Encyclopedic dictionary of pseudonyms. The meaning of the word pseudonym in the explanatory dictionary of Efremova

Svetlana Kolosova

Introduction

Pseudonyms (from the Greek word “pseudonymos” - bearing a fictitious name) deserve study as one of the important factors creative life of all times and peoples. The science of pseudonyms, which by analogy with onomastics (the science of names) can be called pseudonomastics, or pseudonyms, i.e. the science of false (fictitious) names, is equally close to bibliography, linguistics and literary criticism.

The task of bibliographers is to determine who owns a particular pseudonym and compile dictionaries of pseudonyms; the task of linguists is to study the ways of forming pseudonyms and their semantic meaning; literary critics must explain the origin of pseudonyms, reveal the reasons (often social nature), forcing the author to remain incognito and invent fictitious names and surnames.

During the Renaissance international language science and culture was Latin, so the first dictionaries of pseudonyms listed authors who wrote in this language. The first such work apparently belongs to I. Sowers; it was published in 1652 and was called “On signatures and signs, under which the true names are hidden.” In 1669 in Leipzig, F. Geisler published a treatise “On Name Changes and Anonymous Writers.” In 1674, the German lawyer Vincent Plactius published the treatise “Review of Anonyms and Pseudonyms” in Hamburg. After his death, this work was expanded and republished: in 1698 by Fabricius, who brought it to 10 thousand titles, and in 1740 by Milius.

In 1690, Adrien Bayeux published in Paris a treatise “Authors listed under foreign, borrowed, invented, false, encrypted, deliberately changed, inverted or translated into another language surnames” and described in detail the reasons why writers replaced their the names were different, as well as the methods by which this replacement was made.

Among the reasons, Baye first names the fear of falling out of favor with powerful and influential people and getting into trouble, then the fear that the book will not be successful, as well as the love of antiquity, which pushed him to replace his name with a Greek or Roman one, the desire to hide the low origin of the author, etc.

From Bayeux's book it is clear that already in the 17th century. the custom of replacing one’s first and last name with others was widespread among writers, artists, painters, etc. Baye lists over two dozen methods of such replacement: using someone else’s name (sometimes for a fee), the names of relatives, servants, students, book characters; shortening the real name and surname, replacing them with a synonym or antithesis; translating them into another language; encrypting them using an anagram, acrostic, rebus; replacing real first and last names with initials or final letters, etc.

Thus, in Baye's book the first attempt was made to classify pseudonyms (although he does not use this word, it appeared later).

Antoine Barbier, librarian to Napoleon I, published in 1806-09. four-volume dictionary of anonymous writings that appeared on French. The modern English dictionary of pseudonyms (Kennedy) has about 60 thousand of them, and the German one (Holzmann and Bohat) has about 83 thousand. Even in a small country like Denmark, the dictionary of pseudonyms includes 10 thousand fictitious names.

Russian literary scholars and bibliographers also paid great attention to this issue. In 1874, G. Gennadi compiled a “List of Russian anonymous books with the names of their authors and translators.” The “Bibliographical Dictionary of Russian Women Writers” by N. Golitsyn (1865–1889) also lists their anonymous works and those published under pseudonyms. V. Kartsov and M. Mazaev began in 1891 - “The experience of a dictionary of pseudonyms of Russian writers.” Bibliographer I.F. Masanov collected over 80 thousand pseudonyms of Russian writers, scientists and public figures.

There are dictionaries of pseudonyms of Ukrainian writers A. Dey, Georgian writers G. Mikadze, Mari writers K. Vasin.

The proposed “Encyclopedic Dictionary of Pseudonyms” is a reference and biographical publication designed for wide circle readers interested in life and activities famous people of all times and peoples.

This publication includes pseudonyms of famous Russian and foreign government, political, party and public figures, scientists, writers, artists, performers, etc., reveals their real names and gives a brief biographical description.

In total, the publication contains about 2,500 pseudonyms. This is an incomplete collection. Work on compiling the dictionary continues and will be published in full.

The dictionary entries are arranged in alphabetical order. Each article begins with a pseudonym, which can be presented as a surname or first name (patronymic) and consist of one or more words. For example, Aspasia (real name and surname Elsa Rosenberg), Chukovsky Korney Ivanovich (real name and surname Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneychukov), etc. The real name and surname are revealed in brackets, and the years of birth and death are given. In other cases, when the author is equally known both under his real name and under a pseudonym, it is indicated first real name with reference to the pseudonym. For example, Bestuzhev A.A. (see Marlinsky A.A.), Krylov P.N. (see Kukryniksy), etc.

Encyclopedic dictionary of pseudonyms.

Introduction

Pseudonyms (from the Greek word “pseudonymos” - bearing a fictitious name) deserve study as one of the important factors in the creative life of all times and peoples. The science of pseudonyms, which by analogy with onomastics (the science of names) can be called pseudonomastics, or pseudonyms, i.e., the science of false (fictitious) names, is equally close to bibliography, linguistics and literary criticism.

