to stamp, to imprint – an impression on paper. The initial image is not made directly on paper, but on a plate of some solid material, with which the design is then printed or imprinted using a press. In this case, you can get not just one copy of a print, but many, that is, replicate a graphic image. Printing is used in both applied graphics and posters.
Easel drawing is more accessible and does not require special technologies.
The drawing is made by the artist directly on a sheet of paper, using any graphic material - pencil, charcoal, ink, sanguine watercolor, gouache.
Drawing is an image made by hand, by eye, using graphic means: contour line, stroke and spot. There are numerous types of drawing, differing in drawing methods, themes and genres, techniques and nature of execution.
3. I show the slide film and comment:
Drawing originated in the Upper Paleolithic era - drawings of animals scratched on stone, bones drawn on the walls of caves (Altamira caves in Spain, etc.) the drawing evolves from extruded or scratched lines to drawn lines, silhouettes, shading, spots.
From the art of ancient Eastern civilization, art Ancient Egypt And Ancient Greece, the Middle Ages and all subsequent eras to the present day, the teaching of fine arts began with the study of drawing. The basic rules for constructing an image on a plane were the focus of attention of such famous artists as Leonardo da Vinci and Durer.
“A drawing, which is called a sketch drawing, is highest point and painting, sculpture, and architecture. Drawing is the source and root of all science,” wrote the great Italian artist Renaissance Michelangelo Buanarroti (1475-1564).
For a long time, drawing served only as an auxiliary material for the artist. In the Renaissance, in the era of observation of nature, drawing is freed from dependence and begins to become an independent value (17-18 centuries). First, sanguine, charcoal, and a silver pencil are used for drawing. Will appear later graphite pencil and a rubber eraser. In the 19th century, author's graphics became completely independent from painting.
4. I invite students to consider the features of various materials for drawing. To do this, I invite students to go to the easel, where a sheet of paper is attached, and, after drawing several lines with any material, give it a description. I summarize the students’ answers and supplement them.
Coal is an extremely soft, pliable material with a beautiful, matte texture. It is made from evenly burned thin branches or planed sticks of linden, willow or other tree species. In the 19th century, hard coal made from pressed coal powder with the addition of vegetable glue (dry stylus) became widespread. Lines and strokes made on paper with a rough surface with a charcoal stick do not adhere well to the paper and crumble. Finished drawings made with bulk coal need to be fixed with a special fixative solution. Unlike natural drawing charcoal, sticks made from compressed charcoal powder produce thick, viscous lines. Which are very difficult to remove. The technique of drawing with charcoal is very diverse, since very thin lines can be drawn with a charcoal rod or stick sharpened, and entire surfaces can be covered with the side. Working with the end of the coal and flat, changing the pressure and rotation of the coal stick, the direction of the strokes. You can achieve great expressiveness of the drawing, solve light-and-shadow and volume-spatial problems. Artists who worked with charcoal: H. Holbein (1497-1543), J. Ingres (1780-1867), I. I. Shishkin (1832-1894), V.A. Serov (1865-1911).
Sanguine is also charcoal and is widely used in drawing. Sanguine (Latin - blood) - kaolin sticks with the addition of iron oxide. Sharpened sanguine sticks produce fine lines and strokes. Like charcoal, sanguine can be worked with the end of a stick or flat. It rubs well with various shades, rubber bands and thin emery cloths. When rubbed, sanguine changes its color and texture somewhat, but these qualities can also be used as new visual means in drawing. The sanguine technique makes it possible to achieve thin tonal transitions. The most commonly used color is a warm red-brown tone, close to flesh-colored. While working, the sanguine stick can be moistened, which will allow you to achieve greater variety in the thickness and density of the stroke. The disadvantages of sanguine include the difficulty in conveying the depth of shadows. The great masters masterfully mastered the painting technique of sanguine: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, A. Watteau, Rubens, Fragonard, Chardin.
Pastels are dry, soft, rimless colored crayons made from pressed, powdered pigments with the addition of vegetable glue. Pastels are characterized by a matte texture, purity, and softness of colors, which, as a rule, retain their original freshness for a long time. Drawing with colored chalk brings graphics closer to painting.
Use pastel sticks to draw on rough paper or cardboard. The delicate, velvety surface of the pastel must be protected from the slightest touches and shocks. To preserve drawings made with pastels, they are not fixed with a fixative (this makes the pastel lose its velvety and purity of color), but are carefully edged and glazed in a frame. The so-called “pure pastel” is done with strokes and spots in one layer of color. But pastel colors can be mixed by applying one layer on top of another and rubbing them with a feather or hand. Works made in the pastel technique by foreign masters are widely known: L. Caracci, H. Holbein, E. Manet, E. Degas. In Russia - I.I. Levitan, V.A. Serov.
