Today, haplogroup R1a1a is the oldest haplogroup in Europe, and has been strongly associated with Northern and Central Europe since the beginning of the Bronze Age. Haplogroup R1a1a is a genetic marker of the Russian people.

Thanks to Y-SNP DNA results, we can link haplogroup R1a1 with several ancient archaeological cultures:

Northern, Central, Eastern European archaeological culture "corded ceramics"(German: Schnurkeramik), battle ax culture - archaeological culture of the Copper and Bronze Ages, widespread over vast territories of Central and Eastern Europe and dated (3200 BC-1800 BC).

— haplogroup R1a1 is associated with several ancient Central European archaeological cultures - " fields of funeral urns" - represents a number of archaeological cultures of the early Iron Age, of which the most ancient - Lusatian archaeological culture(1300-300 BC) Bronze and Early Iron Ages.

Luzhitskaya culture distributed in eastern Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Belarus.

Trypillian culture considered one of the oldest Chalcolithic archaeological cultures in Europe, dating from the 6th – 3rd millennium BC, covers the territories of southwestern Ukraine, part of Moldova and Romania (Cucuteni).

Cucuteni-Trypillian culture was one of the first civilizations in Europe.

- G aplogroup R1a1 is associated with severalArchaeological cultures of Eastern Europe and Central Asia:

Yamnaya culture— community of archaeological cultures of the late Copper Age - early Bronze Age (3300-2500 BC)) in the Caspian-Black Sea steppes, in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

Andronovskaya (Sintashta-Petrovka culture)- the general name of a group of closely related archaeological cultures of the Bronze Age - 2300 BC. e. - 1000 BC e).

The study of the physical appearance of the population of the Andronovo culture proves that in the Bronze Age tribes with clearly expressed European features lived here. People of the proto-European race lived in the Central, northern and eastern regions of Kazakhstan.

The Scythians of the Andronovo archaeological culture left many monuments of their era - these are mounds scattered throughout the Eurasian steppe, in which Scythian kings and simple Scythian wars are buried.

Fatyanovo archaeological culture Bronze Age (2nd half of the 3rd - middle of the 2nd millennium BC) on the territory of central Russia.

G aplogroup R1a1 is associated with Scythians of the Eurasian steppe and Central Asia, and the Caucasoid minority of Mongolia.

Archaeological excavations confirm that the Scythian culture emerged from the " timber-frame cultural and historical community" - ethnocultural association of the Late Bronze Age (XVIII-XII centuries BC), widespread in the steppe and forest-steppe zones Eastern Europe between the Dnieper and the Urals, it has characteristic monuments in Western Siberia.

According to linguistic, archaeological, archaic Slavic hydronyms northern part "Scythian square" Herodotus absolutely coincides with the subsequent Chernolesk Slavic archaeological culture X -VIII centuries BC e.

Haplogroup R1a1a is a genetic marker of the Russian people.

99% R1a - belong to subclades from R1a1a1 (R1a-M417), which is divided into the following subclades:

R1a-L664 essentially Northwestern Europe, found mainly in West Germany, the Benelux countries and the British Isles.
R1a-Z645 constitutes many R1a carriers living in areas from Central Europe to South Asia.
R1a-Z283 is the main one of Central and Eastern Europe.
R1a-Z284 is a Scandinavian subclade centered in Norway. Also installed in colonized areas Norwegian Vikings, as well as parts of Scotland, England and Ireland.
R1a-M458, primarily a Slavic subclade, with maximum frequencies in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, but are also quite common in southeastern Ukraine and northwestern Russia.
its subclade R1a-L260 a distinctly Slavic population in the West, peaking in frequency in Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and emitting at lower frequencies into East Germany, Eastern Austria, Slovenia and Hungary.
R1a-Z280 a Balto-Slavic marker found throughout central and eastern Europe (excluding the Balkans), from the western border running from east to southwest Germany and in northeastern Italy (Veneto region). It can be divided into many clusters: East Slavic, Baltic, Pomeranian, Polish, Carpathian, East Alpine, Czechoslovakian, and so on.
its subclade R1a-L365 is the Pomeranian cluster found also in southern Poland.
R1a-Z93 is the main Asian clade of R1a in the white population. The carriers of this subclade are found in Central Asia, South Asia and South-West Asia (including among Ashkenazi Jews). R1a-Z93 is a marker of historical peoples such as the Indo-Aryans, Persians, Medes, Mitanni (where Nifertiti is from), and permeates the gene pool of Arabs and Jews.
its subclade R1a-M434 constitutes a small percentage of Pakistan's population. Traces have also been found in Oman.

In modern Western and Northern Europe, haplogroup R1a is with marker Z284 (Vikings) falls under the root R1a1a1 * (M417), or even the older R1a1a (M17), which comes from the oldest known expansion of R1a from the forest-steppe that arose on the archaeological culture "Cord ceramics" which precedes all the above subclades.

Russians are one of the most purebred peoples in Eurasia. Joint research by Russian and British genetic scientists put an end to the Russophobic myth that had been infiltrated into people’s consciousness for decades - they say, “Scratch a Russian and you will definitely find a Tatar.” Now we can say: “If you scratch a European, you will find a Russian by blood!”

After the research, geneticists confidently declare the almost complete identity of the genotypes of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, thereby proving that we were and remain one people: “genetic variations of the Y chromosome of the inhabitants of the central and southern regions of Ancient Rus' turned out to be almost identical to those of Ukrainians and Belarusians”. One of the project leaders Russian geneticist Oleg Balanovsky admitted that from a genetic point of view Russians are a monolithic people, the myth that " “Everyone is mixed up, there are no more purely Russians” has no confirmation. Just the opposite - since ancient times, Russians have been and now remain Russians. The Russians do not and never have had any admixture of Turkic “Horde blood”.

Lands of Central and Southern Russia were inhabited by the Russian people (by blood), as evidenced by studies of numerous materials from the remains of ancient burials discovered during excavations of various archaeological cultures.

Geneticists have established that according to the blood haplogroup, “Slavic tribes” Old Russian- not aliens, but autochthonous (indigenous) inhabitants of Central and Southern Russia, where the Old Russians lived from time immemorial, from the creation of the world. The lands of Central and Southern Russia were inhabited even before the last glaciation of our planet about 20 thousand years ago, and geneticists have not found any evidence indicating the presence of any other peoples who lived in this territory before the last glaciation.

Scientists have also determined the boundaries of the habitat of our ancestors: “analysis of bone remains indicates that the main zone of contact between Caucasians and people of the Mongoloid type was in Western Siberia.”

Archaeologists who excavated oldest burials 1st millennium BC on the territory of Altai, found there the remains of distinctly Caucasoids, as in Arkaim, allows us to conclude that the ancient Russians, Proto-Slavs original inhabitants these places and lived throughout the territory modern Russia, including Siberia and the Far East.

The results of a large-scale study by geneticists were published in the scientific journal “ The American Journal of Human Genetics".

Nature, genetic code All people are structured in such a way that everyone has 23 pairs of chromosomes, which store all the hereditary information inherited from both parents. The formation of chromosomes occurs at the time of meiosis, when, in the process of crossing over, each randomly takes approximately half from the maternal chromosome and half from the paternal chromosome; which specific genes will be inherited from the mother and which from the father is not known, everything is decided by chance.

Only one male chromosome, Y, does not participate in this lottery; it is entirely passed from father to son like a relay baton. Let me clarify that women do not have this Y chromosome at all.
In each subsequent generation, mutations occur in certain areas of the Y chromosome, called loci, which will be transmitted to all subsequent generations through the male gender. It was thanks to these mutations that it became possible to reconstruct the genera. There are only about 1000 loci on the Y chromosome, but for comparative analysis Only a little more than a hundred haplotypes and genera reconstructions are used.
In the so-called loci, or they are also called STR markers, there are from 7 to 42 tandem repeats, big picture which is unique for each person. After a certain number of generations, mutations occur and the number of tandem repeats changes up or down, and thus on the general tree it will be seen that the more mutations, the older the common ancestor for a group of haplotypes.

