We are surrounded by many things without which we simply cannot imagine our life, they are so “for granted” for us. It's hard to believe that once upon a time there were no matches, pillows or forks for eating. But all these things have passed long haul modifications in order to come to us in the form in which we know them.
We have already told you. And now we invite you to learn the complex history of such simple things as matches, a pillow, a fork, and perfume.
Let there be fire!
In fact, the match is not such an ancient invention. As a result of various discoveries in the field of chemistry in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, objects resembling the modern match were simultaneously invented in many countries around the world. It was first created by the chemist Jean Chancel in 1805 in France. He attached a ball of sulfur, bertholite salt and cinnabar to a wooden stick. With sharp friction of such a mixture with sulfuric acid, a spark appeared that set fire to a wooden shelf - much longer than that of modern matches.
Eight years later, the first manufactory was opened, aimed at mass production of match products. By the way, back then this product was called “sulfur” because of the main material used for its production.
At this time, in England, pharmacist John Walker was experimenting with chemical matches. He made their heads from a mixture of antimony sulfide, bertholite salt and gum arabic. When such a head rubbed against a rough surface, it quickly flared up. But such matches were not very popular among buyers due to the terrible smell and huge size of 91 centimeters. They were sold in wooden boxes of one hundred each and were later replaced by smaller matches.
Various inventors have tried to create their own version of the popular incendiary product. One 19-year-old chemist even made phosphorus matches that were so flammable that they lit themselves in a box due to friction against each other.
The essence of the young chemist’s experiment with phosphorus was correct, but he made a mistake with the proportion and consistency. Swede Johan Lundström created a mixture of red phosphorus for the head of a match in 1855 and used the same phosphorus for incendiary sandpaper. Lundstrem's matches did not ignite on their own and were completely safe for human health. It is this type of matches that we use now, only with a slight modification: phosphorus has been excluded from the composition.
In 1876, there were 121 match production factories, most of which merged into large concerns.
Now factories for the production of matches exist in all countries of the world. In most of them, sulfur and chlorine were replaced with paraffin and chlorine-free oxidizing agents.
Item of excessive luxury
The first mention of this tableware appeared in the 9th century in the East. Before the advent of the fork, people only ate food with a knife, spoon, or with their hands. The aristocratic segments of the population used a pair of knives to absorb non-liquid food: with one they cut the food, with the other they transferred it to the mouth.
Evidence has also emerged that the fork actually first appeared in Byzantium in 1072 in the emperor's house. It was made one and only from gold for Princess Mary because she did not want to humiliate herself and eat with her hands. The fork only had two tines for stabbing food.
In France, until the 16th century, neither a fork nor a spoon was used at all. Only Queen Jeanne had a fork, which she kept from prying eyes in a secret case.
All attempts to introduce this kitchen item into widespread use were immediately opposed by the church. Catholic ministers believed that a fork was an unnecessary luxury item. Aristocracy and royal court who introduced this subject into daily life, were regarded as blasphemers and accused of being associated with the devil.
But despite the resistance, the fork was first widely used in the homeland of the Catholic Church - in Italy in the 17th century. It was a mandatory item for all aristocrats and merchants. Thanks to the latter, she began traveling throughout Europe. The fork came to England and Germany in the 18th century, and to Russia in the 17th century it was brought by False Dmitry 1.
Then the forks had a different number of tines: five and four.
For a long time, this subject was treated with caution, vile proverbs and stories were composed. At the same time, signs began to appear: if you drop a fork on the floor, there will be trouble.
Under the ear
Nowadays it is difficult to imagine a home without pillows, but previously this was the privilege of only rich people.
During excavations of the tombs of the pharaohs and Egyptian nobility, the first pillows in the world were discovered. According to chronicles and drawings, the pillow was invented with a single purpose - to protect a complex hairstyle while sleeping. In addition, the Egyptians painted various symbols on them, images of the Gods, to protect people from demons at night.
