(transitions from one part to another)

The idea of highlighting only three paragraphs in an essay (introduction, main part, conclusion) should be abandoned even at the middle level. Students should understand that a paragraph covers one topic. Each sentence seems to prepare the reader for the next. We place what is most important at the beginning of the paragraph or at the end. The idea expressed in a paragraph can be detailed, explained, illustrated with examples, and compared with another.

But paragraphs also need to be connected to each other. The “Law of Cohesion” can work in different ways.

1. Rhetorical

question

The question seems to arise in the minds of both the reader and the author

“What is A.M. Gorky’s story dedicated to?”

“What does our hero do?”

“Maybe the writer is wrong?”

connection

“Let’s consider now...”

“Let’s analyze this story...”

“I also want to say that...”

3. Transition-

compound

Paragraphs are connected using special words: also, also, and, next...

“This quality is also manifested in…”

“The next thing to note is...”

“The writer is always attentive to the portrait of the heroes..”

4. Transition - opposition

The contrast occurs with the help of words: other, different, and, same, but...

“Completely different views are characteristic...”

“For Bulgakov, this idea is unacceptable”

“Tolstoy uses other methods”

5. Intercom

There are no visible lexical or syntactic signs of connection. It manifests itself only with careful reading of the text, analysis of the meaning

“How many obstacles can he overcome on his own? life path Human? Probably a lot, if there is a goal, if he understands what he lives for. And if there is no goal, if a person feels that no one needs him, then death.

To the hero of the novel by N. Ostrovsky

had to be under the bullets of bandits, he built a narrow-gauge railway, standing knee-deep in icy water, withstood prisons, hunger, the ridicule of enemies, fought against diseases. Pavka Korchagin learned as a child what is worth living for..."

The monotony of transitions deprives the work of liveliness and energy; variety indicates the natural flow of thoughts and the fact that the student has a good command of written language.

Sections: Russian language

Class: 11

1. Text analysis We start by identifying the topic (what the text is about). To do this, we select keywords (words related to the same topic, synonymous words and expressions).

This text (article) is about...

2. Having determined the topic, you can try to formulate the problem.

Problem– (from Greek) – task – a question that requires study, resolution.

The problem of something, a point of view on a problem, put, put forward, consider, discuss, present, resolve a problem, touch on a problem, pay attention to a problem, a problem arises, arises, is of interest , deserves attention.

The problem is formulated as a question, or by combining the word “problem” with a noun in the genitive case.

There may be several problems. It is important to see two and comment. It is important to comment not on the entire text, but on the problems that you stated at the beginning.

Which question should I choose? It is important to choose the issue that the author thinks about the most and about which the author’s position is clearly stated.

Re-read how you defined the problem. If in the form of a question, then the position should sound like an answer to the question. If, according to the formula “problem + noun in the genitive case,” then this noun should sound in the designation author's position.

delivered
stated
reviewed
nominated
affected
raised
formulated
researched
analyzed

Possible problems:

The problem of memory about one’s origins, about one’s childhood (why, having matured, does a person feel a connection with the home of his childhood, with the world of his childhood?);
The problem of the role of childhood in human life (why childhood is the most important stage human life?);
Problem historical memory(why does a person need to keep the memory of the past? What does it mean to love your family and your homeland7);
The problem of the father's house (why one should not forget the father's house7);
The problem of assessing such a period of a person’s life as childhood (is childhood really the “golden” period of a person’s life? What is the role of childhood in the formation of personality?);
The problem of a person’s moral strength (why is it in ordinary everyday situations that a person’s moral essence often manifests itself?);
The problem of the development and preservation of the Russian language (is the Russian language enriched or deteriorated thanks to borrowings?);
The problem of human influence on nature (what is the degree of human influence on nature and what are the possible consequences of this influence);
The problem of human perception of nature as living matter (should a person perceive nature as something living and take care of it?);
The problem of the injustice of the social structure of society (is it natural to divide people into rich and poor, is society structured correctly?);
The problem of the alienation of the world of the rich and well-fed from the world of the poor and hungry (do the well-fed and rich think about those who cannot afford to eat to their fill?);
The problem of internal resistance to the temptation of abundance (can children from a poor family resist the temptation of abundance and not become embittered?);
The problem of choosing a profession taking into account personal and public interests (can personal and public interests coincide when choosing a profession?)
The problem of a person’s responsibility to himself and society (can a person be free from society, from other people?);
The problem of commercialization of culture.