The haplogroups themselves do not carry genetic information, because Genetic information is located in autosomes - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. You can see the distribution of genetic components in Europe. Haplogroups are just markers of days gone by, at the dawn of the formation of modern peoples.

What haplogroups are most common among Russians?

Peoples	Qty, Man	R1a1,	R1b1,	I1,	I2,	N1c1,	E1b1b1,	J2,	G2a,
Eastern, Western and Southern Slavs.
Russians(north)	395	34	6	10	8	35	2	1	1
Russians(center)	388	52	8	5	10	16	4	1	1
Russians(south)	424	50	4	4	16	10	5	4	3
Russians (All Great Russians)	1207	47	7	5	12	20	4	3	2
Belarusians	574	52	10	3	16	10	3	2	2
Ukrainians	93	54	2	5	16	8	8	6	3
Russians(together with Ukrainians and Belarusians)	1874	48	7	4	13	16	4	3	3
Poles	233	56	16	7	10	8	4	3	2
Slovaks	70	47	17	6	11	3	9	4	1
Czechs	53	38	19	11	12	3	8	6	5
Slovenians	70	37	21	12	20	0	7	3	2
Croats	108	24	10	6	39	1	10	6	2
Serbs	113	16	11	6	29	1	20	7	1
Bulgarians	89	15	11	5	20	0	21	11	5
Balts, Finns, Germans, Greeks, etc.
Lithuanians	164	34	5	5	5	44	1	0	0
Latvians	113	39	10	4	3	42	0	0	0
Finns (east)	306	6	3	19	0	71	0	0	0
Finns (west)	230	9	5	40	0	41	0	0	0
Swedes	160	16	24	36	3	11	3	3	1
Germans	98	8	48	25	0	1	5	4	3
Germans (Bavarians)	80	15	48	16	4	0	8	6	5
English	172	5	67	14	6	0.1	3	3	1
Irish	257	1	81	6	5	0	2	1	1
Italians	99	2	44	3	4	0	13	18	8
Romanians	45	20	18	2	18	0	7	13	7
Ossetians	359	1	7	0		0	1	16	67
Armenians	112	2	26	0	4	0	6	20	10
Greeks	116	4	14	3	10	0	21	23	5
Turks	103	7	17	1	5	4	10	24	12

Particularly noteworthy are the 4 most common haplogroups among Russians:
R1a1 47.0%, N1c1 20.0%, I2 10.6%, I1 6.2%
In simple terms: genetic makeup Russians along the direct male lines of the Y chromosome looks like this:
Eastern Europeans - 47%
Baltic - 20%
And two haplogroups of original Europeans since the Paleolithic
Scandinavians - 6%
Balkans - 11%

The names are arbitrary and given in accordance with territorial maximums European subclades for haplogroups R1a1, N1c1, I1 and I2. The fundamental point is that there are no descendants of the Mongols left after the two-hundred-year Tatar-Mongol yoke. Or there remains, but a very small number of direct genetic heirs from such connections. With these words, I do not want to question the historical sources about the Mongols in Rus', but only to draw attention to the supposed genetic influence of the Mongol-Tatars on the Russians - there is none, or it is insignificant. By the way, the genome of the Bulgarian Tatars also contains a large number of carriers gaprogroup R1a1(about 30%) and N1c1(about 20%), but they are to a greater extent not of European origin.

Another important point is that southern Russians, within the margin of error, do not differ from Ukrainians, and northern Russians, having the same haplogroup R1a1 as one of the predominant ones, also have a higher percentage of haplogroup N1c1. But the % N1c1 haplotypes are on average 20% among Russians.

Emperors. Nikolay 2
The first known ancestor of the Grand Ducal House of Oldenburg was Egilmar, Count of Lerigau (d. 1108), mentioned in the chronicles of 1091.
Nicholas II turned out to be a carrier of the haplogroup R1b1a2- a representative of the Western European line, from the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty. This German dynasty is characterized by the terminal snip U106, which is most widespread in northwestern Europe in the places of settlement of Germanic tribes. This is not quite typical for Russian people DNA marker, but its presence among Russians could also be associated with early contacts between Germans and Slavs.

Natural princes. Rurikovich
Vladimir Monomakh and his descendants, called “Monomashichs,” belong to the haplogroup N1c1-L550, which is widespread in the South Baltic region (subclade L1025) and in Fennoscandia (subclades Y7795, Y9454, Y17113, Y17415, Y4338). The Rurik dynasty is characterized by the terminal snip Y10931.
Some of those whom historians call Olgovichi (named in honor of Oleg Svyatoslavich - the main rival of Vladimir Monomakh in the feudal struggle - and, as all sources assure, his cousin) are not related to the Rurikovichs from the Monomashich clan (in the direct male line). These are the descendants of Yuri Tarussky

Russians, Slavs, Indo-Europeans and haplogroups R1a, R1b, N1c, I1 and I2

In ancient times, about 8-9 thousand years ago, there was a linguistic group that laid the foundation for the Indo-European family of languages ​​(at the initial stage, most likely these were haplogroups R1a and R1b). The Indo-European family includes such linguistic groups as the Indo-Iranians (South Asia), the Slavs and Balts (Eastern Europe), the Celts (Western Europe), and the Germans (Central, Northern Europe). Perhaps they also had common genetic ancestors, which about 7 thousand years ago, due to migrations, ended up in different parts of Eurasia, some went to the south and east (R1a-Z93), laying the foundation for the Indo-Iranian peoples and languages ​​(largely taking part in the ethnogenesis of the Turkic peoples), and some remained on the territory of Europe and laid the foundation for the formation of many European peoples(R1b-L51), including Slavs and Russians in particular (R1a-Z283, R1b-L51). At different stages of formation, already in ancient times there were intersections of migration flows, which was the reason for the presence of a large number of haplogroups among all European ethnic groups.

Slavic languages ​​emerged from the once unified group of Balto-Slavic languages ​​(presumably the archaeological culture of the Late Corded Ware). According to the calculations of linguist Starostin, this happened approximately 3.3 thousand years ago. Period from the 5th century BC to IV-V century AD can be considered conditionally Proto-Slavic, because The Balts and Slavs had already separated, but the Slavs themselves did not exist yet; they would appear a little later, in the 4th-6th centuries AD. At the initial stage of the formation of the Slavs, probably about 80% were haplogroups R1a-Z280 and I2a-M423. At the initial stage of the formation of the Balts, probably about 80% were haplogroups N1c-L1025 and R1a-Z92. The influence and intersection of migrations of the Balts and Slavs was present from the very beginning, therefore in many ways this division is arbitrary, and in general reflects only the main trend, without details.

Iranian languages ​​belong to the Indo-European languages, and their dating is as follows - the most ancient, from the 2nd millennium BC. to the 4th century BC, middle - from the 4th century BC. to the 9th century AD, and the new one - from the 9th century AD. to the present time. That is, the most ancient Iranian languages ​​appeared after the departure of some of the tribes who spoke Indo-European languages ​​from Central Asia to India and Iran. Their main haplogroups were probably R1a-Z93, J2a, G2a3. The Western Iranian group of languages ​​appeared later, around the 5th century BC.

Thus, the Indo-Aryans, Celts, Germans and Slavs in academic science became Indo-Europeans, this term is the most adequate for such a vast and diverse group. This is completely correct. In the genetic aspect, the heterogeneity of Indo-Europeans both in Y-haplogroups and autosomes is striking. Indo-Iranians are characterized to a greater extent by the Western Asian genetic influence of BMAC.

According to the Indian Vedas, it was the Indo-Aryans who came to India (South Asia) from the north (from Central Asia), and it was their hymns and tales that formed the basis of the Indian Vedas. And, continuing further, let’s touch on linguistics, because the Russian language (and related Baltic languages, for example, Lithuanian as part of the once existing Balto-Slavic linguistic community) is relatively close to Sanskrit along with the Celtic, Germanic and other languages ​​of the large Indo-European family . But genetically, the Indo-Aryans were already largely Western Asians; as they approached India, the Veddoid influence also intensified.

