(estimates: 5
, average: 2,80
out of 5)
Name: Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov
Nicknames: Maxim Gorky, Yehudiel Chlamida
Birthday: March 16, 1868
Place of birth: Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire
Date of death: June 18, 1936
Place of death: Gorki, Moscow region, RSFSR, USSR
Biography of Maxim Gorky
Maxim Gorky was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868. In fact, the writer’s name was Alexey, but his father was Maxim, and the writer’s last name was Peshkov. The father worked as a simple carpenter, so the family could not be called wealthy. At the age of 7 he went to school, but after a couple of months he had to quit his studies due to smallpox. As a result, the boy received a home education, and he also studied all subjects independently.
Gorky had a rather difficult childhood. His parents died too early, and the boy lived with his grandfather 
, who had a very difficult character. Already at the age of 11, the future writer set out to earn his living, working part-time either in a bread store or in a canteen on a ship.
In 1884, Gorky found himself in Kazan and tried to get an education, but this attempt failed, and he had to work hard again to earn money for food. At the age of 19, Gorky even tries to commit suicide due to poverty and fatigue.
Here he becomes interested in Marxism and tries to agitate. In 1888 he was arrested for the first time. He gets a job at an iron job where the authorities keep a close eye on him.
In 1889, Gorky returned to Nizhny Novgorod and got a job as a clerk for lawyer Lanin. It was during this period that he wrote “The Song of the Old Oak” and turned to Korolenko to evaluate the work.
In 1891, Gorky went to travel around the country. His story “Makar Chudra” was published for the first time in Tiflis.
In 1892, Gorky again traveled to Nizhny Novgorod and returned to the service of lawyer Lanin. Here he is already published in many publications in Samara and Kazan. In 1895 he moved to Samara. At this time he actively wrote and his works were constantly published. The two-volume “Essays and Stories,” published in 1898, is in great demand and is very actively discussed and criticized. In the period from 1900 to 1901 he met Tolstoy and Chekhov.
In 1901, Gorky created his first plays “The Bourgeois” and “At the Lower Depths”. They were very popular, and “The Bourgeois” was even staged in Vienna and Berlin. The writer has already become famous internationally. From that moment on, his works were translated into different languages world, and he and his works became the object of close attention of foreign critics.
Gorky became a participant in the revolution in 1905, and since 1906 he has left his country due to political events. He has lived on the Italian island of Capri for a long time. Here he writes the novel “Mother”. This work influenced the emergence of a new direction in literature, like socialist realism.
In 1913, Maxim Gorky was finally able to return to his homeland. During this period, he actively worked on his autobiography. He also works as an editor for two newspapers. At the same time, he gathered proletarian writers around him and published a collection of their works.
The period of the revolution in 1917 was controversial for Gorky. As a result, he joins the ranks of the Bolsheviks, even despite doubts and torment. However, he does not support some of their views and actions. In particular, regarding the intelligentsia. Thanks to Gorky, most of the intelligentsia in those days avoided starvation and painful death. 
In 1921, Gorky left his country. There is a version that he does this because Lenin was too worried about the health of the great writer, whose tuberculosis had worsened. However, the reason could also be Gorky’s contradictions with the authorities. He lived in Prague, Berlin and Sorrento.
When Gorky turned 60, Stalin himself invited him to the USSR. The writer was given a warm welcome. He traveled around the country, where he spoke at meetings and rallies. They honor him in every possible way and take him to the Communist Academy.
In 1932, Gorky returned to the USSR for good. He is very active literary activity, organizes the All-Union Congress Soviet writers, releases large number newspapers.
In 1936, terrible news spread throughout the country: Maxim Gorky left this world. The writer caught a cold when he visited his son’s grave. However, there is an opinion that both son and father were poisoned due to political views, but this has never been proven.
Documentary
For your attention documentary, biography of Maxim Gorky.
Bibliography of Maxim Gorky
Novels
1899
Foma Gordeev
1900-1901
Three
1906
Mother (second edition - 1907)
1925
Artamonov case
1925-1936
Life of Klim Samgin
Stories
1908
Life unnecessary person
1908
Confession
1909
Okurov town
Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin
1913-1914
Childhood
1915-1916
In people
1923
My universities
Stories, essays
1892
The Girl and Death
1892
Makar Chudra
1895
Chelkash
Old woman Izergil
1897
Former people
The Orlov couple
Mallow
Konovalov
1898
Essays and stories (collection)
1899
Song of the Falcon (prose poem)
Twenty six and one
1901
Song of the Petrel (prose poem)
1903
Man (prose poem)
1913
Tales of Italy
1912-1917
In Rus' (cycle of stories)
1924
Stories from 1922-1924
1924
Notes from a diary (series of stories)
Plays
1901
Bourgeois
1902
At the bottom
1904
Summer residents
1905
Children of the sun
Barbarians
1906
Enemies
1910
Vassa Zheleznova (reworked in December 1935)
1915
Old man
1930-1931
Somov and others
1932
Egor Bulychov and others
1933
Dostigaev and others
Journalism
1906
My interviews
In America" (pamphlets)
1917-1918
series of articles “Untimely Thoughts” in the newspaper “ New life»
1922
About the Russian peasantry
The biography of Maxim Gorky is set out in his works: “Childhood”, “In People”, “My Universities”, or rather, the beginning of his life. Maxim Gorky is the pseudonym of the outstanding Russian writer and playwright Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov. In his creative biography there was another pseudonym: Yehudiel Chlamida.
The nugget of talent has been awarded five times Nobel Prize according to literature. He is usually called a proletarian, revolutionary writer for his struggle against autocracy. The biography of Maxim Gorky was not easy. This will be discussed in this article.
Maxim Gorky was born in 1868. His biography began in Nizhny Novgorod. His maternal grandfather, Kashirin, was a demoted officer due to harsh treatment of his subordinates. After returning from exile, he became a tradesman and ran a dyeing workshop. His daughter married a carpenter and left with her husband for Astrakhan. There they had two children.
The eldest of them, Alyosha, fell ill with cholera at the age of four. Since the mother was pregnant with her second child, the father took care of the sick child and became infected from him. He soon died, and the boy recovered. Due to her worries, the mother gave birth prematurely. She decided to return to her parents' home with the children. On the way, her youngest child died.
They settled in her father's house in Nizhny Novgorod. Now there is a museum there - Kashirin’s house. The furnishings and furniture of those years have been preserved, even the rods with which the grandfather flogged Alyosha. He had a tough, hot-tempered character and could whip anyone in his anger, even his little grandson.
Maxim Gorky was educated at home. His mother taught him to read, and his grandfather taught him to read and write in church. Despite his temper, my grandfather was a very pious man. He often visited church and took his grandson there, usually against his will, by force. This is how a negative attitude towards religion arose in little Alyosha, as well as a spirit of resistance, which would later develop into a revolutionary trend in his works.
