According to G. Smirnov. Now that it has become more difficult to think than to communicate... I. The problem of free interpretation of the thoughts of great people
(1) Now, when it has become more difficult to think than to notify the whole world about your thoughts, Some stunning absurdities began to take root in our lives, the fruits of the new Russian education.(2)Especially here For some reason Suvorov was unlucky. (3) No, no, and you will hear from the lips of a television observer: they say, as Suvorov said: hard in training - easy in battle!
(4) But Suvorov - great man, he basically couldn’t say such stupidity! (5) Who knows, he understood: in a battle where your comrades are being killed, where your mortal enemy is coming at you with a weapon in his hands, it cannot be easy! (6) Suvorov said something different, namely: hard in learning - easy in campaign! (7) On a campaign, not in battle! (8) For there is nothing more terrible and difficult than battle!
(9) Even more absurd is the now widespread interpretation of Suvorov’s words, as if the war is not over until the last soldier is buried.(10) Taking the word “buried” in the literal sense, the voluntary gravediggers, having appropriated to themselves the unjustified mission of the finishers of the Great Patriotic War, they convince us from television screens: not all soldiers are buried; the war is not over; the heroic deeds of the Russian army can only be recognized at the moment when they, the funeral workers, bury the remains of the last Russian soldier in the ground! (11) Think about what you are saying! (12) Tens of thousands of soldiers disappeared without a trace, not a shred of flesh remained from them, they really disappeared without a trace. (13) It is impossible to bury them! (14) So what? (15) Not a single war in history should be considered over? (16) Isn’t it easier to assume: you didn’t understand what Suvorov said! (17) He said: the war, the fighting is not over until it is buried, that is, until it is killed, while it is alive, while it is holding a weapon in its hands and while the last soldier is fighting! (18) This After all, this is a military duty: to fight to the last fighter.(19) And until this last soldier is killed, figuratively speaking, buried, the war is not over!
(G. Smirnov)
Composition
Aphorisms, wise thoughts of great people... We sometimes use them, trying to make our speech more harmonious, correct, more convincing, we sometimes interpret them to our own taste and in our own way, without thinking about what meaning was put into them by the one who once uttered them under what circumstances this was said. It seems to me that G. Smirnov is reflecting on the problem of free interpretation of the thoughts of great people, to please his own opinion, his own ambitions.
The author himself speaks about the relevance of the problem he raised: “Now... “Some stunning absurdities, the fruits of the new Russian education, began to take root in our lives.” This ironic author’s neologism “education” says a lot: Smirnov is against those people who freely and absurdly use aphorisms without trying to think about them deep meaning. He says with bitterness that Suvorov was the most unlucky here. G. Smirnov analyzes the interpretation of the two most famous aphorism great commander. The author is especially bitter when he encounters “the now widespread interpretation of Suvorov’s words that the war is not over until the last soldier is buried.” His indignation is vividly conveyed with the help of rhetorical exclamations (there are six of them in the last paragraph!) and questions. If we interpret Suvorov’s phrase about the last soldier freely and to please our own inventions, then we can agree that “the heroic exploits of the Russian army can only be recognized at the moment when they, the funeral workers, bury the remains of the last Russian soldier in the ground!” This is scary!
G. Smirnov writes with indignation that today “it has become more difficult to think than to notify the whole world about your thoughts.” This means that before freely interpreting your understanding of the thoughts of a great man, you need to think, remember where and under what circumstances the words cited were spoken. It is impossible not to agree with such an opinion!
Let's remember the hero of I. S. Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" Evgeniy Bazarov. “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it,” - this statement of Turgenev’s hero was loved by many. We know that in Soviet era for the sake of “new” views on life, many nimble journalists paraphrased this statement, it sounded different: . “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is the master of it.” And since he is the owner, he can do whatever he wants: turn rivers, flood islands with villages (remember V. Astafiev and his “Farewell to Matera”)... And such a “master” has done a lot of trouble!
And how freely the statements of the great Pushkin are sometimes interpreted! “The people are silent!” - journalists say when we're talking about about the indifference, lack of initiative of people, about their reluctance to make an independent decision. But in Pushkin’s “Boris Godunov” the people are silent not because of indifference to what is happening, in Pushkin the people are silent from horror, realizing that a murderer has ascended the throne. In “Eugene Onegin” A. S. Pushkin writes:
We all look at Napoleons,
Two-legged creatures millions
For us there is only one weapon...
Some of the modern neo-fascists interpret this statement literally, not noticing Pushkin’s irony, not realizing that such a statement is more suitable for ambitious, vain, arrogant people..
What conclusion did I draw for myself when reading G. Smirnov’s text? If you want to show off your knowledge, utter a statement from a great person, do it first of all by thinking, remember that your point of view is not always indisputable, do not slide from the position of education to “educatedness.”
