Goal: Goal: To form in students imaginative ideas about organization, the wisdom of human structure internal space huts Introduce the concept of interior, its features in a peasant home; form the concept of spiritual and material. Update background knowledge- What principles were used to decorate the appearance of a peasant hut? - Why did people decorate their homes?

In a low light with a sash window, a lamp glows in the darkness of the night: The weak light either completely freezes, or showers the walls with trembling light. The new light is neatly tidied up: The window curtain is white in the darkness; The floor is planed smooth; the ceiling is level; The stove collapsed into a corner. Along the walls there are installations with ancient goods, a narrow bench covered with a carpet, a painted hoop with an extendable chair, and a carved bed with a colored canopy. L. May L. May

“The stove fed, gave water, treated and consoled, sometimes babies were born on it, and when a person became decrepit, it helped to withstand the brief death throes with dignity and calm down forever. A stove was needed at any age, in any condition, position. It cooled down along with the death of the entire family or home... The warmth that the stove breathed was akin to spiritual warmth.” “The stove fed, watered, treated and consoled, babies were sometimes born on it, and when a person became decrepit, it helped to withstand the short agony of death with dignity.” and calm down forever. A stove was needed at any age, in any condition, position. It cooled down along with the death of the entire family or home... The warmth that the stove breathed was akin to spiritual warmth.”

There are 4 brothers under one hat. The table was treated with respect. It was called “God’s palm”, which is why it was forbidden for children to hit the table or climb on it. An indispensable element of all peasant holidays and celebrations was a feast (at the table). The family gathered at the table, as if showing their unity. There were benches along the walls. They sat and slept on them. The benches were attached to the floor, and the benches were moved. The table was treated with respect. It was called “God’s palm”, which is why it was forbidden for children to hit the table or climb on it. An indispensable element of all peasant holidays and celebrations was a feast (at the table). The family gathered at the table, as if showing their unity. There were benches along the walls. They sat and slept on them. The benches were attached to the floor, and the benches were moved.

Sections: MHC and ISO

Lesson topic: Interior and interior decoration of a peasant house. Collective work “Come to the hut.”

Lesson type: combined.

Goals:

• Develop creative and cognitive activity.
• To develop practical skills to work in a small team (group).
• Continue to formulate the concept of the unity of benefit and beauty in the interior of the home and objects folk life
• Foster love for the Motherland and folk culture.

Lesson format: game.

Equipment and materials:

1. Schemes - tables depicting the elements of a Russian stove, the “red corner”.
2. Illustrations for Russians folk tales, epics, riddles.
3. Examples of peasant home interiors
4. Art materials.

Musical series: Russian folk songs.

Lesson plan:

1. Organizational moment.
2. Updating.
3. The game is a fillword.
4. Statement of the artistic task of completing the interior of a Russian hut.
5. Work in small groups on the details of the composition.
6. Summing up and defending the work “Who Lives in a Hut?”

PROGRESS OF THE LESSON

The class is divided into three groups; each group sits around its own table.

1. Organizational moment

- Hello, guys! Sit down.

2. Update

– Guys, we have been preparing for this lesson for several lessons in a row. Let's remember what we studied in previous lessons?

Student. We got acquainted with signs - symbols; got acquainted with the hut, its design and decor; tried to use the knowledge gained about ornamentation in decorating a model of a spinning wheel; got acquainted with the symbolic meaning of the towel, the motifs of the ornament on it; learned about the structure of the internal space of a peasant house and its symbolism.

Teacher. And today we, based on the topics we have already studied, will deal with the arrangement of the internal space of a peasant house. The topic of our lesson is “Interior and interior decoration of a peasant house.” By the end of the lesson, you and I will have to do the collective work “Come to the hut.” To do this, you will need to complete the interior decoration elements. To make it easier for you to complete this work, let's remember that lesson when we got acquainted with the traditional Russian dwelling - the hut.

3. Word game

The game will help us with this - the word “Interior” decoration. You must find answers - words denoting elements of the interior and interior decoration of a peasant house. Words in fillwords can be read up, down, right and left, but do not intersect.

The fillword is posted on the board. The teacher himself marks the guessed words.

Questions are asked to groups in turn.

Question No. 1. What object played a very important role in the life of a Russian person.

Answer. Spinning wheel.

Question No. 2.

It’s built well from even bricks,
And it’s never cool next to her.
Doesn't smoke, but sends rings into the sky
And loves dry firewood and planks.

Answer. Stove.

Question No. 3. In which Russian folk tales is the stove often mentioned?

Answer.“At the command of the pike”, “Kolobok”, “Geese and swans”, “Baba Yaga”, etc.