IN Ancient China The production of pillows has become a profitable and expensive business. Ordinary Chinese and Japanese pillows were made of stone, wood, metal or porcelain and shaped into a rectangular shape. The word pillow itself comes from the combination of “under” and “ear”.
Woven pillows and mattresses stuffed with soft material first appeared among the Greeks, who most of They spent their lives on their beds. In Greece, they were painted, decorated with various patterns, turning them into interior items. They were stuffed with animal hair, grass, down and bird feathers, and the pillowcase was made of leather or fabric. The pillow could be of any shape and size. Already in the 5th century BC, every rich Greek had a pillow.
But most of all, the pillow enjoys popularity and respect, both in the past and today, in countries Arab world. In rich houses they were decorated with fringe, tassels, and embroidery, because it testified to the high status of the owner.
Since the Middle Ages, they began to make small pillows for the feet, which helped to keep warm, since in stone castles the floors were made of cold slabs. Because of the same cold, they invented a pillow under the knees for prayer and a riding pillow to soften the saddle.
In Rus', pillows were given to the groom as part of the bride's dowry, so the girl was obliged to embroider a cover for it herself. Only rich people could have down pillows. Peasants made them from hay or horsehair.
In the 19th century in Germany, doctor Otto Steiner, as a result of research, discovered that in down pillows, at the slightest penetration of moisture, billions of microorganisms multiply. Because of this, they began to use foam rubber or waterfowl down. Over time, scientists synthesized an artificial fiber that is indistinguishable from fluff, but convenient for washing and everyday use.
When the world's manufacturing boom began, pillows began to be mass produced. As a result, their price dropped and they became available to absolutely everyone.
EAU DE PARFUM
There is ample evidence of the use of perfume in Ancient Egypt during sacrifices to the Gods. It was here that the art of creating perfumes was born. In addition, even in the Bible there is mention of the existence of various aromatic oils.
The world's first perfumer was a woman named Tapputi. She lived in the 10th century BC in Mesopotamia and created various scents through chemical experiments with flowers and oils. Memories of her are preserved in ancient tablets.
Archaeologists also discovered on the island of Cyprus an ancient workshop with bottles of aromatic water that are more than 4,000 years old. The containers contained mixtures of herbs, flowers, spices, fruits, pine resin and almonds.
In the 9th century, the first “Book of the Chemistry of Spirits and Distillations” was written, created by an Arabian chemist. It described more than a hundred perfume recipes and many ways to obtain the aroma.
Perfumes came to Europe only in the 14th century from the Islamic world. It was in Hungary in 1370 that the queen first risked making perfume to order. Flavored water has become popular across the continent.
The Italians took over this baton during the Renaissance, and the Medici dynasty brought perfume to France, where it was used to hide the smell of unwashed bodies.
In the vicinity of Grasse, they began to specially grow varieties of flowers and plants for perfumes, turning it into a whole production. Until now, France is considered the center of the perfume industry.
Everything that surrounds us has a history!
Another selection from fresher.
Some items may be questionable. For example, a tube with holes was found, I remember, in a Neanderthal cave and was interpreted by archaeologists as a flute. If this is true, then 40,000 years ago these cousins our Cro-Magnon ancestors were even in some ways superior to them in development.
Oldest socks (2500 years old)
These Egyptian wool socks, designed to be worn with sandals, were made between 300 and 499 AD and were discovered in the 19th century.
First written recipe (5000 years)
“Sumerian beer recipe from 3000 BC. The beer turns out to be very strong and contains pieces of bread floating in it.”
Oldest sunglasses (800 years old)
The oldest glasses in the world were discovered on Baffin Island in Canada. They were intended to protect against glare from the sun's rays reflected from the snow.
The oldest sculpture in the form of a man (35,000 - 40,000 years old)
The most likely age of the statue depicting a human figure is 40,000 years. This is the Venus from Hohle Fels Cave, Germany, carved from mammoth bone.