The sauce is a type of pastel. It has a wide range of colors; the sauce can be used both as a dry and as a liquid (diluted with water) material. Fat black cylindrical sticks with a diameter of 8-10 mm. wrapped in staniol paper without a frame, made from compressed powder, soot or coal with the addition of glue. You can work with lines, strokes, spots using rubbing (dry sauce). In drawing with wet sauce, as in painting, pointed and flat brushes are used from fat-free calcined hair or the wool of various animals - squirrel, badger, kolinsky and others.
Coffee graphics. One of modern trends in graphics – the use of new materials in the work. In particular, coffee. Coffee graphics are made with diluted instant coffee; it allows you to achieve a pleasant brownish tone in your work and various tonalities. Coffee is mixed with water on the palette and the work is done using the grisaille technique.
Each graphic tool can be used as an independent material or as an addition to other material. For example, charcoal is used to prepare a drawing for oil painting, and pastel can be combined well with techniques such as gouache and watercolor.
Drawing with a brush helps solve a number of problems: the transition from line to tone and vice versa is very important for identifying general relationships and characteristic details, combining tonal breadth with subtle drawing.
5. I suggest students go to practical work and make either sketches of objects various materials, or create creative sketches. Students complete sketches and sketches using various materials for 45 minutes. Next, I supervise the students’ work, together with them we review and discuss their work.
6. Together with the students, I summarize the lesson:
Considering various types graphic works and doing sketches and drawings with a variety of materials, we came closer and closer to painting. But also in the process of our work we identified the main differences between graphics and painting. (Addressing students) Let's formulate together the main differences between graphics and painting. So:
The predominance of line is of great importance in graphics (a line as such does not exist in nature at all, but in graphics it is either clearly drawn with some kind of instrument - be it a chisel, pencil or brush, or is created by adjacent spots - achromatic or chromatic, as in watercolor and gouache .
Graphics are more contrasting, mainly the contrast of black and white, the contrast of the background and the picture, the special interaction of the background and the image (it is no coincidence that the basis of graphic works is most often paper - it provides ample opportunities in choosing texture, color shade or background).
Graphics do not clutter up the space, but on the contrary, create it; in some ways it is similar to music - it is characterized by pauses, and these pauses play a big role.
Graphics (especially drawing, lithography) give the artist more freedom than painting, due to the simplicity and accessibility of the technique, the ability to work quickly, reflecting instant emotional experiences.
Graphics are mainly illustrative in nature, they are more decorative (often used to create illustrations for books, cartoons, etc.)
As a small conclusion:
A person sometimes hums something of his own if his soul is light, writes poetry if he experiences, for example, a feeling of falling in love. Has each of us noticed what happens if you just think about it, and at that time you happen to have an ordinary pen or pencil and a sheet of paper at hand? Strange things arise images - faces, figures, just compositions of lines. A curve is drawn and it is born strange image birds - the bend of a wing... Even a simple unprofessional drawing is already a reflection of a person’s inner world, his thoughts, his state of mind. So it is in highly artistic independent work through the bend of the lines, the style of the stroke, the shape of the spot is reflected as inner world the artist and the author’s perception of the surrounding world.
Lesson analysis.
Types of graphics are classified according to the method of creating the image, its purpose, and as a manifestation of mass culture.
According to the method of creating the image, the graphics can be printed(circulation) and unique.
Printed graphics and their types
Printed graphics are created using copyrighted printed forms. Printed graphics make it possible to distribute graphic works in numerous equivalent copies.
Previously, printed graphics (prints) were used for repeated reproduction (illustrations, reproductions of paintings, posters, etc.), because in fact, it was the only way to mass-produce images.
Currently, duplicating technology has developed, so printed graphics have become an independent art form.
Types of printed graphics
A print (French Estampe) is an impression on paper from a printing plate (matrix). Original prints are considered to be those made by the artist himself or with his participation.
The print has been known in Europe since the 15th century. At first, printmaking was not an independent branch of fine art, but only a technical method of reproducing images.
Types of printmaking
Types of printmaking differ in the way the printing form is created and the printing method. Thus, there are 4 main printmaking techniques.
Letterpress: wood engraving; linocut; engraving on cardboard.
Woodcut
Woodcut is an engraving on wood or a print on paper made from such an engraving. Woodcut is the oldest wood engraving technique. It originated and spread in countries Far East(VI-VIII centuries). The first examples of Western European engraving made using this technique appeared at the turn of the 14th-15th centuries.
The masters of woodblock printing were Hokusai, A. Dürer, A. Ostroumova-Lebedeva, V. Favorsky, G. Epifanov, Y. Gnezdovsky, V. Mate and many others. other.