Question No. 4. What was the name of the place opposite the mouth of the furnace?

Answer. The corner opposite the mouth of the stove was called the housewife's workplace. Everything here was adapted for cooking.

Question #5. What tools were located near the stove?

Answer. Poker, grip, broom, wooden shovel.

Question No. 6. Also, what items should have been near the stove?

Answer. Next to the stove there was always a towel and a washstand - a clay jug with two drain spouts on the sides. Underneath there was a wooden basin for dirty water.

Question No. 7. Attention! What are we talking about?

I was dug
I was trampled
I was at a fire
I was on a circle
He fed a hundred heads,
got old
began to leak,
thrown out the window
and dogs don't need it.

Answer. Pot

Question No. 8.

Fish in the sea
Tail on the fence.

Answer. Ladle.

Question No. 9. Where was the non-cunning peasant utensils located?

Answer. On shelves along the walls.

Question #10. What was the name and where was the place of honor in the hut?

Answer. The place of honor was called the “red corner” and was located diagonally from the stove.

Question No. 11. What else was in the “red corner”?

Answer. In the “red corner” there were icons on a special shelf and a lamp was burning.

Question No. 12. What piece of furniture in the hut was considered the most important?

Answer. The main piece of furniture was the table.

Question No. 13. Where was he standing?

Answer. He stood in the “red corner”.

Question No. 14. What was in the hut along the walls?

Answer. Stalls

Question No. 15. Does anyone know how they differ from a bench?

Answer. The benches were firmly attached to the walls, and the benches could be freely moved from place to place.

Question No. 16. Where did the peasants keep their clothes?

Answer. Peasants kept their clothes in chests. The greater the wealth in the family, the more chests there were in the hut.

4. Statement of an artistic task.

Now let's look again at the illustrations that we looked at on
lessons this school year. Using them, we will come up with our own composition for the interior of the hut. And in
The main artists will help us with this. Each of you will give your inner element
decorations to the main artists, and they will paste them into our interior.
In the last lesson, we determined the size of each element, talked about color, signs and symbols, the main artists worked on the image of the interior. At home you should have cut out the silhouette of the element.
Today you will work in groups. Please listen to each other, consult. If you have any questions, please contact the main artists.

5. Independent work students

Individual (work with one student).
Frontal (working with the whole class when there is a common error).

Working on a pre-selected composition. We make a montage of collective work against a pre-prepared background

6. Summing up the lesson.

At the end of the lesson, each group tells which of them fairy-tale heroes lives in this hut

Hut, tower, estate -

interior of ancient Russian style in modern life.

The interior in the style of a Russian hut can be fully recreated only in wooden house from a log house, chopped from a log. The interior in the style of a mansion or manor is appropriate in any log house. In other cases, when we are talking about a brick house, for example, or an apartment in a multi-story building, we can only talk about stylization, about introducing some features inherent in a Russian hut or tower.

The center of the Russian hut has always been the stove, which was called the queen of the house. In the tradition of the ancient Russians, the stove was a kind of reflection of the universe as a triune world: heavenly, earthly and beyond the grave. They slept on the stove, they washed in it, and in addition, they considered it the abode of the brownie and a place of communication with their ancestors. She warmed and fed, and therefore was perceived as the center of the house. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the expression “dance from the stove.” The hut was zoned into a female half, a male half and a red corner. There was a woman in charge of the stove corner. In the women's corner there were shelves with various kitchen utensils and dishes. In their corner the women received, sewed and worked various types handicrafts. Women's themes are generally quite widely represented in connection with the stove, and this is understandable: who fiddles around with it, bakes pies and cooks porridge! That's why they said: "a woman's road - from the stove to the threshold." And they laughed: “a woman flies from the stove, seventy-seven times she will change her mind” (out of fear).

The man spent more time in the men's corner, under the blankets.

The biggest and beautiful place in the peasant house where they ate food and greeted guests there was an upper room. It was both a living room and a dining room, and sometimes a bedroom. In the upper room, diagonally from the stove, a red corner was arranged - the part of the house where the icons were installed.

There was usually a table near the red corner, and in the very corner on the shrine there were icons and a lamp. Wide benches near the table were, as a rule, stationary, built into the wall. They not only sat on them, but also slept on them. If additional space was needed, benches were added to the table. The dining table, by the way, was also stationary, made of adobe.

In general, the peasant life was modest, rough, but not without embellishment. Above the windows there were shelves on which beautiful dishes, boxes, etc. were placed in plain view. The wooden beds had beautiful carved headboards, covered with patchwork blankets, on which there were piles of down pillows. In almost every peasant hut one could find chests for various purposes.