Oldest shoe (5500 years old)
This 5,500-year-old cowhide right moccasin was found in a cave in Armenia, preserved in grasses and dry sheep dung.
Oldest musical instrument (40,000 years old)
This is a 40,000 year old bone flute from southern Germany.
Oldest trousers (3300 years old)
The oldest pants in the world were found in Western China; they are 3,300 years old.
Oldest flush toilets (2000 years old)
IN ancient city Ephesus, Türkiye, had flush public toilets. Running water under the seats was carried into the nearby river.
Oldest bra (500 years old)
This bra was worn between 1390 and 1485 in Austria. There are earlier historical descriptions this item, but other copies have not survived.
Oldest prosthesis (3000 years old)
This prosthesis helped someone in Egypt walk again 3,000 years ago.
Oldest wallet (4500 years old)
Dog teeth are all that remains from a disintegrated 4,500-year-old wallet found in Germany. They were probably part of the outer door.
Oldest condom (370 years old)
This reusable sheepskin condom was used in 1640 in Sweden. It came with instructions in Latin, which recommended cleaning the product with warm milk to avoid sexually transmitted diseases.
Old chewing gum (5000 years old)
This chewing gum from Finland has been chewed for at least 5,000 years. It is made from birch bark and was most likely used to cure oral infections or used as an adhesive.
Oldest recorded melody (3400 years old)
The oldest recorded melody was found in the ancient city-state of Ugarit, in what is now southern Syria. The music was written for the lyre.
Ancient coin (2700 years old)
The oldest known coin was found within the ancient Hellenic city of Ephesos (Ephesus) in Turkey. One side of it is decorated with an image of a lion's head.
Oldest globe (510 years old)
This old globe painstakingly engraved on the surface of an ostrich egg in Italy. The current owner purchased it at a card fair in London in 2012.
There is an opinion that any invention is associated with painstaking research and scientific research. But in reality this does not always happen. History knows cases when items that became in demand and popular were invented completely by accident.
This review contains the most unexpected stories of the appearance of objects that have entered into human everyday life today.
#1 Potato chips (1853)
The story goes that George Crum, the chef of the restaurant at the prestigious Moon Lake House Hotel in Saratoga Springs (USA), one day in 1853 was faced with a capricious client. That client was railroad magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt.
A customer began complaining that his fries were cut too thick and were too soft and undercooked. Although Crum did everything possible to please Vanderbilt, he returned the portion back time after time.
Then the chef decided to teach the client a lesson. He sliced the potatoes as thin as he could, fried them until they started to break apart when pressed with a fork, and sprinkled them with salt. However, the unexpected happened - Vanderbilt admired the dish and ordered another serving. The fame of Saratoga Chips quickly spread throughout the area, and Crum opened his own restaurant.
#2 Artificial sweetener saccharin (1877)
Late one evening in 1877, Russian chemist Konstantin Fahlberg was so engrossed in his research that he forgot to wash his hands while walking home for dinner from his laboratory at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore.
When he took a piece of bread at home, it turned out that the bread was sweet for some reason. Fahlberg then remembered that earlier that day he had accidentally spilled an experimental chemical compound on his hands. Those. The sweet taste of the bread was due to some kind of chemical.
Fahlberg hastily went back to the laboratory, where he experimentally determined what kind of compound it was - ortho-sulfobenzoic acid, to which the scientist later gave the name saccharin.
#3 Coca-Cola (1886)
In an attempt to find a cure for headaches and hangovers, chemist John Pemberton of Atlanta, USA, concocted a syrup made from wine and coca extract, which he called Pemberton's French Wine-Coca.
In 1885, at the height of American Prohibition, the sale of alcohol was banned in Atlanta, which forced Pemberton to begin producing a purely coca-based syrup, which had to be diluted with water. The story goes that one day, due to carelessness, a bartender accidentally diluted the syrup with ice-cold sparkling water instead of tap water. Thus, modern cola was born.