The task of bibliographers is to determine who owns a particular pseudonym and compile dictionaries of pseudonyms; the task of linguists is to study the ways of forming pseudonyms and their semantic meaning; literary critics must explain the origin of pseudonyms, reveal the reasons (often of a social nature) that forced the author to remain incognito, to invent fictitious names and surnames.

During the Renaissance, the international language of science and culture was Latin, so the first pseudonymous dictionaries listed authors who wrote in this language. The first such work apparently belongs to I. Sowers; it was published in 1652 and was called “On signatures and signs, under which the true names are hidden.” In 1669 in Leipzig, F. Geisler published a treatise “On Name Changes and Anonymous Writers.” In 1674, the German lawyer Vincent Plactius published the treatise “Review of Anonyms and Pseudonyms” in Hamburg. After his death, this work was expanded and republished: in 1698 by Fabricius, who brought it to 10 thousand titles, and in 1740 by Milius.

From the history of pseudonyms

The custom of replacing one's name with another arose long ago, even before the invention of printing. But nicknames are even older than pseudonyms. Sometimes nicknames became literary names regardless of the will of their bearers.

The real names of the creators of many wonderful epic works have not reached us, but we know the nicknames of their authors. Thus, one of the first Indian poets who wrote the Ramayana (5th century BC) is known as Valmiki, i.e. “anthill” (in Sanskrit). Where does such a strange nickname come from? Legend says that in his youth he was engaged in robbery, and in old age, having repented and become a hermit, for many years sat so motionless that the ants built their home on it...

We do not know the real name of the ancient Indian poet, whose drama “Shakuntala” (about the love of a king and a simple girl) gained worldwide fame. We only know the author’s nickname - Kalidasa, that is, the slave of Kali, the goddess who personified the birth and death of all living things.

Some nicknames were associated with appearance author. Thus, the first ancient Roman poet whose works have survived to our time is known not as Appius Claudius, but as Appius Claudius the Blind. The name of the famous Roman orator - Cicero - is a nickname received for a wart (cicero - pea), or, rather, his third name given at birth (cognomen), and the first two, generic ones: Mark and Tullius, faded into the background.

The ancient Roman poets Ovid and Horace also had third names that marked the features of their appearance: the first - Naso (nosed); the second is Flaccus (lop-eared).

From the history of pseudonyms

The real names of the creators of many wonderful epic works have not reached us, but we know the nicknames of their authors. Thus, one of the first Indian poets who wrote the Ramayana (5th century BC) is known as Valmiki, i.e. “anthill” (in Sanskrit). Where does such a strange nickname come from? Legend says that in his youth he was engaged in robbery, and in his old age, having repented and become a hermit, he sat so motionless for many years that the ants built their home on him...

Some nicknames were associated with the author's appearance. Thus, the first ancient Roman poet whose works have survived to our time is known not as Appius Claudius, but as Appius Claudius the Blind. The name of the famous Roman orator - Cicero - is a nickname received for a wart (cicero - pea), or, rather, his third name given at birth (cognomen), and the first two, generic ones: Mark and Tullius, faded into the background.

The ancient Roman poets Ovid and Horace also had third names that marked the features of their appearance: the first - Naso (nosed); the second is Flaccus (lop-eared).

Sometimes a nickname emphasized some feature in the author’s character, his life or work. Thus, the Roman fabulist, who first introduced the genre of satire into literature, where people were depicted under the guise of animals, was nicknamed Phaedrus (in Greek - cheerful). He lived in the first century AD. e.

In ancient times, when surnames did not yet exist, the names of the authors could be the same, which caused confusion. So, in ancient Greek literature- as many as four Philostratas, which have to be distinguished by numbers: Philostratus I, Philostratus II, etc.

To avoid confusion, we used various ways. One of them was based on the use of the name of the father or grandfather. The famous scientist of the 11th-12th centuries, who lived in Bukhara, went down in history as Ibn Sina, that is, the son of Sina (in the Latinized form this name became Avicenna). Essentially, this was the germ of a surname: after all, among us, the Ivanovs and Petrovs appeared because one of our more or less distant ancestors was called Ivan or Peter.

But most often the surname was replaced by a nickname associated with the place of birth or residence of the author: Conrad of Würzburg, Diodorus Siculus, Simonides of Chios.

European medieval authors (most often monks), regardless of nationality, wrote in Latin. Pushkin notes that “in the 14th century... Latin was considered the first sign educated person" Therefore, many authors of those times had Latin nicknames. Thus, one of the first English historians, the blind Bada, is known under the name Venerabilis (venerable).

The nickname could also be based on occupation, title, social status author. One Byzantine poet of the 6th century is known under the name Paul the Silentiary, because at the court of Emperor Justinian he held the post of chief of the palace guard, who were called the Silentiari, that is, the guardians of silence.