One day a boy took revenge on his grandfather by cutting up his favorite “Lives of the Saints” with scissors. For which, of course, he received it properly.
Maxim did not attend parish school for long. But due to illness he was forced to stop studying there. Maxim Gorky also studied at the Sloboda school for two years. That, perhaps, is all his education is. All his life he wrote with errors, which were then corrected by his wife, a proofreader by profession.
Alyosha’s mother remarried and moved in with her husband, taking her son with her. But his relationship with his stepfather did not work out. One day Alyosha saw him beating his mother. The boy attacked his stepfather and beat him. After that I had to run away to my grandfather, which was, of course, not the best option.
For a long time, Alyosha’s school of life was the street where he got the nickname “Bashlyk”. For some time he stole firewood to heat the house, food, and looked for rags in a landfill. After his classmates complained to the teacher that it was impossible to sit next to him because of the bad smell emanating from him, Maxim Gorky was offended and no longer came to school. He never received secondary education.
Youth years
Soon Alexei’s mother fell ill with Czech fever and died. Left orphaned, Alyosha was forced to earn his living. By that time my grandfather was completely broke. Gorky himself writes well about this time: “...my grandfather told me:
- Well, Lexey, you are not a medal, there is no place for you on my neck, but go join the people...
And I went among the people." This is how the story “Childhood” ends. The adult, independent period of the biography of Maxim Gorky begins. And he was only eleven years old then!
Alexey worked in different places: in a shop as a helper, as a cook, on a ship as a cook, in an icon-painting workshop as an apprentice.
When he was sixteen years old, he decided to try to enter Kazan University. But, to his great regret, he was refused. Firstly, low-income people were not accepted there, and secondly, he didn’t even have a certificate.
Then Alexey went to work at the pier. There he met revolutionary-minded youth, began to attend their circles, and read Marxist literature.
When the young man worked in a bakery, he met the populist Derenkov. He sent income from the sale of products to support the popular movement.
In 1987, Alexei’s grandmother and grandfather died. He loved his grandmother very much, who often protected him from his grandfather’s outbursts of anger and told him fairy tales. At her grave in Nizhny Novgorod, a monument was erected depicting her telling a fairy tale to her beloved grandson Alyosha.
The young man was very worried about her death. He developed depression, during which he attempted suicide. Alexei shot himself in the chest with a gun. But the watchman managed to call medical help. The unfortunate man was taken to the hospital, where he was urgently operated on. He lived, but the consequences of this wound would cause him lifelong lung disease.
Later, in the hospital, Alexey made another suicide attempt. He drank poison from a medical vessel. They managed to pump him out again, washing his stomach. Here psychiatrists had to examine the young man. Many were found mental disorders, which were later rejected. For attempting suicide, Alexei was excommunicated from church communion for four years.
In 1988, Alexey, together with other revolutionaries, left for Krasnovidovo to conduct revolutionary propaganda. He joins Fedoseev's circle, for which he is arrested. From that moment on, the police begin to follow him. At that time he was a farm laborer, worked as a watchman at the station, then moved to the Caspian Sea, where he began working among other fishermen.
In 1989, he wrote a petition in verse with the aim of transferring him to Borisoglebsk. Then he worked at the Krutaya station. Here Alexey first fell in love with the daughter of the station chief. His feeling was so strong that he decided to propose marriage. He, of course, was refused. But he remembered the girl all his life.
Alexey was fascinated by the ideas of Leo Tolstoy. He even went to see him in Yasnaya Polyana. But the writer’s wife ordered the walker to be driven away.
The beginning of a creative career
In 1989, Maxim Gorky met the writer Korolenko and took the risk of showing him his work. The beginning of his creative biography was very unsuccessful. The writer criticized his “Song of the Old Oak”. But the young man did not despair and continued to write.
This year Peshkov goes to prison for participating in the revolutionary youth movement. Coming out of captivity, he decides to go on a journey through Mother Rus'. He visited the Volga region, Crimea, the Caucasus, Ukraine (where he was hospitalized). I traveled what is now called “hitchhiking” - on passing convoys, walked a lot, climbed into empty freight cars. The young romantic liked such a free life. The opportunity to see the world and feel the happiness of freedom - all this is easily the basis of the works of a beginning writer.
Then the manuscript “Makara Chudra” was born. In Georgia, Peshkov met the revolutionary Kalyuzhny. He published this work in the newspaper. Then the pseudonym Maxim Gorky was born. Maxim - in honor of his father, and Gorky - because bitterness was constantly present in his biography.
His works began to be readily published in newspapers and magazines. Soon everyone was talking about the new talent. By that time he had already settled down and got married.
Splash of fame
In 1998, two volumes of the writer’s works were published. They brought him not only great glory, but also trouble. Gorky was arrested for revolutionary views and imprisoned in a castle in the capital of Georgia.
After his release, the writer settled in St. Petersburg. There they were created by him best works: “Song about the Petrel”, “At the Bottom”, “Philistines”, “Three” and others. In 1902 he was elected honorary academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. The emperor himself highly appreciated the writer’s work, despite his struggle with the autocracy. His sharp, direct language, courage, freedom, and the genius of thought present in his works could not leave anyone indifferent. The talent was obvious.
During that period, Gorky continued to take part in the revolutionary movement, attended circles, and distributed Marxist literature. As if the lessons of past arrests had no effect on him. Such courage simply infuriated the police.
Now famous writer already communicated freely with the idol of his youth, Leo Tolstoy. They talked for a long time in Yasnaya Polyana. He also met other writers: Kuprin, Bunin and others.
In 1902, Gorky and his family, which already had two children, moved to Nizhny Novgorod. He rents a spacious house in the city center. Now there is a museum there. This apartment was a haven for creative people of that time. Such famous people as Chekhov, Tolstoy, Stanislavsky, Andreev, Bunin, Repin and, of course, his friend Fyodor Chaliapin gathered there and communicated for a long time, exchanging new works. He played the piano and sang pieces of music.
Here he finished “At the Bottom”, wrote “Mother”, “Man”, “Summer Residents”. He was good not only in prose, but also in poetry. But some of them, for example “The Song of the Storm Petrel,” are written, as you know, in blank verse. The revolutionary, proud spirit, the call to fight are present in almost all of his works.
Recent years
In 1904, Gorky joined the RSDLP, and the following year he met Lenin. The writer is arrested again and imprisoned Peter and Paul Fortress. But soon, under public pressure, he was released. In 1906, Gorky was forced to leave the country and became a political emigrant.
He lived first in the USA. Then, due to a serious illness (tuberculosis) that tormented him for a long time, he settled in Italy. Everywhere he carried out revolutionary propaganda. Concerned authorities recommended that he settle on the island of Capri, where he lived for about seven years.
On the roof of the editorial office of the Izvestia newspaper
Many Russian writers and revolutionaries visited him here. Once a week, a seminar for aspiring writers was even held in his villa.