3. Comment on the problem.

A commentary differs from a simple retelling in that in a retelling you say what the characters do, and in a commentary you say what the author does. This is the most important and difficult thing.

It is important to reflect on some questions related to the text you read; Who is the text addressed to? What is the relevance of the text? How does the author approach this problem? What category does the problem belong to: moral, ethical, social, environmental, socio-political, philosophical, psychological? How covered is this problem in the literature? Which of the authors touched on it? How did the author approach his task? How does the author talk about the situation, what does he focus on?

Here it is possible to turn to means of expression if they help determine the author’s position. What is the writer's point of view? Maybe the author shows this through the eyes of the narrator, speaks on behalf of the hero? In what mood does the author write? What does it emphasize? What follows from this? What conclusions does this lead us to?

Templates: The problem could be:

The significance of the problem can be emphasized using the words:

The problem may cause the reader to:

Why is it important to be able to comment on the main problem of the text?

This allows you to see what interests the author.
By commenting on the problem, you also show your perception of what worries the author.
The comment will allow you to look deeper at the problem at hand.

The comment should not contain:

Retelling the source text or part of it.
Reasoning about all the problems of the text.
Comments on the actions of the characters in the text.
Avoid repeating the word “problem”
Avoid the expressions “the problem is that...”, “the problem is that...”, “the problem is about courage and perseverance...”.

At the same time, it is necessary to say how the author solves the stated problem, how he argues his position (“for”), what, ultimately, is the purpose of writing the text. If the problem of the text is a question, then the author’s position is the answer to the question, how the author answers it. When formulating a problem as a question, you need to know how the author answers it. You are not required to formulate the author’s position in general, but to show his opinion on the issue you have highlighted and commented on.

The author's position in a journalistic style is likely to be stated directly and can be easily detected. It is better not to quote the entire sentence, which reflects the author’s position, but to quote in part or paraphrase (so as not to reduce the score).

If the text is artistic, then the author’s position may not be directly stated. Here it is important to pay attention to how it is stated: directly or indirectly; use of expressive means; conscription; evaluativeness; accessibility; simplicity, etc.

Cliche:

The author believes that... The author claims that...
The author is convinced that..., and such confidence has its grounds.
It is important for the author to convince the reader that...
There is no doubt about the author’s opinion that...
The author leads the reader to the idea that...
The author strives to convey to the reader the idea that...
Solving the problem, the author comes to the conclusion: ...
... – these words, in my opinion, reflect the main problem of the text.
... - this statement accurately reflects the author’s thought.
The author’s position is obvious:...

5. Expression of one’s own attitude to this problem.

Proving, we present 2 arguments, referring to examples from the reader’s or life experience. Your own opinion must be expressed correctly. Your arguments should not repeat what was said in the original text.

Search your memory, remember what you read about it, what literary associations it evokes for you. It is very important that your arguments support, prove your point of view, and are not just an illustration on the same topic. Therefore, with each argument, formulate what you prove with the example given.

It's important to prove why you think this way. I (dis)agree with the author because... and I think...

Here is a strict essay-reasoning:

thesis
argumentation
conclusion
argumentation

Start each argument in a new paragraph.

Give examples, citing examples from fiction, authoritative people or from your life and the lives of those around you.

However, his thought about ... is doubtful

I share the author’s indignation (rejection, delight) and think...

A story comes to mind that I heard (read, that happened to me)

My opinion is confirmed by this fact...

