Joseph Turner
Joseph Turner - the great English landscape painter - was born in Covent Garden in London, April 23, 1775. He was the son of a fashionable hairdresser at that time. As a boy he began to draw. His father sold the boy's drawings to his visitors. In this way he earned money, which was used to pay for his art lessons. At the age of 14 he entered school at the Royal Academy. His watercolor drawings have been exhibited at the Royal Academy since he was fifteen. At the age of 18 he created his own studio. At first he worked in watercolors and then in oils. Between 1802 and 1809 Turner painted a series seascapes, among them - “The Sun Rising in the Fog.” Masterpieces of this period are considered: “Lake Geneva”, “Frosty Morning”, “Crossing the Stream” and others. In 1819 Turner returned from his first trip to Italy. During the trip, he created about 1,500 drawings and the following year, inspired by what he saw, he painted a series of paintings. Turner was a master of air and wind, rain and sunlight, horizon, ships and sea. The contours of his landscapes dissolved in the play of light and shadows, in this he was the predecessor of the French impressionists. Throughout his life, Turner painted hundreds of paintings and thousands of watercolors and drawings. After his death, the collection of his paintings, according to his will, passed to the National Gallery and the Tate Gallery.
Thomas Gainsborough
Thomas Gainsborough was a master of the English school of painting. He painted portraits and landscapes. He was born in Sudbury in 1727, the son of a merchant. His father sent him to London to study painting. He spent 8 years in London working and studying. There he became acquainted with the Flemish traditional school of painting. His portraits are dominated by green and blue colors. He was the first English artist to depict nature and countryside UK. He depicted a haystack, a poor house, poor peasants. His landscapes are filled with poetry and music. His best works are “The Blue Boy”, “Portrait of the Duchess Beaufer”, “Sarah Siddons” and others. Gainsborough's important discovery was his creation of a form of painting where the characters and the landscape form a single whole. The landscape is not just a background, but in most cases man and nature merge into one in an atmosphere of harmony of moods. Gainsborough emphasized that the natural background for the characters should be nature itself. His works, executed in clear and transparent colors, had a significant influence on the artists of English painting. He was ahead of his time. His art became a harbinger of the Romantic movement.
John Constable
John Constable, one of the most famous landscape painters, was born in Safford, June 11, 1776. He was the son of a wealthy miller. He began to be interested in painting as early as elementary school. His father did not approve of art as a profession. As a boy, Costable worked in secret, painting in the home of an amateur artist. His interest in painting convinced his father to send him to London in 1795, where he began to study painting. In 1799, Constable entered school at the Royal Academy in London. He was the first of the landscape painters who believed that it was necessary to make sketches from nature, that is, to work in the open air. Constable's skill developed gradually. He began to make a living by painting portraits. His heart was never in it, and therefore he did not achieve popularity. Constable was a realist. On his canvases he depicted cattle, horses and people working there. He painted meadows glistening with dew, sparks of the sun in drops of rain and harsh thunderclouds. Constable's most famous works are “The Mill at Flatford”, “The White Horse”, “The Hay Wain”, “Waterloo Bridge”, “From the Steps of Whitehall” and others. In England, Constable did not receive the recognition he rightfully expected. The French were the first to publicly recognize Constable. His influence on foreign schools of painting was enormous. Constable can rightfully be recognized as the founder of the landscape genre.
Translation into English:
Joseph Turner, the greatest English romantic landscape painter, was born in Covent Garden, London, on the 23rd of April in 1775. He was the son of a fashionable barber. He started drawing and painting as a small boy. His father used to sell the boy’s drawings to his customers. In such a way he earned money which his father paid for his lessons in art. At the age of 14 he entered the Royal Academy School. His water-colors were exhibited at the Royal Academy from the time he was fifteen. At 18 he had set up his own studio. Turner worked at first in water-colours, then in oils. Between 1802 and 1809 Turner painted a series of sea-pieces, among them “Sun Rising in Mist”. The masterpieces of this period are “The Lake of Geneva”, “Frosty Morning”, “Crossing the Brook”, etc. In 1819 Turner got out on his first visit to Italy. During the journey he made about 1500 drawings and in the next few years he painted a series of pictures inspired by what he had seen. Turner was the master of the air and wind, rain and sunshine, horizon, ships and sea. He dissolved the forms of his landscape in the play of light and shade, he anticipated the work of French Impressionist paintings. During his life Turner painted some hundreds of paintings and some thousands of water-colors and drawings. On his death Turner’s own entire collection of paintings and drawings was willed to the nation and they are in the National and the Tate Galleries.