During the time of Peter the Great, new pieces of furniture appeared, which took their place in Russian huts, and even more so in towers. These are chairs, cabinets, which have partially replaced chests, piles for dishes and even armchairs.

In the towers, the furnishings were more varied, but in general the same principle was preserved: a large hearth, a red corner, the same chests, beds with many pillows, slides with dishes, shelves for displaying various decorative items. Flowers were placed on window sills in simple vases: wildflowers in the summer months and garden flowers in October. And, of course, there was a lot of wood in the towers: walls, floors, and furniture. Russian country style is wood, only wood and almost nothing but wood.

Creating the style of a Russian hut or Russian estate in the interior of your home.

To create the style of a Russian hut or a Russian estate in the interior of your home, you first need to decide on the style of the era... Will it be a stylization of an ancient Russian hut or a hut of the first half of the twentieth century? But some people prefer the colorful and elegant decor of Russian towers, almost like something out of a fairy tale or wooden manor houses of past centuries, which were sometimes described in the works of the classics, when features of other styles were introduced into typical village life: classicism, baroque, modernism. After choosing a certain direction, you can select suitable furniture, interior items, textiles and decor.

Basics. It is better to leave wooden walls unfinished. A solid board is suitable for the floor - matte, perhaps with an aged effect. There are dark beams under the ceiling. You can do without a stove, but a hearth is still necessary. Its role can be played by a fireplace, the portal of which is lined with tiles or stone.

Doors, windows. Plastic double-glazed windows would be completely inappropriate here. Windows with wooden frames should be complemented with carved frames and wooden shutters. Doors should also be wooden. As platbands for doorways You can use boards that are uneven and deliberately roughly processed. In some places you can hang curtains instead of doors.

Furniture. Furniture, of course, is preferable to wood, not polished, but perhaps aged. Cabinets, cabinets and numerous shelves can be decorated with carvings. In the dining area you can arrange a red corner with a shrine, a massive, very heavy table and benches. The use of chairs is also possible, but they should be simple and good-quality.

The beds are high with carved headboards. Instead of bedside tables, you can put chests in the Russian style. Patchwork bedspreads and numerous pillows - stacked in stacks from largest to smallest - are perfect.

You can’t do without sofas in a modern interior, although, of course, there weren’t any in the huts. Choose a simple sofa with linen upholstery. The color of the upholstery is natural. Leather furniture will be out of style.

Textile. As already mentioned, you should give preference to bedspreads and pillowcases made using the patchwork technique. There can be quite a lot of textile products: napkins on cabinets and small tables, tablecloths, curtains, etc. All this can be decorated with embroidery and simple lace.

By the way, you can’t spoil the interior of a hut with embroidery - women in Rus' have always loved to do this needlework. Embroidered panels on the walls, curtains decorated with sewing, embroidered bags with herbs and spices suspended on the kitchen beam - all this will be in place. The main colors of textiles in the Russian hut style are white, yellow and red.

Lighting. For an interior in the style of a Russian hut, choose lamps in the form of candles and lamps. Lamps with simple lampshades would also be appropriate. Although lampshades and sconces are more suitable for a house whose interior is stylized as a Russian estate.

Kitchen. It is impossible to live without household appliances in a modern hut, but a technical design can spoil the integrity of the picture. Fortunately, there is built-in equipment that helps with housework, but does not violate the harmony of the Russian style.

Solid furniture is suitable for the kitchen: a kitchen table with pull-out shelves and cabinets, open and closed buffets, a variety of hanging shelves. Furniture, of course, should not be polished or painted. Kitchen structures with facades finished with glossy enamel, PVC film, glass inserts, aluminum frames, etc. would be completely inappropriate.

In general, in an interior in the style of a Russian hut there should be as little glass and metal as possible, and plastic will be completely inappropriate. Choose furniture with simple wooden facades - they can be decorated with paintings in Russian folk style or carvings.

As kitchen decor, use a samovar, wicker baskets and boxes, onion braids, barrels, pottery, wooden products of Russian folk crafts, and embroidered napkins.

D interior decoration in the style of a Russian hut. Decorative linen textiles with embroidery, many wooden items. A wooden wheel, spinning wheel and fishing nets will fit perfectly if the house is located near a river, lake or sea. You can lay knitted round rugs and self-woven runners on the floor.

Creating the style of an old wooden manor

A simple peasant hut and a rich old estate have much in common: the predominance of wood in the interior, the presence of a huge stove (in the estate it is always lined with tiles), a red corner with icons and candles, and textiles made of linen and lace.