So it became clear that haplogroup R1a in DNA genealogy - this is a common haplogroup for part of the Slavs, part of the Turks and part of the Indo-Aryans (since naturally there were representatives of other haplogroups among them), part haplogroup R1a1 during migrations along the Russian Plain they became part of the Finno-Ugric peoples, for example the Mordovians (Erzya and Moksha). Part of the tribes (for haplogroup R1a1 this is subclade Z93) during migrations they brought this Indo-European language to India and Iran approximately 3500 years ago, that is, in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. In India, through the works of the great Panini, it was transformed into Sanskrit in the middle of the 1st millennium BC, and in Persia-Iran, the Aryan languages ​​became the basis of a group of Iranian languages, the oldest of which date back to the 2nd millennium BC. These data are confirmed: DNA genealogy and linguistics correlate here.

Extensive part haplogroups R1a1-Z93 in ancient times they merged with the Turkic ethnic groups and today largely mark the migrations of the Turks, which is not surprising in view of the antiquity haplogroup R1a1, while representatives haplogroup R1a1-Z280 belonged to the Finno-Ugric tribes, but when the Slavic colonists settled, many of them were assimilated by the Slavs, but even now, among many peoples, such as the Erzya, the dominant haplogroup is still R1a1-Z280.
Was able to provide us with all this new data DNA genealogy, in particular, approximate dates of migrations of haplogroup carriers in the territory of the modern Russian Plain and Central Asia in prehistoric times.
So scientists to all Slavs, Celts, Germans, etc. gave the name Indo-Europeans, which is true from a linguistic point of view.
Where did these Indo-Europeans come from? In fact, there were Indo-European languages ​​long before the migrations to India and Iran, throughout the Russian Plain and as far as the Balkans in the south, and as far as the Pyrenees in the west. Subsequently, the language was spread to South Asia - both to Iran and India. But in genetic terms there are much fewer correlations.
“The only justified and currently accepted in science is the use of the term “Aryans” only in relation to tribes and peoples who spoke Indo-Iranian languages.”

So in which direction did the Indo-European flow go - to the west, to Europe, or vice versa, to the east? According to some estimates, the Indo-European language family is about 8,500 years old. The ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans has not yet been determined, but according to one version it could be the Black Sea region - southern or northern. In India, as we already know, the Indo-Aryan language was brought about 3500 years ago, presumably from the territory of Central Asia, and the Aryans themselves were a group with different genetic Y-lines, such as R1a1-L657, G2a, J2a, J2b, H, etc.

Haplogroup R1a1 in Western and Southern Europe

Analysis of 67 marker haplotypes haplogroup R1a1 from all European countries made it possible to determine the approximate route of migration of the ancestors of R1a1 in the direction of Western Europe. And calculations showed that throughout almost all of Europe, from Iceland in the north to Greece in the south, haplogroup R1a1 had one common ancestor approximately 7000 years ago! In other words, the descendants, like a baton, passed on their haplotypes to their own descendants from generation to generation, diverging in the process of migrations from the same historical place - which presumably turned out to be the Urals or the Black Sea lowland. On the modern map these are countries mainly of Eastern and Central Europe - Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia. But the range of more ancient haplotypes of the haplogroup R1a1 leads east - to Siberia. And the lifetime of the first ancestor, which is indicated by the oldest, most mutated haplotypes, is 7.5 thousand years ago. In those days there were no Slavs, no Germans, no Celts.

Disadvantage of the method
If you did the test, and it made you very happy, then I hasten to bring in my ladle of tar. Yes, the Y chromosome is passed from father to son practically unchanged, but actually genetically useful information it doesn’t have it; there are many more genes in other pairs of chromosomes.
And these other 22 are shuffled very randomly, with no traces of such shuffling left on Y.
Imagine. Anglo-Saxon sailors captured the Negro state. Women are not taken on such trips, and they have to establish contact with the local population. What are the possible options?
1) Anglo-Saxons have children from black women, but they pass on their nationality only to boys. In this case, the Y chromosome will be passed on as European, but the proportion of actually significant European genes will decrease. The first generation will be half black and the former "aristocracy" in such a case will quickly dissolve, although Y will be from this ethnic group. It will just be of little use. Perhaps something similar happened to the Finns and Indians. The Yakuts and Finns have the highest percentage of the N1c1 haplogroup characteristic of them, but genetically these are completely different peoples with different subclades of the N1c1 haplogroup with their own unique history, separated more than 6 thousand years ago. And vice versa, Indians - having a high percentage haplogroup R1a1 genetically have very little in common with European representatives this haplogroup, because also different subclades with their own history, separated more than 6 thousand years ago.
2) Indo-Aryans arrange a caste system. The first generation will also be half-Negro, but then, if the aristocracy only interbreeds with each other, then the percentage of the original genetics will float around 50%. But in practice, marriages will be mainly with local women, and it will be even more impossible to obtain the original gene pool of the conquerors. And something similar happened in the history of the Earth. The upper castes of Hindus from 20% to 72% have haplogroup R1a1(on average 43%), but genetically they have very little in common with European or Turkic representatives of the same haplogroup R1a1, and again the reason is different subclades with their own special history.
A similar situation probably occurred in Cameroon, a Central African country where Y is prevalent up to 95%. haplogroup R1b-V88, but among the anthropologically typical African Negroid population.
We can conclude that the presence of a marker and haplogroup is an important condition for determining nationality, but not sufficient. To determine the national-territorial origin of a person, Family Tree DNA has an autosomal test called Family Finder

Alexey Zorrin

I was prompted to write this article by the incessant conversations that Ukrainians are Slavs, and Russians are not Slavs at all, but have long been Mongols.

Naturally, the initiators of such disputes are the so-called Ukrainian patriots. At the same time, conclusions are drawn on the basis of the theories of some newly-minted historians, hitherto unknown historical documents etc. But besides history, and often pseudohistory, there is also such a science as genetics, and you can’t argue with genetics, my dears. So whether we like it or not, we have the same genotype.

What is a haplogroup?

Y-chromosomal haplogroups, which have become popular in biopolitical circles, are statistical markers for understanding the origins of human populations. But in most cases, such a marker does not say anything about ethnicity or race individual person (unlike other DNA analysis techniques). To see an ethnicity, subethnicity, race or other unity of a similar kind in the totality of carriers of a particular haplogroup, and to try to put together some kind of identity on this basis is nonsense. And, of course, the haplogroup is in no way “reflected in the spirit of a person.”

The peculiarity of the Y chromosome is that it is passed from father to son almost unchanged and is not “mixed” or “diluted” by maternal heredity. This allows it to be used as a mathematically accurate tool for determining paternal ancestry. If the term “dynasty” has any biological meaning, it is precisely the inheritance of the Y chromosome. (Follow the link for a detailed but easy-to-understand explanation of the phenomenon)

The Y chromosome is another matter: it consists of genes directly responsible for the male reproductive system, and the slightest defect, as a rule, makes a man sterile. The “marriage” is not transmitted further, and the Y chromosome “purifies itself” in each generation.

But in addition to harmful mutations, neutral mutations occur in the male chromosome from time to time, ignored by natural selection. They are concentrated in “junk” regions of the chromosome that are not genes. Some of these mutations, which occurred 50 to 10 thousand years ago, turned out to be convenient markers for identifying ancient ancestral populations that subsequently spread throughout the Earth and formed modern humanity.

The Y-chromosomal haplogroup determines the set of men united by the presence of such a marker, i.e. descended from a common patriarchal ancestor, who many thousands of years ago had a specific mutation on the Y chromosome.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup

ORIGIN OF HAPLOGROUP R1a1 - SOUTH OF RUSSIA!

Any modern ethnic group consists of representatives of several, at least two or three Y-chromosomal haplogroups.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_by_ethnic_group

The geographic distribution of haplogroups is associated with the history of migrations of ancient populations that became ancestral for ethnic groups or groups of ethnic groups. For example, haplogroup N3 can be called “Finno-Ugric”: if it is found among representatives of a certain area, it means that in the past the population there mixed with Finno-Ugric peoples. Or maybe “mixed” tribes came here.

The study of haplogroup statistics has allowed anthropologists to reconstruct the picture of migrations of human populations over the past tens of thousands of years, starting with the African ancestral home. But the data can also be used to debunk a variety of racist and xenophobic myths.