Thomas Gainsborough
Thomas Gainsborough was a master of English school of painting. He was a portraitist and a landscape painter. He was born in Sudbury in 1727 and was the son of a merchant. His father sent him to London to study arts. He spent 8 years working and studying in London. There he got acquainted with the Flemish traditional school of painting. In his portraits green and blue colors predominate. He was the first British painter who painted British native countryside. He painted a wagon of hay, a poor cottage, poor peasants. His works of landscape contain much poetry and music. His best works are “Blue Boy”, “The Portrait of the Duchess of Beaufort”, “Sara Siddons” and others. The particular discovery of Gainsborough was the creation of a form of art in which the characters and the background form a single unity. The landscape is not kept in the background, but in most cases man and nature are fused in a single whole through the atmospheric harmony of mood. Gainsborough emphasized that the natural background for his characters should be nature itself. His works, painted in clear and transparent tones, had a significant influence on the artists of the English school. He was in advance of his time. His art became a forerunner of the Romantic Movement.
English painting, like its entire culture, is distinguished by restraint, but at the same time full of surprises. British artists are not as famous as, for example, their Dutch or Italian colleagues, but the British undoubtedly made a huge contribution to the development of painting, enriching them with equally talented and interesting works.
Prominent artists of England
One of England's most famous artists of the 18th century was William Hogarth. The work of this master opens up a new, independent path for painting as an art in Great Britain. Hogarth founded a national school of painting, which over time attracted many followers. He is also widely known as the creator of new genres in graphics, a talented illustrator and caricaturist. William Hogarth's paintings enjoyed great success during his lifetime, and King George II even appointed him court painter. Today, many people know his multi-series films “Fashionable Marriage”, “Parliamentary Elections” and “Four Stages of Cruelty”.
Next on the path of development of English painting are two young students of Hogarth - Reynolds and Laurens. They became the founders portrait art in England, and Reynolds was even appointed the first president of the Royal Academy of Arts.
A little later, in the mid-18th century, canvases with landscapes became popular. The most a skilled craftsman Thomas Gainsborough was in this genre. After him, Wilke, Landseer, Murray and others also became famous in this genre. One of the favorite materials was watercolor, which made it possible to create light and transparent images. Also, battle plots received special development due to England’s participation in many wars. Among the creators of historical painting, it is worth mentioning V. Castle and J. Romney with his famous painting “The Death of General Wolfe.”
Directions in English painting
The development differs from the standard gradual change of styles in the European tradition. In the somewhat belated, but still rapidly changing history of painting in England, there are no clear boundaries and frameworks indicating the beginning or end of a particular period, just as there are no styles to be found here in their pure form.
The emergence of the national school of painting in the 17th and 18th centuries was due to the industrial revolution in the country, but landscape painters, along with the development of realistic art, were largely influenced by the significant cultural growth of English society in the 19th century. The second half of the same century gave the world the work of the era of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. The members of this organization were ardent opponents of bourgeois culture and adherents of the art of the early Renaissance. The Brotherhood had a powerful influence on all subsequent artists, relegating to the background the academicism and conservatism that the Royal Academy of Arts approved. This gave many young artists in England a chance to go beyond the usual and begin to create modern subjects that were as close as possible to the reality in which they lived. Thanks to the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, symbolism and modernism began to develop in England - as a protest against the conservative approach of the Royal Academy.
Exhibition "All Too Human: Bacon, Freud and the Age of Life Painting" in London collected works by 20th century artists who worked in England at different periods of their lives. It was dedicated to the theme of depicting in painting the personal, sometimes most intimate experiences of authors who have already become classics.
The prologue to the exhibition was the famous phrase: “I want the paint to work like flesh.”. It contains the essence of his own supersensible attitude to painting and to the depicted objects. It is supported by two famous Freudian works - a viscous, oily portrait of fellow travesty artist Leigh Bowery, naked and helpless, sitting in a chair, several years before his death and, on the contrary, a realistic and almost transparent, but no less intimate "Girl with a White Dog" from Tate's own collection.
Another British hero included in the title, in many of his works also used his friends and relatives to depict love passions and crises, personal joys and sorrows.
And the curators' retrospective look at the depiction of private life artistic heroes begins at the beginning of the last century, when the avant-garde movements that swept Europe began to penetrate the English school. Here Walter Sickert is adjacent to, already with. Well, then, in more than a hundred works, the exhibition goes up to the stars of our days - from Lynette Yiadom-Boakye.