Here Gorky wrote his Tales of Italy. In 12, he went to Paris, where he talked with Lenin.
In 13, Gorky returned to Russia. He settled in St. Petersburg for five years. Relatives and acquaintances found refuge in his spacious house. One day a woman named Maria Budberg brought him papers to sign and fainted from hunger. Gorky fed her and left her in his house. She would later become his mistress.
With writer Romain Rolland
Gorky, who was active in revolutionary activities, oddly enough had a negative attitude towards the October coup in the country. He was struck by the cruelty of the revolution and interceded for the arrested whites. After the assassination attempt on Lenin, Gorky sent him a sympathetic telegram.
In 21, Gorky left his homeland again. According to one version, the reason for this was deteriorating health, according to another, disagreement with politics in the country.
In 1928, the writer was invited to the USSR. He traveled around the country for five weeks, then returned back to Italy. And in 1933 he returned to his homeland, where he lived until his death.
IN recent years life, he created the book “The Life of Klim Samgin,” which is striking in its philosophy of life.
In 1934, Gorky held the First Congress of the USSR Writers' Union.
In recent years he lived in Crimea. In 1936, Gorky visited his sick grandchildren in Moscow. Apparently he got infected from them or caught a cold on the way. But his health condition deteriorated sharply. The writer fell ill, it was clear that he would not recover.
Stalin visited the dying Gorky. The writer died on June 18. At the autopsy it turned out that his lungs were in terrible condition.
The writer's coffin was carried by Molotov and Stalin. Both of Gorky's wives followed the coffin. The city of Nizhny Novgorod, where the writer was born, bore his name from 1932 until 1990.
Personal life
Gorky always possessed enviable masculine strength, according to surviving information, despite his chronic illness.
The writer's first unofficial marriage was with midwife Olga Kamenskaya. Her mother, also a midwife, delivered Peshkov’s mother. It seemed interesting to him that his mother-in-law helped bring him into the world. But they did not live long with Olga. Gorky left her after she fell asleep while the author was reading “The Old Woman Izergil.”
In 1996, Alexey married Ekaterina Volzhina. She was the only official wife of the writer. They had two children: Ekaterina and Maxim. Katya died soon after. The son died two years before Gorky.
In 1903, he became involved with actress Maria Andreeva, who left her husband and two children for his sake. He lived with her until his death. Moreover, there was never a divorce from Gorky’s first wife.
Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia
Maxim Gorky - literary pseudonym Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov, it is also well-established to incorrectly use the writer’s real name in combination with a pseudonym - Alexey Maksimovich Gorky, (March 16 (28), 1868, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire - June 18, 1936, Gorki, Moscow region, USSR) - Russian writer, prose writer, playwright. One of the most significant and famous Russian writers and thinkers in the world. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, he became famous as the author of works with a revolutionary tendency, personally close to the Social Democrats and in opposition to the tsarist regime.
Initially, Gorky was skeptical about the October Revolution. However, after several years of cultural work in Soviet Russia(in Petrograd he headed the publishing house " World literature", interceded with the Bolsheviks for those arrested) and life abroad in the 1920s (Berlin, Marienbad, Sorrento), returned to the USSR, where in the last years of his life he received official recognition as the founder socialist realism.
Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov was born in Nizhny Novgorod, in the family of a carpenter (according to another version, the manager of the Astrakhan office of the shipping company I.S. Kolchin) - Maxim Savvatyevich Peshkov (1840-1871), who was the son of a soldier demoted from the officers. M. S. Peshkov worked as a manager of a shipping office in the last years of his life, but died of cholera. Mother - Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-1879) - from a bourgeois family; Widowed at an early age, she remarried and died of consumption. Gorky’s grandfather Savvaty Peshkov rose to the rank of officer, but was demoted and exiled to Siberia “for cruel treatment of lower ranks,” after which he enrolled as a bourgeois. His son Maxim ran away from his father five times and at the age of 17 he left home forever. Orphaned early, Gorky spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Kashirin. From the age of 11 he was forced to go “into the people”: he worked as a “boy” in a store, as a buffet cook on a steamship, as a baker, studied in an icon-painting workshop, etc.
In 1884 he tried to enter Kazan University. I became acquainted with Marxist literature and propaganda work.
In 1888, he was arrested for connections with N. E. Fedoseev’s circle. He was under constant police surveillance. In October 1888, he became a watchman at the Dobrinka station of the Gryaze-Tsaritsyn Railway. Impressions from his stay in Dobrinka will serve as the basis for the autobiographical story “Watchman” and the story “Boredom for the Sake.”
In January 1889, at a personal request (a complaint in verse), he was transferred to the Borisoglebsk station, then as a weighmaster to the Krutaya station.
In the spring of 1891 he set out to wander and soon reached the Caucasus.
Literary and social activities
In 1892 he first appeared in print with the story “Makar Chudra”. Returning to Nizhny Novgorod, he publishes reviews and feuilletons in Volzhsky Vestnik, Samara Gazeta, Nizhny Novgorod Listok, etc.
1895 - “Chelkash”, “Old Woman Izergil”.
1896 - Gorky writes a response to the first cinematic session in Nizhny Novgorod:
And suddenly something clicks, everything disappears, and a railway train appears on the screen. He rushes like an arrow straight towards you - watch out! It seems that he is about to rush into the darkness in which you are sitting, and turn you into a torn bag of skin, full of crumpled meat and crushed bones, and destroy, turn into rubble and dust this hall and this building where there is so much wine , women, music and vice.
1897 - “Former People”, “The Orlov Spouses”, “Malva”, “Konovalov”.
From October 1897 to mid-January 1898, he lived in the village of Kamenka (now the city of Kuvshinovo, Tver Region) in the apartment of his friend Nikolai Zakharovich Vasiliev, who worked at the Kamensk paper factory and led an illegal workers' Marxist circle. Subsequently, the life impressions of this period served the writer as material for the novel “The Life of Klim Samgin.”
1898 - The publishing house of Dorovatsky and A.P. Charushnikov published the first volume of Gorky's works. In those years, the circulation of the young author's first book rarely exceeded 1000 copies. A. I. Bogdanovich advised to release the first two volumes of “Essays and Stories” by M. Gorky, 1200 copies each. Publishers “took a chance” and released more. The first volume of the 1st edition of “Essays and Stories” was published in a circulation of 3,000 copies.
1899 - novel “Foma Gordeev”, prose poem “Song of the Falcon”.
1900-1901 - the novel “Three”, personal acquaintance with Chekhov, Tolstoy.
1900-1913 - participates in the work of the publishing house "Knowledge".
March 1901 - “Song of the Petrel” was created by M. Gorky in Nizhny Novgorod. Participation in Marxist workers' circles in Nizhny Novgorod, Sormovo, St. Petersburg; wrote a proclamation calling for the fight against autocracy. Arrested and expelled from Nizhny Novgorod.
