Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy - Russian writer and thinker, count. His homeland is his mother's estate Yasnaya Polyana in the Tula province.
The writer was the fourth child in a noble family. His mother died when he was one year old. Lev Nikolaevich's father was remembered by him for his good-natured character, affection for hunting and books; he also died very early. Took charge of raising the children of the Tolstoy family distant relative Ergolskaya, who had a great influence on Tolstoy. As the writer said, she taught him the spiritual pleasure of a great feeling - love. Memories famous writer about childhood were always joyful. And the first impressions of noble life were reflected in the autobiographical story “Childhood”.
In 1844, Leo Tolstoy began his studies at Kazan University: first at the Faculty of Philosophy of Oriental Languages, then at the Department of Law. He studied for 2 years in each of these areas and submitted his resignation from the university due to poor health and family circumstances. Tolstoy did not like this kind of study, his dreams were of a career in painting and music. Then the writer returned to his native estate.
The summer spent in the village disappointed Tolstoy with failures in farming on updated terms that were beneficial only for serfs. Afterwards, based on this experience, the story “The Morning of the Landowner” was written. In the fall of 1847, the writer went to St. Petersburg with the goal of passing candidate exams. At that time, his lifestyle was very variable: he could spend days preparing for exams, or he could devote himself entirely only to music; his ascetic religious moods alternated with revelry and cards. It was during this period that Tolstoy realized his destiny: he had an irresistible desire to write.
Since 1855, the writer was a member of the Sovremennik circle, which included Nekrasov, Turgenev, Goncharov, Ostrovsky and others famous personalities. He took part in dinners and readings, was involved in conflicts between writers, but feeling like a stranger here, he left this society, as his “Confession” tells.
Tolstoy traveled a lot, he was in France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland. Impressions from the trip to the latter country became the basis for writing the story “Lucerne”. Then the writer returned to Moscow, and then to Yasnaya Polyana. Thanks to him, more than 20 schools were established in the vicinity of his native estate and one school was opened for peasant children.
The most famous works are the novels "War and Peace", "Resurrection", "Anna Karenina", the trilogy-autobiography "Childhood" - "Adolescence" - "Youth", the dramas "The Power of Darkness" and "The Living Corpse", the story "Cossacks" " and "Hadji Murat" and many others.
The writer died at the age of 82 in 1910. His funeral became a nationwide event.
Years of life: from 09.09.1828 to 20.11.1910
Great Russian writer. Graph. Educator, publicist, religious thinker, whose authoritative opinion provoked the emergence of a new religious and moral movement - Tolstoyism.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born on September 9 (August 28), 1828 in the Krapivensky district of the Tula province, on his mother’s hereditary estate - Yasnaya Polyana. Leo was the fourth child in a large noble family. His mother, nee Princess Volkonskaya, died when Tolstoy was not yet two years old. A distant relative, T. A. Ergolskaya, took up the task of raising orphaned children. In 1837, the family moved to Moscow, settling on Plyushchikha, because the eldest son had to prepare to enter university, but soon his father suddenly died, leaving affairs (including some litigation related to the family’s property) in an unfinished state, and the three younger ones The children again settled in Yasnaya Polyana under the supervision of Ergolskaya and their paternal aunt, Countess A. M. Osten-Sacken, who was appointed guardian of the children. Here Lev Nikolaevich remained until 1840, when Countess Osten-Sacken died and the children moved to Kazan, to a new guardian - their father's sister P. I. Yushkova.
Tolstoy's education initially proceeded under the guidance of a rude French tutor, Saint-Thomas. From the age of 15, Tolstoy became a student at Kazan University, one of the leading universities of that time.
Having dropped out of the university, Tolstoy lived in Yasnaya Polyana from the spring of 1847. In 1851, realizing the purposelessness of his existence and, deeply despising himself, he went to the Caucasus to join the active army. In Crimea, Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans. There he began working on his first novel, “Childhood. Adolescence. Youth". Tolstoy's literary debut immediately brought real recognition.
In 1854, Tolstoy was assigned to the Danube Army in Bucharest. Boring life at the headquarters soon forced him to transfer to the Crimean Army, to besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4th bastion, showing rare personal courage (awarded the Order of St. Anne and medals). In Crimea, Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans, here he began to write the cycle " Sevastopol stories", which was soon published and became a huge success.
In November 1855, Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and immediately entered the Sovremennik circle (N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev, A. N. Ostrovsky, I. A. Goncharov, etc.), where he was greeted as a “great hope of Russian literature."
In the fall of 1856, Tolstoy, having retired, went to Yasnaya Polyana, and at the beginning of 1857 he went abroad. He visited France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, and returned to Moscow in the fall, then to Yasnaya Polyana. In 1859, Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in the village, helped to establish more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana, and this activity fascinated Tolstoy so much that in 1860 he traveled abroad a second time to get acquainted with the schools of Europe.
In 1862, Tolstoy married Sofya Andreevna Bers. During the first 10-12 years after his marriage, he created War and Peace and Anna Karenina. Although a widely known, recognized and beloved writer for these works, Leo Tolstoy himself did not attach fundamental importance to them. More important to him was his philosophical system.
Leo Tolstoy was the founder of the Tolstoyanism movement, one of the fundamental theses of which is the Gospel “non-resistance to evil by force.” In 1925, around this topic among the Russian émigré community, a still ongoing debate flared up, in which many Russian philosophers of that time took part.
In the late autumn of 1910, at night, secretly from his family, 82-year-old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D.P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana. The road turned out to be too much for him: on the way, Tolstoy fell ill and was forced to get off the train at the small railway station of Astapovo (now Leo Tolstoy, Lipetsk region). Here, in the station master's house, he spent the last seven days of his life. November 7 (20) Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy died.
Information about the works:
IN former estate“Yasnaya Polyana” is now a museum dedicated to the life and work of L. N. Tolstoy. In addition to this museum, the main exhibition about his life and work can be seen in State Museum L. N. Tolstoy, in former house Lopukhinykh-Stanitskaya (Moscow, Prechistenka 11). Its branches are also: at the Lev Tolstoy station (former Astapovo station), the memorial museum-estate of L. N. Tolstoy “Khamovniki” (Lva Tolstoy Street, 21), exhibition hall on Pyatnitskaya.