Stanley Spencer
"Patricia Preece"
1933
Southampton City Art Gallery, Hampshire
© The Estate of Stanley Spencer/Bridgeman Images
Lucian Freud
"Girl with a White Dog"
1950-1951
© Tate
F. N. Souza
"Two Saints in a Landscape"
1961
Tate
© The estate of F.N. Souza/DACS, London 2017
Francis Bacon
"Portrait"
1962
Museum für Gegenwartskunst Siegen. The Lambrecht-Schadeberg Collection
© The Estate of Francis Bacon. All rights reserved. DACS, London
Francis Bacon
"Study for Portrait of Lucian Freud"
1964
The Lewis Collection
© The Estate of Francis Bacon. All rights reserved. DACS, London
Photo: Prudence Cuming Associates Ltd
Leon Kossoff
"Children's Swimming Pool, Autumn Afternoon"
1971
Tate
© Leon Kossoff
Euan Uglow
"Georgia"
1973
British Council Collection
© The Estate of Euan Uglow
Michael Andrews
"Melanie and Me Swimming"
1978-1979
Tate
© The estate of Michael Andrews
Paula Rego
"The Family"
1988
Marlborough International Fine Art
© Paula Rego
R. B. Kitaj
"The Wedding"
1989-1993
Tate
© The estate of R. B. Kitaj
Frank Auerbach
"Head of Jake"
1997
Private Collection
© Frank Auerbach, courtesy Marlborough Fine Art
Jenny Saville
"Reverse"
2002-2003
© Jenny Saville
Courtesy of the artist and Gagosian
Cecily Brown
"Boy with a Cat"
2015
Collection of Danny and Lisa Goldberg
© Cecily Brown
Photo: Richard Ivey
Lynette Yiadom-Boakye
"Coterie Of Questions"
2015
Private collection
Courtesy Corvi-Mora, London and Jack Shainman Gallery, New York
© Lynette Yiadom-Boakye
Famous English Artists
The history of the development of the world art was greatly influenced by artists from Italy, by the German, the French and the Dutch. As usual, the merits of British artists, who for the most part belong to the 18th and 19th centuries, are ignored. However, during this period, several bright representatives of the foggy Albion have come forward, their works of art deserve a place of honor in the most valuable world collections.
The first artist of English origin, William Hogarth, opened the golden age of British painting. Hogarth created the paintings in the style of realism and was a master of engraving. The characters on his canvases were servants, beggars, sailors and marginals. The artist skillfully revealed the bright joyful and deep sad emotions captured in the pictures of people.
Joshua Reynolds left a bright trace in English painting. The first president of the Royal Academy of Arts created paintings of amazing beauty. Among the heroes of the portrait, you can find fashionable prudish representatives of the nobility and ancient goddesses. Joshua Reynolds was a great theoretician of painting, his scientific works on fine art were studied by more than one generation of artists.
Reynolds" rival, Thomas Gainsborough earned his life with magnificent portraits of the nobility, but his favorite genre of painting was the landscape. The artist masterfully reflected the individuality and caught deep character traits of his characters. Throughout his artistic career, Gainsborough has constantly evolved and this aspiration for excellence can be traced through his works. At the decline of his career, his paintings can be attributed to the late impressionism.
In addition to the famous portraitists, English painting has generated a huge number of amazing landscape painters, like Sikkert, Turner, Wilson, Moreland.
Translation
The history of the development of world art was greatly influenced by artists from Italy, Germans, French and Dutch. As usual, the merits of English artists, who mostly date back to the 18th and 19th centuries, are ignored. However, during this period, several prominent representatives of Foggy Albion made themselves known, whose artistic works deserve an honorable place in the world’s most valuable collections.
The first artist of English origin, William Hogarth, ushered in the golden age of painting in Great Britain. Hogarth painted in the style of realism and was a master of engraving. The characters in his canvases were servants, beggars, sailors and outcasts. The artist skillfully revealed the bright, joyful and deep sad emotions of the people depicted in the paintings.
Joshua Reynolds left a bright mark on English painting. The first president of the Royal Academy of Arts created canvases of amazing beauty. Among the heroes of the portrait you can find fashionable, prim representatives of the nobility and ancient goddesses. Joshua Reynolds was a great theorist of painting; more than one generation of artists studied from his scientific works on fine art.
Reynolds' rival, Thomas Gainsborough, made a living by painting magnificent portraits of the nobility, but his favorite genre of painting was landscape. The artist masterfully reflected individuality and captured the deep character traits of his characters. Throughout his artistic career, Gainsborough was constantly evolving and this desire for perfection can be seen in his work. At the end of his career, his paintings can be classified as late impressionism.
Culture of Great Britain (England) Artists of Great Britain (England)
Great Britain, country Great Britain (England), in English “United Kingdom”.