Ethnogeographical distribution of haplogroup R1a

Currently, high frequencies of haplogroup R1a are found in Poland (56% of the population), Ukraine (50 to 65%), European Russia (45 to 65%), Belarus (45%), Slovakia (40%), Latvia (40%), Lithuania (38%), Czech Republic (34%), Hungary (32%), Croatia (29%), Norway (28%), Austria (26%), Sweden (24%), northeast Germany (23%) and Romania (22%).

It is most widespread in Eastern Europe: among Lusatians (63%), Poles (approx. 56%), Ukrainians (approx. 54%), Belarusians (52%), Russians (48%), Tatars 34%, Bashkirs (26%). ) (among the Bashkirs of Saratov and Samara regions up to 48%); and in Central Asia: among the Khujand Tajiks (64%), Kyrgyz (63%), Ishkashimi (68%).

Halogroup R1a is most characteristic of the Slavs. For example, the following haplogroups are common among Russians:

R1a - 51% (Slavs - Aryans, Poles, Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians)
N3 - 22% (Finno-Ugrians, Finns, Balts)
I1b - 12% (Normans - Germans)
R1b - 7% (Celts and Italics)
11a - 5% (also Scandinavians)
E3b1 - 3% (Mediterraneans)

The most common haplogroup among Ukrainians:

R1a1 - about 54% (Slavs - Aryans, Poles, Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians)
I2a - 16.1% (Balkan peoples, Fracians, Illyrians, Romanians, Albanians, Greeks)
N3 - 7% (Finno-Ugrians)
E1b1b1 - 6% ( African peoples, Egyptians, Berbers, Kushnirs)
N1c1 - 6% (Siberian peoples, Yakuts, Buryats, Chukchi)

As studies show, according to Y-chromosome markers, the tested Ukrainians are most genetically close to their neighboring southwestern Russians, Belarusians and eastern Poles. Three Slavic-speaking peoples (Ukrainians, Poles and Russians) form a separate cluster according to Y haplogroups, which indicates the common origin of the listed ethnic groups.

Myths.

Everyone knows the myth that Russians are largely descendants of the Mongols who enslaved Rus' in ancient times. Haplogroup statistics leave no stone unturned for this myth, since typical “Mongoloid” haplogroups C and Q are not found among Russians at all. This means that if Mongol warriors once came to Rus' with raids, then all the women they caught were killed or taken away with them (as Crimean Tatars in later times).

Another common myth is that Russians in Central and Northern Russia are for the most part not Slavs, but descendants of Finno-Ugric aborigines, in whose sea the few Slavs supposedly disappeared. From here they derive “Russian drunkenness”, “Russian laziness”, etc. Meanwhile, the share of the “Finnish” haplogroup N3 among Russians in Central Russia is approximately 16% (in sparsely populated regions north of Moscow in some places it reaches 35%, and in densely populated regions south and west of Ryazan it decreases to 10%). Those. out of every six fathers, only one was Finnish. It can be assumed that the ratio in the maternal gene pool is approximately the same, since the Slavs and Finno-Ugrians, as a rule, coexisted peacefully.

By the way, Among the Finns of Finland, haplogroup N3 is represented in approximately 60% of the population. This means that out of every five fathers, two were not “original Finns”, but “passing fellows”, perhaps tribute collectors from Novgorod. Among ethnic Estonians and Latvians, the “share of Finnish fathers” is even smaller – approximately 40%. "Transient fellows" of German and Slavic origin clearly dominated by hot Estonian guys. But Lithuanian girls fell in love with them: Lithuanians, despite the Indo-European language, are the same 40% descendants of Finno-Ugric peoples.

Among ethnic Ukrainians, the “share of Finnish fathers” is also present, although three times less than among Russians. However, Finno-Ugric tribes did not live in Ukraine, and this share was brought from Central Russia. But if the “share of Finnish blood” among ethnic Ukrainians is only three times less than among Russians, then at least a third of them are descendants of Russian fathers. Apparently, in the past, “irresponsible” southern Russian girls loved to fool around with the “Muscovite occupiers.” While the Ukrainian boys were having fun in the Zaporozhye Sich in an all-male company, their sisters and daughters found understanding with the friendly Suvorov miracle heroes with weighty Finnish Y-chromosomes.

Helping to understand the inconsistency of certain myths, haplogroups, in turn, can give rise to new myth-making. There are people who give them a racial meaning. It is important to understand that haplogroups themselves cannot serve as a criterion for racial, ethnic or subethnic identity. When applied to a specific person, they don’t say anything at all. For example, no adequate community uniting people from the “Aryan” haplogroup R1a1 can be formed. And vice versa, there is no objective difference between Russians living in the same region, carriers of the “Finnish” haplogroup N, and Russians, carriers of the “Aryan” haplogroup R1a. The entire rest of the gene pool of the descendants of the “ancestral Finnish men” and the “ancestral Aryan men” has long been mixed.

Of the more than 20,000 genes in the human genome, only about 100 are included in the Y chromosome. They encode mainly the structure and functioning of the male genital organs. There is no other information there. Facial features, skin color, mental and thinking characteristics are registered in other chromosomes, which during inheritance go through recombination (the paternal and maternal sections of the chromosomes are mixed randomly).

If representatives of a certain ethnic group belong to several haplogroups, this does not mean that this ethnic group is a mechanical combination of populations with different gene pools. The rest of their gene pool, except for the Y chromosomes, will be mixed. Subtle differences between representatives of different Russian haplogroups may be of interest only to people who professionally specialize in blowjobs.

Conversely, people from the same haplogroup may belong to different ethnic groups and even different races, and have fundamental differences in terms of genotype and phenotype.

For example, the record holders for the presence of the “Aryan” haplogroup are such dissimilar peoples as the Poles (56.4%) and the Kyrgyz (63.5%). The “Aryan” haplogroup is found in more than 12% of Ashkenazi Jews, and not in some “half-breeds,” but in the most real, typical representatives of their ethnic group.

If a Russian sailor, having visited Angola, “gives” a native woman a boy child, then he, and all his descendants in the male line, will have the father’s haplogroup. 1000 generations will change, the descendants in all respects will turn into the most typical Angolans, but will still carry the “Aryan” Y chromosome. And this fact cannot be revealed in any way other than DNA analysis.

In the distant past, carriers of haplogroup R1a1, the ancestors of modern Indo-Europeans, set off from Southern Russia and the Urals to explore Europe, the Middle East, Iran, Afghanistan, India and other neighboring countries, to whose population they imposed their customs and passed on their language. But if their historical success was somehow connected with advanced biology (let's say), then it was rooted not in the characteristics of the Y chromosome, but in other genes that were present in the ancestral population. This “advanced gene pool” was associated with a certain haplogroup only statistically. U modern representatives haplogroup R1a1 these “advanced” genes may be absent. Possession of an “Aryan” chromosome does not in any way reflect “in the spirit.”

Those sections of the Y chromosome that serve as markers for identifying haplogroups do not themselves code for anything and have no biological meaning. These are markers in their purest form. They can be compared to the orange and green LEDs in the film “Kin-Dza-Dza”, which were used to identify Chatlans and Patsaks, and there was no other difference between these “races” except the color of the light bulb. So the presence of an “Aryan” haplogroup in itself does not guarantee a person not only Aryan brains, but even an Aryan penis (“racist blowjobs” may be disappointed). 

By nature, the genetic code of all people is structured in such a way that everyone has 23 pairs of chromosomes, which store all the hereditary information inherited from both parents.

The formation of chromosomes occurs at the time of meiosis, when, in the process of crossing over, each randomly takes approximately half from the maternal chromosome and half from the paternal chromosome; which specific genes will be inherited from the mother and which from the father is not known, everything is decided by chance.

Only one male chromosome, Y, does not participate in this lottery; it is entirely passed from father to son like a relay baton. Let me clarify that women do not have this Y chromosome at all.

In each subsequent generation, mutations occur in certain areas of the Y chromosome, called loci, which will be transmitted to all subsequent generations through the male gender.