#4 X-Rays (1895)
In his laboratory in 1895, German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen experimented with cathode ray tubes (roughly analogous to modern fluorescent lamps) to study how electricity passes through gases. He carefully pumped out the air from the cathode tube, filled it with a special gas and passed a high voltage electric current through it.
To Roentgen's surprise, the screen, located a meter from the tube, suddenly began to emit a green fluorescent glow. This was strange because the light-emitting cathode ray tube was surrounded by thick black cardboard. The only explanation was that the "invisible rays" produced by the tube somehow passed through the cardboard and onto the screen.
X-ray decided to test this on his wife Bertha, after which it turned out that the rays freely passed through the tissues of her hand, as a result of which the bones became visible. The news of Roentgen's discovery quickly spread throughout the world.
#5 Ice cream cone (1904)
TO end of the 19th century century, when ice cream became cheap enough to afford ordinary people, it was usually sold in cups made of paper, glass or metal, which were then returned to the seller.
In 1904, at the World's Fair in St. Louis, America, there were more than 50 ice cream stalls and more than a dozen with hot waffles. It was hot and the ice cream was selling much better than the waffles. When ice cream seller Arnold Fornachu ran out of paper cups, Syrian Ernest Hamwi, who was selling waffles nearby, rolled one of his waffles into a tube and offered to put ice cream in it. This is how the first waffle cone appeared.
#6 Penicillin (1928)
On September 3, 1928, Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming was cleaning out his laboratory at St. Mary's Hospital in London after a vacation. While cleaning, he noticed blue-green mold on a Petri dish that he forgot to wash before vacation.
Fleming was about to throw away the sample when he noticed something unusual: mold had killed the colonies of staphylococcal bacteria present on the petri dish. A few months later, he isolated penicillin from these molds.
If Fleming had not been in such a hurry to go on vacation, he would have washed the dishes, and one of the most widely used antibiotics in the world would not exist today.
#7 Microwave (1946)
While testing microwaves in 1946, radar engineer and technician Percy Spencer, who was standing in front of the radar, noticed that a candy bar in his pocket began to melt. Spencer and his colleagues then tried heating other foods with microwaves to see if a similar effect would occur.
When popcorn was placed in front of the radar, it immediately began to pop. And the egg, placed in the kettle, literally boiled.
Finally, thanks to chance, an alternative to conventional gas and electric ovens appeared. It has become possible to prepare food much faster than before.
#8 Velcro (1955)
Velcro was patented 62 years ago. And the story of its appearance was quite unusual.
In 1955, after walking his dog in the forest, Swiss electrical engineer Georges de Mestral discovered that his pants and dog's fur were literally covered with burrs. By examining the burrs of burrs under a microscope, de Mestral found thousands of tiny hooks that easily latched onto the small loops found in any everyday clothing. This prompted him to make a double-sided clasp, with one side equipped with hooks and the other with soft loops.
De Mestral tested several materials to see which would provide the strongest grip and found that nylon was ideal.
#9 Post-it notes (1968 and 1974)
In 1968, chemist Spencer Silver, who worked for the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company in St. Paul, was tasked with developing a strong adhesive for the aerospace industry, but he ended up inventing a weak adhesive. Oddly enough, the tiny acrylic beads that make up this glue are almost indestructible, so it can be used repeatedly.
Initially, Silver wanted to sell his adhesive for applying to the surface of bulletin boards so that people could stick their notices on them and then easily tear them off.
A few years later, in 1974, chemist Art Fry grew tired of the paper bookmarks that kept falling out of his hymnbooks (he sang in a church choir in St. Paul). And then he came up with a brilliant idea - why not use Dr. Silver's glue on these pieces of paper.
Fry cut up some yellow paper he found in the lab nearby and coated one side of it with glue. The idea has proven so popular that more than 90 percent of people today use stickers.