Great Britain, the state of Great Britain (England) full official name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in English “United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland”.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (England) is an island state in northwestern Europe.
Great Britain comes from the English "Great Britain". Britain - according to the ethnonym of the Briton tribe.
Great Britain (England) The capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the city of London.
Great Britain (England) The state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is located in the British Isles (the island of Great Britain and the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, large number small islands and archipelagos, Channel Islands, Orkney Islands, Shetland Islands), washed by the Atlantic Ocean and its seas. Area: total - 244,820 km², land - 240,590 km², inland waters - 3,230 km². The highest peak is Mount Ben Nevis. Ben Nevis, Gaelic Beinn Neibhis/ (1343 m above sea level) - located in the north of Scotland (Grampian Mountains), the lowest point is Fenland (-4 m from sea level).
Great Britain (England) Administrative division of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Great Britain (England) consists of 4 administrative and political parts (historical provinces):
- England (39 counties, 6 metropolitan counties and Greater London) - the administrative center of London.
- Wales (22 unitary entities: 9 counties, 3 cities and 10 city-counties) - the administrative center is the city of Cardiff.
- Scotland (12 regions: 9 districts and 3 main territories) - the administrative center is the city of Edinburgh.
- Northern Ireland (26 districts) - the administrative center is the city of Belfast.
Today, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is home to more than 60 million people.
Great Britain (England) History of Great Britain (England)
The history of England began with the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons, and the division of Britain into several countries.
The history of Britain began much earlier, with the appearance of the first hominids on the island (Clektonian culture), that is, with the appearance of the first modern people after the end of the last glaciation, in the Mesolithic era.
Great Britain (England) History of Great Britain (England)
England was inhabited by members of the genus Homo for hundreds of thousands of years BC, and by Homo Sapiens for tens of thousands of years. DNA analysis showed that modern man arrived in the British Isles before the start of the last ice age, but retreated to southern Europe when most of England was covered by a glacier and the rest by tundra. By that time, sea levels were approximately 127 m below present levels, so there was a land bridge between the British Isles and continental Europe - Doggerland. With the end of the last ice age (about 9,500 years ago), the territory of Ireland was separated from England, and later (about 6,500 BC), England was cut off from the rest of Europe.
Great Britain (England) History of Great Britain (England)
According to archaeological finds, the British Isles were repopulated around 12,000 BC. e.. Around 4,000 BC. e. The island of Great Britain was inhabited by people of the Neolithic culture. Due to the lack of written evidence of the pre-Roman era, events from the Neolithic period and before the arrival of the Romans are reconstructed solely from archaeological finds. Since the end of the 20th century, the amount of information based on archaeological and genetic material has been growing. There is also a small amount of toponymic evidence for the Celtic and pre-Celtic populations of Britain.
Great Britain (England) History of Great Britain (England)
The first significant written information about Britain and its inhabitants was that of the Greek navigator Pytheas, who explored the coastal areas of Britain around 325 BC. e. Also some evidence is given by "Ora Maritima".
Great Britain (England) History of Great Britain (England)
The Roman Emperor Julius Caesar also writes about Britain around 50 BC. e.
The ancient British had trade and cultural links with continental Europe since Neolithic times. First of all, they exported tin, which was available in abundance on the islands.
Great Britain (England) History of Great Britain (England)
Situated on the periphery of Europe, Britain received foreign technological and cultural advances much later than the continental regions of prehistory. The history of ancient England is traditionally seen as successive waves of settlers from the continent, bringing with them new culture and technology. More recent archaeological theories have questioned these migrations and drawn attention to the more complex relationship between Britain and continental Europe, the introduction of cultural and technological change without conquest.
Great Britain (England) History of Great Britain (England)
Paleolithic (approximately 250,000 years ago - 10,000 years ago)
The Paleolithic period marks the earliest known human settlement of Britain. During this vast period of time, many environmental changes occurred, spanning several glacial and interglacial periods, which seriously affected the human environment. Information about this period is very contradictory. The people of Britain at that time were hunter-gatherers and fishermen.