Texts from the “Open Unified State Exam Task Bank” 2014 FIPI (for essays)
G. Smirnov. Now that it's harder to think
According to S. Kokorina. Education... (2) This word has a great many definitions
According to E. Vinokurov. It's safe to say that there are few poets in the world
S. Lvov. Reading aloud at home brings us closer together...
According to S. Zalygin. Nothing offers such opportunities for personality development…
According to V. Soloukhin. The editors told me...
S. Soloveichik. Usually the word “faith” is associated with “faith in God”...
According to K.G. Paustovsky. ABOUT writing work there are many preconceived notions and prejudices
E. Rich. What is the meaning of our communication with art, literature...
According to D. Granin. Is mercy practiced in our lives?
K.G. Paustovsky. Autumn this year was dry and warm all the time.
According to K. Balmont. Three years ago I left Moscow...
According to G. Chernikov. Earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, eruptions...
N.V. Gogol. It must be said that in Rus', if...
G. Smirnov. Globe lives its own, unpredictable life
V. Rozov. People want to be happy...
According to F. Iskander. Now, no matter where I live, I have no trace of that hot, joyful craving for the city
Alexey Andreev. What we now have in abundance is television series.
V. Soloukhin. I remember when leaving, I promised to write letters to you
According to N. Gal. A young father sternly reprimands his four-year-old daughter
S. Mikhalkov. One day I heard two people talking
According to G. Smirnov. About fifteen years ago, the famous Bulgarian writer Dimitar Peev...
According to K. G. Paustovsky. Katerina Ivanovna never complained about anything
Yu. Kotlyarsky. - Nadenka, so you love me?
According to S. Zalygin. Nothing provides such opportunities for personal development as culture
S. Soloveichik. Even the most developed people, I have noticed, are deeply convinced that living a spiritual life
According to S. Kaznacheev. You're walking down the street, and suddenly a bright poster catches your eye.
According to K. Paustovsky. Gaidar's life was a continuation, and sometimes the beginning of his books
According to V. Konetsky. Once upon a time, starlings flew to my watch in October, autumn, and rainy weather.
According to A.F. Losev. Leaving aside all material benefits for now
According to V. Ivanov. Do you love literature as much as I love it?
According to V. Kharchenko. Doing science is difficult.
According to V.V. Kolesov. A proper name “belongs to itself...
According to V. Kostomarov. Everyone knows that the hour hand on a dial moves...
According to T. Zharova. What a mirror of life our language is!
According to V. Astafiev. In the train compartment where I entered late...
According to I. Novikov. It was one of those autumn days...
According to P. Izmailov. “Take your head on vacation!”
According to V. Lakshin. IN modern society a whole ocean of problems.
According to D. Granin. Many consider the concept of honor to be outdated and outdated
According to I. Gontsov. For some reason, many modern pop stars
According to V. Soloukhin. We sometimes say about other people: “Limited person.”
According to V.G. Lidin. The Germans were expelled from Uman...
According to L. Mozgovoy. I recently read in an interview with a city official
According to V. Konetsky. Shatalov lit the stove...
According to M. Khudyakov. He carried me for eight kilometers...
According to G.N. Bocharov. One day in winter, a doctor’s appeal was heard from the television screens of Omsk...
According to V. Soloukhin. Moscow absorbs a huge amount of flowers, and their prices are always high...
According to A. Gelasimov. The boss looked me carefully in the eyes...
According to A. Morozov. - Friend, whose are you?
According to I. Kosolapov. I called the book a selfless and loyal friend...
According to F. Iskander. Perhaps the most touching and deepest feature of childhood...
According to I. Smolnikov. Volzhskaya HPP, Cheboksary HPP.
According to G.I. Kositsky and I.N. Dyakonova. In autumn near a house built in the forest
According to E. Sikirich. It's a waste of time to try to evaluate relationships...
According to S. Pokrovsky. Prut campaign of Peter the Great
According to I. Maslov. Today's teenagers, born in the early nineties of the twentieth century...
According to V. Peskov. Shrubs and small forests...
According to S.S. Kachalkov. Sergei Nikolaevich Pletenkin returned home...
According to A. Vladimirov. In the evening, the young shepherd Grishka Efimov...
According to M.S. Kryukov. “I’m better, I’m smarter than everyone else.”
According to R. Savinov. As a child, I read books about Indians...
According to K.G. Paustovsky. People are always tormented by a variety of regrets
According to Inna Kabysh. I remember during my school years patriotic education…
According to L.I. Skvortsov. Ecology is the science of the interaction of living organisms...
According to V.V. Vorobyov. In the Russian language there is a wonderful word “ascetic”...
According to E. Bruskova. Galina Ulanova had universal fame.
According to K. Akulinin. During a business trip I slipped...
L.N. Gumilev. Childhood is always busy exploring a multicolored, diverse world...
G. Smirnov. For more than a century and a half, Great Russians have lived in spiritual and emotional kinship...
According to V. Soloukhin. TV movie based on a literary work...