#10 Viagra (1998)
Clinical trials at the pharmaceutical company Pfizer initially studied the use of Viagra as a cardiovascular drug to lower blood pressure, dilate blood vessels and treat sore throats. Although the results were disappointing, in one study, male volunteers experienced an unusual side effect - very durable erections.
No one at Pfizer even thought about using Viagra to treat erectile dysfunction in the first place, and the company nearly launched the drug as a treatment for sore throats... if not for a random experiment.
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Russian household items are special world. We all talk about the history of the country, about its greatness, about great achievements. And behind the pathos of words, we somehow forget that history begins in our home with simple things, small objects that we do not notice. Meanwhile, just look around, take a closer look at the things that surround you in the apartment. If you have an old dacha, a house inherited from your grandmother, do not be lazy to look into the attic or barn. it will be revealed to you amazing world things - family history in detail. After all, it is interesting to trace how our life has changed over several generations. And this can be done at simple example- well, the same irons, for example.
Russian household items are not something unique. In every country you can find something similar. But there are also differences. For example, samovars. This household item was popular in both the 18th and 19th centuries. Nowadays they are almost forgotten and if they are in the home, it is only as an exotic item. But how great it was to sit at a samovar that melted, and was not just a large electric kettle.
Gramophones and gramophones. We have long forgotten what analog sound is. Electronics. Of course, there are also vinyl players, but these are for gourmets. A hundred years ago, a gramophone or gramophone was a prestigious item in Russian everyday life.
In the 50-70s, receivers with players were popular - rather bulky objects, but if anyone remembers, how great it was at night to look for a wave with foreign pop melodies - nostalgia.
And such a little thing as a Turk. By the way, these household items have not changed for hundreds of years. As the Turk was in the 18th century, so it remained in the 21st. Coffee grinders have changed and electric ones have replaced manual ones, but how much more pleasant it is to grind coffee yourself. It's not a matter of convenience, but the process itself.
Household items from the 19th century are little things that speak volumes. For example, a simple travel bag. Have you ever thought that the shape of the bag has not changed since those times? This is what distinguishes household items from the 19th or 18th centuries - the thoughtfulness and completeness of all forms.
This is what distinguishes everyday objects of the past – thoughtfulness. After all, the shape of these objects has been worked out for centuries. Hence their universality and completeness - their authors were thousands of people over generations. Nowadays, many things have one or several authors, but it is not a fact that the shape of everyday objects will attract everyone.
Items of Russian everyday life 19-20 centuries photo from the exhibition
Development 3. Theme: Fun get-togethers
Target - create conditions for:
Expanding children's understanding of familiar objects, the history of their origin and diversity;
Development of memory, attention, curiosity, creative and logical thinking, speech;
- fostering a caring attitude towards things, respect for one’s homeland, its customs and traditions.
Equipment: The class is decorated like a Russian hut: embroidered towels, towels, a table with an embroidered tablecloth and treats, presentation, music.
Progress of the lesson
1. Meeting guests
Teacher: Please, dear guests! We have been waiting for you for a long time, we won’t start the holiday without you! We have prepared some fun things for you to suit every taste. A nursery rhyme for some, truth for others, a song for others, and delicious treats for everyone. We have a place and a kind word for each of you. Can everyone see it, can everyone hear it?
On the ruins, in the light
Or on some logs,
There were gatherings
Old and young.
Were you sitting by a torch?
Or under the bright sky -
They talked and sang songs
And they danced in a circle.
And how they played! On the burners!
Ah, the burners are good!
In a word, these gatherings
They were a celebration of the soul.
The life of people is marked by a century,
The old world has changed.
Nowadays we're all screwed
Personal dachas or apartments.
Our leisure time is sometimes shallow,
And what can I say:
It's boring to live without gatherings,
They should be revived.
Today we have fun gatherings, and we will talk about the history of things. Every item somehow ends up in our home. Are you interested in knowing where things come from? Why?
Children: learn folk traditions, customs, life of people.