Great Britain (England) History of Great Britain (England)
Mesolithic (ca. 10,000 years ago - 5,500 years ago)
Ended about 10,000 years ago ice age, and finally the Holocene era began. The temperature probably rose to the current level and the area occupied by forests expanded. About 9,500 years ago, due to rising sea levels caused by melting glaciers, Britain and Ireland separated and around 6,500 - 6,000 BC. e. Britain separated from continental Europe. The warm climate has changed the Arctic environment to pine, birch and alder forests; this less open landscape was less hospitable to the large herds of deer and wild horses that had previously avoided humans. Before these animals, the population's diet included pigs and fewer social animals such as elk, deer, roe deer, wild boar and bison, which required the development of hunting methods. Thin microliths were made for use on harpoons and spears. New woodworking tools such as the cleaver appeared, although some types of flint blades remain similar to their Paleolithic predecessors. The dog was domesticated for its advantages during hunting among wetlands. It is likely that these environmental changes were accompanied by social change. People migrated and settled lands in the far north of Scotland at this time. British Mesolithic finds have been found at Mendip, Star Carr in Yorkshire and Oronsay, Inner Hebrides. Excavations at Howick, Northumberland have uncovered the remains of a large circular building dating from around 7600 BC. e., which is interpreted as housing. Another example of finds is Deepcar, Sheffield. The most ancient Britons of the Mesolithic Nomads were later supplanted by a semi-sedentary and sedentary population.
Great Britain (England) History of Great Britain (England)
Mesolithic-Neolithic transition
Although during the Mesolithic times the nature of Britain had great resources. The growth of the population of Britain and the success of the ancient Britons in exploiting natural resources eventually led to the depletion of the latter. The remains of a Mesolithic elk found in a bog at Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire, wounded by hunters and rescued three times, provides evidence of hunting during the Mesolithic period. Several crops and domestic animals were introduced into Britain around 4500 BC. e. Hunting as a way of life of the population of Britain remained in the first place in the Neolithic era. Other Neolithic elements such as pottery, letter-shaped arrowheads and polished stone axes were adopted earlier. The climate continued to improve during the late Mesolithic and early Neolithic, causing the replacement of pine forests with forest.
Great Britain (England) History of Great Britain (England) Neolithic
The Neolithic was a time of domestication of plants and animals. Today, the debate continues between supporters of the idea of only the inhabitants of Britain borrowing the culture of agriculture from continental Europe and supporters of the theory of introducing new agriculture through the conquest and replacement of the indigenous population.
While Neolithic times saw the development of monumental architecture in Britain, respect for the dead may represent a more comprehensive social and ideological change associated with a new interpretation of time, origins, society and personality.
In any case, the Neolithic Revolution introduced a sedentary lifestyle into Britain, and ultimately led to the stratification of society into various groups of farmers, artisans and leaders. Forests were destroyed in order to provide land for growing crops and livestock. By this time, the people of Britain were raising cattle and pigs, while sheep and goats, as well as wheat and barley, were later introduced from continental Europe. However, only a few Neolithic sites are known in England, unlike on the continent. Cave settlements were in common use at that time.
The construction of the first earthworks in Britain began in the early Neolithic (c. 4400 BC - 3300 BC) in the form of long mounds that were used for public burials and the first mound camps, which have parallels on the continent. Long barrows are possibly derived from longhouses, although longhouse finds in Britain represent only a few examples. Stone houses on the Orkney Islands, such as Skara Brae, provide excellent examples of early settlement in Britain. Evidence of increasing craftsmanship is found at Mir Trek - the oldest engineered road and the oldest timber-paved road in Northern Europe, built on the Somerset Levels moors dating back to 3807 BC, leaf-shaped arrowheads, ceramic wheels and the beginning of the production of polished axes are general indicators of this period. Evidence of the use of cow's milk was found by analyzing the contents of ceramic finds near Mir Trek.
Grooved pottery appears in Britain at the same time. The famous sites of Stonehenge, Avebury and Silbury Hill reached their heyday. Industrial centers of flint mining such as those at Cissbury and Grimes Graves indicate the beginning of long-distance trade during the Neolithic period.
Great Britain (England) History of Great Britain (England)
Bronze Age (ca. 2200 BC - 750 BC)
Bronze Age Britain This period can be divided into an early stage (2300 to 1200) and a late stage (1200-700). The Bell Beaker culture appears in England around 2475-2315 BC. e., next to flat axes and burials with corpses. People of this period also created many other famous prehistoric monuments, in particular, Stonehenge (only the last stage of construction) and Seahenge. The Bell Beaker culture is believed to be of Iberian origin and introduced the skill of metal processing to Britain. At first, products were made from copper, and from approximately 2150 BC. e. In the settlement of Darkhan, the production of bronze products began. From this time the Bronze Age began in Britain. Over the next thousand years, bronze gradually replaced stone as the main material for tools and weapons in Britain.