It was thanks to these mutations that it became possible to reconstruct the genera. There are only about 400 loci on the Y chromosome, but only about a hundred are used for comparative haplotype analysis and genera reconstruction.

In the so-called loci, or they are also called STR markers, there are from 7 to 42 tandem repeats, the overall pattern of which is unique for each person. After a certain number of generations, mutations occur and the number of tandem repeats changes up or down, and thus on the general tree it will be seen that the more mutations, the older the common ancestor for a group of haplotypes.

The haplogroups themselves do not carry genetic information, because Genetic information is located in autosomes - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. You can see the distribution of genetic components in Europe. Haplogroups are just markers of days gone by, at the dawn of the formation of modern peoples.

What haplogroups are most common among Russians?

Peoples	Human
Eastern, Western and Southern Slavs.
Russians(north)	395	34	6	10	8	35	2		1
Russians(center)	388	52	8	5	10	16	4		1
Russians(south)	424	50	4	4	16	10	5		3
Russians (All Great Russians)	1207	47	7	5	12	20	4	3	2
Belarusians	574	52	10	3	16	10	3	Russians, Slavs, Indo-Europeans and haplogroups R1a, R1b, N1c, I1 and I2 In ancient times, about 8-9 thousand years ago, there was a linguistic group that laid the foundation for the Indo-European family of languages ​​(at the initial stage, most likely these were haplogroups R1a and R1b). The Indo-European family includes such linguistic groups as the Indo-Iranians (South Asia), the Slavs and Balts (Eastern Europe), the Celts (Western Europe), and the Germans (Central, Northern Europe). Perhaps they also had common genetic ancestors, which about 7 thousand years ago, due to migrations, ended up in different parts of Eurasia, some went to the south and east (R1a-Z93), laying the foundation for the Indo-Iranian peoples and languages ​​(largely taking part in the ethnogenesis of the Turkic peoples), and some remained on the territory of Europe and marked the beginning of the formation of many European peoples (R1b-L51), including the Slavs and Russians in particular (R1a-Z283, R1b-L51). At different stages of formation, already in ancient times there were intersections of migration flows, which was the reason for the presence of a large number of haplogroups among all European ethnic groups. Slavic languages ​​emerged from the once unified group of Balto-Slavic languages ​​(presumably the archaeological culture of the Late Corded Ware). According to the calculations of linguist Starostin, this happened approximately 3.3 thousand years ago. Period from the 5th century BC to IV-V century AD can be considered conditionally Proto-Slavic, because The Balts and Slavs had already separated, but the Slavs themselves did not exist yet; they would appear a little later, in the 4th-6th centuries AD. At the initial stage of the formation of the Slavs, probably about 80% were haplogroups R1a-Z280 and I2a-M423. At the initial stage of the formation of the Balts, probably about 80% were haplogroups N1c-L1025 and R1a-Z92. The influence and intersection of migrations of the Balts and Slavs was present from the very beginning, therefore in many ways this division is arbitrary, and in general reflects only the main trend, without details. Iranian languages ​​belong to the Indo-European languages, and their dating is as follows - the most ancient, from the 2nd millennium BC. to the 4th century BC, middle - from the 4th century BC. to the 9th century AD, and the new one - from the 9th century AD. to the present time. That is, the most ancient Iranian languages ​​appeared after the departure of some of the tribes who spoke Indo-European languages ​​from Central Asia to India and Iran. Their main haplogroups were probably R1a-Z93, J2a, G2a3. The Western Iranian group of languages ​​appeared later, around the 5th century BC. Thus, the Indo-Aryans, Celts, Germans and Slavs in academic science became Indo-Europeans, this term is the most adequate for such a vast and diverse group. This is completely correct. In the genetic aspect, the heterogeneity of Indo-Europeans both in Y-haplogroups and autosomes is striking. Indo-Iranians are characterized to a greater extent by the Western Asian genetic influence of BMAC. According to the Indian Vedas, it was the Indo-Aryans who came to India (South Asia) from the north (from Central Asia), and it was their hymns and tales that formed the basis of the Indian Vedas. And, continuing further, let’s touch on linguistics, because the Russian language (and related Baltic languages, for example, Lithuanian as part of the once existing Balto-Slavic linguistic community) is relatively close to Sanskrit along with the Celtic, Germanic and other languages ​​of the large Indo-European family . But genetically, the Indo-Aryans were already largely Western Asians; as they approached India, the Veddoid influence also intensified. So it became clear that haplogroup R1a in DNA genealogy - this is a common haplogroup for part of the Slavs, part of the Turks and part of the Indo-Aryans (since naturally there were representatives of other haplogroups among them), part haplogroup R1a1 during migrations along the Russian Plain they became part of the Finno-Ugric peoples, for example the Mordovians (Erzya and Moksha). Part of the tribes (for haplogroup R1a1 this is subclade Z93) during migrations they brought this Indo-European language to India and Iran approximately 3500 years ago, that is, in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. In India, through the works of the great Panini, it was transformed into Sanskrit in the middle of the 1st millennium BC, and in Persia-Iran, the Aryan languages ​​became the basis of a group of Iranian languages, the oldest of which date back to the 2nd millennium BC. These data are confirmed: DNA genealogy and linguistics correlate here. Extensive part haplogroups R1a1-Z93 in ancient times they merged with the Turkic ethnic groups and today largely mark the migrations of the Turks, which is not surprising in view of the antiquity haplogroup R1a1, while representatives haplogroup R1a1-Z280 belonged to the Finno-Ugric tribes, but when the Slavic colonists settled, many of them were assimilated by the Slavs, but even now, among many peoples, such as the Erzya, the dominant haplogroup is still R1a1-Z280. Was able to provide us with all this new data DNA genealogy, in particular, approximate dates of migrations of haplogroup carriers in the territory of the modern Russian Plain and Central Asia in prehistoric times. So scientists to all Slavs, Celts, Germans, etc. gave the name Indo-Europeans, which is true from a linguistic point of view. Where did these Indo-Europeans come from? In fact, there were Indo-European languages ​​long before the migrations to India and Iran, throughout the Russian Plain and as far as the Balkans in the south, and as far as the Pyrenees in the west. Subsequently, the language was spread to South Asia - both to Iran and India. But in genetic terms there are much fewer correlations. “The only justified and currently accepted in science is the use of the term “Aryans” only in relation to tribes and peoples who spoke Indo-Iranian languages.” So in which direction did the Indo-European flow go - to the west, to Europe, or vice versa, to the east? According to some estimates, the Indo-European language family is about 8,500 years old. The ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans has not yet been determined, but according to one version it could be the Black Sea region - southern or northern. In India, as we already know, the Indo-Aryan language was brought about 3500 years ago, presumably from the territory of Central Asia, and the Aryans themselves were a group with different genetic Y-lines, such as R1a1-L657, G2a, J2a, J2b, H, etc. Haplogroup R1a1 in Western and Southern Europe Analysis of 67 marker haplotypes haplogroup R1a1 from all European countries made it possible to determine the approximate route of migration of the ancestors of R1a1 in the direction of Western Europe. And calculations showed that throughout almost all of Europe, from Iceland in the north to Greece in the south, haplogroup R1a1 had one common ancestor approximately 7000 years ago! In other words, the descendants, like a baton, passed on their haplotypes to their own descendants from generation to generation, diverging in the process of migrations from the same historical place - which presumably turned out to be the Urals or the Black Sea lowland. On the modern map these are countries mainly of Eastern and Central Europe - Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia. But the range of more ancient haplotypes of the haplogroup R1a1 leads east - to Siberia. And the lifetime of the first ancestor, which is indicated by the oldest, most mutated haplotypes, is 7.5 thousand years ago. In those days there were no Slavs, no Germans, no Celts. Central and Eastern Europe Poland, the common ancestor of R1a1 lived about 5000 years ago (mainly the subclade R1a1-M458 and Z280). For Russian-Ukrainian - 4500 years ago, which practically coincides within the accuracy of calculations. And even if four generations are not a difference for such periods. In modern Poland haplogroup R1a1 on average 56%, and in some areas up to 62%. The rest are mainly Western European haplogroup R1b(12%), Scandinavian haplogroup I1(17%) and Baltic haplogroup N1c1 (8%). In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, a common Proto-Slavic ancestor lived 4,200 years ago. The total is not much less than that of the Russians and Ukrainians. That is, we are talking about settlement in the territories of modern Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia - all within literally a few generations, but more than four thousand years ago. In archeology, such dating accuracy is completely unthinkable. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia descendants haplogroup R1a1 about 40%. The rest have mostly Western European R1b(22-28%), Scandinavian I1 and Balkan haplogroup I2a(18% in total) In the territory of modern Hungary, the common ancestor of R1a1 lived 5000 years ago. There are now up to a quarter of the descendants of haplogroup R1a1. The rest have mainly the Western European haplogroup R1b (20%) and the combined Scandinavian I1 and Balkan I2 (total 26%) haplogroups. Considering that Hungarians speak the language of the Finno-Ugric group of languages, the most common haplogroup of which is N1c1 in the ancient Hungarian rich burials of the Magyars, the remains of men with the haplogroup are mainly found N1c1, who were the first leaders of the tribes who participated in the formation of the empire. In Lithuania and Latvia, the common ancestor is reconstructed to a depth of 4800 years. Today there are mainly subclade Z92, Z280 and M458. The most common among Lithuanians is the Baltic haplogroup N1c1, reaching 47%. In general, Lithuania and Latvia are characterized by the South Baltic subclade L1025 of haplogroup N1c1. In general, the situation is clear. I will only add that in European countries - Iceland, the Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, Belgium, Lithuania, France, Italy, Romania, Albania, Montenegro, Slovenia, Croatia, Spain, Greece, Bulgaria, Moldova - the common ancestor lived 5000-5500 years ago , it is impossible to establish more precisely. This is the common ancestor haplogroup R1a for all listed countries. The pan-European ancestor, so to speak, not counting the Balkan region shown above, the possible ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans about 7500 years ago. Share of carriers haplogroup R1a1 in the following countries varies, from 4% in Holland and Italy, 9% in Albania, 8-11% in Greece (up to 14% in Thessaloniki), 12-15% in Bulgaria and Herzegovina, 14-17% in Denmark and Serbia, 15-25% in Bosnia and Macedonia, 3% in Switzerland, 20% in Romania and Hungary, 23% in Iceland, 22-39% in Moldova, 29-34% in Croatia, 30-37% in Slovenia (16% in in the Balkans as a whole), and at the same time - 32-37% in Estonia, 34-38% in Lithuania, 41% in Latvia, 40% in Belarus, 45-54% in Ukraine. In Russia, Eastern European haplogroup R1a, as I already mentioned, on average 47%, due to the high share of the Baltic haplogroup N1c1 in the north and north-west of Russia, but in the south and center of Russia, the share of different subclades of haplogroup R1a reaches 55%. Turks and haplogroup R1a1 The haplotypes of ancestors are different everywhere, and different regions have their own subclades. The peoples of Altai and other Turks also have high percentages of haplogroup R1a1; among the Bashkirs, subclade Z2123 reaches 40%. This is a daughter line from Z93 and can be called typically Turkic and not related to the migrations of Indo-Iranians. Today a large number haplogroup R1a1 located in the Sayan-Altai region, among the Turkic population of Central Asia. Among the Kyrgyz, reaching 63%. You can’t call them either Russians or Iranians. It turns out to name all haplogroup R1a1 a single name - gross exaggeration, at least, and at most - ignorance. Haplogroups are not ethnic groups; the linguistic and ethnic affiliation of the carrier is not recorded on them. Haplogroups also have no direct relationship to genes. The Turks are mainly characterized by various subclades Z93, but in the Volga region there are also R1a1-Z280, possibly passed on to the Volga Turks from the Volga Finns. Haplogroup R1a1-Z93 is also characteristic of Arabs in moderate frequency, and for Levites - a subgroup of Ashkenazi Jews (the CTS6 subclade was confirmed in the latter). This line already at the very early stages took part in the ethnogenesis of these peoples. Territory of initial distribution haplogroup R1a1 in Europe, this is probably the territory of Eastern Europe and possibly the Black Sea lowland. Before this, probably in Asia, possibly in South Asia or Northern China. Caucasian R1a1 haplotypes Armenia. Age of the common ancestor of the haplogroup R1a1- 6500 years ago. Mainly also the subclade R1a1-Z93, although there is also R1a1-Z282. Asia Minor, Anatolian Peninsula. A historic crossroads between the Middle East, Europe and Asia. It was the first or second candidate for an "Indo-European ancestral home." However, the common ancestor of haplogroup R1a1 lived there about 6,500 years ago. It is clear that, judging by the haplotypes, this ancestral home could practically be in Anatolia, or the original Indo-Europeans were carriers haplogroup R1b. But there is a high probability of low representation of individuals from Turkey in the general database of haplotypes. So, both Armenians and Anatolians - all have either the same ancestor, or ancestors very close in time, within several generations - this is the subclade Z93 and Z282 *. It should be noted that 4500 years before the common ancestor of the R1a1-Z93 haplogroup in Anatolia is in good agreement with the time of the appearance of the Hittites in Asia Minor in the last quarter of the 3rd millennium BC, although many R1a1-Z93 lineages could have appeared there after the migrations of Turkic peoples to the peninsula already in our era. Alexey Zorrin ***