E.B. Tager. Tsvetaeva’s poems are sometimes difficult...
According to L. Pavlova. Did you know that there are many different styles of arguing?
According to I. Goncharov. Lying down with Ilya Ilyich was not necessary
According to A. Kondratov. Everyone knows that archaeological research...
1. G. Smirnov. Now that it's harder to think
(1) Now, when it has become more difficult to think than to notify the whole world about your thoughts, some stunning absurdities, the fruits of the new Russian education, have begun to take root in our lives. (2) For some reason, Suvorov was especially unlucky here. (3) No, no, and you will hear from the lips of a television observer: they say, as Suvorov said: hard in training - easy in battle!
(4) But Suvorov is a great man; in principle, he could not say such nonsense! (5) Who knows, he understood: in a battle where your comrades are being killed, where your mortal enemy is coming at you with a weapon in his hands, it cannot be easy! (6) Suvorov said something different, namely: hard in learning - easy in campaign! (7) On a campaign, not in battle! (8) For there is nothing more terrible and difficult than battle!
(9) Even more absurd is the now widespread interpretation of Suvorov’s words that the war is not over until the last soldier is buried. (10) Taking the word “buried” in the literal sense, volunteer gravediggers, having appropriated to themselves the unjustified mission of finishing the Great Patriotic War, convince us from television screens: not all soldiers are buried; the war is not over; the heroic deeds of the Russian army can only be recognized at the moment when they, the funeral workers, bury the remains of the last Russian soldier in the ground! (11) Think about what you are saying! (12) Tens of thousands of soldiers disappeared without a trace, not a shred of flesh remained from them, they really disappeared without a trace. (13) It is impossible to bury them! (14) So what? (15) Not a single war in history should be considered over? (16) Isn’t it easier to assume: you didn’t understand what Suvorov said! (17) He said: the war, the fighting is not over until it is buried, that is, until it is killed, while it is alive, while it is holding a weapon in its hands and while the last soldier is fighting! (18) This is a military duty: to fight to the last fighter. (19) And until this last soldier is killed, figuratively speaking, buried, the war is not over!
(G. Smirnov)
2 According to p. Kokorina. Education... (2) This word has a great many definitions
(1) Education... (2) This word has a great many definitions. (3) There is an opinion that education is a person’s immersion in the past, present, and future of culture. (4) The past is those foundations, moral values, way of life that gradually developed over many centuries among one or another people, nation. (5) The present is the reality that surrounds a person and is created by him throughout his own life. (6) The future is hopes expressed in different ways. (7) Such a dream is based on cultural examples. (8) Every moment of a person’s life, starting from infancy, is the moment of his mastering culture. (9) And this moment must be beautiful, as the sculptors aptly say, “it cannot be ugly, but it cannot be without an image.” (10) Perhaps this idea is embedded in the very word “education”: the ability to understand the world through the images that a person himself creates. (11) The image of relationships, the image of the objective-material world, in other words, the image of I plus the image of the World and my ways of interacting with this world.
(12) What should be the amount of knowledge that a person needs in order to consider himself educated? (13) Everyone decides for themselves. (14) But it seems to me that the psychologist Landreth said this very accurately: “Education is what remains when everything learned is forgotten.”
(According to S. Kokorina)
When you read G. Smirnov’s text, you understand that in many ways our horizons, our consciousness are shaped by the media, that it is human nature to trust television observers, journalists and simply people appearing on television screens.
Many times I myself used Suvorov’s distorted expression “hard in learning - easy in battle,” heard or read somewhere, without thinking about whether Suvorov really said exactly that. It is not very pleasant to realize one’s own ignorance, but if a person constantly hears the same phrase, even an absurd one, it involuntarily settles in the memory.
G. Smirnov writes about such inaccurate, superficial, often absurd interpretations of the words of famous people.
Why do these dubious interpretations take root in public consciousness? The author of the text thinks about this question.
G. Smirnov is extremely surprised and outraged by the “stunning absurdities” that take root in our lives after such speeches; and the author defines the phenomenon of mass imaginary education with the neologism “education” (the suffix shchin gives the word a negative and disparaging connotation).
Solving the problem, the author leads the reader to the idea that people who do not have sufficient knowledge and do not want to think when speaking on television distort the words of the great, and therefore “stunning absurdities” take root in the minds of viewers and listeners who trust the media. Proving this idea, G. Smirnov cites two phrases from Suvorov, one of which is incorrectly quoted, the other is misinterpreted. And the reader understands how absurd these often reproduced interpretations of Suvorov’s aphorisms are: after all, the great commander could not believe that it was easy to fight and that the war could not be over until the last soldier was buried (in the literal sense of the word).
The purpose of the author of the text is to convince us that, preparing to “notify the whole world of his thoughts” ( book words“notify”, “thoughts” acquire an ironic connotation here) and when planning to quote the greats, speakers must take care of the correct reproduction and interpretation of the words famous people; and the rhetorical exclamation “Think about what you are saying!” sounds like a call.