Bronze Age Britain The British in the Early Bronze Age buried their dead in mounds, often placing a bell-shaped goblet next to the body. Later, cremation was adopted, and daggers were found in urns containing the ashes of the dead. Bronze Age people lived in round houses. The diet of the inhabitants of Britain consisted of cattle, sheep, pigs and deer, as well as shellfish and birds. The British mined their own salt. Britain's wetlands were a source of game and reeds for the British.
Bronze Age Britain There is archaeological evidence of large-scale destruction of cultural patterns of the time, which some scholars believe may indicate an invasion (or at least migration) into southern Britain around the 12th century BC. e.. Some scientists believe that the Celts settled Britain at this time.
Great Britain (England) History of Great Britain (England)
Iron Age (ca. 750 BC - 43 BC)
Iron Age Britain Around 750 BC e. iron processing technology came to Britain from the countries of Southern Europe. Products (weapons and tools) made of iron were stronger than previously used bronze; the introduction of iron tools began in Britain during the Iron Age. Iron processing changed many aspects of life, mainly in agriculture. Iron plow tips could plow the ground much faster and deeper than wooden or bronze ones. Iron axes could cut down forests much more efficiently for agriculture. After the deforestation, the landscapes of arable land and pastures expanded. Many settlements were founded in Britain at that time; the spread of land ownership was very important.
Iron Age Britain Around 600 BC e., British society changed again. In 500 BC. e. Celtic culture covers most of the British Isles. The Celts were highly skilled craftsmen and produced elaborate gold jewelry and weapons made of bronze and iron. Whether the Iron Age Britons were "Celts" is a controversial issue. Some scholars, such as John Collis and Simon James, actively oppose the idea of "Celtic Britain", since the term is currently applied only to a tribe in Gaul. But, later names and tribal names show that they concern speakers of Celtic languages.
Iron Age Britain During the Iron Age, Britons lived in organized tribal groups ruled by chieftains. As the population grew larger, war naturally broke out between the warring British tribes. This reason is traditionally interpreted as a reason for the construction of hillforts in Britain, although the placement of some hillforts on the sides of hills calls into question their defensive significance. Although the first built settlement dates back to approximately 1500 BC. BC, the fortifications reached their peak during the Late Iron Age. More than 2,000 Iron Age hillforts have been found in Britain. Around 350 BC. e. many fortifications were abandoned, and the rest were strengthened.
Great Britain (England) History of Great Britain (England)
The last centuries before the Roman invasion there was an influx of Germanic refugees into Britain from the Rhine and Gaul (the territory of modern France and Belgium), who were part of the Roman Empire around 50 BC. e.. They settled in the territories where the modern cities of Portsmouth and Winchester are located today.
Britain Late Pre-Roman Iron Age
Starting around 175 BC. BC, areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex begin to cultivate advanced pottery skills.
Britain Late Pre-Roman Iron Age
The settled tribes of southern England were partially Romanized, and create the first settlement (oppida) large enough to be called a city.
The last centuries before the Roman invasion were a period of complications in British life. Around 100 BC BC, iron rods began to be used as currency, while domestic trade and trade with continental Europe flourished, mainly due to Britain's large mineral reserves. The coinage was developed based on the continental type, but with the names of local chiefs. Coinage took place mainly in the south-east of England, but not in Dumnonia in the West.
Britain Late Pre-Roman Iron Age
After the start of the expansion of the Roman Empire to the north. The rulers of Rome began to show interest in Britain. This could have been caused by an influx of refugees from the Roman provinces of occupied Europe into Britain, or by large mineral reserves.
Great Britain (England) History of Great Britain (England)
Roman Britain
After the Roman conquest of Gaul in the middle of the 1st century BC. e. Roman Emperor Julius Caesar undertook two campaigns in Britain (in 55 and 54 BC). During this period, Britain became one of the outlying provinces of the Roman Empire. Mainly the southern, eastern and partly central regions underwent Romanization; the west and north were almost not affected by it. There were often uprisings among the local population (for example, the Boudicca uprising). The conquest was secured by a system of fortified points (Roman camps) and military roads. Roman ramparts were built along the northern borders.
The annexation of Britain to the Roman Empire accelerated the process of social differentiation of the British tribes. On the other hand, the conquest of Britain by the Roman Empire did not lead to fundamental changes in Celtic society. The crisis of the Roman Empire led to its weakening. From the end of the 3rd century, Britain was subject to raids by Celtic and Saxon tribes. At the beginning of the 5th century, Roman rule in Britain ended. Britain again split into a number of independent Celtic regions.
Great Britain (England) History of Great Britain (England)
History of the creation of the British state
The main historical stages of the creation of the British state
Anglo-Saxon period
After the Romans left Britain, most of the island was conquered by Saxon tribes in the 5th century. They formed seven large kingdoms, which were gradually united under the influence of Wessex into a single kingdom of England. King Alfred the Great of Wessex (circa 871 - 899) was the first to call himself King of England.