However, there were also numerous differences. The rich actively borrowed something new from foreign styles. These are, for example, bright upholstery of upholstered furniture, porcelain plates and clocks on the walls, elegant wooden furniture in English or French style, lampshades and sconces, paintings on the walls. In an interior in the style of a Russian mansion, stained glass windows will be very useful as interior windows, partitions or veranda glazing. In a word, everything here is quite simple, like in a hut, but there is a slight touch of luxury.

Russian style courtyard

The interior itself, the windows in it, and the space outside the window should be in harmony. To fence off the area, it is better to order a fence approximately 180 cm high, assembled from pointed logs.

How do they create a courtyard in the Russian style now? It is impossible to answer unequivocally, since in Rus' the courtyard was organized differently, depending on the area. However, the designers found common features, which are recreated in landscape design. A path (often winding) is laid from the gate to the entrance to the house. It is often covered with a board. Along the edges of the path there is a flower border. In the old days, peasants used any free plot of land for garden beds, but they still tried to decorate the front yard with flower beds.

Nowadays they use lawn grasses for the backyard of the hut. This area is shaded by pine trees planted around the perimeter. However, currant or raspberry bushes will also be very much in the spirit of the Russian court. Elements of landscape design in the Russian style are various wooden objects: a gazebo, a wooden children's slide, a stationary table with benches, a Russian swing, etc. And, of course, all buildings in the yard must be made of wood.

For every person, a home is not just a place of solitude and relaxation, but a real fortress that protects from bad weather and allows you to feel comfortable and confident. Any hardships and long journeys are always easier to endure when you know that there is a place in the world where you can hide and where you are expected and loved. People have always strived to make their home as strong and comfortable as possible, even in those times when it was extremely difficult to achieve this. Now the ancient traditional dwellings of this or that people seem dilapidated and unreliable, but at one time they faithfully served their owners, protecting their peace and leisure.

Dwellings of the peoples of the north

The most famous dwellings of the peoples of the north are the tent, booth, yaranga and igloo. They still remain relevant today, as they meet all the requirements of the difficult conditions of the north.

This dwelling is perfectly adapted to nomadic conditions and is used by peoples who engage in reindeer herding. These include the Komi, Nenets, Khanty, and Enets. Contrary to popular belief, the Chukchi do not live in tents, but build yarangas.

The tent is a cone-shaped tent, which consists of high poles, covered with burlap in the summer, and with skins in the winter. The entrance to the home is also covered with burlap. The cone-shaped shape of the chum allows snow to slide over its surface and not accumulate on the structure, and, in addition, makes it more resistant to wind. In the center of the home there is a fireplace, which is used for heating and cooking. Due to the high temperature of the source, precipitation seeping through the top of the cone quickly evaporates. To prevent wind and snow from falling under the lower edge of the chum, snow is raked from the outside to its base. The temperature inside the tent ranges from +13 to +20°C.

The whole family, including children, is involved in installing the chum. Skins and mats are placed on the floor of the home, and pillows, feather beds and sheepskin sleeping bags are used for sleeping.

The Yakuts lived in it during the winter. The booth is a rectangular structure made of logs with a flat roof. It was quite easy and quick to build. To do this, they took several main logs and placed them vertically, and then connected them with many smaller diameter logs. What was unusual for Russian dwellings was that the logs were placed vertically, slightly inclined. After installation, the walls were covered with clay, and the roof was covered first with bark and then with earth. This was done in order to insulate the home as much as possible. The floor inside the booth was trampled sand; even in severe frosts, its temperature did not drop below -5°C.

The walls of the booth consisted of large quantity windows, which were covered with ice before severe cold, and in the summer with calf afterbirth or mica.

To the right of the entrance to the dwelling there was a fireplace, which was a pipe coated with clay and going out through the roof. The owners of the house slept on bunks located to the right (for men) and to the left (for women) of the hearth.

This snow shelter was built by the Eskimos. They lived poorly and, unlike the Chukchi, they did not have the opportunity to build a full-fledged home.

The igloo was a structure made from ice blocks. It was dome-shaped and about 3 meters in diameter. In the case when the snow was shallow, the door and corridor were attached directly to the wall, and if the snow was deep, then the entrance was located in the floor and a small corridor led out from it.

When building an igloo, a prerequisite was that the entrance be below floor level. This was done in order to improve the flow of oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. In addition, this location of the entrance allowed maximum heat retention.