Austrian poet of the 13th century. entered literature as Werner der Gertner, i.e. Werner the gardener: he was a monastery gardener for a long time. Nickname Protopresbyter Itskiy of the Spanish poet of the 14th century. Juan Ruiz says that he was a clergyman.

Often the life of a pseudonym was short: a fictitious name under which the aspiring author, out of caution or for other reasons, entered into literary field, turned out to be unnecessary and was discarded. But sometimes, and not so rarely, a pseudonym completely replaced the real name both on the pages of books and in life.

The reasons that forced the authors to remain incognito are very diverse. Some were forced to keep their names secret for fear of persecution; others abandoned their surname because of its cacophony; the social status of others did not allow them to speak openly in the literary field. Both beginners and famous authors hid under a pseudonym to divert the fire of criticism from themselves. Some came up with pseudonyms for themselves because it was fashionable, others because they had namesakes, and some out of a desire to mystify readers and make them puzzle over who was hiding under the pseudonym. There are authors who, out of modesty or indifference to fame, did not want to put their name on display.

Sometimes the author wanted to evoke in readers certain thoughts, feelings, and reminiscences that were in associative connection with the semantic meaning of the pseudonym. And for satirists and humorists, funny pseudonyms were an additional means to produce comic effect.

If the author’s intentions were not only to hide his name, but also to pass off his work as someone else’s, or if he wanted readers to imagine him (the author) not as he really was, then he followed the path of mystification further: signed with the name of a real person; took male name, being a woman, or feminine, being a man.

Introduction

The task of bibliographers is to determine who owns a particular pseudonym and compile dictionaries of pseudonyms; the task of linguists is to study the ways of forming pseudonyms and their semantic meaning; literary critics must explain the origin of pseudonyms, reveal the reasons (often of a social nature) that forced the author to remain incognito, to invent fictitious names and surnames.

Thus, in Baye's book the first attempt was made to classify pseudonyms (although he does not use this word, it appeared later).

Antoine Barbier, librarian to Napoleon I, published in 1806-09. a four-volume dictionary of anonymous writings that appeared in French. The modern English dictionary of pseudonyms (Kennedy) has about 60 thousand of them, and the German one (Holtzmann and Bohat) has about 83 thousand. Even in a small country like Denmark, the dictionary of pseudonyms includes 10 thousand fictitious names.

There are dictionaries of pseudonyms of Ukrainian writers A. Dey, Georgian writers G. Mikadze, Mari writers K. Vasin.

The proposed “Encyclopedic Dictionary of Pseudonyms” is a reference and biographical publication designed for a wide range of readers interested in the life and work of famous people of all times and peoples.

In total, the publication contains about 2,500 pseudonyms. This is an incomplete collection. Work on compiling the dictionary continues and will be published in full.

The dictionary entries are arranged in alphabetical order. Each article begins with a pseudonym, which can be presented as a surname or first name (patronymic) and consist of one or more words. For example, Aspasia (real name and surname Elsa Rosenberg), Chukovsky Korney Ivanovich (real name and surname Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneychukov), etc. The real name and surname are revealed in brackets, and the years of birth and death are given. In other cases, when the author is equally known both by his real surname and by a pseudonym, the real surname is indicated first with reference to the pseudonym. For example, Bestuzhev A.A. (see Marlinsky A.A.), Krylov P.N. (see Kukryniksy), etc.

In biographical articles, the compiler sought to give brief information about the author’s social background, education, creative activity, the history of the origin of the pseudonym, the names of the works and the years of their creation, about the merits.

The dictionary uses materials from various universal reference biographical and periodical publications (see the list of references used).

From the history of pseudonyms

The real names of the creators of many wonderful epic works have not reached us, but we know the nicknames of their authors. Thus, one of the first Indian poets who wrote the Ramayana (5th century BC) is known as Valmiki, i.e. “anthill” (in Sanskrit). Where does such a strange nickname come from? Legend says that in his youth he was engaged in robbery, and in his old age, having repented and become a hermit, he sat so motionless for many years that the ants built their home on him...

The ancient Roman poets Ovid and Horace also had third names that marked the features of their appearance: the first - Naso (nosed); the second is Flaccus (lop-eared).

In ancient times, when surnames did not yet exist, the names of the authors could be the same, which caused confusion. Thus, in ancient Greek literature there are as many as four Philostratas, who have to be distinguished by numbers: Philostratus I, Philostratus II, etc.

To avoid confusion, various methods have been used. One of them was based on the use of the name of the father or grandfather. The famous scientist of the 11th-12th centuries, who lived in Bukhara, went down in history as Ibn Sina, that is, the son of Sina (in the Latinized form this name became Avicenna). Essentially, this was the germ of a surname: after all, among us, the Ivanovs and Petrovs appeared because one of our more or less distant ancestors was called Ivan or Peter.