Many writers and critics were surprised that the first Nobel Prize in Literature was not awarded to Leo Tolstoy, because at that time he was already famous not only in Russia, but also abroad. Numerous publications were published throughout Europe. But Tolstoy responded with the following address: “Dear and respected brothers! I was very pleased that the Nobel Prize was not awarded to me. Firstly, it saved me from a great difficulty - managing this money, which, like any money, in my conviction, can only bring evil; and secondly, it gave me the honor and great pleasure to receive expressions of sympathy from so many people, although unfamiliar to me, but still deeply respected by me. Please accept, dear brothers, my sincere gratitude and best feelings. Leo Tolstoy."
But that's the story Nobel Prize the writer's life did not end. In 1905, Tolstoy's new work, The Great Sin, was published. This, now almost forgotten, acutely journalistic book talked about the difficult lot of the Russian peasantry. The Russian Academy of Sciences came up with the idea of nominating Leo Tolstoy for the Nobel Prize. Having learned about this, Leo Tolstoy sent a letter to the Finnish writer and translator Arvid Järnefelt. In it, Tolstoy asked his acquaintance through his Swedish colleagues to “try to make sure that I am not awarded this prize,” because “if this happened, it would be very unpleasant for me to refuse.” Järnefelt carried out this delicate task, and the prize was awarded to the Italian poet Giosué Carducci.
Lev Nikolaevich was, among other things, musically gifted. He loved music, felt it subtly, and played music himself. So, in his youth, he picked up a waltz on the piano, which Alexander Goldenweiser later recorded by ear one evening in Yasnaya Polyana. Now this waltz in F major is often performed at events associated with Tolstoy, both in a piano version and orchestrated for a small string ensemble.
Bibliography
Stories:
List of stories -
Educational literature and teaching aids:
ABC (1872)
New ABC (1875)
Arithmetic (1875)
The first Russian book for reading (1875)
Second Russian book for reading (1875)
The third Russian book for reading (1875)
The fourth Russian book for reading (1875)
Plays:
The Infected Family (1864)
Nihilist (1866)
Power of Darkness (1886)
Dramatic adaptation of the legend of Haggai (1886)
The first distiller, or How the little devil earned the edge (1886)
(1890)
Peter Khlebnik (1894)
Living Corpse (1900)
And the light shines in the darkness (1900)
All the qualities come from her (1910)
Religious and philosophical works:
, 1880-1881
, 1882
The Kingdom of God is within you - a treatise, 1890-1893.
Film adaptations of works, theatrical performances
“Resurrection” (English: Resurrection, 1909, UK). A 12-minute silent film based on the novel of the same name (filmed during the writer’s lifetime).
“The Power of Darkness” (1909, Russia). Silent film.
"Anna Karenina" (1910, Germany). Silent film.
"Anna Karenina" (1911, Russia). Silent film. Dir. - Maurice Maitre
“Living Corpse” (1911, Russia). Silent film.
“War and Peace” (1913, Russia). Silent film.
"Anna Karenina" (1914, Russia). Silent film. Dir. - V. Gardin
"Anna Karenina" (1915, USA). Silent film.
“The Power of Darkness” (1915, Russia). Silent film.
“War and Peace” (1915, Russia). Silent film. Dir. - Y. Protazanov, V. Gardin
“Natasha Rostova” (1915, Russia). Silent film. Producer - A. Khanzhonkov. Starring: V. Polonsky, I. Mozzhukhin
"Living Corpse" (1916). Silent film.
"Anna Karenina" (1918, Hungary). Silent film.
“The Power of Darkness” (1918, Russia). Silent film.
"Living Corpse" (1918). Silent film.
“Father Sergius” (1918, RSFSR). Silent film film by Yakov Protazanov, in leading role Ivan Mozzhukhin
"Anna Karenina" (1919, Germany). Silent film.
“Polikushka” (1919, USSR). Silent film.
“Love” (1927, USA. Based on the novel “Anna Karenina”). Silent film. As Anna - Greta Garbo
“Living Corpse” (1929, USSR). Starring: V. Pudovkin
"Anna Karenina" (Anna Karenina, 1935, USA). Sound film. As Anna - Greta Garbo
"Anna Karenina" (Anna Karenina, 1948, UK). As Anna - Vivien Leigh
“War and Peace” (War & Peace, 1956, USA, Italy). As Natasha Rostova - Audrey Hepburn
“Agi Murad il diavolo bianco” (1959, Italy, Yugoslavia). As Hadji Murat - Steve Reeves
“People Too” (1959, USSR, based on a fragment from “War and Peace”). Dir. G. Danelia, starring V. Sanaev, L. Durov
“Resurrection” (1960, USSR). Dir. - M. Schweitzer
"Anna Karenina" (Anna Karenina, 1961, USA). As Vronsky - Sean Connery
“Cossacks” (1961, USSR). Dir. - V. Pronin
"Anna Karenina" (1967, USSR). In the role of Anna - Tatiana Samoilova
“War and Peace” (1968, USSR). Dir. - S. Bondarchuk
“Living Corpse” (1968, USSR). In ch. roles - A. Batalov
"War and Peace" (War & Peace, 1972, UK). Series. As Pierre - Anthony Hopkins
“Father Sergius” (1978, USSR). Feature film Igor Talankin, starring Sergei Bondarchuk
« Caucasian story"(1978, USSR, based on the story "Cossacks"). In ch. roles - V. Konkin
“Money” (1983, France-Switzerland, based on the story “False Coupon”). Dir. - Robert Bresson
“Two Hussars” (1984, USSR). Dir. - Vyacheslav Krishtofovich
"Anna Karenina" (Anna Karenina, 1985, USA). As Anna - Jacqueline Bisset
“Simple Death” (1985, USSR, based on the story “The Death of Ivan Ilyich”). Dir. - A. Kaidanovsky
“The Kreutzer Sonata” (1987, USSR). Starring: Oleg Yankovsky
"For what?" (Za co?, 1996, Poland / Russia). Dir. - Jerzy Kawalerowicz
"Anna Karenina" (Anna Karenina, 1997, USA). In the role of Anna - Sophie Marceau, Vronsky - Sean Bean
"Anna Karenina" (2007, Russia). In the role of Anna - Tatiana Drubich
For more details, see also: List of film adaptations of “Anna Karenina” 1910-2007.