Templates:

I enjoyed reading...
You can't remain indifferent...
Unfortunately…
It should be noted that the indisputability of the author’s position is beyond doubt...
The author convincingly proves that...
The author, in my opinion, is not entirely right when he claims that...
The author’s point of view is, of course, interesting, but I believe that...
In my opinion, the author is somewhat categorical in his judgments.
I think that it is not entirely fair that the author says that...
The author rightly notes that...
The author's assessments are fair and accurate. Really, …
Author's position on this issue coincides with my point of view.

Firstly,…
Secondly...
Thus,

Arguments must be accurate.

Arguments must be detailed and convincing.

Arguments must prove your point.

How can you introduce arguments into your own position?

Using phrases:

Let's turn to (a fact, someone's memories, scientific data...)
Suffice it to give an example...
This can be proven as follows..
This can be confirmed by the following fact...
Let me give you another example to prove my point.
You can easily verify this by contacting...

Using introductory words and phrases:

For example... Let's say...
According to someone's testimony... Suppose...
Firstly, ..., secondly, ... etc.

Using conjunctions and subordinate clauses:

Because…
Because…
Because...
Thanks to the fact that...
Due to the fact that...

6. How to finish an essay?

2-3 sentences duplicating the introduction.

7. How to start an essay?

If you know anything about the author, you can write 2-3 sentences.
You can write about the positive impression the text made on you.
You can paint a typical picture (It often happens that...)
On eternal themes you can start like this: Love...So much has been said about it!

Algorithm for writing an argumentative essay

Introduction.
Problems that the author thinks about.

STRUCTURE OF AN ESSAY.

1. Introduction (2-3 sentences). The introduction should sound K1 (1 point) - the formulation of the problem of the source text. You can start your essay with beautiful quote taken from the text, with rhetorical questions related to the topic of this text, from my thoughts. And then note that this is what the author (full name) is thinking about (reasoning) in his text. This will connect the introduction to the main part.

2. Main part. a) The main part should contain K2 (2 points) – a commentary on the problem. To do this, read the text again and clearly state the author’s opinion on given problem. Find a sentence - a conclusion reached by reasoning over given problem, the author - you will reveal it already K3 (1 point) - the position of the author.

3. Continuation of the main part: b) next you need to work on K4 (3 b) – statement of your own opinion. The essay has already stated the author’s point of view - now express your agreement (disagreement) with his position. Try to clearly state your own opinion. Try to find 2 arguments that prove that you are right.

1 argument– from fiction, scientific or journalistic literature,

2 argument- from life experience - what you saw, heard on TV, in films, on the Internet, on the radio, from respectable or respected people. It could be real facts from the lives of others, worthy of imitation or extreme condemnation. Your own observations and conclusions. Conjectural examples (what could happen under certain conditions). Proverbs, sayings, aphorisms that reflect the traditional historical experience of the people, their wisdom (in this case, do not just cite a proverb, because this is not an argument, but reveal, comment on it, explain its connection with the thesis). Your own judgments gleaned from studying school subjects, for example, history, law, social studies.

4. Conclusion. Make a conclusion in 1-2 sentences.

Please note: if you formulate the problem incorrectly, then according to criteria K1-K4 you will receive 0 points, that is, you will lose 7 points out of a possible 23.

In this case, K5 (2 points) will also be taken into account - semantic integrity and consistency,

K6 (2 points) – accuracy and expressiveness of speech,

K7 (3 points) – with one minor spelling error,

K8 (3 points) – with one minor punctuation error,

K9 (2 points) – in the absence of grammatical errors,

K10 (2b.) – with 1 speech error

K11 (1b.) – in the absence of ethical errors,

K12 (1 point) – in the absence of factual errors in the background material.

Total you can get for an essay 23 points.

Sample.

1. Introduction + problem

(Author’s full name) puts very important problem- problem...
or The main problem posed (author’s full name in T. case) is related to…. ...
or What's happened … ? …….? This is exactly what (author’s full name) reflects on in his text.

or In the text proposed for analysis, the author (or the author's full name) examines a number of important issues. Special attention he pays attention to the problem….
or You write keyword problems (nominative topics). Add an ellipsis. Write associations associated with this word. “It is precisely this problem...”

or Write 2-3 common sentences that would paint a picture of the problem. I'm reporting a problem.

or I would call the text in front of me “...”, because the problem raised (full name of the author in the T. case) is devoted to.....