Teacher: When people had gatherings, a cricket sat behind a warm stove and listened to what they were talking about. Lyuba will sing us a song about a cricket.
A girl sings a song about a cricket.
2. How did hot air balloons originate?
Teacher: Do you like balloons? Does anyone know who invented them?
The very first balloons were made by the Indians in Mexico from the intestines and stomachs of animals. They dried them in a certain way, decorated them, inflated them and used them not for entertainment, but for sacrifice. In medieval Europe, traveling artists and troubadours traveled with similar balls made from animal entrails. First balloon made from rubber by the English scientist Michael Faraday in 1824. He needed the ball for experiments with hydrogen. Like toys, the balls appeared a year later.
Let's hold a small competition. Each of you is given a ball and a string. You need to inflate the balloon as quickly as possible and tie it with a string. The first one to lift the inflated balloon above his head wins.
Well done, you did a great job!
3. Ancient Russian bread products
Teacher: Did you know that bagels, bagels, sushki are ancient Russian bread products, without which not a single tea party could be had before, both on weekdays and on holidays. Even today, residents of many cities and villages willingly buy bagel products, which make up a significant group of bread products. The choice is large: sugar, plain, mustard, milk, butter, vanilla, pure, with poppy seeds and others. An indispensable part of the production of bagels is scalding the test rings with boiling water. In Ukraine, bagels are still called “ scalded" There is an opinion that these bagel products came from Poland to Ukraine several centuries ago, and from there they migrated to Russia. Bagels and dryers are essentially canned bread - they can be stored for a long time without losing their consumer qualities. Warriors who went on long campaigns; messengers delivering important news; travelers discovering new lands - they all took light dried slices of bread or crackers with them on the road. On huge sailing ships that plied distant seas and oceans, there were special dry holds that contained supplies of these products for the crew for a period of 6 months to 1 year. This group of products includes crackers and various bread sticks, sweet and salty straws. But still, sushi and bagels were and remain a favorite delicacy for most children.
Dressed up students sing ditties.
Hey, laughing girls,
Sing some ditties!
Sing quickly
To please the guests!
If there was no water,
There wouldn't even be a mug!
If there were no girls,
Who would sing ditties?
Two old ladies went on a spree,
We ate eight ounces of bread
They ate it and didn't crack it,
Well, isn't it interesting?
It's nothing at all
Bread is getting more expensive
We'll give it anyway
To the next door neighbor.
I eat bread from morning to night,
Buns from night until morning.
It's a lot of fun
Mom and I have evenings.
Buns are good for lunch,
Bread, loaves and cheesecakes.
Delicious bread will feed everyone,
There is no better bread in the world.
Teacher: What proverbs do you know about bread? Let's try to explain what the following statements mean?
At lunch, bread is everything.
The river's banks are red, and lunch is pies.
Bread is father, water is mother.
There is not a piece of bread, and there is melancholy in the upper room.
4. Candy tree
Teacher: Answer this question: am I right that almost everyone here loves chocolate? Of course, almost all people love him. Please listen to one story.
Once upon a time, a Mexican gardener named Quetzalcoatl, endowed with the talent of planting wonderful gardens, grew one inconspicuous tree, which he called “cocoa”. The seeds of its fruits, similar in appearance to cucumbers, had a bitter taste. But the drink prepared from them was capable of giving strength and dispelling melancholy. For this ability to eliminate the eternal companion of fatigue, people valued cocoa as worth its weight in gold. Quetzalcoatl, receiving huge profits from the sale of cocoa, became quite arrogant and soon imagined himself equal to the almighty gods. And, having filled the cup of their patience, he was punished - he lost his mind. In a fit of rage, the gardener mercilessly destroyed all the plants except one - this tree turned out to be cocoa. I told you a legend, but in fact, cocoa was discovered by the Mayans who lived on the Yucatan Peninsula around the 1st century AD. Considering them a divine gift and realizing the miraculous power of the sharp-bitter drink obtained from the seeds of this tree, the Mayans set up cocoa plantations and began to earnestly pray to Ek Chuah, the god of cocoa, asking him for favor towards people and help in growing a good harvest.