“War and Peace” (2007, Germany, Russia, Poland, France, Italy). Series. In the role of Andrei Bolkonsky - Alessio Boni.
Biography.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy - Collection of 279 works
For lovers of Leo Tolstoy’s work, 2010 is a landmark year. We celebrated the 100th anniversary of his death on September 9.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. Biography with photographs
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born on September 9, 1828 in the Yasnaya Polyana estate. Among the writer’s paternal ancestors is an associate of Peter I, P. A. Tolstoy, one of the first in Russia to receive the title of count. Participant Patriotic War 1812 was the father of the writer, Count. N.I. Tolstoy. On his mother's side, Tolstoy belonged to the family of the Bolkonsky princes, related by kinship to the Trubetskoy, Golitsyn, Odoevsky, Lykov and other noble families. On his mother's side, Tolstoy was a relative of A.S. Pushkin.
When Tolstoy was nine years old, his father took him to Moscow for the first time, the impressions of the meeting with which were vividly conveyed by the future writer in children's essay"Kremlin". The first period of young Tolstoy's Moscow life lasted less than four years. He was orphaned early, losing first his mother and then his father. With his sister and three brothers, young Tolstoy moved to Kazan. One of my father’s sisters lived here and became their guardian.
Living in Kazan, Tolstoy spent two and a half years preparing to enter the university, where he studied from 1844, first at the Oriental Faculty and then at the Faculty of Law. Studied Turkish and Tatar languages from the famous Turkologist Professor Kazembek.
Classes on government programs and textbooks weighed heavily on Tolstoy the student. He got carried away independent work over historical theme and, leaving the university, left Kazan for Yasnaya Polyana, which he received through the division of his father’s inheritance. Then he went to Moscow, where at the end of 1850 he began writing activity: an unfinished story from gypsy life (the manuscript has not survived) and a description of one day lived (“The History of Yesterday”). At the same time, the story “Childhood” was begun. Soon Tolstoy decided to go to the Caucasus, where his older brother, Nikolai Nikolaevich, an artillery officer, served in the active army. Having entered the army as a cadet, he later passed the exam for junior officer rank. The writer's impressions of Caucasian War reflected in the stories "Raid" (1853), "Cutting Wood" (1855), "Demoted" (1856), and in the story "Cossacks" (1852-1863). In the Caucasus, the story “Childhood” was completed, published in 1852 in the magazine “Sovremennik”.
When the Crimean War began, Tolstoy was transferred from the Caucasus to the Danube Army, which was operating against the Turks, and then to Sevastopol, which was besieged by the combined forces of England, France and Turkey.
In the fall of 1856, he retired and soon went on a six-month trip abroad, visiting France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. In 1859, Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in Yasnaya Polyana, and then helped open more than 20 schools in the surrounding villages.
Some of the writer's first works were the stories "Childhood", "Adolescence" and "Youth", "Youth" (which, however, was not written). According to the author's plan, they were supposed to compose the novel "Four Epochs of Development."
In the early 1860s. For decades, the order of Tolstoy’s life, his way of life, is established. In 1862, he married the daughter of a Moscow doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers.
The writer is working on the novel "War and Peace" (1863-1869). Having completed War and Peace, Tolstoy studied materials about Peter I and his time for several years. However, after writing several chapters of Peter’s novel, Tolstoy abandoned his plan.
In the spring of 1873, Tolstoy began and four years later completed work on a great novel about modernity, calling it by name main character- "Anna Karenina".
At the beginning of the 1880s. Tolstoy moved with his family from Yasnaya Polyana to Moscow, taking care of providing an education for his growing children. In 1882, a census of the Moscow population took place, in which the writer took part. He saw closely the inhabitants of the city slums and described them terrible life in the article on the census and in the treatise "So What Should We Do?" (1882-1886).
Tolstoy’s story “The Master and the Worker” (1895), stylistically related to his cycle, is based on social and psychological contrast. folk stories, written in the 80s.
All of the writer’s works are united by the idea of the inevitable and imminent “denouement” of social contradictions, of the replacement of an outdated social “order.” “I don’t know what the outcome will be,” Tolstoy wrote in 1892, “but that things are approaching it and that life cannot continue like this, in such forms, I am sure.” This idea inspired largest work of the entire work of the "late" Tolstoy - the novel "Resurrection" (1889-1899).
IN last decade During his lifetime, the writer worked on the story “Hadji Murat” (1896-1904), in which he sought to compare “the two poles of imperious absolutism” - the European, personified by Nicholas I, and the Asian, personified by Shamil. The article written in 1908, “Not I can remain silent,” in which he protested against the repression of participants in the events of 1905-1907. The writer’s stories “After the Ball”, “For What?” belong to the same period.
Weighed down by the way of life in Yasnaya Polyana, Tolstoy more than once contemplated and for a long time did not dare to leave it. But he could no longer live according to the principle of “together and apart,” and on the night of October 28 (November 10) he secretly left Yasnaya Polyana. On the way, he fell ill with pneumonia and was forced to stop at the small station of Astapovo (now Leo Tolstoy), where he died. On November 10 (23), 1910, the writer was buried in Yasnaya Polyana, in the forest, on the edge of a ravine, where as a child he and his brother were looking for a “green stick” that held the “secret” of how to make all people happy.
source: Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography - http://www.rosculture.ru/
Name: Collection of works by L.N. Tolstoy
L.N. Tolstoy
Genre: Drama, tragedy, comedy, journalism, prose
Language: Russian
Format: FB2
Quality: excellent
Number of works: 279
Size: 20.08 Mb
List of works:
1. War and peace. Volume 1
2. War and peace. Volume 2
3. War and peace. Volume 3
4. War and peace. Volume 4
Childhood. Adolescence. Youth
1. Childhood
2. Adolescence
3. Youth
Confession
1. Confession
2. To the Tsar and his assistants
3. I can’t be silent
Stories
From the notes of Prince D. Nekhlyudov (Lucerne)
Polikushka
Morning of the landowner
Fake coupon
Canvas meter
Plays
The power of darkness, or “The claw is stuck, the whole bird is lost”
And the light shines in the darkness
All the qualities come from her
The first distiller, or How the little devil earned the edge
The fruits of enlightenment
Stories
Albert
Assyrian king Esarhadon
Poor people
Grateful soil
Divine and human
Wolf
The enemy is molded, but God's is strong
Where there is love, there is God
Two brothers and gold
Two old men
Girls are smarter than old men
Expensive
For what?
