It’s immediately obvious that you don’t know history (
"In 1789, on the eve of the Great French Revolution, France had 27 million inhabitants, which accounted for 15% of the population of Europe and was second in population on the continent only to Russia (at that time 18 million people lived in England, 24 million Germans lived in Germany, fragmented into many small principalities). During the Great French Revolution of 1789-1794, and then the Napoleonic Wars, France suffered terrible human losses. Only during the suppression of the royalist rebellion in the Vendee in 1793, over 400 thousand people died, tens of thousands of French died on the guillotine during the period of revolutionary (and then “white” counter-revolutionary) terror, several hundred thousand royalists emigrated from the country, and the Napoleonic epic cost France more than two million lives.”Victor Hugo speaks of “a million victims of Danton and Robespierre.” Off-line I came across figures from 600 to 900 thousand. Let’s take the average figure of 700 thousand people. If we recalculate the population
In the 19th, a seemingly quite enlightened and humanized century, French history was still just as wild in its cruelty. The merciless suppression of the uprisings of 1832 and 1848 (about half of the more than 15,000 rebels taken prisoner were shot). As a sign of new times -unbridled cruelty during the conquest of overseas territories (Tonkin, Algeria, Niger Loop, Timbuktu and many others)
England This “oldest democracy in Europe” (c) showed the world examples of unprecedented meanness and cruelty towards its people. Having deprived huge masses of peasants of land and housing in the process of the Enclosure, turning them into vagabonds and beggars, the authorities then sent them to hard labor and to the gallows - FOR BEGGAR AND VAGRANCE. True, everything is according to the law... "These laws introduced cruel punishments for persons accused of vagrancy and collecting alms without the permission of the authorities. They were flogged, branded, sold into slavery (for a time, and in case of escape - for life , during the third capture they were executed). The “Act on the Punishment of Vagrants and Stubborn Beggars” of 1597 gave the final formulation of the law on the poor and vagabonds (this law was in effect until 1814. Similar laws existed in other countries that embarked on the path of capitalist development in the 16th–18th centuries). (Netherlands. France). The “bloody laws” could not stop the growth of pauperism and vagrancy. But they achieved another goal: they suppressed the resistance of the expropriated, turning the peasants driven from the land into people ready to hire a pile on any terms.
And finally, Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell, a bloody ghoul who fully deserves a place on the same shelf with Hitler, Stalin, Pol Pot. During his reign, the population of England numbered 5 million souls (taken from here - If anyone has more accurate data - Welcome!) So, the brutal suppression by his “iron-sided” uprisings of the Diggers, Levellers, bloody expeditions to Scotland and (especially) to Ireland cost lives of at least half a million people (Barg M.A., Cromwell and his time, M., 1950), that is, ten percent of the population. Stalin modestly rests on the sidelines, there is NOTHING EVEN TO SAY about Ivan the Terrible with Peter I...
Cromwell is also credited with such glorious deeds as the banning of theaters, the total militarization of the country with the division into 12 general governments, armed guards of roads, and many others. After his death, the grateful people hung the corpse of the Lord Protector on the gallows and then quartered... In In the 19th century, the British, we must give them their due, shed more blood in distant countries - India, Bechuanaland, Burma, etc.
But they poured so much! A. Goryanin - “English officers, accustomed to hunting foxes, for lack of such, hunted aborigines in Tasmania, and did not notice how they killed every single one.”
And how they suppressed the sepoy uprising, how many people they put during the capture of Hong Kong and Kowloon, the opium wars - it would have been quite enough for a tribunal similar to Nuremberg...
In which once again it is called to remove “body No. 1” from the mausoleum and place it on the ground.
So I decided to make a post about mausoleums in various countries.
Few people know that the current mausoleum on Red Square is already the third in a row. It was built in 1929-1930 according to the design of A.V. Shchusev. However, Alexey Viktorovich was the author of the two previous mausoleums.