In 1901, M. Gorky turned to drama. Creates the plays “The Bourgeois” (1901), “At the Lower Depths” (1902). In 1902, he became the godfather and adoptive father of the Jew Zinovy Sverdlov, who took the surname Peshkov and converted to Orthodoxy. This was necessary in order for Zinovy to receive the right to live in Moscow.
February 21 - election of M. Gorky to honorary academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences according to the category belles lettres.
In 1902, Gorky was elected an honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences... But before Gorky could exercise his new rights, his election was annulled by the government, since the newly elected academician was “under police surveillance.” In this regard, Chekhov and Korolenko refused membership in the Academy
1904-1905 - writes the plays “Summer Residents”, “Children of the Sun”, “Barbarians”. Meets Lenin. For the revolutionary proclamation and in connection with the execution on January 9, he was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Famous artists G. Hauptmann, A. France, O. Rodin, T. Hardy, J. Meredith, Italian writers G. Deledda, M. Rapisardi, E. de Amicis, composer G. Puccini, philosopher B. spoke in defense of Gorky. Croce and other representatives of the creative and scientific world from Germany, France, England. Student demonstrations took place in Rome. Under public pressure, he was released on bail on February 14, 1905. Participant in the revolution of 1905-1907. In November 1905 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.
1906, February - Gorky and Maria Andreeva travel through Europe to America. Abroad, the writer creates satirical pamphlets about the “bourgeois” culture of France and the USA (“My Interviews”, “In America”). He writes the play “Enemies” and creates the novel “Mother”. Due to tuberculosis, he settled in Italy on the island of Capri, where he lived for 7 years (from 1906 to 1913). Checked into the prestigious Quisisana Hotel. From March 1909 to February 1911 he lived at the Villa Spinola (now Bering), stayed at the villas (they have commemorative plaques about his stay) Blesius (from 1906 to 1909) and Serfina (now Pierina) ). On Capri, Gorky wrote “Confession” (1908), where his philosophical differences with Lenin and rapprochement with the god-builders Lunacharsky and Bogdanov were clearly outlined.
1907 - delegate with the right of advisory vote to the V Congress of the RSDLP.
1908 - play “The Last”, story “The Life of an Useless Person”.
1909 - the stories “The Town of Okurov”, “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”.
1913 - Gorky edits the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda, art department Bolshevik magazine "Prosveshchenie", publishes the first collection of proletarian writers. Writes "Tales of Italy".
At the end of December 1913, after the announcement of a general amnesty on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Romanovs, Gorky returned to Russia and settled in St. Petersburg.
1914 - founded the journal “Letopis” and the publishing house “Parus”.
1912-1916 - M. Gorky creates a series of stories and essays that made up the collection “Across Rus'”, autobiographical stories “Childhood”, “In People”. In 1916, the Parus publishing house published autobiographical story“In People” and a series of essays “Across Rus'”. The last part of the trilogy, “My Universities,” was written in 1923.
1917-1919 - M. Gorky does a lot of social and political work, criticizes the methods of the Bolsheviks, condemns their attitude towards the old intelligentsia, saves a number of its representatives from Bolshevik repression and famine.
Emigration
1921 - M. Gorky’s departure abroad. The official reason for his departure was the resumption of his illness and the need, at Lenin’s insistence, for treatment abroad. According to another version, Gorky was forced to leave due to worsening ideological differences with the established government. In 1921-1923 lived in Helsingfors (Helsinki), Berlin, Prague.
Since 1924 he lived in Italy, in Sorrento. Published memoirs about Lenin.
1925 - novel “The Artamonov Case”.
1928 - at the invitation of the Soviet government and Stalin personally, he tours the country, during which Gorky is shown the achievements of the USSR, which are reflected in the series of essays “Around the Soviet Union.”
1929 - Gorky visits the Solovetsky special purpose camp and writes a laudatory review of its regime. A fragment of A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s work “The Gulag Archipelago” is dedicated to this fact.
Return to the USSR
(From November 1935 to June 1936)
1932 - Gorky returns to Soviet Union. The government provided him with the former mansion of Ryabushinsky on Spiridonovka, dachas in Gorki and Teselli (Crimea). Here he receives Stalin’s order - to prepare the ground for the 1st Congress of Soviet Writers, and for this to carry out preparatory work among them.
Gorky created many newspapers and magazines: the book series “History of factories and factories”, “History civil war", "Poet's Library", "The Story of a Young person XIX century", the magazine "Literary Studies", he writes the plays "Yegor Bulychev and others" (1932), "Dostigaev and others" (1933).
1934 - Gorky holds the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, giving the main report at it.
1934 - co-editor of the book “Stalin Canal”.
In 1925-1936 he wrote the novel “The Life of Klim Samgin”, which remained unfinished.
On May 11, 1934, Gorky’s son, Maxim Peshkov, unexpectedly dies. M. Gorky died on June 18, 1936 in Gorki, having outlived his son by a little more than two years.
After his death, he was cremated and his ashes were placed in an urn in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow.
The circumstances of the death of Maxim Gorky and his son are considered “suspicious” by many; there were rumors of poisoning, which, however, were not confirmed. At the funeral, among others, Molotov and Stalin carried Gorky’s coffin. It is interesting that among other accusations against Genrikh Yagoda at the Third Moscow Trial in 1938 was the accusation of poisoning Gorky’s son. According to Yagoda's interrogations, Maxim Gorky was killed on Trotsky's orders, and the murder of Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, was his personal initiative. Some publications blame Stalin for Gorky's death. An important precedent for the medical side of the accusations in the “Doctors' Case” was the Third Moscow Trial (1938), where among the defendants were three doctors (Kazakov, Levin and Pletnev), accused of the murders of Gorky and others.
“Here medicine is innocent...” This is exactly what doctors Levin and Pletnev, who treated the writer in recent months his life, and later brought in as defendants in the trial of the “right-wing Trotskyist bloc.” Soon, however, they “admitted” deliberately incorrect treatment...
and even “showed” that their accomplices were nurses who gave the patient up to 40 injections of camphor per day. But as it was in reality, there is no consensus.
Historian L. Fleischlan directly writes: “The fact of Gorky’s murder can be considered immutably established.” V. Khodasevich, on the contrary, believes in the natural cause of the death of the proletarian writer.
On the night when Maxim Gorky was dying, a terrible thunderstorm broke out at the state-owned dacha in Gorki-10.
The autopsy of the body was carried out right here, in the bedroom, on the table. The doctors were in a hurry. “When he died,” recalled Gorky’s secretary Pyotr Kryuchkov, “the doctors’ attitude towards him changed. For them he became just a corpse...