Marker Notes
Notes of a Madman
Grain with a chicken egg
From Caucasian memories. Demoted
Ilyas
How the little devil bought the edge
Karma
Penitent
Korney Vasiliev
Godson
Blizzard
How much land does a person need?
Unfinished. Sketches
Songs in the village
After the ball
Traveler and peasant
Worker Emelyan and an empty drum
Conversation with a passerby
Destroying Hell and Rebuilding It
Wood cutting. Junker's story
Candle
The power of childhood
Dream of a young king
Surat coffee shop
Three days in the village
Three parables
Three elders
Three sons
If you let the fire go, you won't be able to put it out
Francoise
Khodynka
Owner and worker
How people live
What I saw in my dream...
Berries
Collected works in twenty-two volumes
1. Volume 1. Childhood, Adolescence, Youth
2. Volume 2. Works of 1852-1856
3. Volume 3. Works of 1857-1863
4. Volume 4. War and Peace
5. Volume 5. War and Peace
6. Volume 6. War and Peace
7. Volume 7. War and Peace
8. Volume 8. Anna Karenina
9. Volume 9. Anna Karenina
10. Volume 10. Works of 1872-1886
11. Volume 11. Dramatic works 1864-1910
12. Volume 12. Works of 1885-1902
13. Volume 13. Resurrection
14. Volume 14. Works of 1903-1910
15. Volume 15. Articles about literature and art
16. Volume 16. Selected journalistic articles
17. Volume 17. Selected journalistic articles
18. Volume 18. Selected letters 1842-1881
19. Volume 19. Selected letters 1882-1899
20. Volume 20. Selected letters 1900-1910
21. Volume 21. Selected diaries 1847-1894
22. Volume 22. Selected diaries 1895-1910
Outside series:
Russian classical prose
Carthago Delenda Est (Carthage must be destroyed)
Shark
Alyosha Pot
Apostle John and the Thief
Archangel Gabriel
Squirrel and wolf
Meaningless dreams
The Good of Love
God or mammon
Ursa Major (Bucket)
Big stove
Bulka (Officer's Stories)
What is my faith
Variant of the ending of the story "The Devil"
Believe yourself
Appeal
War and Peace. Book 1
War and Peace. Book 2
Volga and Vazuza
Wolf and mare
Sparrow
son of a thief
Resurrection
Upbringing and education
Memories of the trial of a soldier
The time has come
Second Russian book to read
Main Law
Stupid man
Hunger or not hunger
Greek teacher Socrates
Two hussars
Two letters to M Gandhi
Two different versions of the history of the beehive with a popular cover
The girl and the robbers
Decembrists
Diaries and notebooks (1909)
The Fool and the Knife
Devil
Uncle Zhdanov and gentleman Chernov
Hedgehog and hare
The Life and Suffering of the Martyr Justin the Philosopher
Crane and stork
Hares and frogs
The law of violence and the law of love
Notes of a Christian
From the will of the Mexican king
Hut and palace
Study of a Dogmatic Theologian
To the Clergy
Caucasian prisoner
Cossacks
How Uncle Semyon talked about what happened to him in the forest
How Russian soldiers die
How to read the gospel and what is its essence
Stones
To the Chinese people from a Christian
Who should learn to write from whom, the peasant children from us or us from the peasant children
Horse and mare
Cow
Kreutzer Sonata
Kreutzer Sonata (Collection)
Who's right
Bat
Fox and crane
Love each other
Mother
Prayer
Wise girl
Mice
Field mouse and city mouse
Raid (volunteer's story)
Reward
Don't play with fire - you'll get burned (Idyll)
I Can't Be Silent (1st edition)
Thou shalt not kill
Don't kill anyone
Unbelieving
Not doing
Accidentally
Nikolay Palkin
About madness
About religious tolerance
About Gogol
About hunger
About life
About people big and small
About literacy teaching methods
About public education
About science (Answer to the peasant)
About the census in Moscow
On the accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to Austria
About the Samara famine
About Shakespeare and drama
About art
The end of the Little Russian legend “Forty Years”, published by Kostomarov in 1881
It makes good money, and that’s why it’s a sin (Idyll)
Definition of the Holy Synod of February 20-22, 1901
Response to the resolution of the Synod of February 20-22 and to the letters I received on this occasion
Father and sons
Father Sergius
Father Sergius (variants)
Excerpts from the article "The Inevitable Coup"
Excerpts from the article “The Kingdom of God is within you”
Excerpts from stories from village life
Hunting is worse than bondage (A Hunter's Tale)
The first Russian book to read
First stage
Correspondence
Song about the battle on the Chernaya River
Letter to a revolutionary
Regarding the conclusion of V. A. Molochnikov
About the peace congress
It's time to come to your senses!
Afterword to the book by E. I. Popov “The Life and Death of Evdokim Nikitich Drozhzhin, 1866-1894”
Afterword to Chekhov's story "Darling"
Why are Christian peoples in general, and especially the Russian people, now in dire straits?
Preface to "Peasant Stories" by S T Semenov
Preface to the works of Guy De Maupassant
Preface to Edward Carpenter's article "Modern Science"
The end is approaching
Progress and definition of education
Bounce
Path of life
Bees and drones
Slavery of our time
Talk about science
Stories from the “New ABC”
Religion and Morality
Speech in a society of lovers of Russian literature
Equal inheritance
Sevastopol in August 1855 ( Sevastopol stories — 2)
Sevastopol in the month of December (Sevastopol stories - 1)
Sevastopol in May (Sevastopol stories - 3)
Sevastopol stories
Family happiness
The tale of Ivan the Fool and his two brothers...