Ya. Gnezdovsky. Christmas card
Linocut
Linocut is a method of engraving on linoleum. This method originated from turn of XIX-XX centuries with the invention of linoleum. Linoleum is good material for large engravings. For engraving, linoleum with a thickness of 2.5 to 5 mm is used. The tools for linocut are the same as for longitudinal engraving: corner and longitudinal chisels, as well as a knife for precise cutting of small parts. In Russia, the first to use this technique was Vasily Mate’s student N. Sheverdyaev. Subsequently, this technique was used for the production of easel engravings and especially in book illustration by Elizaveta Kruglikova, Boris Kustodiev, Vadim Falileev, Vladimir Favorsky, Alexander Deineka, Konstantin Kostenko, Lidiya Ilyina and others.
B. Kustodiev “Portrait of a Lady.” Linocut
Abroad, Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, France Maserel, German Expressionists, and American artists worked in the linocut technique.
From contemporary artists linocut is actively used by Georg Baselitz, Stanley Donwood, and Bill Fike.
Both black and white and color linocuts are used.
R. Guseva. Colored linocut. Still life "Fried egg"
Engraving on cardboard
A type of print. A technologically simple type of engraving, it is used even in fine arts classes.
But in the twentieth century. Some significant graphic artists have used cardboard engraving in their professional practice. A relief print for printing is made using an applique made up of individual cardboard elements. The thickness of the cardboard must be at least 2 mm.
Engraving on cardboard
Intaglio printing: etching techniques (needle etching, aquatint, lavis, dotted line, pencil style, dry point; soft varnish; mezzotint, engraving).
Etching
Etching is a type of metal engraving, a technique that makes it possible to obtain impressions from printing plates (“boards”), in the process of creating an image on which the surface is etched with acids. The etching has been known since the beginning of the 16th century. Albrecht Durer, Jacques Callot, Rembrandt and many other artists worked in the etching technique.
Rembrandt "The Preaching of Christ" (1648). Etching, drypoint, burin
Mezzotint
Mezzotint (“black manner”) is a type of engraving on metal. The main difference from other etching styles is not the creation of a system of indentations (strokes and dots), but smoothing bright places on a grain board. Mezzotint effects cannot be achieved by other means. The image here is created due to different gradations of light areas on a black background.
Mezzotint technique
Flat printing: lithography, monotype.
Lithography
Lithography is a printing method in which ink is transferred under pressure from a flat printing plate to paper. Lithography is based on a physical and chemical principle, which involves obtaining an impression from a completely smooth surface (stone), which, thanks to appropriate processing, acquires the ability to accept special lithographic paint in its individual areas.
University embankment, 19th century, lithograph by Müller based on a drawing by I. Charlemagne
Monotypy
The term comes from mono... and Greek. τυπος – imprint. This is the view printed graphics, which consists of applying paint by hand onto a perfectly smooth surface of a printing plate, followed by printing on a machine; The print obtained on paper is always the only one, unique. In psychology and pedagogy, the monotype technique is used to develop imagination in children of senior preschool age.
Monotype
Anyone can master the monotype technique. You need to chaotically apply paints (watercolors, gouache) onto a smooth surface, then press this side to the paper. When the sheet is torn off, the colors are mixed, which subsequently form a beautiful harmonious picture. Then your imagination begins to work, and based on this picture you create your masterpiece.
The colors for the next composition are chosen intuitively. It depends on the state you are in. You can create a monotype with certain colors.
Screen printing: silk-screen printing techniques; cut out stencil.
Silkscreen printing
A method of reproducing texts and inscriptions, as well as images (monochrome or color) using a screen printing plate through which the ink penetrates onto the printed material.
I. Sh. Elgurt “Vezhraksala” (1967). Silkscreen printing
Unique graphics
Unique graphics are created in a single copy (drawing, applique, etc.).
Types of graphics by purpose
Easel graphics
Drawing- the basis of all types of fine art. Without knowledge of the basics of academic drawing, an artist cannot competently work on a work of art.
The drawing can be done as independent work graphics or serves as the initial stage for creating pictorial, graphic, sculptural or architectural designs.
Drawings in most cases are created on paper. Easel drawing uses the entire range of graphic materials: a variety of crayons, paints applied with a brush and pen (ink, ink), pencils, graphite pencil and charcoal.
Book graphics
This includes book illustrations, vignettes, headpieces, drop caps, covers, dust jackets, etc. book graphics This also includes magazine and newspaper graphics.
Illustration– a drawing, photograph, engraving or other image that explains the text. Illustrations for texts have been used since ancient times.
Old Russian handwritten books used hand-drawn miniatures. With the advent of printing, hand-drawn illustrations were replaced by engraving.
Some famous artists, in addition to their main occupation, they also turned to illustration (S. V. Ivanov, A. M. Vasnetsov, V. M. Vasnetsov, B. M. Kustodiev, A. N. Benois, D. N. Kardovsky, E. E. Lanceray, V. A. Serov, M. V. Dobuzhinsky, V. Ya. Chambers.