From the end of the 8th century, the Vikings began to attack England and even temporarily captured some of its northern and eastern regions. For part of the first half of the 11th century, England was ruled by Danish kings - the most famous are Sven Forkbeard (1013-1014) and Canute the Great (1016-1035).
In 1042 the throne returned to the Saxon Edward the Confessor, but soon after his death England was successfully invaded by the Normans under William the Conqueror, defeating the Saxons at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066.
Great Britain (England) History of Great Britain (England)
History of the creation of the British state
The main historical stages of the creation of the British state
Age of William the Conqueror (1066-1087)
William the Conqueror With the rise to power of William the Conqueror and the accession of the House of Normandy, an era of profound internal changes began in England. William the Conqueror (1066-1087) approved the common law of the Anglo-Saxons, collected under Edward, but at the same time, to strengthen his political power, introduced feudal system. Anglo-Saxon customs became an object of contempt at court, and even in official acts French customs and language were introduced. All this caused uprisings not only of the British, but also of the Normans, which were suppressed with the greatest cruelty, devastation of cities and communities. The union of England with Normandy could hardly be considered an increase in its political power, since it entailed strife within the royal family itself and with France, which lasted for many centuries. William the Conqueror's eldest son, Robert, retained Normandy, and the English crown went to his second son, William II the Red (1087-1100). The aggressive aspirations of this king, especially his desire to retake Normandy, involved the state in heavy wars. A lot of unrest was also caused by the king’s dispute with Pope Urban II and Archbishop Anselm over investiture (the installation of an archbishop). The dispute ended in the victory of the king, and Anselm was forced to seek salvation in flight. But with his despotic and treacherous character, William the Conqueror aroused popular hatred towards himself. William the Conqueror died in the forest from an arrow wound in the chest under unknown circumstances.
Great Britain (England) History of Great Britain (England)
History of the creation of the British state
England (Britain) after William the Conqueror
After the death of William the Conqueror, his younger brother, Henry I, nicknamed the Scientist (1101-1135), took over the throne, thus eliminating his older brother, Robert, who was at that time on his way from Palestine, from the first crusade. To find support among the people, he issued a charter in which he promised to restore the laws of Edward and William the Conqueror and ease many duties. Robert tried to restore his rights to the English throne with arms in hand, but, through the mediation of Archbishop Anselm, who had returned to his homeland, the brothers entered into an agreement among themselves, according to which Robert retained Normandy. Soon, however, Henry I violated the treaty, started a war against Robert, captured him and imprisoned him in prison, where Robert died. Normandy remained with England, despite the resistance of the French king Louis VI. The dispute with the pope was also over, and Henry I recognized Pope Paschal II's right of investiture in the English Church. However, the royal power lost very little from this. Since the only son of Henry I died in a shipwreck, with the consent of the barons, the daughter of Henry I Matilda, who was at that time in her second marriage to Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, was declared heir to the throne.
However, after Henry I, Stephen (1135-1154), the son of Henry's sister and the Count of Blois, took the throne. This led to civil strife, which was accompanied by disputes between King Stephen and the clergy and raids by the Scots and Welsh. In 1153, Matilda's son (the future Henry II) landed in England, and since at that time Stephen lost his only son, the rivals concluded a peace treaty between themselves, according to which Henry II was declared heir to the throne.
Great Britain (England) History of Great Britain (England)
History of the creation of the British state Kings of England
Time of the Reign of the Plantagenets (House of Angevin) (1154-1485)
King Henry II of England (1154-1189)
King Richard I of England - Richard the Lionheart (1189-1199)
Magna Carta
The reign of King John the Landless of England (1199-1216) is one of the most significant in the history of England. At this time, a solid foundation was laid for her political freedom, which since then, having been subjected to various tests, has never completely disappeared.