He was treated horribly. The orderly began to change his clothes and turned him from side to side, like a log. The autopsy began... Then they began to wash the insides. They sewed up the cut somehow with simple twine. The brain was put in a bucket..."
Kryuchkov personally carried this bucket, intended for the Brain Institute, into the car.
In Kryuchkov’s memoirs there is a strange entry: “Alexei Maksimovich died on the 8th.”
The writer’s widow Ekaterina Peshkova recalls: “June 8, 6 pm. Alexey Maksimovich’s condition deteriorated so much that the doctors, who had lost hope, warned us that a near end was inevitable... Alexey Maksimovich - in a chair with eyes closed, with his head bowed, leaning on one or the other hand, pressed to his temple and resting his elbow on the arm of the chair.
The pulse was barely noticeable, uneven, breathing became weaker, the face and ears and limbs of the hands turned blue. After a while, when we entered, hiccups began, restless movements of his hands, with which he seemed to be moving something away or taking something off..."
And suddenly the mise-en-scene changes... New faces appear. They waited in the living room. Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov enter the resurrected Gorky with a cheerful gait. They had already been informed that Gorky was dying. They came to say goodbye. Behind the scenes is the head of the NKVD, Genrikh Yagoda. He arrived before Stalin. The leader didn't like it.
“Why is this guy hanging out here? So that he wouldn’t be here.”
Stalin behaves like a master in the house. He scared Genrikh and intimidated Kryuchkov. "Why so many people? Who is responsible for this? Do you know what we can do to you?"
The “owner” has arrived... The leading party is his! All relatives and friends become only corps de ballet.
When Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov entered the bedroom, Gorky came to his senses so much that they started talking about literature. Gorky began to praise women writers, mentioned Karavaeva - and how many of them, how many more will appear, and everyone must be supported... Stalin playfully besieged Gorky: “We’ll talk about the matter when you get better.
If you're going to be sick, get better soon. Or maybe there’s wine in the house, we’d like to drink a glass to your health.”
They brought wine... Everyone drank... As they left, at the door, Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov waved their hands. When they came out, Gorky allegedly said: “What good guys! How much strength they have...”
But how much can you trust these memories of Peshkova? In 1964, when asked by American journalist Isaac Levin about Gorky’s death, she answered: “Don’t ask me about that! I won’t be able to sleep for three days...”
The second time Stalin and his comrades came to the mortally ill Gorky on June 10 at two o’clock in the morning. But why? Gorky was sleeping. No matter how afraid the doctors were, Stalin was not allowed in. Stalin's third visit took place on June 12. Gorky did not sleep. The doctors gave us ten minutes to talk. What were they talking about? About Bolotnikov's peasant uprising... We moved on to the situation of the French peasantry.
It turns out that on June 8, the main concern of the Secretary General and Gorky, who returned from the other world, was writers, and on the 12th, French peasants became the main concern. All this is somehow very strange.
The leader’s visits seemed to magically revive Gorky. It was as if he did not dare to die without Stalin’s permission. This is incredible, but Budberg will say this directly:
“He essentially died on the 8th, and if not for Stalin’s visit, he would hardly have returned to life.”
Stalin was not a member of the Gorky family. This means that the attempted night invasion was out of necessity. And on the 8th, and the 10th, and the 12th, Stalin needed either a frank conversation with Gorky, or a steely confidence that such a frank conversation would not take place with someone else. For example, with Louis Aragon traveling from France. What would Gorky say, what statement could he make?
After Gorky’s death, Kryuchkov was accused of having “killed” Gorky’s son Maxim Peshkov with doctors Levin and Pletnev, on Yagoda’s instructions, using “sabotage methods of treatment.” But why?
If we follow the testimony of other defendants, the political calculations were made by the “customers” - Bukharin, Rykov and Zinoviev. In this way, they allegedly wanted to speed up the death of Gorky himself, carrying out the task of their “leader” Trotsky. Nevertheless, even at this trial there was no talk of the direct murder of Gorky. This version would be too incredible, because the patient was surrounded by 17 (!) doctors.
One of the first to speak about the poisoning of Gorky was the emigrant revolutionary B.I. Nikolaevsky. Allegedly, Gorky was presented with a bonbonniere containing poisoned sweets. But the candy version doesn't stand up to scrutiny.
Gorky did not like sweets, but he loved to treat them to guests, orderlies and, finally, his beloved granddaughters. Thus, it was possible to poison anyone around Gorky with sweets, except himself. Only an idiot could plan such a murder. Neither Stalin nor Yagoda were idiots.
There is no evidence of the murder of Gorky and his son Maxim. Meanwhile, tyrants also have the right to the presumption of innocence. Stalin committed enough crimes to pin one more on him - unproven.
The reality is this: on June 18, 1936, the great Russian writer Maxim Gorky died. His body, contrary to the will to bury him next to his son in the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent, was cremated by order of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, and the urn with the ashes was placed in the Kremlin wall.
Softmixer.com›2011/06/blog-post_18.html
The purpose of this article is to find out the real reason the passing away of the Russian writer ALEXEY MAKSIMOVITCH PESHKOV according to his FULL NAME code.
Watch "Logicology - about the fate of man" in advance.
Let's look at the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.
16 22 47 58 73 76 77 89 95 106 124 130 140 153 154 165 183 193 206 221 224 234 258
P E S H K O V A L E K S E Y M A K S I M O V I C H
258 242 236 211 200 185 182 181 169 163 152 134 128 118 105 104 93 75 65 52 37 34 24
1 13 19 30 48 54 64 77 78 89 107 117 130 145 148 158 182 198 204 229 240 255 258
A L E K S E Y M A K S I M O V I C H P E S H K O V
258 257 245 239 228 210 204 194 181 180 169 151 141 128 113 110 100 76 60 54 29 18 3
PESHKOV ALEXEY MAKSIMOVICH = 258 = NATURAL DEATH.
258 = 77-SHORT\Oxygen\+ 181-SHORTAGE OF OXYGEN.
258 = OXYGEN STARVATION of myocardium\.
258 = 165-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION\ a\ + 93-INFARCTION.
258 = 58-FROM IN\ myocardial infarction...\ + 200-FROM MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION\ a\.
258 = CARDIAC MYOCARDIAL HYPOXIA\a\.
258 = 228-HEALTH INFARCTION LEADING TO DEATH + 30-...CT (the end of the word INFARCTION leading towards death).