For others, illustration was the basis of their creativity (Evgeny Kibrik, Lydia Ilyina, Vladimir Suteev, Boris Dekhterev, Nikolai Radlov, Viktor Chizhikov, Vladimir Konashevich, Boris Diodorov, Evgeny Rachev, etc.).
(French vignette) – decoration in a book or manuscript: a small drawing or ornament at the beginning or end of the text.
Typically, the subjects for vignettes are plant motifs, abstract images, or images of people and animals. The purpose of the vignette is to give the book an artistic appearance, i.e. This is a book design.
Vignettes
In Russia, decorating text with vignettes was in great fashion during the Art Nouveau era (the vignettes of Konstantin Somov are known, Alexandra Benois, Evgenia Lansere).
Dust jacket
Applied graphics
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec "Moulin Rouge, La Goulue" (1891)
Poster– the main type of applied graphics. IN modern forms the poster developed in the 19th century. as trade and theatrical advertising (posters), and then began to carry out the tasks of political propaganda (posters by V.V. Mayakovsky, D.S. Moor, A.A. Deineka, etc.).
Posters by V. Mayakovsky
Computer graphics
IN computer graphics computers are used as a tool for creating images and for processing visual information obtained from the real world.
Computer graphics are divided into scientific, business, design, illustrative, artistic, advertising, computer animation, multimedia.
Yutaka Kagaya "Eternal Song". Computer graphics
Other types of graphics
Splint
A type of graphics, an image with a caption, characterized by simplicity and accessibility of images. Original view folk art. It was made using the techniques of woodcuts, copper engravings, lithographs and was supplemented with hand coloring.
Popular prints are characterized by simplicity of technique and laconism of graphic means (rough strokes, bright colors). Often the popular print contains a detailed narrative with explanatory inscriptions and additional (explanatory, complementary) images to the main one.
Splint
Letter graphics
Letter graphics form a special, independent area of graphics.
Calligraphy(Greek kalligraphia - beautiful writing) - the art of writing. Calligraphy brings writing closer to art. Unsurpassed masters The peoples of the East, especially the Arabs, are considered in the art of calligraphy. The Koran forbade artists to depict living beings, so artists improved in ornaments and calligraphy. For the Chinese, Japanese and Koreans, the hieroglyph was not only a written sign, but also a work of art. A poorly written text could not be considered perfect in content.
The art of sumi-e(sumi-e) is a Japanese adaptation of the Chinese ink painting technique. This technique is as expressive as possible due to its brevity. Each brush stroke is expressive and significant. Sumi-e clearly demonstrates the combination of simple and elegant. The artist does not paint a specific object, he depicts an image, the essence of this object. Works using the sumi-e technique are devoid of excessive detail and provide the viewer with room for imagination.
Hot enamel(from French email) - an enamel technique in which a pasty mass colored with metal oxides is applied to a specially treated surface and fired, resulting in the appearance of a glassy colored layer.
There are several types of enamels depending on the technique of its production:
- Miniature on enamel, enamel- an artistic enameling technique that uses the technique of brush easel painting. The first registration of the image is carried out on a white enamel background of a copper base plate. After underpainting, the plate is dried, fired in a muffle furnace at 800 degrees and painted again. To obtain maximum color sophistication and detail of the design, the enamel artist repeats this process many times.
- Painted (picturesque) enamel- on the front side, using rich-colored enamel paint, write down the outline of the image and its details. Since the enamel is applied in fragments, firing is done 10-15 times, taking into account different level melting temperatures of the enamels used.
- Cloisonne enamel- to make it, a thin metal plate is taken, on which the outline of the future image is cut through. Then thin metal strips are soldered along this contour, obtaining an image from cells of various shapes and sizes. Each cell is filled with enamel different colors to the upper edge of the partitions and the enamel is fired.
- Enamel on filigree (filigree)- a floral or geometric ornament made of intertwined metal wire is soldered onto a metal surface, which forms cells. Each cell is filled to the brim with enamel of a different color, which, after firing, settles and appears below the filigree ornament. As a result, filigree enamel is not polished.
- Champlevé enamel- a plot or ornamental image is deeply cut out (taken out) on a metal plate. The resulting depressions are filled with transparent or opaque enamel and the enamel is fired. In the champlevé enamel technique, several techniques are known to achieve an artistic effect.
- Engraving enamel is a type of champlevé enamel technique.
- Guilloche enamel- a type of enamel engraving technique. Engraving is performed mechanically using a special machine. In the guilloche enamel technique, exclusively transparent enamels of the widest range of colors are used.
- Casting enamel- the image is obtained by casting it together with a metal base plate. Then the recess on the plate is filled with enamel.
- Relief enamel- a technique used for artistic enameling in high relief, when the enamel coating follows the shape of a metal relief image, acting as a glaze.