The first wooden mausoleum was erected on the day of the funeral of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (January 27, 1924). The building had the shape of a cube topped with a three-tiered pyramid. By the spring of the same year, 1924, a second temporary wooden mausoleum had already been erected with an extension to the stepped volume on both sides of the stands. The forms of the second mausoleum were used in the design of the current one. It is built of reinforced concrete, with brick walls, lined with granite and trimmed with marble, labradorite and porphyry.
Instead of a photograph of the mausoleum, there will be a photograph of Stalin and Lenin, still laid to rest together. The neighborhood was short-lived - from 1953 to 1961, after which the body of the Generalissimo was buried near the Kremlin wall.
Under the cut you can see other mausoleums of leaders of countries aligned with the USSR.
The name "mausoleum" came from the tomb of the Carian king Mausolus in the city of Halicarnassus in what is now Turkey in the middle of the 4th century. BC e. This gigantic structure, considered one of the seven wonders of the world, amazed everyone for one and a half thousand years until it was destroyed by an earthquake in the Middle Ages.
Mausoleums have become widespread in Ancient Rome, and in the Middle Ages in the East. In the 20th century, mausoleums of political figures were erected in a number of countries.
Mongolia
The first mausoleum, created by analogy with Lenin's, was built in 1924 as the final resting place of the founder of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Sukhbaatar.
In the 1930s, the mausoleum was rebuilt, turning into almost exact copy Moscow
When Mongolian Marshal Choibalsan died in 1952, his body was embalmed in Moscow and taken to Ulaanbaatar. Choibalsan's mausoleum was built during his lifetime and on his own order.
However, the new head of the Mongolian People's Republic, Yumzhagiin Tsedenbal, decided not to put the body of the former ruler on display, but to wall it up in a crypt serving as the tomb of the leader of the Mongolian revolution, Sukhbaatar. The mausoleum has never been opened to the public.
In 2005, Choibalsan was reburied in the Ulaanbaatar city cemetery. The mausoleum was demolished and a huge bronze figure of Genghis Khan was erected in its place.
China
In 1925, the Chinese revolutionary and founder of the Kuomintang party, Sun Yat-sen, died.
After his death, the Chinese leadership asked the USSR to provide assistance in embalming the leader’s body. The request was refused under the pretext that “the preservation of Lenin’s body is unique.” Chinese scientists had to do everything themselves.
The Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing resembles a traditional Chinese palace in the shape of an octagon. The mausoleum was built with funds raised by residents of Guangzhou and Chinese living abroad in memory of the leader of the Chinese revolution. The mausoleum is currently open to the public.
However, it seemed insufficient to the Chinese to have one mausoleum.
After the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, the Great Helmsman's Mausoleum was built in Tiananmen Square, the largest in the world, in Beijing. It was opened on the anniversary of Mao's death on September 9, 1977. Chinese specialists carried out the embalming on their own, but with the support of Vietnamese guardians of Ho Chi Minh's body who trained in Moscow.
The embalmed body of the former Chairman of the People's Republic of China is displayed in a crystal sarcophagus. In 1997, access to the body was stopped, which gave rise to rumors about the closure of the mausoleum and the upcoming reburial of Mao. However, in 1998 the mausoleum was reopened.
Bulgaria
The mausoleum of the leader of the Bulgarian communists Georgi Dimitrov in the city of Sofia was built on July 10, 1949.
Closed to public visits in early 1990. The body of Georgiy Dimitrov was taken out of the mausoleum and cremated in 1991. They wanted to turn the building into the world's largest tomb of electronic toys - Tamagotchis, then they used it to advertise the cartoon "101 Dalmatians", painted in the appropriate colors. For some time after this the building was used as a public toilet.
In 1999, the Mausoleum was blown up on the fifth attempt, and currently there is a garden and a parking lot on this site.