It is difficult to disagree with the author of the text. Indeed, the supposed education of many public speakers, combined with the desire to demonstrate their erudition, leads to the fact that the statements of great people are distorted and often acquire a completely different meaning. And, unfortunately, not only Suvorov is “unlucky” in this.
The famous phrase of K. Marx “Religion is the opium of the people” is very often quoted as follows: “Religion is the opium of the people.” There is a distortion of the meaning: K. Marx said that the people themselves seek solace in religion, and the interpreters of this phrase claim that someone is imposing religion on the people.
Pushkin’s famous “the people are silent” is often heard from journalists when talking about people’s indifference, lack of initiative, and their reluctance to make an independent decision. But in Pushkin’s “Boris Godunov” the people are silent not because of indifference to what is happening, in Pushkin the people are silent from horror, realizing that a murderer has ascended the throne.
Thus, the fact that “some stunning absurdities have begun to take root in our lives” is partly to blame for people speaking before a wide audience; after all, many of them, relying on their education and memory, tell viewers and listeners distorted facts.
However, in my opinion, no one will impose an incorrect interpretation of something on a well-read and educated person. And if we ourselves doubt, read, look for answers to questions, then not a single arrogant speaker will make us believe obvious stupidity.
Tips for the examinee
I. About language, an attentive and thoughtful attitude towards it
1. According to G. Smirnov. Now that it has become more difficult to think than to notify...
2. According to N. Gal. A young father sternly reprimands his four-year-old daughter. About bureaucracy.
3. According to T. Zharova. What a mirror of life our language is! About the purity of the Russian language
4. According to S. Kaznacheev. You are walking down the street, and suddenly a bright poster catches your eye... The problem of the development and preservation of the Russian language
5. According to V.V. Kolesov. A proper name “belongs to itself...
6. According to V. Kostomarov. Everyone knows that the hour hand on a dial moves...
7. According to Inna Kabysh. I remember in my school years patriotic education was invariably written with a hyphen... What can be done to save the language?
8. According to L.I. Skvortsov. Ecology is the science of the interaction of living organisms... The problem of the ecology of language
9. According to L. Pavlova. Did you know that there are many different styles of arguing? Culture of discussion
Argumentation for the block “On language, an attentive and thoughtful attitude towards it”
II. About education, upbringing, science
1. According to S. Kokorina. Education... (2) This word has a great many definitions
2. According to A.F. Losev. Leaving aside all material benefits for now
3. According to V. Kharchenko. Science is hard to do
4. According to F. Iskander. Perhaps the most touching and deepest feature of childhood. How do childhood memories affect a person, what do they mean in his life?
Argumentation for the block of problems “On education, on upbringing”
III. The role of literature and poetry in human life
1. According to E. Vinokurov. It is safe to say that there are few poets in the world...
2. According to D. Granin. Is mercy practiced in our lives?
3. According to G. Smirnov. For more than a century and a half, Great Russians have lived in spiritual and emotional kinship... Why Russia will never forget Pushkin
4. According to I. Goncharov. Lying down for Ilya Ilyich was not necessary... Interior as a means of characterizing the hero
Argumentation for the block “The role of literature and poetry in human life”
IV. About reading
1. S. Lvov. Reading aloud at home brings us closer together...
2. According to V. Lakshin. There is a whole ocean of problems in modern society.
3. According to V. Ivanov. Do you love literature as much as I love it?
4. According to I. Kosolapov. Selfless and true friend called the book...
5. S. Mikhalkov. One day I heard two people talking
6. According to V. Soloukhin. TV movie based on a literary work...
7. According to V.G. Lidin. The Germans were expelled from Uman...Immortality of the book.
8. L. N. Gumilyov. Childhood is always busy mastering a multicolored, diverse world... About the role of reading in childhood
Argumentation for the “Reading” block
V. About culture, the purpose of art, its impact on humans
1. According to S. Zalygin. Nothing provides such opportunities for personal development...
2. E. Rich. What is the meaning of our communication with art, literature...
3. According to V. Konetsky. One day, starlings flew to my watch during an October, autumn, stormy day.
4. According to I. Gontsov. For some reason, many modern pop stars say with particular pleasure... The problem of the influence of pop stars on teenagers
5. Based on the text by L. Mozgovoy. I recently read in an interview with a city official... What is needed to educate an actor, singer and musician, in a word, to form a person of art?