RUSSIAN BLOOD, HISTORY AND GEOPOLITICS

THE SCIENTIFIC DATA LISTED BELOW IS A BAD SECRET

Formally, this data is not classified, since it was obtained by American scientists outside the sphere of defense research, and was even published in some places, but the conspiracy of silence organized around it is unprecedented. The atomic project at its initial stage cannot even be compared, then some things still leaked into the press, and in in this case- nothing at all.

What is this terrible secret, the mention of which is a worldwide taboo?
This is the secret of the origin and historical path of the Russian people.

BRIEFLY ABOUT THE ESSENCE OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICAN GENETICS

There are 46 chromosomes in human DNA, half of which are inherited from the father and half from the mother.
Of the 23 chromosomes received from the father, only one - the male Y chromosome - contains a set of nucleotides that is passed on from generation to generation without any changes for thousands of years. Geneticists call this set a haplogroup.
Every man alive today has in his DNA exactly the same haplogroup as his father, grandfather, great-grandfather, great-great-grandfather, and so on for many generations.
The haplogroup, due to its hereditary immutability, is the same for all people of the same biological origin, that is, for men of the same nation. Each biologically distinctive people has its own haplogroup, different from similar sets of nucleotides in other peoples, which is its genetic marker, a kind of ethnic mark. In the biblical system of concepts, one can imagine the matter in such a way that the Lord God, when He divided humanity into different nations, marked each of them with a unique set of nucleotides in the Y-chromosome of DNA.
(Women also have such marks, only in a different coordinate system - in the mitochondrial DNA rings).
Of course, there is nothing absolutely unchangeable in nature, for movement is a form of existence of matter. Haplogroups also change - in biology such changes are called mutations - but very rarely, at intervals of millennia, and geneticists have learned to very accurately determine their time and place.
Thus, American scientists found that one such mutation occurred 4,500 to four and a half thousand years ago on the Central Russian plain. A boy was born with a slightly different haplogroup than his father, to which they assigned the genetic classification R1a1. The paternal R1a mutated and a new R1a1 emerged.

The mutation turned out to be very viable. The R1a1 genus, which was started by this same boy, survived, unlike millions of other genera that disappeared when their genealogical lines were cut off, and multiplied over a vast area. Currently, holders of haplogroup R1a1 make up 70% of the total male population of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, and in ancient Russian cities and villages - up to 80%. R1a1 is a biological marker of the Russian ethnic group. This set of nucleotides is “Russianness” from a genetic point of view.

Thus, the Russian people in a genetically modern form were born in the European part of present-day Russia about 4,500 years ago. A boy with the R1a1 mutation became the direct ancestor of all men now living on earth whose DNA contains this haplogroup. All of them are his biological or, as they used to say, blood descendants and blood relatives among themselves, together making up a single people - the Russians.