Light entered the home through ice blocks, and heat was provided by fat bowls. An interesting point was that the walls of the igloo did not melt from the heat, but simply melted, which helped maintain a comfortable temperature inside the home. Even in the forty-degree frost, the temperature in the igloo was +20°C. The ice blocks also absorbed excess moisture, allowing the room to remain dry.

Nomad dwellings

The yurt has always been the dwelling of nomads. Now it continues to be a traditional home in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Altai. A yurt is a round-shaped dwelling covered with skins or felt. It is based on wooden poles arranged in the form of gratings. In the upper part of the dome there is a special hole for the exit of smoke from the fireplace.

Things inside the yurt are located along the edges, and in the center there is a fireplace, stones for which are always carried with you. The floor is usually covered with skins or boards.

This home is very mobile. It can be assembled in 2 hours and disassembled just as quickly. Thanks to the felt that covers its walls, heat is retained inside, and heat or extreme cold practically does not change the indoor climate. The round shape of this structure gives it stability, which is necessary in strong steppe winds.

Dwellings of the peoples of Russia

This building is one of the oldest insulated dwellings of the peoples of Russia.

The wall and floor of the dugout consisted of a square hole dug in the ground at a depth of 1.5 meters. The roof was made of planks and covered with a thick layer of straw and earth. The walls were also reinforced with logs and covered with earth on the outside, and the floor was covered with clay.

The disadvantage of such housing was that smoke from the fireplace could only escape through the door, and the proximity of groundwater made the room very damp. However, the dugout had significantly more advantages. These include:

Safety. The dugout is not afraid of hurricanes and fires.
Constant temperature. It is preserved both in severe frosts and in hot weather.
Does not allow loud sounds and noise to pass through.
Virtually no repair required.
A dugout can be built even on uneven terrain.

The traditional Russian hut was built from logs, and the main tool was an ax. With its help, a small depression was made at the end of each log, into which the next log was secured. Thus, the walls were gradually built. The roof was usually made with a gable roof, which saved material. To keep the hut warm, forest moss was placed between the logs. When the house settled, it became dense and covered all the cracks. In those days they did not make a foundation and the first logs were placed on compacted ground.

The roof was covered with straw on top, as it served as a good means of protection from snow and rain. The outside walls were coated with clay mixed with straw and cow dung. This was done for the purpose of insulation. The main role in maintaining heat in the hut was played by the stove, the smoke from which came out through the window, and from the beginning of the 17th century - through the chimney.

Dwellings of the European part of our continent

The most famous and historically valuable dwellings in the European part of our continent are: hut, hut, trullo, rondavel, palasso. Many of them still exist.

It is an ancient traditional dwelling of Ukraine. The hut, unlike the hut, was intended for areas with a milder and warmer climate, and the peculiarities of its structure were explained by the small area of ​​forests.

The mud hut was built on a wooden frame, and the walls consisted of thin tree branches, which were coated with white clay outside and inside. The roof was usually made of straw or reeds. The floor was earthen or plank. To insulate the home, its walls were coated from the inside with clay mixed with reeds and straw. Despite the fact that the huts had no foundation and were poorly protected from moisture, they could last up to 100 years.

This stone structure is the traditional home of the inhabitants of the Caucasus. The very first saklas were one-room ones with an earthen floor and had no windows. The roof was flat and there was a hole in it for the smoke to escape. In mountainous areas, sakli adjoin each other in the form of terraces. At the same time, the roof of one home is the floor of another. This construction was not only due to convenience, but also served as additional protection from enemies.

This type of dwelling is common in the southern and central regions of the Italian region of Puglia. Trullo is distinguished by the fact that it was created using dry masonry technology, that is, stones were laid on top of each other without the use of cement or clay. This was done so that by removing one stone, the entire house could be destroyed. The fact is that in this area of ​​​​Italy it was forbidden to build houses, so if an official came to check, the trullo was quickly destroyed.

The walls of the house were made very thick so that they protected from extreme heat and saved from the cold. Trullos were most often one-room and had two windows. The roof had a cone shape. Sometimes, boards were placed on the beams located at the base of the roof, and thus a second floor was formed.

This is a common dwelling in Spanish Galicia (northwestern Iberian Peninsula). Pallasso was built in the mountainous part of Spain, so the main building material was stone. The dwellings were round in shape with a cone-shaped roof. The roof frame was made of wood, and the top was covered with straw and reeds. There were no windows in the pallaso, and the exit was located on the east side.

Due to the peculiarities of its structure, the pallaso protected from cool winters and rainy summers.