Czechoslovakia
The leader of Czechoslovakia, Klement Gottwald, came to Moscow for Stalin’s funeral in the spring of 1953, but caught a cold and soon ended up in the mausoleum himself.
The mausoleum in Prague was built back in the 1930s as a pantheon of legionnaires who helped win the independence of the Czech state. After Gottwald's death, the pantheon was converted into a mausoleum.
Also in the 1950s, not far from the pantheon above the Vltava there was a huge sculptural composition representing the people following Stalin. After the fall of the cult of personality, the statue of Stalin was blown up. There is still a legend among Prague residents that when preparing for dismantling they were very afraid that the head of the statue would roll down the hill and break the Charles Bridge. Fortunately, everything worked out fine.
In 1962, Gottwald's body was cremated, as due to deviations from technology in the embalming process, it began to deteriorate. The mausoleum was transformed into a pantheon of leaders of the Communist Party and the Czechoslovak socialist state.
In 1991, the mausoleum was closed, the bodies of all 49 people buried here were taken out and buried. The mausoleum building was privatized and sold to an American consortium, which plans to open a cultural and entertainment center.
Romania
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, leader of Romania from 1948 to 1965, was buried in a mausoleum in the Freedom Park in Bucharest.
In 1990, after the Romanian revolution, he was reburied in the city cemetery. and the mausoleum was later demolished. Unfortunately, I did not find any photographs of the tomb of the Romanian leader. If anyone has it, please send it.
I also heard information that an Orthodox cathedral was built on the site of the mausoleum.
Vietnam
The largest mausoleum in the world is currently the mausoleum of the head of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh. The agreement to embalm Ho Chi Minh's body was reached during his lifetime. Because of the war and bombing, the leader's embalmed body had to be hidden for six years. Only in August 1975 was the body placed in a mausoleum built by Moscow specialists in Badinh Square in Hanoi. The 21-meter-high building, reminiscent of a Moscow mausoleum in style, is divided into three tiers and, as it should be, serves as a platform during parades and celebrations. It looks strict: columns, granite cladding, three-stage roof. On the top tier is the inscription “President Ho Chi Minh”, lined with dark purple precious stones. The mausoleum is open to free visits.
The rules for visitors are approximately the same as for those who come to visit Lenin’s grandfather: do not bring photo and video equipment with you, do not make noise or stand still near the sarcophagus, do not point your fingers at the deceased leader. And dress decently - shorts, tops and miniskirts are not allowed. By the way, from September to November Ho Chi Minh does not accept visitors, as he himself goes to Moscow for preventive treatment. Somewhat of a vacation...
Angola
In the capital of Angola, Luanda, there is a mausoleum of the first president Agostinho Neto (1975-1979).
After the death of the president in 1979, Professor Ilya Zbarsky, the son of the legendary Boris Zbarsky, who embalmed Lenin, in response to the request of his Angolan comrades, preserved the remains of the leader for future generations. The body in the mausoleum was opened for public worship only once a year on September 17, Neto's birthday.
In 1992, at the request of the family of the late president, Neto's body was buried.
Guyana
In 1985, the first president of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana, Lyndon Forbes Burnham, died.
At the request of the Guyanese government, Soviet specialists embalmed his body. The mausoleum in Georgetown was built according to an American design for the anniversary of the president's death.
However, the US State Department threatened to stop economic aid to Guyana if Burnham's body was publicly displayed. The embalmed body was walled up in a hermetic capsule. It will remain unchanged for a long time, but no one can see it.
Albania
Mausoleum of the Albanian leader, the most staunch Stalinist Eastern Europe, Enver Hoxha was built in Tirana in 1986. This is a structure made of glass and marble, resembling a round pyramid.
The leader's body was embalmed by Chinese specialists. In 1991, it was taken out of the mausoleum and buried. Currently the building houses an international cultural center.
North Korea
In 1994, Russian embalming specialists completed the last order - to preserve the body of the leader of North Korea, Comrade Kim Il Sung (1912-1994).