Biology is an exact science.
It does not allow for double interpretation, and genetic conclusions to establish kinship are accepted even by the court. Therefore, genetic and statistical analysis of population structure, based on the determination of haplogroups in DNA, allows us to trace the historical paths of peoples much more reliably than ethnography, archeology, linguistics and other scientific disciplines dealing with these issues.
Indeed, the haplogroup in the Y-chromosome DNA, unlike language, culture, religion and other creations of human hands, is not modified or assimilated. She's either one or the other. And if a statistically significant number of indigenous inhabitants of a territory have a certain haplogroup, we can say with 100% certainty that these people descend from the original carriers of this haplogroup, who were once present in this territory.
Realizing this, American geneticists, with the enthusiasm for questions of origin inherent in all emigrants, began to wander around the world, take tests from people and look for biological “roots”, their own and others. What they accomplished is of great interest to us, since it sheds true light on the historical paths of our Russian people and destroys many established myths.

So, having emerged 4,500 years ago on the Central Russian Plain (the place of maximum concentration of R1a1 is an ethnic focus), the Russian people quickly multiplied and began to expand their habitat. 4,000 years ago, our ancestors went to the Urals and created Arkaim and a “civilization of cities” there with many copper mines and international connections all the way to Crete (chemical analysis of some of the products found there shows that the copper is Ural). They looked then exactly the same as we do now; the ancient Rus did not have any Mongoloid or other non-Russian features. Scientists have recreated it from bone remains appearance a young woman from the “civilization of cities” - she turned out to be a typical Russian beauty, millions of the same people live in our time in the Russian outback.

Another 500 years later, 3,500 to three and a half thousand years ago, haplogroup R1a1 appeared in India. The history of the Russians’ arrival in India is known better than other vicissitudes of the territorial expansion of our ancestors thanks to the ancient Indian epic, in which its circumstances are described in sufficient detail.
But there is other evidence of this epic, including archaeological and linguistic.
It is known that the ancient Rus were called Aryans at that time - this is how they are recorded in Indian texts. It is also known that it was not the local Hindus who gave them this name, but that it was a self-name. Convincing evidence of this has been preserved in hydronymy and toponymy - the Ariyka River, the villages of Upper Ariy and Lower Ariy in the Perm region, in the very heart of the Ural civilization of cities, etc.
It is also known that the appearance on the territory of India of the Russian haplogroup R1a1 3,500 to three and a half millennia ago (the time of birth of the first Indo-Aryan calculated by geneticists) was accompanied by the death of a developed local civilization, which archaeologists called Harappan at the site of the first excavations. Before their disappearance, this people, who had populous cities at that time in the Indus and Ganges valleys, began to build defensive fortifications, which they had never done before. However, the fortifications apparently did not help, and the Harappan period Indian history replaced by Aryan.

The first monument of the Indian epic, which speaks of the appearance of the Aryans, was formalized in writing four hundred years later, in the 11th century BC, and in the 3rd century BC, the ancient Indian literary language Sanskrit, surprisingly similar to modern Russian.
Now men of the Russian genus R1a1 make up 16% of the total male population of India, and in the upper castes there are almost half of them - 47%, which indicates the active participation of the Aryans in the formation of the Indian aristocracy (the second half of the men of the upper castes are represented by local tribes, mainly Dravidian).
Unfortunately, information on the ethnogenetics of the Iranian population is not yet available, but the scientific community is unanimous in its opinion about the Aryan (that is, Russian) roots of ancient Iranian civilization. The ancient name of Iran is Arian, and the Persian kings loved to emphasize their Aryan origin, as eloquently evidenced, in particular, by the popular name Darius. This means that there were Russians there in ancient times.

Our ancestors migrated from the ethnic home not only to the east, to the Urals, and to the south, to India and Iran, but also to the west, to where they are now located European countries. In the western direction, geneticists have complete statistics:

In Poland, holders of the Russian (Aryan) haplogroup R1a1 make up 57% of the male population,
in Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia - 40%,
in Germany, Norway and Sweden - 18%,
in Bulgaria - 12%,
and in England the least is 3%.

Unfortunately, there is so far no ethnogenetic information on the European patrimonial aristocracy, and therefore it is impossible to determine whether the share of ethnic Russians is evenly distributed across all social strata of the population or, as in India and, presumably, Iran, the Aryans made up the nobility in the lands where they came . The only reliable evidence in favor of the latter version was a by-product of a genetic examination to establish the authenticity of the remains of the family of Nicholas II. The Y chromosomes of the king and heir Alexei turned out to be identical to samples taken from their relatives from the English royal family. This means that at least one royal house of Europe, namely the house of the German Hohenzollerns, of which the English Windsors are a branch, has Aryan roots.
However, Western Europeans (haplogroup R1b) are in any case our closest relatives, oddly enough, much closer than the Northern Slavs (haplogroup N) and the Southern Slavs (haplogroup I1b). Our common ancestor with Western Europeans lived about 13 thousand years ago, at the end ice age, 5,000-thousand five years before gathering began to develop into crop farming, and hunting into cattle breeding. That is, in the very gray Stone Age antiquity. And the Slavs are even further from us in blood.
The settlement of Russian-Aryans to the east, south and west (there was simply nowhere to go further to the north, and so, according to the Indian Vedas, before coming to India they lived near the Arctic Circle) became a biological prerequisite for the formation of a special language group, Indo-European. These are almost all European languages, some languages ​​of modern Iran and India and, of course, the Russian language and ancient Sanskrit, which are closest to each other in terms of obvious reason- in time (Sanskrit) and in space (Russian language) they stand next to the original source, the Aryan proto-language, from which all other Indo-European languages ​​grew.

The above are irrefutable natural scientific facts, moreover, obtained by independent American scientists. Disputing them is the same as disagreeing with the results of a blood test in a clinic. They are not disputed.
They are simply kept silent. They are hushed up unanimously and stubbornly, they are hushed up, one might say, completely. And there are reasons for this.
The first such reason is quite trivial and boils down to scientific false solidarity. Too many theories, concepts and scientific reputations will have to be refuted if they are revised in the light of the latest discoveries of ethnogenetics.
For example, we will have to rethink everything that is known about the Tatar-Mongol invasion of Rus'. The armed conquest of peoples and lands was always and everywhere accompanied at that time by the mass rape of local women. Traces in the form of Mongolian and Turkic haplogroups should have remained in the blood of the male part of the Russian population. But they are not there! Solid R1a1 and nothing more, the purity of the blood is amazing. This means that the Horde that came to Rus' was not at all what is commonly thought of it; if the Mongols were present there, it was in statistically insignificant numbers, and who was called “Tatars” is generally unclear.

Well, which scientist will refute scientific foundations, supported by mountains of literature and great authorities?!

Throughout modern history, the pillars of European scientific and political thought They proceeded from the idea of ​​Russians as barbarians who had recently climbed down from their trees, naturally backward and incapable of creative work. And suddenly it turns out that the Russians are the same Aryans who had a decisive influence on the formation of great civilizations in India, Iran and Europe itself. That Europeans owe a lot to Russians for their prosperous lives, starting with the languages ​​they speak. It is no coincidence that in recent history, a third of the most important discoveries and inventions belong to ethnic Russians in Russia itself and abroad. It is no coincidence that the Russian people were able to repel the invasions of the united forces of continental Europe led by Napoleon and then Hitler. And so on.
It is no coincidence that behind all this there is a great historical tradition, thoroughly forgotten over many centuries, but remaining in the collective subconscious of the Russian people and manifesting itself whenever the nation faces new challenges. Manifesting itself with iron inevitability due to the fact that it grew on a material, biological basis in the form of Russian blood, which remains unchanged for 4,500 to four and a half millennia.
Western politicians and ideologists have a lot to think about in order to make their policy towards Russia more adequate in the light of discovered by geneticists historical circumstances. But they don’t want to think or change anything, hence the conspiracy of silence around the Russian-Aryan topic.
But then the Americans with their genetics intervene, and it turns out that there is no “mixture”, that the Russian people have existed unchanged for 4,500 to four and a half thousand years, that Alans and Turks and many others also live in Russia, but these are separate, original peoples, etc.