Fairy tales
Death of Ivan Ilyich
The dog and its shadow
Student movement of 1899
Ashamed
So what should we do
Calf on ice
Black grouse and fox
Water flow
Tikhon and Malanya
The third Russian book to read
Three questions
Three thieves
Three bears
Three deaths
Labor, death and illness
Amazing creatures
Stubborn horse
The Teachings of Christ Explained to Children
Fedotka
Filipok
Hadji Murat
Walk in the light while there is light
Holstmere (Horse History)
Christian teaching
Christianity and Patriotism
Watchmaker
The fourth Russian book to read
What is art
What is religion and what is its essence?
Jackals and elephant
Shat and Don
It's you
Hawk and doves
Fairy tale
Three bears
Children's prose
Two brothers
Bone
Fire dogs
— Guys about animals: Stories of Russian writers
Dramaturgy
Living corpse
Infected family
Biographies and Memoirs
Memories
Diaries
Journalism
Decembrists (From the Unfinished)
Diaries and diary entries (1881-1887)
Report prepared for the Peace Congress in Stockholm
Interviews and conversations with Leo Tolstoy
Is this really necessary?
Journalism
Superstition of the State
Religion
Connection and translation of the four Gospels
- The Kingdom of God is within you...
Biography of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy
1828, August 28 (September 9) - Birth Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy in the Yasnaya Polyana estate, Krapivensky district, Tula province.
1830 - death of Tolstoy's mother Maria Nikolaevna (nee Volkonskaya).
1837 - The Tolstoy family moved from Yasnaya Polyana to Moscow. Death of Tolstoy's father Nikolai Ilyich.
1840 - First literary work Tolstoy— congratulatory poems by T.A. Ergolskaya: “Dear auntie.”
1841 - Death in Optina Pustyn of the guardian of the children of Tolstykh A.I. Osten-Sacken. The Tolstoys move from Moscow to Kazan, to a new guardian - P.I. Yushkova.
1844 — Tolstoy admitted to Kazan University at the Faculty of Oriental Studies in the category of Arabic-Turkish literature, having passed exams in mathematics, Russian literature, French, German, English, Arabic, Turkish and Tatar languages.
1845 — Tolstoy transfers to the Faculty of Law.
1847 — Tolstoy leaves the university and leaves Kazan for Yasnaya Polyana.
1848, October - 1849, January - lives in Moscow, “very carelessly, without service, without classes, without purpose.”
1849 - Examinations for the candidate's degree at St. Petersburg University. (Discontinued after successful passing in two subjects). Tolstoy starts keeping a diary.
1850 — The idea of “Tales from Gypsy Life.”
1851 - The story “The History of Yesterday” was written. The story “Childhood” began (finished in July 1852). Departure for the Caucasus.
1852 - Examination for the rank of cadet, order for enrollment military service fireworks 4th class. The story “The Raid” was written. In No. 9 of Sovremennik, “Childhood” was published - the first published work Tolstoy. “The Novel of a Russian Landowner” began (the work continued until 1856, remaining unfinished. A fragment of the novel, selected for printing, was published in 1856 under the title “Morning of the Landowner”).
1853 - Participation in the campaign against the Chechens. Start of work on "Cossacks" (completed in 1862). The story “Notes of a Marker” has been written.
1854 - Tolstoy was promoted to ensign. Departure from the Caucasus. Report on transfer to the Crimean Army. Project of the magazine “Soldier's Bulletin” (“Military leaflet”). The stories “Uncle Zhdanov and Cavalier Chernov” and “How Russian Soldiers Die” were written for the soldiers’ magazine. Arrival in Sevastopol.
1855 - Work began on “Youth” (finished in September 1856). The stories “Sevastopol in December”, “Sevastopol in May” and “Sevastopol in August 1855” were written. Arrival in St. Petersburg. Acquaintance with Turgenev, Nekrasov, Goncharov, Fet, Tyutchev, Chernyshevsky, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Ostrovsky and other writers.
1856 - The stories “Blizzard”, “Demoted”, and the story “Two Hussars” were written. Tolstoy promoted to lieutenant. Resignation. In Yasnaya Polyana, an attempt to free the peasants from serfdom. The story “The Departing Field” was begun (the work continued until 1865, remaining unfinished). The magazine Sovremennik published an article by Chernyshevsky about “Childhood” and “Adolescence” and “War Stories” by Tolstoy.
1857 - The story "Albert" began (finished in March 1858). First trip abroad in France, Switzerland, Germany. Story "Lucerne".
1858 - The story “Three Deaths” was written.
1859 - Work on the story “Family Happiness.”
1859 - 1862 - Classes at the Yasnaya Polyana school with peasant children (“lovely, poetic feast”). Their pedagogical ideas Tolstoy expounded in articles in the Yasnaya Polyana magazine he created in 1862.
1860 - Work on stories from peasant life- “Idyll”, “Tikhon and Malanya” (remained unfinished).
1860 - 1861 - Second trip abroad - through Germany, Switzerland, France, England, Belgium. Meeting Herzen in London. Listening to lectures on the history of art at the Sorbonne. Attendance at the death penalty in Paris. The beginning of the novel “The Decembrists” (remained unfinished) and the story “Polikushka” (finished in December 1862). Quarrel with Turgenev.
1860 - 1863 - Work on the story “Kholstomer” (completed in 1885).
1861 - 1862 - Activities Tolstoy mediator of the 4th section of Krapivensky district. Publication of the pedagogical magazine "Yasnaya Polyana".
1862 - Gendarmerie search in YP. Marriage to Sofya Andreevna Bers, daughter of a doctor in the court department.
1863 - Work began on War and Peace (finished in 1869).
1864 - 1865 - The first Collected Works of L.N. is published. Tolstoy in two volumes (from F. Stellovsky, St. Petersburg).
1865 - 1866 - The first two parts of the future “War and Peace” under the title “1805” were published in the “Russian Bulletin”.