The Kumsusan Memorial Palace, the former residence of President Kim Il Sung, has been converted into a "Lenin-type" mausoleum. The official opening of the mausoleum took place on the third anniversary of the death of Kim Il Sung.
It is considered the most visited mausoleum in the world, since its visit is mandatory for all tourist groups arriving in Pyongyang.
Only 3 mausoleums survived the global communist era, not counting the tomb of Sun Yat-sen - the Chinese Mao, the Vietnamese Ho Chi Minh and the Korean Kim Il Sung. The rest, especially European ones, were washed away by the wave of popular revolutions in the 1990s.
By the way, what is your opinion about the Mausoleum? Is it necessary to subsequently bury Medvedev and Putin and create more mausoleums for Lenin? Personally, I think not.
The central and largest square of Ulaanbaatar, opened in 1946 in honor of the 25th anniversary of the Mongolian revolution. After the reconstruction is completed in 2004, it is planned to cover it with granite slabs, reconstruct utilities and structures, and lighting. The Monument to Sukhbaatar, installed on the square in 1946, is planned to be cast in bronze.
Government House - Palace of State Ceremony and Honor
On the northern edge of the square is the Government House (Palace of State Ceremony and Honor), built in the 1950s and 60s. XX century (architects N. M. Shchepetilnikov, V. N. Pavlov, B. Chimid). In the 50s, the tomb of Sukhbaatar and Choibalsan was erected in front of the building (architects B. Chimid and B. S. Mezentsev).
Monument to Chinggis Khan
Monument to Chinggis Khan at the Government House
A monument depicting a seated Genghis Khan is the center of the gallery national history, serving as a facade for the government palace, part of the parliamentary complex of the square.
It was built between November 28, 2005 and July 2006 by 370 construction workers working around the clock and in three shifts, on the site of the Sukhbaatar mausoleum, which was demolished in 2004. The construction budget was exceeded by 670 million tugriks; 70% of the work was completed a month before the opening*. Opened July 1, 2006.
Monument to Sukhbaatar
In 2009, a working commission was created for the restoration of the monument to Sukhbaatar (sculptor S. Choimbol) in the central square of the city. It is expected that during the restoration the foundation, facial inscriptions and relief carvings on the stone will be repaired, and the 14 lions around the monument will be covered with natural stone. Restoration is planned to begin in 2010 and be completed by Mongolia's Independence Day.Mausoleum
Sukhbaatar Square with the mausoleum
Until 2004, here, near the Government House, there was a mausoleum of Sukhbaatar and Choibalsan. In 2004, a public movement arose in Mongolia to demolish the mausoleum. More than 20 leading political parties and social movements countries. The mausoleum of Sukhbaatar and Choibalsan was closed, later demolished, and on the 800th anniversary of the formation of the Mongolian state in 2006, a bronze monument was erected in its place - Genghis Khan.
There were plans to locate a shopping and entertainment complex 40 meters below the square.
Mausoleum of Sukhbaatar and Choibalsan, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
The first mausoleum, created by analogy with the Lenin Mausoleum in Moscow. Built in 1924 as the final resting place of the founder of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, Sukhbaatar (1893-1923). In the 30s it was rebuilt, turning into an almost exact copy of the Moscow one. In 1952, the body of Marshal Choibalsan (1895-1952) was placed in the mausoleum. The mausoleum has never been opened to the public.
Mausoleum of Georgi Dimitrov, Sofia, Bulgaria
Built in 1950, following the model in Moscow, for the first leader of the Bulgarian Communist Party, Georgi Dimitrov (1882-1949). Closed to public visits in early 1990. The body of Georgiy Dimitrov was taken out of the mausoleum and cremated in 1991. For some time after this the building was used as a public toilet. Plans are currently being considered to turn the mausoleum into the world's largest burial site for Tamagotchi electronic toys.