6. According to E. Bruskova. Galina Ulanova had universal fame.
7. According to K.G. Paustovsky. There are many preconceived notions and prejudices about writing...
8. Alexey Andreev. What we now have in abundance are television series... About the dangers of gangster series
9. According to V. Soloukhin. The editorial office told me... The problem of the role of television
Argumentation for the block “About culture”
VI. Moral issues.
About faith and unbelief
1. S. Soloveichik. Usually the word “faith” is associated with “faith in God”...
2. N.V. Gogol. It must be said that in our Rus' if....Reverence for rank
3. V. Rozov. People want to be happy... What is happiness?
4. According to V.V. Vorobyov. In the Russian language there is a wonderful word “ascetic”...
5. V. Rozov. People want to be happy... What does it mean to be happy?
6. According to E. Pavlyuchenko. December 14, 1825 on Senate Square in St. Petersburg
7. According to D. Shevarov. In a letter to his wife on May 18, 1836, Pushkin was surprised... The problem of honor
8. According to D. Granin. About honor. Many people consider the concept of honor outdated...
9. According to V. Konetsky. Shatalov lit the stove... The problem of irresponsibility, moral choice
10. According to K. Akulinin. I slipped while on a business trip. The problem of moral choice in detail
11. According to A. Vladimirov. In the evening, a young shepherd Grishka Efimov... The problem of choice - to kill or refuse to kill
12. According to S. S. Kachalkov. Sergei Nikolaevich Pletenkin returned home...
13. S. Soloveichik. Even the most developed people, I have noticed, are deeply convinced that living a spiritual life
14. According to K. Paustovsky. Gaidar’s life was a continuation, and sometimes the beginning of his books... What kind of person deserves the respect of others, for what qualities can he be called “big, kind, talented”?
15. According to G.N. Bocharov. One day in winter, a doctor’s appeal was heard from the television screens of Omsk...
16. According to I. Novikov. It was one of those autumn days...
17. According to V. Soloukhin “Limited Man”
18. According to M.S. Kryukov. “I’m better, I’m smarter than everyone else.” The problem of personality self-esteem
19. According to M. Khudyakov. He carried me for eight kilometers... The problem of the complexity and inconsistency of human actions. (Why a story about true friendship turns into a story about betrayal)
20. According to G.I. Kositsky and I.N. Dyakonova. In autumn, near a house built in the forest... The problem of unrealized human abilities
Argumentation for the block “Moral problems”
VII. The problem of fathers and children. Mother's love. Modern youth
1. According to K. G. Paustovsky. Katerina Ivanovna never complained about anything
2. According to A. Gelasimov. The boss looked me carefully in the eyes...
3. According to I. Maslov. Today's teenagers... The problem of the dissimilarity of the modern generation
Argumentation for the block “The problem of fathers and children. Mother's love"
VIII. Love for native nature, patriotism
1. K.G. Paustovsky. Autumn this year was dry and warm all the time.
2. According to K. Balmont. Three years ago I left Moscow... The problem of patriotism in conditions of emigration
3. According to F. Iskander. Now, no matter where I live, I have no trace of that hot, joyful craving for the city. The problem of love for one’s home, for one’s small Motherland
4. According to R. Savinov. As a child, I read books about Indians... The problem of memory of native places
5. According to S. Pokrovsky. Prut campaign of Peter the Great. Russian national character
IX. Man and nature. Environmental problems.
1. According to G. Chernikov. Earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, eruptions...
2. G. Smirnov. The globe lives its own, unpredictable life
3. According to G. Smirnov. About fifteen years ago, the famous Bulgarian writer Dimitar Peev...
4. According to I. Smolnikov. Volzhskaya HPP, Cheboksary HPP. Environmental problems
5. According to V. Peskov. Shrubs and small forests... The problem of nature conservation
6. According to A. Morozov. Friend, whose are you? About the devotion of dogs
Argumentation for the block “Man and Nature. Environmental problems"
X. Man and STR. The role of science
1. V. Soloukhin. I remember, when leaving, I promised to write letters to you... Has technology made a simple person more powerful?
2. According to A. Kondratov. Everyone knows that archaeological research... What is archaeological research for?
XI. Philosophical problems
1. According to K.G. Paustovsky. People are always tormented by various regrets... About the transience of time
X. The problem of true love
1. Yu. Kotlyarsky. - Nadenka, so you love me? The problem of selfishness in love
2. According to V. Astafiev. In the train compartment where I entered late...
3. According to E. Sikirich. It's a waste of time to try to evaluate relationships...
Argumentation for the block of problems “All about love”
XI. Problem true beauty, her understanding
1. According to V. Soloukhin. Moscow absorbs huge amount flowers, and their prices are always high... The problem of understanding beauty
Argumentation for the block “The problem of true beauty, its understanding”
XII. List of things to remember (argumentation)
Third part exam paper in the Russian language in the form of the Unified State Examination is an essay-reasoning. This essay is written based on the text that is presented for analysis in the work version. This presentation presents recommendations, algorithms, and examples of performing Part C.
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Features of part C The third part of the examination paper in the Russian language in the form of the Unified State Exam is an essay - a reasoning. This essay is written on the basis of the text, which is presented for analysis in the work version. This is a small work (at least 150 words) By its type it is an essay-reasoning.