But most often the surname was replaced by a nickname associated with the place of birth or residence of the author: Conrad of Würzburg, Diodorus Siculus, Simonides of Chios.

European medieval authors (most often monks), regardless of nationality, wrote in Latin. Pushkin notes that “in the 14th century... the Latin language was revered as the first sign of an educated person.” Therefore, many authors of those times had Latin nicknames. Thus, one of the first English historians, the blind Bada, is known under the name Venerabilis (venerable).

The nickname could also be based on the occupation, title, or social position of the author. One Byzantine poet of the 6th century is known under the name Paul the Silentiary, because at the court of Emperor Justinian he held the post of chief of the palace guard, who were called the Silentiari, that is, the guardians of silence.

Often the life of a pseudonym was short: the fictitious name under which the aspiring author, out of caution or for other reasons, entered the literary field turned out to be unnecessary and was discarded. But sometimes, and not so rarely, a pseudonym completely replaced the real name both on the pages of books and in life.

The reasons that forced the authors to remain incognito are very diverse. Some were forced to keep their names secret for fear of persecution; others abandoned their surname because of its cacophony; the social status of others did not allow them to speak openly in the literary field. Both beginning and famous authors hid under a pseudonym to divert the fire of criticism from themselves. Some came up with pseudonyms for themselves because it was fashionable, others because they had namesakes, and some out of a desire to mystify readers and make them puzzle over who was hiding under the pseudonym. There are authors who, out of modesty or indifference to fame, did not want to put their name on display.

If the author’s intentions were not only to hide his name, but also to pass off his work as someone else’s, or if he wanted readers to imagine him (the author) not as he really was, then he followed the path of mystification further: signed with the name of a real person; took a masculine name when being a woman, or a feminine name when being a man.

A

Abarinova Antonina Ivanovna(real name Reichelt; 1842–1901) - Russian singer, drummer. artist. She took singing lessons from P. Viardot-Garcia in Paris. Sang in Italian. opera troupe in Odessa under the pseudonym Reggie. Performed in St. Petersburg. stage, since 1878 - only in drama. performances. She wrote memoirs (“Historical Bulletin”, 1901).

Abasheli Alexander Vissarionovich(present family name Chochia; 1884–1954) – cargo. poet. Revolutionary member movements. Exiled. Liter. began his activities in 1908. In his poems he sang the socialist. the conquests of the revolution, the heroic feat of the Soviets. warriors in Vel. Fatherland wars, creative work of Soviet people. In the last poems (“Dove of the people”, “We don’t want war”, etc.) he appears as a passionate fighter for peace between nations.

Abdullah Sabir(real name Abdullayev Sabirdzhan; 1905–1972) – Uzbek. writer, people poet of Uzbekistan. Genus. in the family of an employee. Wrote poems, stories, rum. “Mavlono Mukimi” about Uzbek. democratic poet, contemporary drama. themes, music dramas based on narrative plots. legends.

Abdurahman Khazhar(real name Abdurakhman Sharafkandi; b. 1920) – Kurdish. poet. Genus. in the family of an intellectual. Studied philosophy and logic. For politics activities were subject to arrests. Began publishing in 1945. Author of collections of poems "Alakok" (1945), "The Tale of Sheep's Heads" (1957), etc. In his works. calls for a struggle for peace, for the liberation of the Kurds. people. Translated from Azerbaijani, Arabic. and pers. Farsi languages.

Abel Rudolf Ivanovich(real name and surname William Genrikhovich Fisher; 1903–1971) – intelligence officer, colonel. Since 1927 in the state security agencies of the USSR. In 1957 he was arrested in the USA and sentenced to Amer. sentenced to 30 years in prison. In 1962 he returned to the USSR as a result of an exchange with an American. pilot F. Powers, shot down on May 1, 1960 in the Soviet Union. air space.

Abidjan Anwar(real name and last name: Anvarzhan Obitzhanov; b. 1947) – Uzbek. writer, journalist. Began publishing in 1974. Known for children's science. – fantastic. the story "Alamazon and His Infantry".

Abraham Pierre(present family name Blok; presumably born 1892) – French. writer, literary critic, translator, journalist. Researcher of the works of O. Balzac, M. Proust. The author is a theater scholar. works At one time he was an actor. Brother French writer J.R. Blok.

Abramova Maria Moritsovna(real name Heinrich; 1865–1892) – Russian. actress, entrepreneur. Prof. scenic activities began in Perm. Was preem. heroic-romantic actress. In 1889, having received a rich inheritance, A. rented Shelaputin’s office in Moscow and organized her own business. t-r called "Abramova's Theater". In 1890-91, after the theater was closed, she played in the Yekaterinburg troupe of P.M. Medvedev. Best roles: Medea (op. Suvorin and Burenin), Vasilisa Melentyevna (op. Ostrovsky and Gedeonov), etc.