And the question immediately arises: why then have Russia not been ruled by Russians for almost a century?

Illogical and wrong, Russians should be controlled by Russians.
In a similar way 600-six ​​hundred years ago, the Czech Jan Hus, a professor at the University of Prague, reasoned: “... Czechs in the Kingdom of Bohemia, by law and by the dictates of nature, should be first in positions, just like the French in France and the Germans in their lands.” This statement of his was considered politically incorrect, intolerant, inciting ethnic hatred, and the professor was burned at the stake.
If you believe the Americans (and there is no reason not to believe them, they are authoritative scientists, their reputation trembles, and they have no reason to lie in such a pro-Russian way), then it turns out that 70% of the entire male population of Russia are purebred Russians.
According to the data of the penultimate census (the results of the latter are not yet known), 80% of respondents consider themselves Russian, that is, 10% more are Russified representatives of other nations (it is these 10%, if you “scrape”, that you will find non-Russian roots).
And 20% falls on the remaining 170-odd peoples, nationalities and tribes living on the territory of the Russian Federation.
In summary, Russia is a mono-ethnic country, albeit multi-ethnic, with an overwhelming demographic majority of natural Russians.
Father of dialectics ancient Greek Heraclitus is known as the author of the saying “everything flows, everything changes.” Less known is the continuation of this phrase of his: “except human soul" While a person is alive, his soul remains unchanged (what happens to it in the afterlife, it’s not for us to judge). The same is true for a more complex form of organization of living matter than a person - for a people.
The people's soul is unchanged as long as the people's body is alive. The Russian folk body is marked by nature with a special sequence of nucleotides in the DNA that controls this body. This means that as long as there are people on earth with haplogroup R1a1 on the Y chromosome, their people retain their souls unchanged.
"G. Sidorov - The Radiance of the Highest Gods and the Krameshniks (Fundamentals of State Building)" Page. 461-469

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The golden statue of the Great Lada, which adorned her main sanctuary on Ladoga, according to the Russian Vedic tradition, was made in Oriana-Hyperborea, and about 40,000 forty thousand years ago, it was transferred from the slowly dying Oriana to Taimyr by the first wave of settlers. The Book of Veles also speaks about the time of the exodus of the Russians (“from the great cold”) to the south. So we can consider the date of the exodus of our ancestors from their ancestral home and the time of the appearance of the Lada statue in Eurasia. For a long time, according to Vedic sources - thirty thousand years, the Taimyr Peninsula was the place from which people from Oriana-Hyperborea settled across the vast expanses of Asia and Europe. For the Hyperboreans who had lost their homeland, it appeared as a kind of second Oriana, a land that was not swallowed up by the sea and for some time was quite suitable for life. According to Herman Wirth, people of the white race with the first blood group were evicted to the harsh Taimyr and, later, to the Lena River basin.
G. Sidorov Secret chronology and psychophysics... of the Russian people... Page 234

Alexander Nikitin
Secretary of TsPS MANPADS "RUS"
These are classic tools for the work of population geneticists who analyze haplogroups - groups of genetic variants that are inherited.
The Y chromosome is found in male cells and is passed from father to son, reflecting ancestry through the male line.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is transmitted only from the mother, since mitochondria are contained in the cytoplasm, and the zygote receives cytoplasm almost exclusively from the egg.
A woman passes on her mtDNA to both her daughter and her son, but only the daughter continues this transmission in subsequent generations.
Thus, mtDNA reflects ancestry through the female line.

VATICAN AND HAPLOGROUP R1A1

So, in 1054 the Roman Catholic Church declared itself. A breeding ground for European evil, hypocrisy and extreme cruelty. It was she, on the orders of her secret masters, who led the century-long war in the east against the pagan Slavs, and later, the war against Orthodox Christianity. In its depths was born the misanthropic idea of ​​monstrous torture and burning of all dissenters. In some European countries, churchmen, encouraged by the dark priesthood, burned not only heretics, but also simply beautiful men, and especially girls. As a rule, the choice fell on blue-eyed blondes and blondes. Only in our time has the idea that the priests of Set-Amun, who ruled the Christians, pursued, become clear.People with the northern Orian haplogroup R1A1 were declared witches and witchers.

The question arises, what is the fault of the carriers of this haplogroup?

It turns out that there is a lot of guilt. As shown modern research, people with haplogroup R1A1 are less suggestible. Therefore, they are more difficult to manage. So the dark priesthood tried. It is now clear that in the Middle Ages, the priests of Set prepared European society for a future powerful information deception. For the sake of such a project on the territory Western Europe About 20 million Europeans were burned by the inquisitors. Mainly people with the northern haplogroup. It is for this reason that there are only 12% of people with haplogroup R1A1 in Britain, less than among the Kshatriyas and Brahmins of India. In France it is 14%, and even then in the north, in Normandy, and in the south no more than 5%. In Norway it is about 20%, the same in Sweden. Most of all carriers of haplogroup R1A1 in Western Europe are in Germany. On average, there are about 22% of them there. In the north, in Pomerania, it reaches 25%, but in reality it is a drop in the bucket. This is why Western Europe is sickeningly tolerant and easily persuaded. Only Germany is trying to fight against the dictatorship of the liberal democrats. What is noteworthy: mainly those who moved there from Russia. This is understandable: in our cities, up to 85% of people with the northern haplogroup are found. In some places up to 90%, and even more. This is where the genetic charge of resistance moved to Germany.
G.A. Sidorov. The fate of those who imagine themselves to be Gods (Fundamentals of Power Building, 2014) pp. 22-23

EUROPEAN HAPLOGROUP - R1B1A2

Europe was not only settled from the east. They moved to its north and to the territory of Britain, in particular, having overcome thousands of miles of sea route from fragments slowly sinking into the abyss of the ocean former Atlantis descendants of the goddess Diti. This is well said in the chronicles of the Frisians. Although the Frisian tribes are considered Germanic, they are much older. The ancestors of the medieval Frisians can be safely ranked among the descendants of the Atlanteans, not only according to their folklore and anthropology, but also according to the haplogroup R1B1A2.
Of course, we can only assume that the northern Adityas and the western Atlanteans, descendants of the goddess Diti, differed from each other not only in the psychology of their behavior, but also genetically. The fact is that until now among the Russian people - the direct descendants of the Orian-Adityas, haplogroup R1A1 predominates 90% in cities and 100% in northern and central Russian villages. While among the Germans and Scandinavia, the northern haplogroup occupies from 23% to 28% - no more, and then mainly in the eastern regions. In Britain and France, haplogroup R1A1 is even less expressed - only 8%, at most 12%. The remaining place in percentage terms is occupied by the southern haplogroup R1B1A2 and other gago groups that do not belong to representatives of the white race. It can be assumed that the tribes of hybrid Celts had the R1B1A2 haplogroup, because it is this haplogroup that is widespread among the Arabs and European Iberians. For example, here in the Caucasus and Central Asia - where the Arabs once visited.

From the above it is clearly visible how Europe was populated by tribes of the white race. In Britain, the Celts absorbed the Iberian-Albanians, the same thing happened in Ireland and Iberia. This explosive mixture in the ancient Irish sagas is called the “Fomorians”, or the people of the “Fir Bolg”. Obviously, in those distant times, people understood that the mixing of different races did not lead to good things, because both the Fomorians and the Fir Bolg were known as stupid freaks, and also greedy and evil.
But after the wave of Celts, another wave of carriers of haplogroup R1B1A2 moved to Europe. This happened at the turn of the 4th and 3rd millennia BC. In the south, in the Balkans and modern Greece, they were called storks, or Pelasgians, in central Europe - Veneti, and in the north, in Britain (Wales) and Ireland - the Tuatha De Danann tribes, children of the goddess Danu. Here we are again meeting the people who once lived on the territory of the My-Pacifida that sank to the bottom of the Pacific Ocean.

How did the children of the goddess Danu end up in the north of Western Europe? It turns out that everything is not as complicated as it seems at first glance.
G. Sidorov-Secret chronology and psychophysics... of the Russian people... Page 466-467