Criteria K1 - K4 essays According to the first three criteria (K1 - K3) for assessing the completion of tasks with a detailed answer (part C1), the student’s ability to analyze the text is checked: 1) determine the topic of the text; formulate a problem; 2) comment on it; 3) identify the author’s position; Criterion 4 (K4) tests the ability to express one’s own opinion on an issue 4) the position of the writer (“my position”)
ALGORITHM FOR WORKING ON PART C We carefully read the text and determine the type and style of speech. Let's formulate the problem. “Problem” (Greek task, task) is a question posed in the text and requiring resolution. It is advisable that the problem be formulated in the form of a question, this will make it possible not to escape from the main problem. Find a paragraph in the text that states the main idea of the text (the main thesis). Ask the question so that this thesis becomes the answer. This is the problem.
PROBLEM PROBLEM (another gr. something thrown forward, i.e. isolated from other aspects of life) is the most important question (range of questions) for the author related to one side or another real life or the character and actions of the characters, so the problem can often be formulated using an interrogative sentence. Often a problem is an acute contradiction in life, a point of tension between the existing and the should, the desired and the real. So, the PROBLEM is often generated by a vital contradiction: personality - society, creator - art, man - man, man - nature, man - history.
Ways to formulate a text problem: 1) in question-and-answer form; 2) in the form of a thesis sentence requiring explanation; 3) in the form of a nomination (name) of the topic; 4) using lexical and syntactic means of expressiveness: lexical repetition, key repeated expressions (single-topic vocabulary), rhetorical questions, gradation, etc.; 5) in the form of a quotation sentence reflecting the main idea of the text.
Let's move on to commenting on the problem When commenting on the problem, we, firstly, note either its novelty and topicality, or classify the problem as “eternal”. If the author of a text is thinking about an “eternal” problem, you can remember how this problem was solved in literature before him, and note the author’s adherence to tradition or originality. If the problem is new, you can speculate about the reasons that prompted the author to think about it.
Commentary Commentary – 1) an explanation of the text, its interpretation, explanation; 2) reasoning, explanatory notes about something... It can be textual (that is, it must explain the text, as if to trace the course of the author’s thought). It can be conceptual (that is, it must be an interpretation of the problem, an indication and explanation of its relevance. Here more freedom, but this is the difficulty: you can get away from the text. It is better to opt for a textual commentary).
Formulation and commentary of the main problem of the text What category does the problem chosen by the author belong to? How topical is it? What makes it topical? Is this problem traditional or new? If traditional, then what points of view are there about it? If it is new, then what caused its appearance, is it viable, explain what allows us to draw such conclusions? How did the author manage to attract the reader's attention to this problem? How does the author’s choice of this problem characterize (a true citizen of his Fatherland, not an indifferent observer, but a person of active life position, internationalist, deep connoisseur of the human soul?
The most common problems: Social: the relationship between a person and society (“housing issue”, right to work, choice of profession; problems of the disabled, pensioners, medicine, education, economics...); problems of social insecurity or injustice, rich and poor; the problem of nationalism; the problem of the intelligentsia, the lack of demand for scientists in their homeland; problems of civilization...
2. Moral: the problem of the moral essence of man; moral choice; internal culture person; humane and inhumane attitude towards people; honor and duty; mercy, compassion, conscience; spirituality/lack of spirituality.
3. Philosophical: the problem of good and evil, life and death; searching for the meaning of life; the problem of loneliness, alienation, loss of faith in humanity; the problem of the ideal structure of the world (utopia), the problem of the subordination of the individual to the state (totalitarian society or dystopia); the problem of an impersonal personality, the problem of superpersonality (egocentrism); problem of creativity ( creative personality), personal freedom.
Family: the problem of fathers and children; the problem of old age (children’s care for their parents), childhood problems associated with the formation of personality; the problem of the father's house; losing the roots of the past, family traditions, historical memory.
Ecological: problems of the relationship between man and nature; pollution problem environment, destruction of natural resources; indifferent attitude towards nature, utilitarian attitude towards nature; problem careful attitude to nature, concern for increasing natural resources, responsibility to future generations for preserving nature...
Information and communication: problems of the development of the Russian language, the problem of language culture or lack of culture; problem of the media space; the problem of commercialization of culture; popular culture; marginal culture (marginality is an intermediate, borderline position between any social groups, loss of previous social connections and inability to adapt to new living conditions)
The list of problems is called PROBLEMATICS. In the examination essay it is necessary to formulate and comment on only ONE problem. The graduate expresses his opinion on the problem raised in the text and considers it in the context of modernity, revealing its significance, relevance and expressing his attitude towards it.