Indian Dwellings

This is the home of the Indians of the north and northeast North America. Currently, wigwams are used for various rituals. This dwelling is dome-shaped and consists of flexible, curved trunks held together by elm bark and covered with mats, corn leaves, bark or hides. At the top of the wigwam there is a hole for the smoke to escape. The entrance to the home is usually covered with a curtain. Inside there was a fireplace and places for sleeping and resting; food was prepared outside the wigwam.

Among the Indians, this dwelling was associated with the Great Spirit and personified the world, and the person who came out of it into the light left behind everything unclean. The chimney was believed to help establish a connection with the heavens and provide an entrance to spiritual power.

The Great Plains Indians lived in teepees. The dwelling has the shape of a cone and reaches a height of 8 meters. Its frame was made of poles made of pine or juniper. They were covered with bison or deer skin on top and reinforced with pegs at the bottom. Inside the dwelling, a special belt went down from the junction of the poles, which was attached to the ground with a peg and protected the tipi from destruction in strong winds. In the center of the dwelling there was a fireplace, and along the edges there were places for rest and utensils.

The tipi combined all the qualities that the Indians of the Great Plains needed. This dwelling was quickly disassembled and assembled, easily transported, and protected from rain and wind.

Ancient dwellings of other nations

This is the traditional home of the peoples of southern Africa. It has a round base and a cone-shaped roof, the walls consist of stones held together with sand and manure. The inside is coated with clay. Such walls perfectly protect their owners from extreme heat and bad weather. The base of the roof is made up of round beams or poles made of branches. It is covered with reeds on top.

Minka

The traditional dwelling in Japan is the minka. The main material and frame of the house is made of wood and filled with woven branches, reeds, bamboo, grass, and coated with clay. Inside the main part Japanese house- this is one large room, divided into zones by movable partitions or screens. IN Japanese house almost no furniture.

Traditional home different nations is the legacy of their ancestors, sharing experiences, preserving history and reminding people of their roots. There is much in them worthy of admiration and reverence. Knowing their characteristics and fate, one can understand how difficult it was for a person to build a durable home and protect it from bad weather, and how invariably age-old wisdom and natural intuition helped him in this.

The interior decoration of a Russian hut is an integral part of the history and culture of Russia. It was she, the old hut, who became the main part of folklore and even the heroine of many fairy tales and legends. Just remember the hut on chicken legs - the fabulous home of Baba Yaga, a terrible witch who scares small children. She is often fooled by the main fairy-tale characters.

So, Ivan Tsarevich turns to her for help in order to save his beloved from the terrible fate, and not without cunning receives the gifts of the old witch. Grandma-Yozhka is a negative character who helps Koshchei the Immortal, the Serpent Gorynych and the Cat Bayun in committing atrocities. But at the same time, this “heroine” is quite cheerful, funny and satirical.

About the origins

The word “izba” in Rus' had many interpretations depending on where people lived, which is why it was called differently. There are synonyms such as: yzba, istba, izba, istoka and istoka. These words are often used in Russian chronicles, which, again, speaks of the inseparability and connection of housing with human life. This phrase has a direct connection with Russian verbs such as “to drown” or “to heat.” This building had primarily a functional purpose, since it was designed to provide warmth in cold weather and shelter from natural conditions.

What was the hut like in general?

It is difficult to imagine the interior decoration of a Russian hut without the stove, since it was the center of the room and its favorite part. It is known that many East Slavic peoples, Ukrainians, Russians and Belarusians, retained the term “istanka”. Well, as mentioned earlier, it designated a heated building. These were pantries for storing supplies of vegetables, and living quarters of different sizes.

To know how to draw the decoration of a Russian hut, you need to understand what it meant to a person. Significant event was the construction of a house for a peasant. It was not enough to solve a practical problem and provide a roof over your head. First of all, the house was a full-fledged living space for the whole family. The decoration of the hut should, as far as possible, be filled with all necessary life's blessings, provide residents with warmth, give them love and a sense of peace. Such housing can only be built according to the long-standing behests of their ancestors, and the peasants have always followed traditions very carefully.

About traditions

When building a house, special importance was given to the choice of location so that the building would subsequently be light, dry and high. Ritual value was no less important.

A happy place is one that has passed the strict test of time and was inhabited earlier: it became prosperous for the previous owners who lived here. Territories near burials, bathhouses that were built there earlier, as well as near the road were considered unsuccessful. It was believed that the devil himself walked along this path and could look into the home.

About the building material

The materials for the construction of the hut were chosen very carefully. The Russians used pine or larch logs for the construction. These trees have long and even trunks, lie evenly and fit tightly together. They retain internal heat well and do not rot for a long time. Selecting logs in the forest was a rather difficult task; for centuries, a set of rules, an algorithm for selecting a log, was passed down from fathers to children. Otherwise, if you choose the wrong, unsuitable material, the house will bring troubles and misfortunes.