Abu-Bakar Ahmedkhan(real name Abakarov; 1931–1991) - Dargin writer, people. writer of Dagestan. His poems, stories, plays are dedicated to modern life. Dagestan.

Abu Salma(real name Abd al-Kerim al-Karma; b. 1910) – Arab. poet, society activist He was a lawyer and taught. His work is opposed to fashionable imitations and new letters. schools and movements. Author Sat. poems "Wanderer" (1953). The most popular are his qasidas “Baghdad” (1958), “Flame over Jordan”, etc.

Abul-Faraj al-Isfahani(real name Ali ibn Hussein ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmed al-Qurashi; 897–967) - Arabic. poet, scientist. Descendant of the last Umayyad caliph Merwan ibn Muhammad al-Isfahani. Special attention devoted to ancient history, genealogy, philology and poetry. There was a secret. and court poet of the Buid rulers. Its main prod., over cat. worked ok. 50 years old, - “Book of Songs” (vol. 1-21, published 1904, Cairo). Author of the "Book of Travels", where all the poems are collected. and anecdotes for the period from 786 to 902.

Avalyan Mkrtich(real name Melik-Avalyan; 1850–1909) – Armenian. actor, translator. Scenic began his activities in Tiflis in 1873. One of the founders of Armenian. t-ra of new times. He played character and drama. roles: Sarkis, Parsig (“Another Victim”, “The Ruined Hearth” by Sundukyan), etc.

Avasi(real name and last name: Armenak Parsamovich Markosyan; 1896–1978) – Armenian. composer, poet, tar and saz player, singer, reader. Nar. art. Arm. SSR. Author of song collections.

Avgeris Markos(real name and last name: Georgos Papadopoulos; presumably b. 1884) – Greek. writer, critic, publicist, translator. A doctor by training. He spoke on the pages of the progressive press in defense of realism. lawsuits and national traditions.

Aveline Alfred(Charles Andre) (real name Andre Marie Van Gasselt; 1806–1874) – Belgian. writer. Author of works on the history of literature, essays on art, publisher of ancient texts. Was influenced by the French. romanticism. In his works sang the revolutionary. France, heroic the struggle of the Greeks for independence, advancement. thought about social justice.

Avid(real name Mahler-Kalkstein; presumably b. 1908) - Israeli composer, teacher. Author of operas, symphonies, op. for chamber orchestra, string ensembles, etc. He was chairman of the Israeli Union of Composers; taught. He acted as a music critic.

Abraham(worldly name Averky Ivanovich Palitsyn; year of birth unknown - d. 1626) - Russian. church activist Celar of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. He was close to Tsar Vasily Shuisky. He actively contributed to the victory of Dmitry Pozharsky’s militia, calling for a fight against the Polish invaders in 1612. Author of op. "Legend" about the cross. uprisings of the 17th century

Agar(real name and last name: Marie Leonid Charvin; 1832–1936?) – French. actress. On stage since 1859. Based on creative experience Rachelle, A. developed and strengthened the realist movement. trends in drama lawsuit in France. Revolutionaries occupied a large place in A.'s concert repertoire. poems by V. Hugo and Barbier. After the fall of the Paris Commune, A. was persecuted by the reactionary bourgeois public, the press and the government of the Third Republic, which demanded severe punishment for the actress who collaborated with the communists. For a number of years she was banned from playing in Paris. Recent years life performed in the provinces and abroad.

Agarev Anatoly Apollinarievich(real name Tsekhanovich; 1864–1909) – Russian. actor. Graduated from St. Petersburg. theater. school He began performing on provincial stages. In 1903-09 in t-re letters. – arts. society (T. Suvorin) in St. Petersburg. Participation on tours M.G. Savina. Having a great stage presence. temperament, A. performed preem. dramatic roles: Acosta (“Uriel Acosta” by Gutskov), Tsar Fyodor (“Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich” by A.K. Tolstoy), etc.

Aghdam Ahmed Bashirogly(real name Badalbeyli; 1884–1954) – Azerbaijani. singer. One of the founders of Azerbaijan. music t-ra. Participated in music. and dram. performances.

Agish Sagit(real name and last name: Sagit Ishmukhamedovich Agishev; b. 1904) – Bashk. writer. Graduated from ped. technical school He began publishing in 1925. He is the author of books of short stories and stories “Applied to Conditions” (1933), “Dzhigits” (1939), “The Horseman of Il-Murza” (1942). He also wrote for children.

Agramov Mikhail Vasilievich(real name Avramov; born unknown - died 1893) - Russian. director, actor. On stage since 1861. Since 1886 he has staged the following plays: “Woe from Wit” by Griboedov, “The Hermitage”, “Skomorokh”. In 1893 he was the director of the Odessa Theater.