Particular problems 1 The problem of heroism and betrayal “Taras Bulba” by N. Gogol “Destruction” by A. Fadeev “The Fate of a Man” by M. Sholokhov “Sotnikov” by V. Bykov Any work about the Great Patriotic War
The problem of moral duty by L. Tolstoy “War and Peace”, “After the Ball” N. Leskov “Cadet Corps” M. Sholokhov “The Fate of a Man” K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram”
The problem of choice life path“War and Peace” by L. Tolstoy “Fathers and Sons” by I. Turgenev “Woe from Wit” by A. Griboedov “ Quiet Don» M. Sholokhov
1. The problem of man and nature. 2. The problem of a ruthless attitude towards nature 1. A. Kuprin “Olesya” L. Tolstoy “War and Peace” M. Prishvin “Pantry of the Sun” 2. V. Rasputin “Farewell to Matera” V. Astafiev “The Tsar Fish” B. Vasiliev “Don’t shoot white swans”
The problem of compassion and mercy F. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment” L. Tolstoy “War and Peace” M. Gorky “At the Demise” M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita” A. Solzhenitsyn Matrenin Dvor”
We formulate the author's position. The author’s position is the author’s attitude to the problem, his answer to the question posed, the main idea. Re-read the text and find the author's answer to the question you asked. Revealing author's position, we must talk about how the author solves the stated problem(s), what arguments he gives in defense of his position, what is the purpose of writing this text and with what help linguistic means the author achieves persuasiveness.
We express our attitude to the problem (“My position”). Re-read the question you posed (the problem you formulated) again. Your position must contain the answer to this question! Even if you agree with the author, formulate your position again in different phrases.
We present the arguments “Argument” - reason, evidence, conviction, argument (according to Dahl). The point of argumentation is to show the importance, relevance, and value of the ideas expressed. There should be 2 arguments: literary and factual. Actual – interesting facts from public life, history, politics, art, biographies of famous people, eyewitness accounts...
We are working on the conclusion. Here it is necessary to return once again to the problem posed (re-read problematic issue) and write down the output that should correspond to the given problem.
Text by G. Smirnov (1) Now, when it has become more difficult to think than to notify the whole world about your thoughts, some stunning absurdities, the fruits of the new Russian education, have begun to take root in our lives. (2) For some reason Suvorov was especially unlucky here. (3) No, no, and you will hear from the lips of a television observer: they say, as Suvorov said, it’s hard in training - easy in battle. (4) But Suvorov is a great man; in principle, he could not say such nonsense! (5) Who knows, he understood: in a battle where your comrades are being killed, where your mortal enemy is coming at you with a weapon in his hands, it cannot be easy! (6) Suvorov said something different: it’s hard to study, but it’s easy to go on a campaign! (7) On a campaign, not in battle! (8) For there is nothing more terrible and difficult than battle! (9) Even more absurd is the now widespread interpretation of Suvorov’s words that the war is not over until the last soldier is buried.
(10) Taking the word “buried” in the literal sense, volunteer gravediggers, having appropriated to themselves the unjustified mission of finishing the Great Patriotic War, convince us from television screens: not all soldiers are buried; the war is not over; the heroic deeds of the Russian army can only be recognized at the moment when they, the funeral workers, bury the remains of the last Russian soldier in the ground! (11) Think about what you are saying! (12) Tens of thousands of soldiers disappeared without a trace, not a shred of flesh remained from them, they really disappeared without a trace. (13) It is impossible to bury them! (14) So what? (15) Not a single war in history should be considered over? (16) Isn’t it easier to assume: you didn’t understand what Suvorov said! (17) He said: the war, the fighting is not over until it is buried, that is, until it is killed, while it is alive, while it is fighting, while it is holding a weapon in its hands and while the last soldier is fighting! (18) This is a military duty: to fight to the last fighter. (19) And until this last soldier is killed, figuratively speaking, buried, the war is not over!
What could an essay be like based on this text?
Reference notes for an essay-reasoning 1. Introduction (1-3 sentences). 2. Subject of the text (will help you find keywords). a) Who among us has not thought about... b) an excerpt from (a story, essay article) by a famous publicist is devoted to the topic... 3. The main problem: a) the author of the argument solves ( philosophical problem, social... war, peace, politics, ideology, education, relationships, man and nature...) b) is it possible...? How? What can help...? This problem is raised by the author of the text. 4. Comments (explanations on the article, problem). a) this problem (important, complex, relevant, topical) the minds of scientists, writers at all times... b) this problem is relevant in our time, because... Which of us has not encountered a similar phenomenon? 5. The author’s positions (what he wanted to say when creating this text). 1) the author believes that... 2) your position (one cannot but agree with this point of view...). Two of your own arguments! 6) Conclusion. Thus…
K1 Problem Very often we come across inaccurate, superficial, almost absurd interpretations of the words of famous people. Why do these dubious interpretations take root in the public consciousness? G. Smirnov, the author of the proposed text, is thinking about this problem. When you read G. Smirnov’s text, you understand that in many ways our horizons, our consciousness are shaped by the media and that it is human nature to trust television observers, journalists and simply people appearing on television screens. Each of us has more than once heard or used a distorted Suvorov expression “hard in training - easy in battle,” heard or read somewhere. Have we ever thought about whether Suvorov really said exactly that? But if a person constantly hears the same phrase, even an absurd one, then it involuntarily settles in the memory.