Even for the interior decoration of a peasant's hut it was forbidden to cut down sacred trees. They could bring serious illnesses into the house. There was a belief that said that such special breeds should live only in the forest and die a natural death. If you break the ban, they will bring death and grief to the house.

Dry wood was also unsuitable for construction. The location where the trees grew was also important. A tree that grew at the crossroads of forest roads is “violent” and can bring great misfortune to a house - it can destroy a log house and thereby kill the owners of the house.

Rituals

The Slavs did not complete the process of building a house without rituals. At the beginning of construction, a sacrifice was made. In this case, the victim was considered to be a chicken or a ram. This process was carried out when laying the first crown of the hut. Money, wool and grain were placed under the logs as symbols of wealth, prosperity, love, and family warmth. Incense was also placed there as a sign of the holiness of the house, as well as a kind of amulet against evil spirits. At the end of the work (construction), all participants in the process sat down at the table and were treated to delicious dishes.

The sacrifices were carried out for a reason. The sacrifice was supposed to create a fortress for the house and protect it from misfortunes. Sometimes a person was brought as a gift to the gods, but this was in rare cases, in order to protect the entire tribe from enemies. Most often, large livestock were subjected to suffering: a bull or a horse. During archaeological excavations Their skeletons, as well as horse skulls, were found on old houses.

For the ceremony, a special hole was made, and the remains had to be placed there. It was located under the red corner, where icons and other amulets were located. There were other favorite animals for construction sacrifice. The rooster or chicken became such a favorite for the Slavs. This is evidenced by the tradition of placing weathercocks in the shape of cockerels, as well as an image or figurine of this animal on the roof of the house.

An example can be given of the immortal classic N.V. Gogol “Viy”. All evil spirits disappeared after the rooster crowed. Therefore, the “screamer” is called upon to protect the home from evil spirits. Photos showing the decoration of the Russian hut in all its glory are presented in this article.

Roof structure diagram

The roof was also made according to a special scheme:

• gutter;
• stupefied;
• Stamik;
• slightly;
• flint;
• prince's sleg (knes);
• general illness;
• male;
• fall;
• hairline;
• chicken;
• pass;
• oppression.

General view of the hut

The decoration of the Russian hut on the outside, the way our great-grandfathers imagined and built it, was special. According to old traditions, huts have been built for thousands of years. The Russian decoration of a hut depended on where the person lived and what tribe he belonged to, since each tribe had its own traditions and laws by which they could be distinguished.

And even now it is impossible not to distinguish the huts on the European territory of Russia. After all, in the north, log houses predominated, since there was plenty of forest there. In the south there were huge reserves of clay, so mud huts were built from it. The interior decoration of the Russian hut was decorated in the same way. Photos are a clear example of this.

According to ethnographers, not a single popular thought was not created immediately in its original form, such as we can observe now. History, culture, and with them the thought of people, changes and develops, bringing harmony, beauty and great power love. This also applies to the home, which was formed and became more and more functional and comfortable. These statements are also proven by the mass of archaeological excavations carried out.

Russian hut decoration largely depended on the climatic conditions in which people lived and on the available building material. Thus, in the north there was moist soil and dense forests full of logs suitable for building houses, while in the south other products predominated and were actively used. Based on this, the half-dugout was common in the southern regions. This dome was one and a half meters deep into the ground and, accordingly, had a bulk floor. This type of housing in Rus' existed until the 14th-15th centuries.

After this time period, they began to build above-ground buildings with wooden floors, as they learned how to process logs and make boards from them. Houses were also made that were raised above the ground. They were more multifunctional, since they had 2 floors and provided opportunities for a comfortable life, storage of vegetable supplies, hay and housing for livestock in one house.

In the north, with an abundance of dense forests and a fairly damp, cold climate, semi-dugouts quickly turned into above-ground houses, faster than in the south. The Slavs and their ancestors occupied a fairly large territory and differed from each other in centuries-old traditions, including in the construction of housing. But every tribe in the best possible way adapted to the surrounding conditions, so it cannot be said that some huts were worse. Everything had its place. Now you can understand how to draw the decoration of a Russian hut.

More about construction

Below is a photo. The decoration of the Russian hut is demonstrated in the most typical way for Ladoga, corresponding to the time period of the 9th-11th centuries. The base of the house was square, that is, the width was equal to the length, which reached 5 meters.

The construction of a log hut required a careful and thorough approach, since the crowns had to match, and the logs had to fit tightly to each other, otherwise all the work was in vain.