Agranenko Zakhar Markovich(real name Erukhimovich; 1912–1960) – Russian. playwright, director. Graduated from GITIS (1937). He staged plays in Leningrad. Big dramatic t-re (“Russian Question”, 1947, “Alien Shadow”, 1949, Simonova). He was the head of letters. part and director of the Baltic Fleet. As a film director and screenwriter post. f.: “Immortal Garrison”, “Leningrad Symphony”.

Agricola Georg(present family name Bauer; 1494–1555) – German. scientist. For the first time, the experience of a mining and metallurgist was generalized. production in the work “On Mining...” (1550, 12 books, published 1556), cat. until the 18th century served as main manual on geology, mining. business and metallurgy.

Agricola Martin(present fam. Zore; 1486–1556) – German. music theorist, composer, teacher. Since 1524 cantor of the Magdeburg Protestant School. Some of his books served for teaching there. Protestant schools. Translated on it. language music – theory works. Introduced a number of muses into use. terms stored in it. musicology.

Agyei(real name Sachchidanand Hiranand Vatsyayan; b. 1911) – Indian. writer. Genus. in the family of a landowner. Author of collections of poems “The Battle Messenger” (1933), “Thought” (1942); Sat. stories “Lost” (1937), “Tradition” (1944). He owns the novels “Shekhar” (1941), “Islands in the River” (1952), etc.

Adalis(real name and last name: Adelina Efimovna Efron; 1900–1969) – Russian. writer, teacher. She began publishing in 1918. She was interested in physics, biology, cosmogony, history, archeology, cybernetics; translated from foreign language

Adamants(real name and family name: Boris Nikolaevich Almazov; 1827–1876) – Russian. poet, critic, translator. Author of feuilletons, parodies, poems, lyricist. poems. He published works of the parody genre mainly. under ps. Erast Blagonravov. As a critic he joined the supporters of “pure art”.

Adamashvili M.S.(see M. Javakhishvili).

Adamov G.(real name and last name: Grigory Borisovich Gibs; 1886–1945) – Russian. writer. He was a revolutionary. Participant in terrorist act of destroying destinies. document about the uprising on the battleship “Prince Potemkin-Tavrich.” He was arrested. Worked as a journalist. A.'s creativity belongs entirely to science. fiction. The most famous product. – rum. “The Mystery of Two Oceans” (1938; filmed).

Adamyan Nora(real name and last name Eleonora Georgievna Adamova; b. 1910) – Russian. writer. Liter. work, mainly translations, beginning engaged since 1939. First Sat. stories were published in 1953. Dedicated to the works of A. preim. Moral and everyday problems are characterized by psychological subtlety. analysis, attention to art. details. Author of collections of stories and stories “The Beginning of Life” (1955), “At the Blue Mountains” (1957), “The Girl from the Ministry” (1959), etc.

Adashev Alexander Ivanovich(present family name Platonov; 1871–1934?) – Russian. actor, teacher. Scenic He began his activities in 1890. Until 1913 he worked in the Moscow Art Theater troupe from its founding (1898). In 1923-27 he taught at the theater. school at Kiev Russian dramatic t-re.

Adzhamatov A.A.(see Atkay).

Ajzi(real name Khoja Said-Ahmad-Khoja Siddiqui; 1865–1926) – Taj. writer, teacher. Ideologist cf. - Asian Jadidism. Published by a satirist. poetry. Participation in religion movement. He was a craftsman.

Adigezalov A.(see Geraniums).

Admoni Johann Grigorievich(real name Admoni-Krasny; 1906–1979) – Russian. composer. Author of operas, ballets, concert for FP. with orc. Wrote music for dramatic performances. t-drov and to the film.

Azhi Petr Petrovich(real name Azhis Pierre Louis; 1752–1828) – grew up. sculptor, foundry worker, chaser, teacher. Genus. in France. Lived and worked in Russia. One of the authors of the sculptural decoration of the Grand Cascade in Peterhof, the decorative decoration of the Mikhailovsky Castle, Anichkov Palace and the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg. In 1787, for a medallion with the image of Peter I, he received the title of “appointed”.

Azarin Azari Mikhailovich(present family Messerer; 1897–1937) – Russian. actor. Honored art. RSFSR (1935). Scenic began his activity in 1918 in the studio of E. Vakhtangov. In 1919 he moved to the 2nd studio of the Moscow Art Theater. A.'s art was characterized by subtle humor, lightness, sly gaiety, and clever mischief. Since 1934 he was a director and worked in many. t-rah of Moscow.

Azeroglu(real name Balash Abizade; b. 1921) – Azerbaijani. poet, total activist He led the society of emigrant writers. First Sat. poems were published in 1946. A.'s poems and verses are dedicated to the life of socialists. Azerbaijan.

Aziz Nesin(real name Mahmud Nusret; b. 1915) – Turk. writer, satirist and humorist, playwright. Aziz was his father's name. In addition, he had more than two hundred pseudonyms. This was explained by the fact that when the authorities closed the gas station where the satirist worked, he could not place his works anywhere if he signed them with his name. In satirical prod. A.N. spoke out against the ugly sides of the tour. reality, political opportunism in inter-party struggle. The characters he portrays are comic. characters and circumstances reflect the contradictions between societies. and frequently life.