Let's check this statement:
10 24 45 46 63 74 93
I N F A R K T
93 83 69 48 47 30 19
We see the numbers 19, 30, 48, 93
Let's decipher individual columns:
89 = DEATH
_____
181 = 77-SHORTAGE + 104-OXYGEN
198 = SUDDEN DEATH
_____________________________
76 = LACK OF Oxygen
145 = PASSED AWAY
___________________________________________________
128 = FROM HYPOXIA = MYOCARDIUM WITHOUT CIS\ oxygen \ = FROM INFARCTION
140 = MYOCARDIUM WITHOUT ACID\orod\
__________________________________
128 = MYOCARDIUM WITHOUT CIS\lord\
193 = MYOCARDIUM WITHOUT OXYGEN
__________________________________
75 = HEART
73 = MYOCARDIA
___________________________________
200 = FROM MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION\ a\
154 = MYOCARDIAL STARVATION\ a\
________________________________
105 = FASTING MI\ okarda\
165 = NOT ENOUGH
_______________________
104 = OXYGEN
Reference:
Myocardial hypoxia is a condition in which the heart muscle, and the myocardium is the muscle of the heart, does not receive the required amount of oxygen.
ddhealth.ru›bolezni-i-lechenie/1190…miocarda
DATE OF DEATH code: 06/18/1936. This = 18 + 06 + 19 + 36 = 79 = FROM HYPO\ xia\ = FROM INF\ arcta\.
258 = 79 + 179-THE END IS COME.
Code of full DATE OF DEATH = 226-EIGHTEENTH OF JUNE + 55-\ 19 + 36 \-\ code of YEAR OF DEATH \-DIES = 281.
281 = 75-HEART + 206-OXYGEN HUNGRY = HEARTBEAT ENDED.
281 - 258-\ FULL NAME code\ = 23 = MI\ ocard\.
Number code full YEARS LIFE = 177-SIXTY + 84-EIGHT = 261 = SUDDEN MYOCARAL INFARCTION\ yes\.
Let's look at the column:
89 = DEATH
______________________________
180 = SIXTY V\ axis\
180 - 89 = 91 = DYING.
Reviews
Are you sure that he is a great Russian??? Very doubtful...
Maxim Gorky (real name and surname - Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov; 1868–1936), thanks to his pre-revolutionary writings, enjoyed a reputation as a friend of the poor and a fighter for social justice. Meanwhile, sympathy for people of the social “bottom” merged in these works with arguments that all Russian life is a complete “lead abomination” (“The Town of Okurov”, “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”, etc.). Gorky argued that the Russian soul, by its very nature, is “cowardly” and “morbidly evil” (he considered the most successful portrait of it to be the disgusting old voluptuous Fyodor Karamazov from Dostoevsky’s novel). He wrote about “the sadistic cruelty inherent in the Russian people” (afterword to the book by S. Gusev-Orenburgsky about Jewish pogroms in Ukraine, 1923). Perhaps no publicist has written with such hostility about any nation - except perhaps Hitler's ideologists about the Jews. Such accusations as those expressed by Gorky in his work “On the Russian Peasantry” are brought only against those whom it is decided to destroy.
And Gorky took part in this destruction direct participation. In 1905 he joined the RSDLP. In 1917, having disagreed with the Bolsheviks over the issue of the timeliness of their coup, he formally remained outside the party. He was rich and could afford to live in a villa on the island from 1906 to 1914. Capri and sacrifice large sums to the party treasury. He financed Lenin's newspapers Iskra and Vpered. During the December rebellion of 1905, his Moscow apartment, guarded by a Caucasian squad, became a workshop where bombs were made; where they brought weapons for the militants. In 1906, Gorky went on a tour of America and collected about 10 thousand dollars for the Bolsheviks. After the newspapers published his proclamation, “Don’t give money to the Russian government,” the United States refused to give Russia a half-billion-dollar loan. Gorky thanked America by describing it as a gloomy “country of the yellow devil.”
After 1917, Gorky continued to collaborate with the Bolsheviks. While often criticizing their policies in words (with their full permission), he actually took part in their actions. For example, in 1919, on behalf of the Bolsheviks, he formed an expert Commission, the conclusions of which served as the basis for the export of many works of art abroad. This devastated the largest art repositories in Russia.
Although Gorky understood that “the commissars treat Russia as material for experiment” and that “Bolshevism is a national misfortune,” he continued to be on friendly terms with new government and with its leader whom in the essay “Vladimir Ilyich Lenin” (1920; not to be confused with the later “V.I. Lenin”) he equated to saints (I.A. Bunin called this article a “shameless akathist”).
From 1921 to 1931 Gorky lived abroad, mainly in Italy. Even from abroad, the proletarian writer sanctified with his authority death sentences imposed on absurd charges. Returning to the USSR, he energetically became involved in an all-out hunt for imaginary “enemies” and “spies.” In 1929–1931 Gorky regularly published articles in Pravda, which later formed the collection “Let's Be on Guard!” They urge readers to look around them for saboteurs who have secretly betrayed the cause of communism. The most famous of these articles is “If the enemy does not surrender, he is destroyed” (1930); its title became a kind of motto for the whole Soviet politics. At the same time, Gorky, like the punitive authorities that admired him, did not need any evidence to attach the label “enemy”. The worst enemies, in his opinion, are those against whom there is no evidence. “Gorky doesn’t just sing in the choir of accusers - he writes music for this choir,” states Swiss researcher J. Niva.
The language of these articles by the “humanist writer” is striking: people here are constantly called flies, tapeworms, parasites, semi-human creatures, degenerates. “There are traitors, traitors, spies among the mass of workers of the Union of Soviets... It is quite natural that the workers’ and peasants’ government beats its enemies like a louse.” At the same time, Gorky praised the “historically and scientifically grounded, truly universal, proletarian humanism of Marx - Lenin - Stalin” (article “Proletarian Humanism”); admired “how simple and accessible the wise Comrade Stalin is” (“Letter to the delegates of the All-Union Congress of Collective Farmers-Shock Workers”). Preserving his long-standing hatred of the peasantry, Gorky reminded that “the power of the peasant is a socially unhealthy force and that the cultural-political, consistent work of Lenin-Stalin is aimed precisely at eradicating this “power” from the consciousness of the peasant, for this power exists... instinct of the small owner, expressed, as we know, in the forms of zoological bestiality" (" Open letter A. S. Serafimovich", 1934). Let us remember that this was published in the years when the most hardworking and economic peasants (“kulaks”) were shot or evicted to the permafrost zone.
In support of the “case of the Industrial Party” fabricated by the OGPU, Gorky wrote the play “Somov and Others” (1930). In accordance with this absurd process, pest engineers have been bred into it, who are slowing down production to spite the people. In the finale, “fair retribution” comes in the form of OGPU agents, who arrest not only the engineers, but also former teacher singing (his crime was that he “poisoned” Soviet youth with conversations about the soul and ancient music). In the articles “To Workers and Peasants” and “Humanists,” Gorky supports an equally ridiculous accusation against Professor Ryazanov and his “accomplices,” who were shot for “organizing a food famine.”
Gorky did not necessarily approve of all repressions. The arrests of the old Bolsheviks, fighters against the “damned tsarism,” worried him. In 1932, he even expressed his bewilderment about the arrest of L. Kamenev to the head of the security officers, G. Yagoda. But the fate of millions condemned to death ordinary people he was not so perplexed. In 1929, Gorky visited the Solovetsky camp. One of the young prisoners, seeing him as a defender of the oppressed, risked telling him about the monstrous living conditions in this camp. Gorky shed tears, but after his conversation with the boy (who was almost immediately shot) in the “Book of Reviews” of the Solovetsky camp, he left enthusiastic praise for the jailers.
In 1934, the collection “The White Sea-Baltic Canal named after Stalin” was published under the editorship of Gorky. The book supports all the crazy accusations of those years: that engineers, for example, poison female workers with arsenic in factory canteens and secretly break machines. The concentration camp is depicted as a beacon of progress; it is claimed that no one dies in it (in reality, at least 100,000 prisoners died during the construction of the White Sea Canal). Speaking to the canal builders on August 25, 1933, Gorky admired “how the OGPU re-educates people” and spoke with tears of tenderness about the excessive modesty of the security officers. According to A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s assessment, given by him in “The Gulag Archipelago,” in the book “The White Sea-Baltic Canal named after Stalin,” Gorky glorified slave labor for the first time in Russian literature.
Regardless of whether Gorky’s talent is considered first-class or exaggerated by the press; regardless of whether to believe in his sincerity or in the fact that in his heart he did not approve of Stalin’s policies; Regardless of whether one trusts the version that the 68-year-old writer, who had been treated for a long time for consumption, died not from illness, but from poison ordered by the Kremlin, the fact remains: Gorky contributed to the organized murder of millions of innocent people.
Years of life: from 03/28/1868 to 06/18/1936
Russian writer, playwright, public figure. One of the most popular authors turn of the XIX century and XX centuries.
Maxim Gorky (real name - Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov) was born (16) March 28, 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod. Father, Maxim Savvatievich Peshkov (1840-71) - the son of a soldier, demoted from the officers, a cabinetmaker. In recent years he worked as a manager of a shipping office, but died of cholera. Mother, Varvara Vasilyevna Kashirina (1842-79) - from a bourgeois family; Widowed at an early age, she remarried and died of consumption. The writer spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Vasily Vasilyevich Kashirin, who in his youth was a barracks worker, then became rich, became the owner of a dyeing establishment, and went bankrupt in his old age. The grandfather taught the boy from church books, grandmother Akulina Ivanovna introduced her grandson to folk songs and fairy tales, but most importantly, she replaced the mother, “saturating,” in the words of Gorky himself, “with strong strength for a difficult life.”
Gorky did not receive a real education, graduating only from a vocational school. His thirst for knowledge was quenched independently; he grew up “self-taught.” Hard work (a boatman on a ship, a “boy” in a store, a student in an icon-painting workshop, a foreman at fair buildings, etc.) and early hardships taught him a good knowledge of life and inspired dreams of reorganizing the world. Participated in illegal populist circles. After his arrest in 1889, he was under police surveillance.
I found myself in the world of great literature with the help of V.G. Korolenko. In 1892, Maxim Gorky published his first story, “Makar Chudra,” and in 1899-1900 he met L.N. Tolstoy and A.P. Chekhov, gets closer to the Moscow Art Theater, which staged his plays “The Bourgeois” and “At the Depths”.
The next period of Gorky's life is associated with revolutionary activities. He joined the Bolshevik Party, later, however, disagreeing with it on the issue of the timeliness of the socialist revolution in Russia. He took part in the organization of the first Bolshevik legal newspaper, Novaya Zhizn. During the days of the December armed uprising of 1905 in Moscow, he supplied workers' squads with weapons and money.
In 1906, on behalf of the party, Maxim Gorky illegally traveled to America, where he campaigned in support of the revolution in Russia. Among the Americans who ensured Gorky's reception in the United States was Mark Twain.
Upon returning to Russia, he wrote the play "Enemies" and the novel "Mother" (1906). In the same year, Gorky travels to Italy, to Capri, where he lives until 1913, giving all his strength literary creativity. During these years, the plays “The Last” (1908), “Vassa Zheleznova” (1910), the stories “Summer”, “Okurov Town” (1909), and the novel “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin” (1910 - 11) were written.
Taking advantage of the amnesty, he returned to St. Petersburg in 1913 and collaborated with the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda. In 1915 he founded the magazine "Letopis", headed the literary department of the magazine, uniting around him such writers as Shishkov, Prishvin, Trenev, Gladkov and others.
Gorky greeted the February Revolution of 1917 with enthusiasm. He was a member of the “Special Meeting on Arts” and was the chairman of the Commission on Arts under the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Council of the RSD. After the revolution, Gorky participated in the publication of the newspaper “New Life,” which was the organ of the Social Democrats, where he published articles under the general title “Untimely Thoughts.”
In the fall of 1921, due to an exacerbation of the tuberculosis process, he went abroad for treatment. At first he lived in resorts in Germany and Czechoslovakia, then moved to Italy in Sorrento. He continues to work a lot: he completes the trilogy “My Universities” (“Childhood” and “In People” were published in 1913-16), writes the novel “The Artamonov Case” (1925). Begins work on the book “The Life of Klim Samgin,” which he continued to write until the end of his life. In 1931 Gorky returned to his homeland. In the 1930s he again turned to drama: “Egor Bulychev and others” (1932), “Dostigaev and others” (1933).
Summing up his acquaintance and communication with the great people of his time, Gorky writes literary portraits L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, V. Korolenko, essay "V.I. Lenin". In 1934, through the efforts of M. Gorky, the 1st All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers was prepared and held.
On May 11, 1934, Gorky’s son, Maxim Peshkov, unexpectedly dies. The writer himself died on June 18, 1936 in the town of Gorki, near Moscow, having outlived his son by a little more than two years. After his death, he was cremated and his ashes were placed in an urn in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow. Before cremation, A. M. Gorky’s brain was removed and taken to the Moscow Brain Institute for further study. There is still a lot of uncertainty around his death, like the death of his son Maxim.
Gorky began as a provincial newspaperman (published under the name Yehudiel Chlamida). Pseudonym M. Gorky (signed letters and documents real name- A. Peshkov) appeared in 1892 in the Tiflis newspaper “Caucasus”, where the first story “Makar Chudra” was published.
The circumstances of the death of Gorky and his son are considered “suspicious” by many. There were rumors about poisoning, which, however, were not confirmed. According to the interrogations of Genrikh Yagoda (one of the main leaders of the state security agencies), Maxim Gorky was killed on Trotsky's orders, and the murder of Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, was his personal initiative. Some publications blame Stalin for Gorky's death.
Bibliography
Stories
1908 - “The Life of an Useless Man.”
1908 - “Confession”
1909 - "", "".
1913-1914- " "
1915-1916- " "
1923 - ""
Stories, essays
1892 - “Makar Chudra”
1895 - “Chelkash”, “Old Woman Izergil”.
1897 - “Former People”, “The Orlov Spouses”, “Malva”, “Konovalov”.
1898 - “Essays and Stories” (collection)
1899 - “Song of the Falcon” (prose poem), “Twenty-six and one”
1901 - “Song of the Petrel” (prose poem)
1903 - “Man” (prose poem)
1913 - “Egor Bulychov and others (1953)
Egor Bulychov and others (1971)
Life of the Baron (1917) - based on the play "At the Lower Depths"
The Life of Klim Samgin (TV series, 1986)
The Life of Klim Samgin (film, 1986)
The Well (2003) - based on the story by A.M. Gorky "Gubin"
Summer People (1995) - based on the play "Summer Residents"
Mallow (1956) - based on the stories
Mother (1926)
Mother (1955)
Mother (1990)
Bourgeois (1971)
My Universities (1939)
At the Bottom (1952)
At the Bottom (1957)
At the Bottom (1972)
Washed in Blood (1917) - based on M. Gorky’s story “Konovalov”
Premature Man (1971) - based on the play “Yakov Bogomolov” by Maxim Gorky
Across Rus' (1968) - based on early stories
For the sake of boredom (1967)
Tabor goes to heaven (1975)
Three (1918)
Foma Gordeev (1959)
Russian Soviet writer, playwright, publicist and public figure, founder of socialist realism.
Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov was born on March 16 (28), 1868 in the family of cabinetmaker Maxim Savvatyevich Peshkov (1839-1871). Orphaned early, the future writer spent his childhood in the house of his maternal grandfather Vasily Vasilyevich Kashirin (d. 1887).
In 1877-1879, A. M. Peshkov studied at the Nizhny Novgorod Slobodsky Kunavinsky Primary School. After the death of his mother and the ruin of his grandfather, he was forced to leave his studies and go “to the people.” In 1879-1884 he was a shoemaker's apprentice, then in a drawing workshop, and then in an icon painting studio. He served on a steamship sailing along the Volga.
In 1884, A. M. Peshkov made an attempt to enter Kazan University, which ended in failure due to lack of funds. He became close to the revolutionary underground, participated in illegal populist circles, and conducted propaganda among workers and peasants. At the same time, he was engaged in self-education. In December 1887, a streak of failures in life almost led the future writer to suicide.
A. M. Peshkov spent 1888-1891 traveling around in search of work and impressions. He traveled the Volga region, Don, Ukraine, Crimea, Southern Bessarabia, the Caucasus, managed to be a farm laborer in a village and a dishwasher, worked in the fishing and salt fields, as a watchman at railway and as a worker in repair shops. Clashes with the police earned him a reputation as "unreliable." At the same time, he managed to establish his first contacts with the creative environment (in particular, with the writer V. G. Korolenko).
On September 12, 1892, the Tiflis newspaper "Caucasus" published A. M. Peshkov's story "Makar Chudra", signed with the pseudonym "Maxim Gorky".
The formation of A. M. Gorky as a writer took place with the active participation of V. G. Korolenko, who recommended the new author to the publishing house and edited his manuscript. In 1893-1895, a number of the writer’s stories were published in the Volga press - “Chelkash”, “Revenge”, “Old Woman Izergil”, “Emelyan Pilyai”, “Conclusion”, “Song of the Falcon”, etc.
In 1895-1896, A. M. Gorky was an employee of the Samara Newspaper, where he wrote feuilletons daily in the “By the way” section, signing the pseudonym “Yegudiel Chlamida.” In 1896 - 1897 he worked for the Nizhegorodsky Listok newspaper.
In 1898, the first collection of works by Maxim Gorky, “Essays and Stories,” was published in two volumes. It was recognized by critics as an event in Russian and European literature. In 1899, the writer began work on the novel Foma Gordeev.
A. M. Gorky quickly became one of the most popular Russian writers. He met ,. Neorealist writers began to rally around A. M. Gorky (, L. N. Andreev).
At the beginning of the twentieth century, A. M. Gorky turned to drama. In 1902 in Moscow Art Theater His plays “At the Lower Depths” and “The Bourgeois” were staged. The performances were an exceptional success and were accompanied by anti-government protests from the public.
In 1902, A. M. Gorky was elected an honorary academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature, but by personal order the election results were annulled. As a sign of protest, V. G. Korolenko also renounced their titles of honorary academicians.
A. M. Gorky was arrested more than once for social and political activities. The writer took an active part in the events of the Revolution of 1905-1907. For the proclamation of January 9 (22), 1905, calling for the overthrow of the autocracy, he was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress (released under pressure from the world community). In the summer of 1905, A. M. Gorky joined the RSDLP, and in November of the same year, at a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, he met. His novel “Mother” (1906) received great resonance, in which the writer depicted the process of the birth of a “new man” during the revolutionary struggle of the proletariat.
In 1906-1913 A. M. Gorky lived in exile. Most of he spent time on the Italian island of Capri. Here he wrote many works: the plays “The Last”, “Vassa Zheleznova”, the stories “Summer”, “Town of Okurov”, the novel “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”. In April 1907, the writer was a delegate to the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP. A. M. Gorky visited Capri.
In 1913, A. M. Gorky returned to. In 1913-1915, he wrote the autobiographical novels “Childhood” and “In People”; since 1915, the writer published the journal “Chronicle”. During these years, the writer collaborated with the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda, as well as with the magazine Enlightenment.
A. M. Gorky welcomed the February and October Revolution 1917. He began working at the publishing house “World Literature” and founded the newspaper “New Life”. However, his differences in views with the new government gradually grew. The journalistic cycle of A. M. Gorky “Untimely Thoughts” (1917-1918) caused harsh criticism.
In 1921, A. M. Gorky left Sovetskaya for treatment abroad. In 1921-1924 the writer lived in Germany and Czechoslovakia. His journalistic activity during these years it was aimed at uniting Russian artists abroad. In 1923 he wrote the novel “My Universities”. Since 1924, the writer lived in Sorrento (Italy). In 1925, he began work on the epic novel “The Life of Klim Samgin,” which remained unfinished.
In 1928 and 1929, A. M. Gorky visited the USSR at the invitation of the Soviet government and in person. His impressions from trips around the country were reflected in the books “Around the Union of Soviets” (1929). In 1931, the writer finally returned to his homeland and launched extensive literary and social activities. On his initiative, they created literary magazines and book publishing houses, book series were published (“Life wonderful people", "Poet's Library", etc.)
In 1934, A. M. Gorky acted as the organizer and chairman of the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers. In 1934-1936 he headed the Union of Writers of the USSR.
A. M. Gorky died on June 18, 1936 at his dacha in Pod (now in). The writer is buried in the Kremlin wall behind the Mausoleum on Red Square.
In the USSR, A. M. Gorky was considered the founder of the literature of socialist realism and the ancestor of Soviet literature.