K2 Commentary on the problem The author of the text himself speaks about the novelty of the stated problem. He very emotionally expresses his indignation at the reluctance of people speaking in front of television viewers to try to understand what the quoted authors meant (“...You didn’t understand what Suvorov said!”). G. Smirnov is extremely surprised and outraged by the “stunning absurdities” that take root in our lives after such speeches. The author defines the phenomenon of mass imaginary education with the neologism “obrazovanshchina” (the suffix - schchin gives the word a negative and disparaging connotation, remember - Khlestakovshchina, Oblomovshchina).
K3 Author's position Solving the problem, the author leads the reader to the idea that people who do not have sufficient knowledge, speaking on television, distort the words of the great, and therefore errors take root in the minds of viewers and listeners who trust the media. Proving this idea, G. Smirnov cites two phrases from Suvorov, one of which is incorrectly quoted, the other is misinterpreted. And the reader understands how absurd these often reproduced interpretations of Suvorov’s aphorisms are: after all, the great commander could not believe that it was easy to fight and that the war could not be over until the last soldier was buried (in the literal sense of the word).
The purpose of the author of the text is to convince us that, preparing to “notify the whole world of their thoughts” (the book words “notify”, “thoughts” acquire an ironic connotation here) and intending to quote the great, speakers must take care of correct reproduction and interpretation words of famous people; and the rhetorical exclamation “Think about what you are saying!” sounds like a call.
K4 My position It’s hard to disagree with the author of the text. Indeed, the supposed education of many public speakers, combined with the desire to demonstrate their erudition, leads to the fact that the statements of great people are distorted and often acquire a completely different meaning. And, unfortunately, not only Suvorov is “unlucky” in this.
1 argument The famous phrase of K. Marx “Religion is the opium of the people” is very often quoted as follows: “Religion is the opium of the people.” There is a distortion of the meaning: K. Marx said that the people themselves seek solace in religion, and the interpreters of this phrase claim that someone is imposing religion on the people.
Argument 2 The famous Pushkin “the people are silent” is often heard from the lips of journalists when talking about the indifference, lack of initiative of people, about their reluctance to make an independent decision. But in Pushkin’s “Boris Godunov” the people are silent not because of indifference to what is happening, in Pushkin the people are silent from horror, realizing that a murderer has ascended the throne.
Conclusion (conclusion) Thus, the fact that “some stunning absurdities have begun to take root in our lives” is partly to blame for the people speaking in front of a wide audience. Many of them, relying on their education and memory, tell viewers and listeners distorted facts. However, in my opinion, well-read and educated person no one will impose a wrong interpretation of anything. And if we ourselves doubt, read, look for answers to questions ourselves, then not a single arrogant speaker will make us believe obvious stupidity.
THEME OF THE TEXT THEME (ancient gr., literally means something underlying) is the subject of the image, the range of events and phenomena underlying the text, the area of reflection of reality, or the main content of the text. Very often the topic is indicated in the title work of art, journalistic article, scientific text. In journalistic and scientific texts the theme is embodied openly, directly, declaratively.
TOPICS broad and narrow. Eternal themes-- these are themes common to all times and peoples, interesting and relevant for centuries: RELATIONSHIPS between FATHERS and CHILDREN; LOVE AND FRIENDSHIP; WAR AND PEACE; MORAL CHOICE; FAITH AND UNBELIEF, SIN AND HOLINESS; HUMAN IN THE WORLD OF NATURE; SCIENCE, DISCOVERIES AND PEOPLE OF SCIENCE...
Topics related to literature, art in general THESE ARE TOPICS: CREATIVE SEARCHES OF THE POET AND POETRY; CREATIVE PROCESS, SELF-KNOWLEDGE OF THE ARTIST; ROLE OF LITERATURE IN THE LIFE OF PERSON AND SOCIETY; INFLUENCE ON AUDIENCES OF ARTISTS, SINGERS; INFLUENCE OF MASS CULTURE ON PERSON
Thematic blocks Support diagrams to help students
Science and scientific discoveries Nature and man Society and politics Language and society Literature, books, reading Philosophy Art Thematic blocks
science, scientific discoveries
How to preserve the richness and expressiveness of the language? Why are language norms not respected? The problem of clogging the Russian language What is the purpose of language: to serve peace or hostility? How do a person’s speech and his thoughts relate? What are the ways of language development? What is the condition modern language Language and society
If desired, each teacher can change and add his own materials and ideas. Good luck everyone! The presentation was prepared by Mustafina Gulnur Adgamovna, teacher of Russian language and literature MBOU "Novokishitskaya secondary school"