The beams had to fit as tightly as possible in order to protect residents from cold winds and drafts. Therefore, recesses were made in the log house through one log. Another beam was placed into this hole with a convex edge. The grooves between them were insulated with swamp moss, which had not only thermal insulation value, but also antibacterial value. The top of this building was coated with clay.

About the nuances of construction

The interior decoration of a Russian hut sometimes involved watering it and compacting it, causing it to become hard and smooth. During cleaning, a layer of dirt was simply swept away with a broom. But more often than not, the interior decoration of a peasant hut involved a wooden floor raised above the ground to a height of one and a half meters. This was done in order to build an underground. A hatch led from it to the living space with the stove. All vegetable supplies were kept underground.

The Russian decoration of the hut for wealthy people required another superstructure on top. From the outside, this house looked like a three-story house.

About extensions

The interior decoration of the Russian hut also had several nuances. Russian people often added a hallway with large wide windows to their homes. It was called the canopy. So, when entering the house, you first had to go into the vestibule, and then enter the upper room. This hallway was 2 meters wide. Sometimes the canopy was connected to a barn for livestock, so they were made larger accordingly.

In addition, this extension had a lot of other purposes. There they stored goods and made something necessary in bad weather, since the peasant never sat idle. In summer, you can also put guests to bed there after a noisy celebration. Archaeologists gave this type of dwelling the name “two-chamber”, since it consisted of 2 rooms.

The interior decoration of a peasant hut would not be complete without a cage. Since the early 10th century, this room has served as an additional bedroom, used only in the summer as it was not heated. It was also possible to store food there all year round. And in winter - even perishable food, because it’s always cold there.

How the carpet was built

The roof of the hut was made using several techniques: it could be wooden, shingled, planked or shingled. With the development of history, and with it the skills of the people, in the time period of the 16th-17th centuries, the Slavs developed a unique concept of covering the roof with birch bark, which protected it from leakage. It also had an aesthetic purpose, since it represented the diversity of the building. A little earth and turf was placed on the roof. This was an old "smart technology" to protect your home from fire.

Dugouts and half-dugouts, as a rule, did not have windows. Because of this, the interior decoration of the Russian hut looked, of course, not the way we used to imagine. There were small window openings covered with cattle stomachs. However, later, when the hut “grew” above the ground, they began to make large glazed windows that not only let in light, but also made it possible to see what was happening on the street. The external decoration of the Russian hut was glazed, which in the beginning (10th century) was only available to wealthy owners.

The toilet in Rus' was called “zadok” and was located, as a rule, in the entryway. It was a hole in the floor that “looked” down towards the ground level, where cattle were usually kept. It has appeared in huts since the 16th century.

About the construction of windows

The Russian decoration of a hut in later times could not be imagined without windows. Usually the window opening consisted of 2 adjacent logs, which were cut in half. A rectangular frame was inserted there, having a valve that “moved” in the horizontal direction.

The interior of the hut

The interior decoration of a Russian hut consisted of one to three living spaces. The entrance to the house began with the entryway. The room intended for living was always very warm and heated by a stove. The interior decoration of the hut (photo) perfectly illustrates the life of commoners of those times.

As for wealthy peasants and people of high rank, their homes also had space for an additional room, which was called the upper room. The owners received guests in it, and it was also very warm, bright and spacious. It was heated by a Dutch oven.

The interior decoration of a Russian hut could not be imagined without an oven occupying most of room, which was located at the entrance. However, in the southern part of the country it was located in the far corner.

The interior decoration of the Russian hut was distinguished by a special, but at the same time quite simple, placement of objects. The dining table usually stood in the corner, diagonally from the stove. Directly above it was a “red corner” with icons and other amulets. There were benches along the walls, and above them there were shelves built into the walls. Such interior decoration of a Russian hut (photo) was found almost everywhere.

The stove had a multifunctional load, since it brought not only warmth and tasty food, but also had a sleeping place.

The interior decoration of the Russian hut also demonstrates that there were many similarities with the traditions of the East Slavic peoples, but there were also differences. In the north of Rus', people built stone stoves. They got their name because they were made of stone without the use of any fastening mortar.

In the areas of Staraya Ladoga, the base of the stone firebox was one and a half meters in diameter. The decoration of a peasant hut in the Izborsk region involved a stove made of clay, but on a stone base. It reached up to 1 meter in length and width, as well as in height.

In the southern regions of the East Slavic countries, the furnace was built larger and wider, its stone foundation was laid with an approximate calculation of one and a half meters in length and 2 in width. Such ovens reached a height of 1.2 meters.