Mausoleum of Klement Gottwald, Prague, Czech Republic
Built in the 1930s as a pantheon of Italian legionnaires who died in the Czech Republic during the First World War. After the death of Klement Gottwald (1896-1953) it was converted into a mausoleum. In 1962, due to irregularities in the embalming process and after unsuccessful attempts to preserve Gottwald's body, it was cremated, and the mausoleum was turned into a pantheon of leaders of the Communist Party and the Czechoslovak socialist state. In total, 49 people were buried in the mausoleum. In 1991, the mausoleum was closed, the bodies were removed and reburied. The mausoleum building was privatized and sold to an American consortium, which plans to open a cultural and entertainment center in the building.
Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, Hanoi, Vietnam
Built in 1975 in a style reminiscent of the Moscow mausoleum. Access to the body of Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) has never ceased.
Mausoleum of Mao Zedong, Beijing, China
Built in 1977. It became the first such mausoleum built without the help of Soviet specialists. In 1997, access to the body was stopped, which gave rise to rumors about the closure of the mausoleum and the upcoming reburial of the Great Helmsman. However, in 1998 the mausoleum was reopened.
Mausoleum of Enver Hoxha, Tirana, Albania
Built in 1986. Like the mausoleum of Mao Zedong, without the help of Soviet specialists. In 1991, the body of Enver Hoxha (1908-1985) was removed from the mausoleum and reburied. Currently, the building houses an international cultural center.
Mausoleum of Kim Il Sung, Pyongyang, North Korea
The Kumsusan Memorial Palace, the former residence of President Kim Il Sung (1912-1994), has been converted into the world's largest "Lenin-type" mausoleum. The official opening of the mausoleum took place on the third anniversary of the death of Kim Il Sung. It is considered the most visited mausoleum in the world, since its visit is mandatory for all tourist groups arriving in Pyongyang.
A mausoleum is a monumental burial structure that included a chamber where the remains of the deceased were placed, and sometimes a memorial hall.
The mausoleum was built in 1954. On May 9, 1952, a resolution was issued by the Politburo of the Central Committee of the MPRP, according to which the sketch of the mausoleum of H. Choibalsan by the architect B. Chimed was approved. According to this sketch, the tribune on the mausoleum was 14.3 meters long and 13.87 cm wide. Inside the mausoleum, the walls were decorated with small stones, and the outside was decorated with white marble.
Specialists from the USSR were invited to build the mausoleum, and the issue of financing was also resolved. Nikolai Petrovich Yudin, the creator of the Moscow metro, was working in Mongolia at that time. The marble was brought from the Orkhon River valley in the city of Kharkhorin. The architecture of this building resembled a mausoleum on Red Square.
The Hero of Mongolia, Colonel General Zh. Lkhagvasuren, was responsible for the construction of the structure. And the builders of the military unit built it. On July 8, 1954, the grand opening of the mausoleum took place and this day was declared a holiday. It was attended by members of the Politburo of the MPRP Central Committee, deputies of the People's Khural, representatives of public organizations, the army, diplomatic representatives, and so on. Students from military universities marched in front of the crowd in a solemn formation.
The body of Sukhbaatar, who died in 1923 and was buried in the Altan-Olgii cemetery, was exhumed and placed in a new mausoleum. In 1952, the body of Marshal Choibalsan was placed in the mausoleum.
During grand opening At the mausoleum, a meeting was held at which the country's top officials spoke, then the anthem was played and fireworks were fired. After the celebrations, workers laid wreaths at the monuments in the mausoleum. Everyone who entered the mausoleum was checked and was not allowed to take pictures or hold bags.
From that moment on, during parades on the first of May, Naadam, and October holidays, the country's top officials came to the podium and greeted the people. For this reason, a resolution of the Central Committee of the MPRP was issued on April 2, 1955, and this tradition continued until the 90s.