Guys, so you don't get bored, we'll hold a small competition. We will compete in groups of two. You need to taste the type of chocolate with your eyes closed.
5. The most ancient holiday
So, please remind me, who was the first to discover the wonderful properties of chocolate? (Mayan Indians)
Tell me, please, what holiday is just around the corner? (New Year) Do you know that this is the oldest of all existing holidays? During excavations of ancient Egyptian pyramids, archaeologists found a vessel on which was written: “The beginning of the new year.”
In Rus', the New Year was celebrated on March 1. In the 14th century, the Moscow Church Council decided to consider September 1 as the beginning of the New Year according to the Greek calendar. And only in 1699, Peter I, returning from a trip to Europe, by a special decree, ordered “from now on, summers will be counted” from January 1.
6. Oh, come on, tell me...
And now for you guys,
I'll tell you riddles.
I know, I know in advance -
You are a savvy people.
History of the toothbrush
It was a long time ago. One morning a man woke up in a cave with a bad taste in his mouth. He took the twig, chewed the end and began brushing his teeth. This was the very first toothbrush. The toothbrush with which we now brush our teeth appeared quite recently. But people are coming up with more and more new toothbrushes. Did you know that there is a musical toothbrush? It was invented specifically for children. This brush plays a melody when you brush your teeth correctly, and if you brush your teeth incorrectly, the music does not play.
Slipping away like something alive
But I won't let him go,
The point is quite clear:
Let him wash his hands for me.
History of soap
Previously, there was no soap, and people washed themselves with flour and clay. And then they began to make soap from goat, lamb and bovine fat and added ash. Soap was hard, soft and liquid. Previously, soap was very expensive, so only rich people could buy it. Poor people washed and washed with lye. What is lye? They took wood ash, poured boiling water over it and put it in the stove. Then they took it out and washed, and washed their clothes in the same way. Toilet soap is also called washing soap. Nowadays soap is made from substances such as fat, oil, and aromatic substances to make the soap smell delicious.
Guess what this thing is -
A sharp beak, not a bird,
With this beak she
Sows and sows seeds.
Not in the field, not in the garden -
On sheets of paper in your notebook.
History of the pen
A long time ago, people wrote with real quills. They took feathers from geese, ravens, and peacocks. The tip of the feather was first cleaned, then cut at an angle and sharpened so that it was very thin. When the feather became dull, it was again cut at an angle and sharpened again. And then they wrote. One man who had to write a lot came up with a pen made of steel. And everyone began to write with steel pens, they even made them from silver and gold. They were expensive. Then they came up with a fountain pen - it did not need to be dipped into an inkwell. They took a tube with a pointed end. A straw was inserted inside the tube and liquid was poured. The liquid gradually flowed down to the pointed end, and then the tube was drawn along the paper. And even later they invented a ballpoint pen with thick paste, which we now write with. A lot of pens have been invented. Comes with a calendar electronic watch and even with a calculator.
Black Ivashka –
Wooden shirt,
Where he leads his nose,
He puts a note there.
If you sharpen it,
Draw whatever you want:
Sun, sea, mountains, beach...
What is this?...
History of the pencil
People used to paint with charcoal. They took a burnt twig from the fire and drew. The pencil consists of a wooden sleeve and a lead. The lead is the heart of the pencil. Pencils are hard and soft. Hard ones write palely, soft ones write brightly. There are so many pencils! There are pencils with brushes and pencils with erasers. There is a pencil with a magnifying glass at the end, pencils with bells. There are pencils with calendars, with the alphabet, with road signs. They also produce pencils that smell delicious when you write with them.
Look, we have opened our mouths,
You can put paper in it
Paper in our mouth
Will split into parts.