Aznavour Charles(real name and surname Varenag Aznavuryan or Aznauryan; b. 1924) – French. chansonnier, composer and film actor. On stage since the 1940s. Author of songs and music for films. Filmed in f. “The Devil and the Ten Commandments” and others. He toured Russia several times. A document is dedicated to his work. f. “Aznavour Sings” (1973).

Hayartyan(Ay-Artyan) Artashes Tatevosovich(real name Harutyunyan; 1899–1978) – Armenian. actor, director. Nar. art. Arm. SSR. Take it off. in the film: “Bay of Death”, “Traitor”, etc. Since 1929, director. Fast. f.: “Peter Ivanovich” (1932), “Karo” (1937), “People of our collective farm” (1940), “Hunter from Lalvar” (1966), etc.

Aibek(real name and surname Musa Tashmukhamedov; 1904/05-1968) - people. Uzbekistan writer, academician. He wrote poems, poems, novels. Translated into Uzbek. language series of classics prod. rus. and European liters The meaning of his letters is poetic. name - Aibek, i.e. “Knight of the Moon”. It is associated with childhood memories. One of the brightest of them, according to Aibek himself, was a moonlit night.

Aivazovsky(Gayvazovsky) Ivan Konstantinovich (real name Ayvazyan; 1817–1900) – Russian. painter. Marine painter. The son of a small Armenian merchant. From 1845 he lived in Feodosia. In his works depicted the sea, ships struggling with the waves (“The Ninth Wave”, 1850). Mn. works are dedicated to the exploits of Russians. sailors (“Battle of Chesma”, “Battle of Navarino” (1848). A. created about 6 thousand paintings (of unequal artistic quality), many drawings and watercolors.

Aidarov Sergey Vasilievich(real name Vishnevsky; 1867–1938) – Russian. actor. Honored activist in the RSFSR (1937). On stage since 1898. Great value for A. was his work in the Novy t-r (youth branch of the Small t-r) under the leadership of A.P. Lensky. Played the roles: Krutitsky, Vyshnevsky, Berendey, Ivan the Terrible (“Simplicity is enough for every wise man”, “ Plum", "The Snow Maiden", "Vasilisa Melentyevna" by Ostrovsky), etc. As a post director. plays “On a Lively Place” by Ostrovsky (1915), “Before the Dawn” by P. Gnedich (1910), etc. In 1925 he headed the studio. Ermolova. Since 1904 he was a pedagogue. work.

Aydin(real name Manzur Sabirov; 1906–1953) – Uzbek. writer. Ps. "Aydin" means "clear". She was a magazine editor. She wrote poetry (collections “Song of Dawn”, 1931, “Skillful Hands”, 1932), stories (collections “Girls”, 1943, “Shirin Came”, 1944), plays about Uzbek. women, about work, love and family.

Aykak Grazdan(real name and last name: Arpiar Arpiaryan; 1850–1908) – Armenian. writer, publicist. In Turkey, and then in England, he founded newspapers. denounced everything inert and conservative in Armenian. everyday life, protested against philistinism and religious fanaticism. Author of the book. short stories “Pictures of Life” (1885), stories “Idiot” (1886), “Adopted” (1894), etc. Killed in Cairo.

Aini(real name Sadriddin Said-Murodzoda; 1878–1954) – Taj. writer, scientist, publicist, society. activist First Pres. (since 1951) Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan. Under ps. Aini began publishing in 1896. The founder of the Taj. and one of the founders of Uzbek. owls liters. Promoted the ideas of the Bolshevik worldview. Publ. the story “Odin” (1924), “The Death of a Moneylender” (1939), the novels “Dokhunda” (1927-28), “Slaves” (1934), etc. The author is a journalist. articles, historical and artistic essays, studies on the history and philology of peoples Wed. Asia. State Laureate USSR Ave. (1950).

Akimenko Fedor Stepanovich(real name Yakimenko; 1876–1945) – Russian. composer. Brother Y.S. Stepovy. Studied with N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, A.K. Lyadova. His orc gained fame. and fp. miniatures, romances, Russian adaptations. and Ukrainian songs.

Akimov Vladimir Petrovich(present surname Makhnovets; 1872–1921) – participant in the growing up. Social-Democrats movement since the 90s, one of the leaders of “economism”. Since 1903 Menshevik. In 1907 from the political. activity moved away.

Akita Tokuzo(see Ujaku).

Akselrod L.I.(see Orthodox).

Alberdinck Tame J.A.(see Pauwels Forestier).

Aldanov Mark Alexandrovich(present fam. Landau; 1889–1957) – Russian. writer. Chemical engineer by profession. Acted as a literature researcher. Emigrated to France. Published abroad. historical cycle novels covering Russian events. and zap. – European history of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Author of the book. essays.