1866 - Meeting the artist M.S. Bashilov, to whom Tolstoy commissions the illustration of War and Peace.
1867 - Trip to Borodino in connection with work on War and Peace.
1867 - 1869 - Release of two separate editions of War and Peace.
1868 - An article was published in the magazine “Russian Archive” Tolstoy“A few words about the book “War and Peace.”
1870 - The idea of "Anna Karenina".
1870 - 1872 - Work on a novel about the time of Peter I (remained unfinished).
1871 - 1872 - Publication of "ABC".
1873 - The novel Anna Karenina began (completed in 1877). Letter to Moskovskie Vedomosti about the Samara famine. I.N. Kramskoy paints a portrait in Yasnaya Polyana Tolstoy.
1874 — Pedagogical activity, article “On public education”, compilation of the “New ABC” and “Russian books for reading” (published in 1875).
1875 - The publication of “Anna Karenina” began in the magazine “Russian Messenger”. The French magazine Le temps published a translation of the story “The Two Hussars” with a preface by Turgenev. Turgenev wrote that upon the release of War and Peace Tolstoy"decidedly takes first place in the public's favor."
1876 - Meeting P.I. Tchaikovsky.
1877 - A separate publication of the last, 8th part of “Anna Karenina” - due to disagreements that arose with the publisher of the “Russian Messenger” M.N. Katkov on the issue of the Serbian war.
1878 - Separate edition of the novel “Anna Karenina”.
1878 - 1879 -Work on historical novel about the time of Nicholas I and the Decembrists
1878 - Meeting the Decembrists P.N. Svistunov, M.I. Muravyov Apostol, A.P. Belyaev. "First Memories" written.
1879 — Tolstoy collects historical materials and is trying to write a novel from the era of the late 17th century - early XIX century. Visited Tolstoy N.I. Strakhov found him in a “new phase” - anti-state and anti-church. In Yasnaya Polyana the guest is the storyteller V.P. Dapper. Tolstoy writes down folk legends from his words.
1879 - 1880 - Work on the “Confession” and “A Study of Dogmatic Theology.” Meeting V.M. Garshin and I.E. Repin.
1881 - The story “How People Live” was written. A letter to Alexander III with an admonition not to execute the revolutionaries who killed Alexander II. Moving of the Tolstoy family to Moscow.
1882 - Participation in the three-day Moscow census. The article "So what should we do?" has begun. (finished in 1886). Buying a house in Dolgo-Khamovnichesky Lane in Moscow (now the House-Museum of L.N. Tolstoy). The story “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” began (completed in 1886).
1883 - Meeting V.G. Chertkov.
1883 - 1884 - Tolstoy writes the treatise “What is my faith?”
1884 — Portrait Tolstoy works by N.N. Ge. “Notes of a Madman” started (remained unfinished). The first attempt to leave Yasnaya Polyana. A book publishing house was founded for folk reading- “Mediator.”
1885 - 1886 - Folk stories were written for “The Mediator”: “Two Brothers and Gold”, “Ilyas”, “Where there is love, there is God”, If you miss the fire, you will not put it out”, “Candle”, “Two Old Men”, “Fairy Tale” about Ivan the Fool”, “Does a man need much land”, etc.
1886 - Meeting V.G. Korolnko. A drama for the folk theater has been started - “The Power of Darkness” (banned for production). The comedy “Fruits of Enlightenment” began (finished in 1890).
1887 - Meeting N.S. Leskov. The Kreutzer Sonata began (finished in 1889).
1888 - The story “The False Coupon” began (work was discontinued in 1904).
1889 - Work on the story “The Devil” (the second version of the ending of the story dates back to 1890). The “Konevskaya Tale” (based on the story of the judicial figure A.F. Koni) was begun - the future “Resurrection” (finished in 1899).
1890 - Censorship prohibition of the “Kreutzer Sonata” (in 1891 Alexander III allowed printing only in the Collected Works). In a letter to V.G. Chertkov, the first version of the story “Father Sergius” (finished in 1898).
1891 - Letter to the editors of Russkie Vedomosti and Novoye Vremya with a waiver of copyright for works written after 1881.
1891 - 1893 - Organization of assistance to starving peasants of the Ryazan province. Articles about hunger.
1892 - Production of “The Fruits of Enlightenment” at the Maly Theater.
1893 - A preface to the works of Guy de Maupassant was written. Meeting K.S. Stanislavsky.
1894 - 1895 - The story “The Master and the Worker” was written.
1895 - Meeting A.P. Chekhov. Performance of "The Power of Darkness" at the Maly Theater. The article “Shame” was written - a protest against corporal punishment of peasants.
1896 - The story “Hadji Murat” began (work continued until 1904; during his lifetime Tolstoy the story was not published).
1897 - 1898 - Organization of assistance to starving peasants of the Tula province. Article “Hunger or not hunger?” The decision to print “Father Sergius” and “Resurrection” was in favor of the Doukhobors moving to Canada. In Yasnaya Polyana L.O. Pasternak illustrating "Resurrection".
1898 - 1899 - Inspection of prisons, conversations with prison guards in connection with work on “Resurrection”.
1899 - The novel “Resurrection” is published in the Niva magazine.
1899 - 1900 - The article “Slavery of Our Time” was written.
1900 - acquaintance with A.M. Gorky. Work on the drama “The Living Corpse” (after watching the play “Uncle Vanya” at the Art Theater).
1901 - “Definition of the Holy Synod of February 20 - 22, 1901 ... about Count Leo Tolstoy” is published in the newspapers “Tserkovnye Vedomosti”, “Russkiy Vestnik”, etc. The definition spoke of the writer’s “falling away” from Orthodoxy. In his “Response to the Synod,” Tolstoy stated: “I began by loving my Orthodox faith more than my peace of mind, then I loved Christianity more than my church, and now I love the truth more than anything in the world. And to this day the truth coincides for me with Christianity, as I understand it.” Due to illness, departure to Crimea, to Gaspra.
1901 - 1902 - Letter to Nicholas II calling for the abolition of private ownership of land and the destruction of “that oppression that prevents the people from expressing their desires and needs.”