History of scissors
About 1000 years ago, one person came up with the idea to connect two knives with a nail, and bend their handles into rings - and that’s what scissors turned out to be. Scissors were made of iron and silver and beautifully decorated. Scissors have their own specialties. Some were intended for hairdressers, others for doctors. Today there are scissors that are used to trim bushes on lawns, butcher poultry, cut fabrics, and cut cakes.
Well done, you have confirmed your knowledge of riddles!
7. Musical instruments.
In the 17th century, a number of different mechanical musical instruments were created that reproduced this or that melody at the right moment: barrel organs, music boxes, gramophones, gramophones, etc.
The first apparatus for recording and reproducing sound was created in 1877 by Thomas Edison. Despite its widespread use, attempts to create more advanced sound recording devices continued.
The German designer Lindström invented a device called parlograph. This device was adapted for recording dictation of speeches and negotiations.
Gramophone invented in 1888 by an American engineer German origin E. Berliner. Booth gramophones had the highest sound quality and cost fabulous money at that time.
Organ organ. There is a legend that already in the 6th century BC. Confucius spent seven days continuously enjoying the sound of melodies on the “ribs of the tiger” (metal plates that produce sounds of different pitches), it is believed that this mechanism was invented in 1796 by the Swiss mechanic Antoine Favre.
In Western Europe this mechanical musical instrument appeared at the end of the 17th century. At first it was a “bird organ” for training songbirds, and then it was adopted by wandering musicians.
This is how a musical instrument appeared for those who cannot play. You turn the knob and music plays. The most popular hit of that time was “Charmant Katarina” (in French). The name of the instrument, the organ organ, comes from the name of the song.
The barrel organ came to Russia early XIX century, and the acquaintance of Russians with the new instrument began precisely with the French song “Charman Catherine”. Everyone immediately liked the song very much, and the name “Katerinka” or “Lee barrel organ” firmly stuck to the instrument. There is also an assumption that the primary name was not the barrel organ, but the shirmanka.
And it came from the screens, from behind which Pulcinella, the organ grinder’s almost always companion, calls on onlookers and the curious with his ringing voice. First in Russia barrel organs appeared at the end of the 17th century. People called them “Katerinkas”.
Story music boxes begins in 1796. It was then that a Genevan watchmaker made the first musical mechanism. At first, such simple mechanisms were built into perfume bottles and watches.
Your grandmothers still remember how it sounded gramophone. And some of you have such a musical instrument at home as music player, and with it a set of records. Let's hear how it sounds.
Now is the age of computer technology. And we can listen to music using a computer.
8. Exhibition of antiques.
I told you the story of some things, and now you will tell us the story of the things that are in your home and are of value to you. family value. Let's take a look at our exhibition of antiques.
Children show off antiques brought from home.
Teacher: You are on the verge of new discoveries. While you are still schoolchildren, your task is to study well. Perhaps one of you will become a scientist or inventor and create something that all people, your children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, will know about. Remember, he who remembers the past worries about the future! Try to learn more about the things that surround us!
We are surrounded by a world of things.
We sometimes don't notice them.
They are reflections of people,
Former joy and sorrow...
Ah, old trash, priceless trash,
All that we are rich in in life...
Sometimes you remind us
About who we once were.
And we end our fun get-togethers with sweet treats for tea. Never be discouraged, receive gifts from us!
Lyudmila Okolovich, teacher of pedagogy at Slavgorod Pedagogical College, Altai Territory, Anastasia Nepomnyashchaya, student of group 31, Elena Yantsen, student of group 31, winners of the VII All-Russian competition for class teachers “Wise Owl”
In the attached file is the presentation “History of Writing”
The presentation “Toy Pantry” is posted on a file hosting service and is available for downloading at the link: http://narod.ru/disk/62827884001.501573d711a112ca87960a4d216c58e3/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0 %B2%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BA.rar.html
The presentation “Fun Gatherings” is posted on a file sharing service and is available for downloading at the following link:
