Where Turgenev lived most of his life. Report: Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich. Turgenev becomes famous

Literary critics claim to have been created by a classic art system changed the poetics of the second novel half of the 19th century century. Ivan Turgenev was the first to sense the emergence of a “new man” - the sixties - and showed it in his essay “Fathers and Sons”. Thanks to the realist writer, the term “nihilist” was born in the Russian language. Ivan Sergeevich introduced into use the image of a compatriot, which received the definition of “Turgenev’s girl.”

Childhood and youth

One of the pillars of classical Russian literature was born in Orel, into an old noble family. Ivan Sergeevich spent his childhood on his mother’s estate, Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, not far from Mtsensk. He became the second son of three born to Varvara Lutovinova and Sergei Turgenev.

Family life parents didn’t work out. The father, a handsome cavalry guard who had squandered his fortune, married not a beauty, but a wealthy girl, Varvara, who was 6 years older than him. When Ivan Turgenev turned 12, his father left the family, leaving three children in the care of his wife. 4 years later, Sergei Nikolaevich died. Soon died of epilepsy youngest son Sergey.

Nikolai and Ivan had a hard time - their mother had a despotic character. An intelligent and educated woman suffered a lot of grief in her childhood and youth. Varvara Lutovinova's father died when her daughter was a child. The mother, a quarrelsome and despotic lady, whose image readers saw in Turgenev’s story “Death,” remarried. The stepfather drank and did not hesitate to beat and humiliate his stepdaughter. Not in the best possible way treated the daughter and mother. Because of her mother’s cruelty and her stepfather’s beatings, the girl fled to her uncle, who left her niece an inheritance of 5 thousand serfs after her death.

The mother, who did not know affection in childhood, although she loved the children, especially Vanya, treated them the same way her parents treated her in childhood - her sons would forever remember their mother’s heavy hand. Despite her quarrelsome disposition, Varvara Petrovna was an educated woman. She spoke to her family only in French, demanding the same from Ivan and Nikolai. Spassky kept a rich library, consisting mainly of French books.

When Ivan Turgenev turned 9, the family moved to the capital, to a house on Neglinka. Mom read a lot and instilled in her children a love of literature. Preferring French writers, Lutovinova-Turgeneva followed literary novelties, and was friends with Mikhail Zagoskin. Varvara Petrovna knew the works thoroughly and quoted them in correspondence with her son.

The education of Ivan Turgenev was carried out by tutors from Germany and France, on whom the landowner spared no expense. The wealth of Russian literature was revealed to the future writer by the serf valet Fyodor Lobanov, who became the prototype of the hero of the story “Punin and Baburin”.

After moving to Moscow, Ivan Turgenev was assigned to the boarding house of Ivan Krause. At home and in private boarding houses, the young master took a course high school, at the age of 15 he became a student at the capital's university. Ivan Turgenev studied at the Faculty of Literature, then transferred to St. Petersburg, where he received a university education at the Faculty of History and Philosophy.

IN student years Turgenev translated poetry and the Lord and dreamed of becoming a poet.

Having received his diploma in 1838, Ivan Turgenev continued his education in Germany. In Berlin, he attended a course of university lectures on philosophy and philology, and wrote poetry. After the Christmas holidays in Russia, Turgenev went to Italy for six months, from where he returned to Berlin.

In the spring of 1841, Ivan Turgenev arrived in Russia and a year later passed the exams, receiving a master's degree in philosophy at St. Petersburg University. In 1843, he took a position in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but his love for writing and literature prevailed.

Literature

Ivan Turgenev first appeared in print in 1836, publishing a review of Andrei Muravyov’s book “Journey to Holy Places.” A year later he wrote and published the poems “Calm on the Sea”, “Phantasmagoria in moonlit night" and "Dream".

Fame came in 1843, when Ivan Sergeevich composed the poem “Parasha”, approved by Vissarion Belinsky. Soon Turgenev and Belinsky became so close that the young writer became godfather son famous critic. The rapprochement with Belinsky and Nikolai Nekrasov influenced creative biography Ivan Turgenev: the writer finally said goodbye to the genre of romanticism, which became obvious after the publication of the poem “The Landowner” and the stories “Andrei Kolosov”, “Three Portraits” and “Breter”.

Ivan Turgenev returned to Russia in 1850. He lived sometimes on the family estate, sometimes in Moscow, sometimes in St. Petersburg, where he wrote plays that were successfully performed in theaters in two capitals.

In 1852, Nikolai Gogol passed away. Ivan Turgenev responded to the tragic event with an obituary, but in St. Petersburg, at the behest of the chairman of the censorship committee, Alexei Musin-Pushkin, they refused to publish it. The Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper dared to publish Turgenev’s note. The censor did not forgive the disobedience. Musin-Pushkin called Gogol a “lackey writer”, not worthy of mention in society, and moreover, he saw in the obituary a hint of a violation of the unspoken ban - not to remember in the open press Alexander Pushkin and those who died in a duel.

The censor wrote a report to the emperor. Ivan Sergeevich, who was under suspicion due to his frequent trips abroad, communication with Belinsky and Herzen, and radical views on serfdom, incurred even greater wrath from the authorities.

In April of the same year, the writer was put in custody for a month, and then sent under house arrest on the estate. For a year and a half, Ivan Turgenev stayed in Spassky without a break; for 3 years he did not have the right to leave the country.

Turgenev’s fears about the censorship ban on the release of “Notes of a Hunter” as a separate book were not justified: the collection of stories, previously published in Sovremennik, was published. For allowing the book to be printed, the official Vladimir Lvov, who served in the censorship department, was fired. The cycle includes the stories “Bezhin Meadow”, “Biryuk”, “Singers”, “ County doctor" Individually, the novellas did not pose a danger, but when collected together they were anti-serfdom in nature.

Ivan Turgenev wrote for both adults and children. The prose writer gave the little readers fairy tales and observation stories “Sparrow”, “Dog” and “Pigeons”, written in rich language.

In rural solitude, the classic author composed the story “Mumu”, as well as the novels “Mumu”, which became an event in the cultural life of Russia. Noble nest", "The Eve", "Fathers and Sons", "Smoke".

Ivan Turgenev went abroad in the summer of 1856. In winter in Paris, he completed the dark story “A Trip to Polesie.” In Germany in 1857 he wrote “Asya” - a story translated during the writer’s lifetime into European languages. Critics consider Turgenev's daughter Polina Brewer and illegitimate half-sister Varvara Zhitova to be the prototype of Asya, the daughter of a master and a peasant woman born out of wedlock.

Abroad, Ivan Turgenev closely followed the cultural life of Russia, corresponded with writers who remained in the country, and communicated with emigrants. Colleagues considered the prose writer controversial personality. After an ideological disagreement with the editors of Sovremennik, which became the mouthpiece of revolutionary democracy, Turgenev broke with the magazine. But, having learned about the temporary ban on Sovremennik, he spoke out in its defense.

During his life in the West, Ivan Sergeevich entered into long conflicts with Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky and Nikolai Nekrasov. After the release of the novel “Fathers and Sons,” he quarreled with the literary community, which was called progressive.

Ivan Turgenev was the first Russian writers received recognition in Europe as a novelist. In France, he became close to the realist writers, the Goncourt brothers, and Gustave Flaubert, who became his close friend.

In the spring of 1879, Turgenev arrived in St. Petersburg, where young people greeted him as an idol. Delight from the visit famous writer did not share power, letting Ivan Sergeevich understand that a long stay of a writer in the city was undesirable.

In the summer of the same year, Ivan Turgenev visited Britain - at Oxford University the Russian prose writer was given the title of honorary doctor.

The penultimate time Turgenev came to Russia was in 1880. In Moscow, he attended the opening of a monument to Alexander Pushkin, whom he considered a great teacher. The classic called the Russian language support and support “in the days of painful thoughts” about the fate of the homeland.

Personal life

Heinrich Heine compared the femme fatale, who became the love of the writer’s life, to a landscape, “at the same time monstrous and exotic.” The Spanish-French singer Pauline Viardot, a short and stooping woman, had large masculine features, a large mouth and bulging eyes. But when Polina sang, she transformed fabulously. At such a moment, Turgenev saw the singer and fell in love for the rest of his life, for the remaining 40 years.

The prose writer's personal life before meeting Viardot was like a roller coaster. The first love, which Ivan Turgenev sadly told about in the story of the same name, painfully wounded the 15-year-old boy. He fell in love with his neighbor Katenka, the daughter of Princess Shakhovskaya. What a disappointment befell Ivan when he learned that his “pure and immaculate” Katya, who captivated with her childish spontaneity and girlish blush, was the mistress of her father, Sergei Nikolaevich, a seasoned womanizer.

The young man became disillusioned with the “noble” girls and turned his attention to simple girls - serf peasant women. One of the undemanding beauties, seamstress Avdotya Ivanova, gave birth to Ivan Turgenev’s daughter Pelageya. But while traveling around Europe, the writer met Viardot, and Avdotya remained in the past.

Ivan Sergeevich met the singer’s husband, Louis, and began to enter their house. Turgenev's contemporaries, the writer's friends and biographers disagreed about this union. Some call it sublime and platonic, others talk about the considerable sums that the Russian landowner left in the house of Polina and Louis. Viardot's husband turned a blind eye to Turgenev's relationship with his wife and allowed her to live in their house for months. There is an opinion that the biological father of Paul, the son of Polina and Louis, is Ivan Turgenev.

The writer’s mother did not approve of the relationship and dreamed that her beloved offspring would settle down, marry a young noblewoman and give him legitimate grandchildren. Varvara Petrovna did not favor Pelageya; she saw her as a serf. Ivan Sergeevich loved and pitied his daughter.

Polina Viardot, hearing about the bullying of her despotic grandmother, was imbued with sympathy for the girl and took her into her home. Pelageya turned into Polynet and grew up with Viardot's children. To be fair, it is worth noting that Pelageya-Polinet Turgenev did not share fatherly love to Viardot, believing that the woman stole the attention of her loved one from her.

Cooling in the relationship between Turgenev and Viardot came after a three-year separation, which occurred due to the writer’s house arrest. Ivan Turgenev made attempts to forget his fatal passion twice. In 1854, the 36-year-old writer met the young beauty Olga, the daughter of his cousin. But when a wedding appeared on the horizon, Ivan Sergeevich began to yearn for Polina. Not wanting to ruin the life of an 18-year-old girl, Turgenev confessed his love for Viardot.

The last attempt to escape from the embrace of a French woman happened in 1879, when Ivan Turgenev turned 61 years old. Actress Maria Savina was not afraid of the age difference - her lover turned out to be twice as old. But when the couple went to Paris in 1882, in the home of her future husband, Masha saw many things and trinkets that reminded her of her rival, and realized that she was superfluous.

Death

In 1882, after breaking up with Savinova, Ivan Turgenev fell ill. The doctors made a disappointing diagnosis - spinal bone cancer. The writer died in a foreign land long and painfully.

In 1883, Turgenev was operated on in Paris. Last months In his life, Ivan Turgenev was happy, as happy as a person tormented by pain can be - his beloved woman was next to him. After her death, she inherited Turgenev's property.

The classic died on August 22, 1883. His body was delivered to St. Petersburg on September 27. From France to Russia, Ivan Turgenev was accompanied by Polina's daughter, Claudia Viardot. The writer was buried at the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Calling Turgenev “a thorn in his side,” he reacted to the death of the “nihilist” with relief.

Bibliography

• 1855 – “Rudin”
• 1858 – “The Noble Nest”
• 1860 – “On the Eve”
• 1862 – “Fathers and Sons”
• 1867 – “Smoke”
• 1877 – “Nove”
• 1851-73 - “Notes of a Hunter”
• 1858 – “Asya”
• 1860 – “First Love”
• 1872 – “Spring Waters”

• Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born on October 28 (November 9), 1818 in Orel.
• Turgenev's father, Sergei Nikolaevich, belonged to an old noble family. He was a retired colonel, a cuirassier, and took part in Patriotic War 1812.
• Turgenev's mother, Varvara Petrovna, nee Lutovinova, came from a family of wealthy landowners. My mother was distinguished not only by her then fashionable dislike of everything Russian, but also by her stern disposition. So, among other qualities, Ivan Turgenev brought out of childhood a hatred of serfdom.
• The union of Turgenev's parents was a classic marriage of convenience and was even moderately happy, since the spouses' lack of tender feelings for each other did not contribute to quarrels and jealousy. Sergei Nikolaevich had a lot of “pranks” on the side, but he regularly supported his family. Ivan Turgenev had two brothers, Nikolai and Sergei. The latter died as a child from epilepsy.
• The future writer spent his childhood on his mother’s estate, Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, in the Mtsensk district of the Oryol province. Here one of the serf valets instilled in Ivan Turgenev a love of Russian literature.
• 1827 - the Turgenev family moves to Moscow to give their children an education. Turgenev first studied at the Weidenhammer boarding school; then he was registered as a boarder with the director of the Lazarevsky Institute, Krause.
• 1833 - Ivan Turgenev enters the literature department of Moscow University.
• 1833 - an event occurs that a few years later will form the basis of the story “First Love.” The future writer meets and falls madly in love with Princess E.L. Shakhovskaya, who was her father’s mistress at that time.
• 1834 - Turgenev transferred to St. Petersburg University, to the Faculty of History and Philology.
• The mid-1830s are the first literary experiments of the future writer. These were lyrical poems and the dramatic poem “Sten”.
• 1836 - Ivan Turgenev decides to show his poems to one of the teachers, Professor P.A. Pletnev. Pletnev invited the student to literary evening, where A.S. was also present. Pushkin.
• November 1837 - Turgenev officially finishes his studies and receives a diploma from the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University for the title of candidate.
• 1838 – first publication. Professor Pletnev helped Turgenev publish two poems in Sovremennik - “Evening” and “To the Venus of Medicine”.
• The same year, May - Turgenev goes to Germany in order to complete his education and take a break from his homeland with its cruel serfdom. Along the way, the steamship “Nicholas I”, on which the writer is sailing, is shipwrecked. Ivan Sergeevich will describe this incident several decades later, in 1883, in the essay “Fire at Sea.”
• June 1838 - August 1839 - Ivan Turgenev lives and studies in Berlin, writes poetry.
• End of 1839 - Turgenev returns to Russia for a short time.
• 1840 - travel to Italy.
• May 1840 - May 1841 - Berlin again, after which Ivan Sergeevich returns to Russia.
• At home, Turgenev meets the sister of his Berlin friend M.A. Bakunin, Tatyana Bakunina. They begin an affair. At the same time, Turgenev communicates with A.E. Ivanova, seamstress.
• May 8, 1842 - Turgenev’s daughter Polina was born.
• 1843 - Turgenev enters the service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, as an official of special assignments. In the same year, a collection of his poems was published, signed with the letters T.L. (Turgenev-Lutovinov).
• The same year - the poem by I.S. Turgenev "Parasha". The work was highly appreciated by Belinsky. Getting to know a critic quickly turns into friendship. Belinsky introduces Turgenev to the society of St. Petersburg writers, acquaintance with whom leads to a change in Ivan Sergeevich’s literary views. From romantic poems he moves on to an ironic descriptive poem (“Landowner”, “Andrei”), and tries to write prose (“Andrei Kolosov”, “Three Portraits”, “Breter”).
• November 1, 1843 - acquaintance with singer Pauline Viardot-Garcia, whose husband translated Turgenev's works into French.
• May 1845 - Ivan Sergeevich retires.
• 1847 - 1850 - Turgenev lives in Europe. In 1848, before his eyes, French Revolution– the writer was then in Paris. Abroad, Turgenev meets P.V. Annenkov, A.I. Herzen, J. Sand, P. Merimee, A. de Musset. During this period, the stories “Petushkov”, “Diary” were written extra person", comedy "Bachelor".
• 1847 - Turgenev begins “Notes of a Hunter.” Actually, the story “Khor and Kalinich” was written first, and when it soon came to publication in Sovremennik, the subtitle “From the Notes of a Hunter” was invented by I.I. Panaev. One way or another, the “Notes of a Hunter” cycle became the foundation not only of Turgenev’s entire subsequent work, but also of the so-called “ peasant theme"in Russian literature.
• 1851 - the comedies “Where it is thin, there it breaks” and “Provincial Girl” were written.
• 1852 - the series “Notes of a Hunter” is published as a separate two-volume publication. In the same year N.V. dies. Gogol, and Turgenev writes a response to his death. The response was banned in St. Petersburg, but was published in Moscow. For the writer, this ended with imprisonment at the congress (where the story “Mumu” ​​was written), and then with exile under police supervision in the village of Spasskoye, where Turgenev lived until the end of 1853. A.K. worked hard for the release of Ivan Sergeevich. Tolstoy.
• 1853 – 1856 – Turgenev in Russia. His beloved Pauline Viardot is in Europe, and the separation cannot but affect the relationship. There is a cooling of feelings, almost to the point of rupture. Turgenev has an affair with distant relative, O.A. Turgenev, which, fortunately, turned out to be fleeting.
• 1856 - Ivan Sergeevich finally gets the opportunity to travel to Europe, where he faces a difficult mission - to restore relations with Viardot and his daughter Polina, who was raised in Paris.
• Beginning of 1857 - from France Turgenev goes to England, then to Germany. At the end of the year the writer leaves for Italy.
• Summer 1858 - Turgenev in Russia, spends time mainly in Spassky.
• 1859 - Turgenev was elected a full member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature at Moscow University.
• Creativity in the 1850s: preface to the edition of Tyutchev’s “Poems”, the stories “The Calm”, “Yakov Pasynkov”, “Trip to Polesie”, “Correspondence”, “Asya”, “Faust”; novels “Rudin”, “The Noble Nest”.
• January 1860 - at a public reading in favor of the Society to help needy writers and scientists, Turgenev gives a speech “Hamlet and Don Quixote.”
• 1860 - the novel “On the Eve” became the reason for the author’s break with Sovremennik and personally with N.A. Nekrasov. Quarrel with I.A. Goncharov ends with an arbitration court.
• January 1861 - Turgenev was elected corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences.
• Summer of 1861 – quarrel with L.N. Tolstoy (due to inconsistency of literary views) in the estate of A. Fet Stepanovka. It almost came to a duel, but nothing happened. The writers reconciled only in 1878.
• 1863 - another rapprochement between Ivan Sergeevich and Polina Viardot.
• 1863 - 1871 - Turgenev and Viardot live in Baden, after the end of the Franco-Prussian War they move to Paris. At this time, Turgenev became friends with G. Flaubert, the Goncourt brothers, A. Daudet, E. Zola, G. de Maupassant. Gradually, Ivan Sergeevich takes on the function of an intermediary between Russian and Western European literature.
• August 1867 - quarrel with F.M. Dostoevsky in Baden-Baden.
• The same year - the first edition of the work of I.S. Turgenev on English. This happened in New York, the novel “Fathers and Sons” was published.
• Creativity in the 1860s: the novels “On the Eve”, “Fathers and Sons”, “Smoke”, the article “Hamlet and Don Quixote”. Stories: “Ghosts”, “Dog”, “The Story of Lieutenant Ergunov”, story “Enough!”.
• August 1871 - in Edinburgh, at the anniversary celebration of the centenary of the birth of Walter Scott, Turgenev gives a speech.
• 1878 - Turgenev was elected vice-president of the international literary congress in Paris.
• 1879 - Ivan Sergeevich becomes an honorary doctor civil law Oxford University, elected to honorary members of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.
• The writer’s work in the 1870s: the novel “Nov”, the stories “The Steppe King Lear”, “Punin and Baburin”, “The Dream”, “The Story of Father Alexei”.
• 1880 - Turgenev specially comes to Moscow for the opening of the monument to A.S. Pushkin, reads “A Speech about Pushkin” at a meeting of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. In general, in 1879 - 1881, Ivan Sergeevich visited Russia more than once. Another lover is waiting for him in Moscow - actress M.G. Savina.
• 1882 - Turgenev experiences a serious illness for the first time; he has spinal cord cancer.
• Creativity of the last years of life: “Songs of triumphant love”, “After death ( Clara Milic)", "Literary and everyday memories", "Prose poems".
• August 22 (September 3), 1883 - Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev dies in Bougival (a city near Paris). He was buried at the Volkov Cemetery (Literary Bridges) in St. Petersburg.

If you were asked to tell in a nutshell about the life of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, he short biography would consist of one sentence: he lived his life pursuing one goal and following one love. But it’s not enough to talk about this man in a nutshell, so we’ll look at Turgenev’s life and work in more detail by reading his short biography.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev short biography

So, the classic was born into a fairly wealthy nobleman’s family. This happened in 1818 in October. His development and upbringing was complete, since parents could afford to hire teachers for their child. Turgenev, having such an opportunity, delved into his study and already in adolescence was well-read and knew three languages. The knowledge gained made it possible to enter the university of the capital without any problems, however, he will soon be transferred to St. Petersburg to the Faculty of Philosophy. During this period, his first work, “The Wall,” was published in 1834. He graduated from his studies in 1837, after which he entered the Faculty of Philosophy in Germany. After graduating from a university abroad, Turgenev goes home and plans to create a philosophy department, but it was no longer possible to realize his plans, since the tsar issued a decree to close all departments of philosophy.

However, biography and life path Turgenev continues and he tries his hand at a position in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. He tries to improve peasant life, but, having suffered a fiasco, leaves his leadership position. Here he completely devotes himself to creativity. Further, the life of Turgenev and his short biography for children and schoolchildren tells us about the formation creative activity. Turgenev’s mentor was Belinsky, who helped him decide on the direction. In his works, the author uses realism, this is how the poem “Parasha” comes out, and then other poems, theatrical plays, essays, short stories, and novellas are born from Turgenev’s pen.

Life and work of Turgenev

I would like to talk about the writer’s personal life, but he did not have a family, but he was in love. He fell in love with the married French singer Pauline Viardot, and met her in St. Petersburg when she was passing through on tour. Since then, the writer has followed on her heels. Where she was, there he was. So Turgenev moves to live abroad, but is very homesick for his homeland. He describes his melancholy in the work “Notes of a Hunter,” which gained enormous popularity. It was a success.

When Gogol passed away, Turgenev created an obituary. This happened in 1852. But the censorship did not allow this work to pass; moreover, Turgenev ended up in exile for it. He was sent to the family estate, which is located in the Oryol province, where he writes no less famous masterpiece"" and several other works. Turgenev remained in exile until 1856, after which he again left Russia and headed to France, where he lived and continued to write until his last breath, occasionally visiting his homeland. This is how “Asya” and “Fathers and Sons” appear.

Turgenev's biography and summary are completed by his death. Due to a serious illness, cancer of the spine, Turgenev passed away in 1883 on a foreign side, but was buried in St. Petersburg, according to his request in his will.

Biography of Turgenev interesting facts

Were there any short stories in Turgenev's biography? interesting facts? Were. They say that Turgenev loved to squander his parents' money in his youth, was frivolous and loved to dress like a dandy. His first love broke his heart, it was Ekaterina Shakhovskaya. They also say that Turgenev had an illegitimate daughter, whom he did not recognize, but whom he helped. He loved to sing, having no hearing, and also could not stand the dirt and garbage around him. He is such a classic of Russian literature.

One of the few Russian writers known and loved not only in their homeland, but also in other countries of the world is Turgenev. Distinctive feature writer - the fact that most readers get acquainted with his stories with completely sincere pleasure. His creative archive consists not only of novels and stories, but also of poetry and translations.

Major life stages

Ivan Sergeevich was born in 1818 into a noble family in the city of Orel. After some time, his family moved to Moscow, where young Turgenev entered the University. True, he never graduated from it - because he soon transferred to St. Petersburg to study philosophy in educational institution northern capital. After graduation, he went on a long trip to European countries to see the world and supplement his education.

Although the classic is mainly known to us for his stories, he began with poetic form- for example, in 1834 the poem “The Wall” was published. The literary community greeted the aspiring author favorably, Ivan Sergeevich received a friendly reception from critics - all this contributed to the further development of his talent. Having published several more poems and poems, the writer wrote his first works in prose - several short stories.

The most fruitful and successful period from a creative point of view in the life of Ivan Sergeevich were the years of collaboration with Sovremennik. Here he gradually published his “Notes of a Hunter”, communicated in writing and personally with the literary stars of his time. Simultaneously with his original work, Ivan Sergeevich was engaged in independent translations English classics- he was interested in understanding the rules and techniques of drama.

After Gogol's death, Turgenev was forced to go into exile - although not far, just to his native village. The fact is that the authorities did not like the too bold obituary written by Ivan Sergeevich. But the forced departure turned out to be useful for the writer - Russian culture was enriched with such works as “Fathers and Sons”, “The Noble Nest”. True, only after the death of Nicholas I these and other works were published in the public press.

In the 1860s, the writer again went on a long trip to Europe. Abroad, he introduced the rest of the world to the works of Russian classics, translating the works of his fellow writers. Europeans perceived their own prose and translations of Ivan Sergeevich with great interest.

The writer died in 1883. In the last few years he had been plagued by illnesses, but he retained a clear memory and mind.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a Russian writer and poet, playwright, publicist, critic and translator. He was born on October 28, 1818 in the city of Orel. His works are remembered for their vivid descriptions of nature, vivid images and characters. Critics especially highlight the cycle of stories “Notes of a Hunter,” which reflects the best moral qualities of a simple peasant. There were many strong and selfless women in Turgenev's stories. The poet had a strong influence on the development of world literature. He died on August 22, 1883 near Paris.

Childhood and education

Turgenev was born into a noble family. His father was a retired officer. The writer's mother, Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova, had noble origin. Ivan spent his childhood on her family's ancestral estate. The parents did everything to provide their son with a comfortable life. He was trained best teachers and tutors, and at a young age Ivan and his family moved to Moscow to receive higher education. Since childhood, the guy studied foreign languages, he was fluent in English, French and German.

The move to Moscow took place in 1827. There, Ivan studied at the Weidenhammer boarding school, and he also studied with private teachers. Five years later, the future writer became a student in the literature department of a prestigious Moscow university. In 1834 Turgenev transferred to the Faculty of Philosophy in St. Petersburg, as his family moved to this city. It was then that Ivan began to write his first poems.

In three years he created more than a hundred lyrical works, including the poem "The Wall". Professor Pletnev P.A., who taught Turgenev, immediately noticed the undoubted talent of the young man. Thanks to him, Ivan’s poems “To the Venus of Medicine” and “Evening” were published in the Sovremennik magazine.

In 1838, two years after graduating from university, he went to Berlin to attend philological lectures. At that time, Turgenev managed to receive his Ph.D. In Germany, the young man continues his studies; he studies the grammar of ancient Greek and Latin. He was also interested in studying Roman and Greek literature. At the same time, Turgenev makes acquaintance with Bakunin and Stankevich. He has been traveling for two years, visiting France, Italy and Holland.

Return to homeland

Ivan returned to Moscow in 1841, at the same time he met Gogol, Herzen and Aksakov. The poet greatly appreciated getting to know each of his colleagues. They visit together literary clubs. The following year, Turgenev asks for admission to the exam for the degree of Master of Philosophy.

In 1843, for some time the writer went to work in the ministerial office, but the monotonous activity of an official did not bring him satisfaction. At the same time, his poem “Parasha” was published, which was highly appreciated by V. Belinsky. The writer also remembered the year 1843 for his acquaintance with French singer Polina Viardot. After this, Turgenev decides to devote himself entirely to creativity.

In 1846, the stories “Three Portraits” and “Bretter” were published. Some time after this, the writer creates other famous works, including “Breakfast at the Leader”, “Provincial Girl”, “Bachelor”, “Mumu”, “A Month in the Country” and others. Turgenev published the collection of stories “Notes of a Hunter” in 1852. At the same time, his obituary dedicated to Nikolai Gogol was published. This work was banned in St. Petersburg, but published in Moscow. For his radical views, Ivan Sergeevich was exiled to Spasskoye.

Later he wrote four more works, which later became the largest in his work. In 1856, the book “Rudin” was published, three years after that the prose writer wrote the novel “The Noble Nest”. The year 1860 was marked by the release of the work “On the Eve”. One of the most famous works author, “Fathers and Sons,” dates from 1862.

This period of his life was also marked by a break in the poet’s relationship with the Sovremennik magazine. This happened after Dobrolyubov’s article entitled “When will the real day come?”, which was filled with negativity towards the novel “On the Eve”. Turgenev spent the next few years of his life in Baden-Baden. The city inspired his most voluminous novel, “Nove,” which was published in 1877.

Last years of life

The writer was especially interested in Western European cultural trends. He entered into correspondence with famous writers, among whom were Maupassant, Georges Sand, Victor Hugo and others. Thanks to their communication, literature was enriched. In 1874, Turgenev organized dinners together with Zola, Flaubert, Daudet and Edmond Goncourt. In 1878, an international literary congress was held in Paris, during which Ivan was elected vice president. At the same time, he becomes a respected doctor at Oxford University.

Despite the fact that the prose writer lived far from Russia, his works were known in his homeland. In 1867, the novel “Smoke” was published, dividing compatriots into two oppositions. Many criticized it, while others were sure that the work opens a new literary era.

In the spring of 1882, a physical illness called microsarcoma first manifested itself, which caused Turgenev terrible pain. It was because of him that the writer subsequently died. He fought the pain to the last, last work Ivan's work was "Poems in Prose", published a few months before his death. September 3 (old style August 22), 1883 Ivan Sergeevich died in Bougival. He was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovskoye cemetery. The funeral was attended by many people who wanted to say goodbye to the talented writer.

Personal life

The poet's first love was Princess Shakhovskaya, who was in a relationship with his father. They met in 1833, and only in 1860 Turgenev was able to describe his feelings in the story “First Love.” Ten years after meeting the princess, Ivan meets Polina Viardot, with whom he falls in love almost immediately. He accompanies her on tour; it is with this woman that the prose writer subsequently moves to Baden-Baden. After some time, the couple had a daughter, who was raised in Paris.

Problems in the relationship with the singer began due to distance, and her husband Louis also acted as an obstacle. Turgenev starts an affair with a distant relative. They were even planning to get married. In the early sixties, the prose writer again became close to Viardot, they lived together in Baden-Baden, then moved to Paris. IN recent years In his life, Ivan Sergeevich becomes interested in the young actress Maria Savina, who reciprocates his feelings.