1902 - return to Yasnaya Polyana.
1903 - “Memoirs” began (work continued until 1906). The story “After the Ball” was written.
1903 - 1904 - Work on the article “About Shakespeare and the Lady.”
1904 — Article about the Russian-Japanese War “Remember!”
1905 - An afterword to Chekhov’s story “Darling” and articles “About social movement in Russia" and the Green Stick", stories "Korney Vasiliev", "Alyosha Pot", "Berry", story " Posthumous notes Elder Fyodor Kuzmich." Reading the notes of the Decembrists and the works of Herzen. Entry about the October 17 manifesto: “There is nothing in it for the people.”
1906 - The story “For What?” and the article “The Significance of the Russian Revolution” were written, the story “Divine and Human”, begun in 1903, was completed.
1907 — Letter to P.A. Stolypin about the situation of the Russian people and the need to destroy private ownership of land. In Yasnaya Polyana M.V. Neterov paints a portrait Tolstoy.
1908 - Tolstoy’s article against the death penalty - “I can’t remain silent!” No. 35 of the Proletary newspaper published an article by V.I. Lenin "Leo Tolstoy, as a mirror of the Russian revolution."
1908 - 1910 - Work on the story “There are no guilty people in the world.”
1909 — Tolstoy writes the story “Who are the killers? Pavel Kudryash,” a sharply critical article about the cadet collection “Vekhi,” essays “Conversation with a Passerby” and “Songs in the Village.”
1900 - 1910 - Work on the essays “Three days in the countryside”.
1910 - The story “Khodynka” was written.
In a letter to V.G. Korolenko received an enthusiastic review of his article against the death penalty - “The Change House Phenomenon.”
Tolstoy preparing a report for the Peace Congress in Stockholm.
Work on the last article - “A valid remedy” (against the death penalty).
Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich
(09.09.1828 - 20.11.1910).
Born in the Yasnaya Polyana estate. Among the writer's paternal ancestors is an associate of Peter I - P. A. Tolstoy, one of the first in Russia to receive the title of count. A participant in the Patriotic War of 1812 was the father of the writer, Count. N.I. Tolstoy. On his mother's side, Tolstoy belonged to the family of the Bolkonsky princes, related by kinship to the Trubetskoy, Golitsyn, Odoevsky, Lykov and other noble families. On his mother's side, Tolstoy was a relative of A.S. Pushkin.
When Tolstoy was in his ninth year, his father took him to Moscow for the first time, the impressions of his meeting with which were vividly conveyed by the future writer in his children's essay "The Kremlin." Moscow is here called “the greatest and most populous city in Europe,” the walls of which “saw the shame and defeat of Napoleon’s invincible regiments.” The first period of young Tolstoy's Moscow life lasted less than four years. He was orphaned early, losing first his mother and then his father. With his sister and three brothers, young Tolstoy moved to Kazan. One of my father’s sisters lived here and became their guardian.
Living in Kazan, Tolstoy spent two and a half years preparing to enter the university, where he studied from 1844, first at the Oriental Faculty and then at the Faculty of Law. He studied Turkish and Tatar languages from the famous Turkologist Professor Kazembek. In his mature years, the writer was fluent in English, French and German languages; read in Italian, Polish, Czech and Serbian; knew Greek, Latin, Ukrainian, Tatar, Church Slavonic; studied Hebrew, Turkish, Dutch, Bulgarian and other languages.
Classes on government programs and textbooks weighed heavily on Tolstoy the student. He became interested in independent work on a historical topic and, leaving the university, left Kazan for Yasnaya Polyana, which he received through the division of his father's inheritance. Then he went to Moscow, where at the end of 1850 his writing began: an unfinished story from gypsy life (the manuscript has not survived) and a description of one day he lived (“The History of Yesterday”). At the same time, the story “Childhood” was begun. Soon Tolstoy decided to go to the Caucasus, where his older brother, Nikolai Nikolaevich, an artillery officer, served in the active army. Having entered the army as a cadet, he later passed the exam for junior officer rank. The writer's impressions of the Caucasian War were reflected in the stories "Raid" (1853), "Cutting Wood" (1855), "Demoted" (1856), and in the story "Cossacks" (1852-1863). In the Caucasus, the story “Childhood” was completed, published in 1852 in the magazine “Sovremennik”.
When the Crimean War began, Tolstoy was transferred from the Caucasus to the Danube Army, which was operating against the Turks, and then to Sevastopol, which was besieged by the combined forces of England, France and Turkey. Commanding the battery on the 4th bastion, Tolstoy was awarded the Order of Anna and the medals “For the Defense of Sevastopol” and “In Memory of the War of 1853-1856.” More than once Tolstoy was nominated for the military Cross of St. George, but he never received the “George.” In the army, Tolstoy wrote a number of projects - about the reformation of artillery batteries and the creation of artillery battalions armed with rifled guns, about the reformation of the entire Russian army. Together with a group of officers of the Crimean Army, Tolstoy intended to publish the magazine "Soldier's Bulletin" ("Military Leaflet"), but its publication was not authorized by Emperor Nicholas I.
In the fall of 1856, he retired and soon went on a six-month trip abroad, visiting France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. In 1859, Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in Yasnaya Polyana, and then helped open more than 20 schools in the surrounding villages. To direct their activities along the right path, from his point of view, he published the pedagogical magazine "Yasnaya Polyana" (1862). In order to study the organization of school affairs in foreign countries the writer went abroad for the second time in 1860.
After the manifesto of 1861, Tolstoy became one of the world mediators of the first call who sought to help peasants resolve their disputes with landowners about land. Soon in Yasnaya Polyana, when Tolstoy was away, the gendarmes carried out a search in search of a secret printing house, which the writer allegedly opened after communicating with A. I. Herzen in London. Tolstoy had to close the school and stop publishing the pedagogical magazine. In total, he wrote eleven articles on school and pedagogy (“On public education”, “Upbringing and education”, “On social activities in the field of public education" and others). In them he described in detail the experience of his work with students ("Yasnaya Polyana School for November and December", "On methods of teaching literacy", "Who should learn to write from whom, peasant children from us or us among peasant children"). Tolstoy the teacher demanded that school be brought closer to life, sought to put it at the service of the needs of the people, and for this to intensify the processes of teaching and upbringing, to develop creativity children.