King Henry III of England (1216-1272)
King Edward I of England (1272-1307)
King Edward II of England (1307-1327)
King Edward III of England (1327-1377)
King Richard II of England (1377-1399)
Lancastrian Dynasty (1399-1461)
King Henry IV of England (1399-1413)
King Henry V of England (1413-1422)
King Henry VI of England (1422-1461)
Wars of the Roses (1455-1485)
A 30-year series of wars of succession between the Houses of York and Lancaster, known as the Wars of the Roses. The supporters of the Scarlet Rose, or Lancastrians, were mainly the north-western counties, as well as Wales and Ireland, along with the barons, while on the side of the White Rose, or Yorks, stood the merchant south-east, the philistinism, the peasants and the lower house
York Dynasty (1461-1485)
King Edward IV of England (1461-1483)
King Richard III of England (1483-1485)
House of Tudor (1485-1603)
King Henry VII of England (1485-1509)
King Henry VIII of England (1509-1547)
King Edward VI of England (1547-1553)
Queen Mary I of England (1553-1558)
Queen Elizabeth I of England (1558-1603)
Stuart dynasty, revolution and restoration (1603-1689)
King James I of England (1603-1625)
King Charles I of England (1625-1649)
Military rule associated with the crisis of the royal reign of Charles I, Political leader and leader of the English Revolution, Cromwell, an outstanding military leader and statesman this period
King Charles II of England (1660-1685)
King James II of England (1685-1688)
Reign of William of Orange (1688-1702)
Queen of England, Queen Anne of Great Britain (1702-1714)
UK education
Artists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (British artists, English artists, Irish artists)
The historical merit of Queen Anne of England is the creation of the new state of Great Britain (England, Britain, Great Britain). In the internal life of the people, the most important event that marked the reign of Queen Anne of England was the final annexation of Scotland, which at one time, thanks to Jacobite machinations, assumed an overly independent position. In 1707, the Parliaments of both countries formed the state of Great Britain by an act of union that came into force on May 1 of that year.
Great Britain (England) History of Great Britain (England)
History of the creation of the British state Kings of Great Britain
King George I of Great Britain (1714-1727)
King George II of Great Britain (1727-1760)
King George III of Great Britain (1760-1820)
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created on 1 January 1801 by the merger of the Kingdom of Great Britain (itself a merger of Scotland and England in 1707) with the Kingdom of Ireland and existed until 1922.
King George IV of Great Britain and Ireland (1820-1830)
King William IV of Great Britain and Ireland (1830-1837)
Queen Victoria of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901)
With the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne, a period of deep internal transformations began in the public life of England, which gradually changed its old aristocratic system in the spirit of modern democracy.
King Edward VII of Great Britain and Ireland (1901-1910)
King George V of Great Britain and Ireland (1910-1927)
In 1927, by the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act, the name of the Kingdom was changed to the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland".
King George V of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1927-1936)
King Edward VIII of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1936 - abdicated)
King George VI of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1936-1952)
Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1952–present)
Great Britain (England) Culture of Great Britain
The culture of the United Kingdom (the Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Commonwealth) is rich and varied. It greatly influences culture on a global scale.
Britain has strong cultural ties with its former colonies, especially those states where English language is state-owned. Yes, some English music artists significantly influenced the development of music in the world (Beatles). Immigrants from the Indian subcontinent and the Caribbean have made significant contributions to British culture over the past half century. During the formation of the United Kingdom, it included the cultures of the former independent states who entered the community.
Great Britain (England) Art of England Fine art of Great Britain
Artists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (British artists, English artists, Irish artists)
UK artists are well known throughout the world.
Here is a small list of UK artists:
Abts Tomma, Allington Edward, Almond Darren, Blake Peter, Banksy Burgin, Victor Woodrow, Bill Gilbert, George Goldsworthy, Andy Gordon, Douglas Gormley, Anthony Deller, Jeremy Deacon, Richard Dean, Tacita Doig, Peter Delwood, Dexter Ziegler, Conrad Shawcross , Kossof Leon, Cragg Richard, Lucas Sarah, Lambie Jim, Mackenzie Lucy, Marr Leslie, Morris Sarah, Mueck Ron, Noble Paul, Tim Noble, Sue Webster, Ofili Chris, Riley Bridget, Wright Richard, Rego Paula, Richie Matthew, Rachel Howard, Saville Jenny, Skaer Lucy, Starling Simon, Wallinger Mark, Warren Rebecca, Webb Boyd, Finlay, Ian Hamilton, Fowler Luke, Freud Lucien, Hiorns Roger, Hatum Mona, Howson Peter, Hockney David, Hume Gary, Hirst Damien, Chapman Jake and Dinos, Shonibare Yinka, Shaw Rakib, Shulman Jason, Emin Tracy.
Artists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (British artists, English artists, Irish artists)
Today, modern British, English, Irish artists, sculptors, and masters of art photography live and work in the Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Artists of Great Britain (Artists of England) create new original paintings and sculptures.
Artists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (British artists, English artists, Irish artists)
In our gallery you can get acquainted with the works of the best British, English, Irish artists and sculptors.
Artists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (British artists, English artists, Irish artists)
In our gallery you can find and purchase for yourself the best works of British, English, Irish artists and sculptors.