What did the author want to say? What was the purpose of his statement? Why did he write all this? How does he himself feel about the problem posed? What thoughts, feelings, experiences are the main, key ones for the author?

Shares the opinion...

Stands for what?

Proves what?

Convincing someone of what?

Calls for...

Openly declares his civic position...

3. Own opinion

I agree with... (that...). Firstly, because... Secondly,...
or Evidence of this idea can be found both in fiction and in life.

or The following arguments can be cited as evidence.

or In life, this problem affected me personally. ...

To enter examples you can use:

Let's give an example...

Let us refer, for example, to...

Let's take as an example...

Let's compare...

Who among us has not encountered a situation where...

No one will deny that...

None of us will object to that...

Each of us can give many arguments in defense of the author's position. Firstly,…

The clearest examples of this are not only..., but also...

4. Brief conclusion.

This story got me thinking about (eternal) questions like...

After reading this text, you start with new strength understand…

When I read this text, I thought that...

Speech clichés - these are ready-made examples of phrases. With their help, it is easier to structure the final essay without losing the main thread of the judgment.

Clichés for the final essay:

For entry

Of course, each person will answer this question differently. I will try to give my definition of these concepts.
Of course, each person will answer this question differently. In my opinion, ...
It seems that different answers can be given to this question. I believe that...
Probably every person has thought at least once about what ... (a certain concept) means. I believe that...
Reflecting on these questions, one cannot help but come to the answer: ...

To go to the main part

Fiction convinces me of the correctness of this point of view.
Let's remember works of fiction that reveal the theme...
I can prove the correctness of my point of view by turning to...
Let's turn to works of fiction
For examples, let's turn to works of fiction
Thinking about..., I can’t help but turn to the work Full Name, in which...
Reflecting on these questions, one cannot help but come to the answer: ... (answer to the question asked in the introduction)

For abstracts

Today we understand that...(main idea of the essay)
Of course, each person will answer this question differently. In my opinion, ... (the main idea of the essay).
It seems that different answers can be given to this question, but I believe that... (the main idea of the essay)

For arguments

Access to the work

So, in a lyric poem (title), the poet (name) addresses the topic...
The theme (….) is touched upon in the novel…(author, title).
The theme (...) is revealed in the work... (author, title).
The problem (barbaric attitude towards nature, etc.) worried many writers. He addresses her and...(name of the writer) in...(title of the work).
The idea (of the unity of human nature, etc.) is expressed in the poem... (author, title).
The idea of the need (to protect nature, etc.) is also expressed in the novel... (author, title).
Let's remember the hero of the story... (author, title).
Let's turn to the novel... (author, title).
Lyrical hero poems... (author, title) also reflects on this.

Interpretation of a work or its fragment:

The author talks about...
The author describes...
The poet shows...
The writer reflects on...
The writer draws our attention...
The writer draws our attention to...
He focuses the reader's attention on...
This act of the hero speaks of...
We see that the hero did this because...
The author shows what consequences led...
The author contrasts this hero/action...
The writer condemns...
He sets an example for us...
The author emphasizes...
The author claims...

Intermediate output:

The writer believes that...
Thus, the author wants to convey to us the idea of...
We can come to the conclusion...

To conclude

Summarizing what has been said, we can conclude...
The conclusion involuntarily suggests itself...
Thus, we come to the conclusion: ...
So, we can conclude that...
In conclusion, I would like to encourage people to... So let's not forget about...! Let's remember...!
So let's not forget about...! Let's remember...!
In conclusion, I would like to express my hope that...
I would like to believe that...
To summarize what has been said, I would like to express the hope that...
To summarize what has been said, I would like to say that...
All the arguments I have given, based on the reader's experience, convince us that...
Concluding the discussion on the topic “...”, one cannot help but say that people should...
(Quote) “...,” - wrote.... These words express the idea of.... The author of the text also believes that...
What conclusion did I come to when reflecting on the topic “...”? I think we need...