At the same time, already at the beginning creative path Tolstoy becomes a supervised writer. Some of the writer's first works were the stories "Childhood", "Adolescence" and "Youth", "Youth" (which, however, was not written). According to the author's plan, they were supposed to compose the novel "Four Epochs of Development."
In the early 1860s. For decades, the order of Tolstoy’s life, his way of life, is established. In 1862, he married the daughter of a Moscow doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers.
The writer is working on the novel "War and Peace" (1863-1869). Having completed War and Peace, Tolstoy studied materials about Peter I and his time for several years. However, after writing several chapters of Peter’s novel, Tolstoy abandoned his plan. In the early 1870s. The writer was again fascinated by pedagogy. He put a lot of work into the creation of the ABC, and then the New ABC. At the same time, he compiled “Books for Reading”, where he included many of his stories.
In the spring of 1873, Tolstoy began and four years later completed work on a great novel about modernity, calling it after the name of the main character - Anna Karenina.
The spiritual crisis experienced by Tolstoy at the end of 1870 - beginning. 1880, ended with a turning point in his worldview. In "Confession" (1879-1882), the writer talks about a revolution in his views, the meaning of which he saw in a break with the ideology of the noble class and a transition to the side of the "simple working people."
At the beginning of the 1880s. Tolstoy moved with his family from Yasnaya Polyana to Moscow, caring about providing an education to his growing children. In 1882, a census of the Moscow population took place, in which the writer took part. He saw the inhabitants of the city's slums up close and described their terrible lives in an article on the census and in the treatise "So What Should We Do?" (1882-1886). In them, the writer made the main conclusion: “...You can’t live like that, you can’t live like that, you can’t!” "Confession" and "So What Should We Do?" were works in which Tolstoy acted simultaneously as an artist and as a publicist, as a profound psychologist and a courageous sociologist-analyst. Later, this type of work - journalistic in genre, but including artistic scenes and paintings, saturated with elements of imagery - will occupy a large place in his work.
In these and subsequent years, Tolstoy also wrote religious and philosophical works: “Criticism of Dogmatic Theology”, “What is My Faith?”, “Combination, Translation and Study of the Four Gospels”, “The Kingdom of God is Within You”. In them, the writer not only showed a change in his religious and moral views, but also subjected to a critical revision of the main dogmas and principles of the teaching of the official church. In the mid-1880s. Tolstoy and his like-minded people created the Posrednik publishing house in Moscow, which printed books and paintings for the people. The first of Tolstoy's works, published for the "common" people, was the story "How People Live." In it, as in many other works of this cycle, the writer made extensive use not only of folklore plots, but also expressive means oral creativity. WITH folk stories Tolstoy is thematically and stylistically related to his plays for folk theaters and, most of all, to the drama “The Power of Darkness” (1886), which depicts the tragedy of a post-reform village, where under the “power of money” the centuries-old patriarchal order collapsed.
In 1880 Tolstoy's stories "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" and "Kholstomer" ("The Story of a Horse"), "The Kreutzer Sonata" (1887-1889) appeared. In it, as well as in the story “The Devil” (1889-1890) and the story “Father Sergius” (1890-1898), the problems of love and marriage, the purity of family relationships are posed.
Tolstoy’s story “The Master and the Worker” (1895), stylistically connected with the cycle of his folk stories written in the 80s, is based on social and psychological contrast. Five years earlier, Tolstoy wrote for " home performance"comedy "The Fruits of Enlightenment". It also shows the "owners" and "workers": noble landowners living in the city and peasants who came from a hungry village, deprived of land. The images of the former are given satirically, the author portrays the latter as reasonable and positive people, but in some scenes and they are “presented” in an ironic light.
All these works of the writer are united by the idea of the inevitable and close in time “denouement” of social contradictions, of the replacement of an obsolete social “order.” “I don’t know what the outcome will be,” Tolstoy wrote in 1892, “but that things are approaching it and that life cannot continue like this, in such forms, I am sure.” This idea inspired the largest work of all the creativity of the “late” Tolstoy - the novel “Resurrection” (1889-1899).
Less than ten years separate Anna Karenina from War and Peace. "Resurrection" is separated from "Anna Karenina" by two decades. And although much distinguishes the third novel from the two previous ones, they are united by a truly epic scope in depicting life, the ability to “match” individual human destinies with the fate of the people. Tolstoy himself pointed out the unity that existed between his novels: he said that "Resurrection" was written in the "old manner", meaning, first of all, the epic "manner" in which "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina" were written ". "Resurrection" became last novel in the writer's work.
At the beginning of 1900 Holy Synod Tolstoy was excommunicated from the Orthodox Church.
In the last decade of his life, the writer worked on the story “Hadji Murat” (1896-1904), in which he sought to compare “the two poles of imperious absolutism” - the European, personified by Nicholas I, and the Asian, personified by Shamil. At the same time, Tolstoy created one of his best plays, “The Living Corpse.” Her hero is kindest soul, soft, conscientious Fedya Protasov leaves his family, breaks off relations with his usual environment, falls to the “bottom” and in the courthouse, unable to bear the lies, pretense, pharisaism of “respectable” people, shoots himself with a pistol and takes his own life. The article “I Can’t Be Silent” written in 1908, in which he protested against the repression of participants in the events of 1905–1907, sounded poignant. The writer’s stories “After the Ball”, “For What?” belong to the same period.
Weighed down by the way of life in Yasnaya Polyana, Tolstoy more than once contemplated and for a long time did not dare to leave it. But he could no longer live according to the principle of “together and apart,” and on the night of October 28 (November 10) he secretly left Yasnaya Polyana. On the way, he fell ill with pneumonia and was forced to stop at the small station of Astapovo (now Leo Tolstoy), where he died. On November 10 (23), 1910, the writer was buried in Yasnaya Polyana, in the forest, on the edge of a ravine, where as a child he and his brother were looking for a “green stick” that held the “secret” of how to make all people happy.