Since 1954, security forces have carried out security and cleaning on the territory of the mausoleum. From 1951-1956, 10 soldiers were assigned from the special security company to guard the structure. Since 1956, security and cleaning moved to the commandant's office of the State Residence. To improve cleaning, increase the number of workers and organize this work, the Minister of Security came out on October 17. According to him, more than 16 people began to work in the mausoleum.
In 1971 and 1980, repair work was carried out and for these purposes specialists from the USSR were invited to work in the V. Lenin mausoleum. And special glass was brought from Ulaan-Ude. Until the 90s, the mausoleum was the most revered place.
The mausoleum stood until 2005. But then it was demolished in order to make way for the construction of an extension to the State Residence and a monument to the founder of statehood, Chinggis Khaan. By that time, more than 20 political parties called for the reburial of the country's former leaders. Both bodies statesmen D. Suhebaatara and H. Choibalsan were again exhumed and cremated with the participation of the Buddhist clergy. The remains were placed in stone urns and transferred to the tomb at the Altan-Ulgii cemetery.
History of the square
By the beginning of the 20th century, the central square of Urga was an unoccupied vast space in the city center south of the capital residence of Bogdo Gegen. This square was called Ikh-Cholө. The square was surrounded by Buddhist temples, houses of the nobility and clergy, and markets. Inside East Khuree there was its own square, where the annual Naadam wrestling competitions and Tsam festivals took place.
Pilgrims gathered in the main square of the capital to worship the Bogdo-gegeen. On December 16, 1911, the ceremony of his enthronement to the Mongolian throne took place during the national revolution, and on December 29, 1919, the ceremony of eliminating autonomy took place.
After the entry of the people's militia troops led by D. Sukhbaatar into the capital on July 8, 1921, wide public festivities were organized in the square. One of the militia, Gava, nicknamed Bone Head (Yasan tolgoi Gavaa), noticed the place where the mare Sukhbaatara urinated. And this was traditionally considered a good sign, and a special mark was buried in this place. July 11 on the square, on the spot in front of the modern Opera House, a wooden platform was built from which Prime Minister D. Bodoo proclaimed the foundation People's Republic. From that time on, in the capital's environment, the square became known as Tribunnaya (Indriin talbay), and became a place of public meetings and rallies. In 1922, during the Naadam holidays and the anniversary of the revolution, Sukhbaatar hosted a military parade on the square and personally participated in archery competitions, taking first place.
From 1923-1924 the square became known as “Sukhbaatar Square”. Later, on the square there was a folk theater “Bombogor Nogon”, which we published about in previous articles. In 1931, to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the revolution, an obelisk in honor of Sukheebaatar by the Soviet sculptor K. Pomerantsev was erected on the square.
In 1946, during the laying of asphalt, H. Choibalsan participated in the work as a simple worker together with Y. Tsedenbal. He then took out the marker laid in 1921 by Gawa and designated this place for a new monument instead of the old obelisk, which was moved to the Ministry of Defense. The author of the modern monument to Sukhbaatar, opened on July 8, 1947, was the sculptor S. Choimbol.
In 1951, the Government Palace was built. A year after Choibalsan's death, a mausoleum was erected in front of the palace. Until 1989, the square hosted annual public and youth demonstrations and military parades. In 1990, during the events of the democratic revolution, thousands of people protested and hunger strikes took place in the square.
After reconstruction carried out in 2004-2006, the area has changed a lot. Primarily due to the fact that in 2005 the mausoleum of Sukhbaatar was dismantled. The old cracked asphalt was also removed from the square and the area was paved with granite slabs. Also during the reconstruction, engineering and lighting structures were replaced.
Completed in 2006 large-scale reconstruction The Government Palace, during which statues of Genghis Khan, as well as two great khans of the Mongol Empire - Ogoday and Kublai, were installed in front of its facade.
Currently, the square retains its functions as a platform for public demonstrations, celebrations, concerts and exhibitions.