Aldan-Semyonov(real name Andrei Ignatievich Semenov; b. 1908) – Russian. writer. The first book. poems published in 1934. He was illegally repressed in 1938–1953, spent the years of imprisonment in the Far North (he worked in gold mining, was a fisherman, a lumberjack). He wrote stories about the lives of gold miners, fishermen, and hunters; novel “Red and White” about the events of Oct. revolution and civil. war.

Aleardi(real name Gaetano Aleardi; 1812–1878) – Italian. poet, politician figure of the Risorgimento era. During his lifetime he enjoyed enormous popularity. His patriotic ideas were especially widespread. poems (collection “Songs”, 1864). One of his most talented poems. – “Seven Soldiers” (1861) – dedicated to G. Garibaldi.

Alexandrov(real name and last name: Alexander Andreevich Shmakov; b. 1909) – Russian. writer. Genus. to the cross. family. Graduated from ped. int. Published since 1939. Most important. prod. – “Petersburg Exile” (books 1–3. 1951-55). He gave essays at current topics. Known as a literary and local historian.

Alexandrov Viktor(real name and last name Viktor Aleksandrovich Krylov; 1838–1906) – Russian. playwright. He wrote over 120 dramas and comedies. The patriarch spoke in defense. family foundations. Among the plays, primitive vaudeville comedies, often borrowed from Western countries, predominated. – European bourgeois dramaturgy, which hindered the development of stage performances. lawsuit The word “Krylovshchina” at the end of the 19th century. became a symbol of theater. routine and inertia.

Alexandrov Vladimir Borisovich(real name Keller; 1898–1954) – Russian. owls lit. critic, teacher. Son of academician B.A. Keller. Lit. activity began in 1918. Publ. a number of articles about Russian classics. and zarub. literature, developed the problems of nationality and realism in Russian. poetry. The breadth of posing questions, the desire to overcome vulgar sociological. view of art, great erudition - character. features of A.'s works

Alexandrov Grigory Vasilievich(real name Mormonenko; 1903–1983) – film director, people. art. USSR. One of the creators of the owl genre. music comedy films Staged: “Jolly Guys”, “Circus”, “Volga-Volga”, etc. Twice State Laureate. USSR Ave.

Alexandrova-Kochetova Alexandra Dorimedontovna(real name Kochetova, nee Sokolova; 1833–1902) – Russian. singer, teacher. In 1865-78 she sang at the Bolshoi Theater. She also performed as a chamber singer. In 1866-80 prof. Moscow cons. Author of a number of romances. P.I. Tchaikovsky dedicated the romance “Both Painful and Sweet” to her.

Alexandrov-Fedotov (Alexandrov) Alexander Nikolaevich(real name Fedotov; 1901–1973) – Russian. circus artist, people art. Russia. Acrobat, aerial gymnast, trainer of wild animals.

Alekseev Alexey Grigorievich(real name Lifshits; b. 1887) – Russian. pop artist, director. One of the creators of a new variety genre in Russia – the entertainer. A lawyer by training. Artistic activity began in 1909 in Odessa. He acted as an actor, entertainer, and director in miniature theaters in Odessa, Kyiv and other cities. Since 1915 in Petrograd. Gained popularity as a witty entertainer and improviser. Author of comedies and librettos for operettas, including “Louis the Eleventh.”

Alekseev Mikhail Alexandrovich(real name Bryzdnikov; presumably born 1895) – Russian. writer. Served in the Red Army. Published rom. “Bolsheviks”, “Nineteen Hundred and Seventeenth”, etc.

Alexis Willibald(real name and last name: Wilhelm Hering or Goering; 1798–1871) – German. writer, critic, publicist. Author of a number of historical books. novels (“Castle Avalon”, “Roland of Berlin”, etc.).

Alain(real name and surname: Emile Auguste Chartier; 1868–1951) – French. lit. critic, philosopher, teacher. Ps. "Alain" was chosen after his ancestor or namesake poet Alain Chartier. Worked in the provincial newspapers. Participant in World War I. He preached pacifist ideas. For 40 years he was a leading lit. a columnist in Paris and rendered it means. influence on French Literary 1st half. XX century

Sirin and Alkonost. Bird of Joy and Bird of Sorrow. Painting by Viktor Vasnetsov. 1896 Wikimedia Commons

I. Nicknames “with meaning”

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Perhaps the most important pseudonym for Russia of the 20th century - Maxim Gorky. It belonged to Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov (1868-1936), a writer and playwright who came from the very bottom of society. Soviet power loved Gorky not so much for his talent as for his origin and life experience: A gifted, self-taught man from Nizhny Novgorod, he spent his youth wandering around Russia and participating in several underground Marxist circles. In 1892, 24-year-old Peshkov published his first story “Makar Chudra” in the Tiflis newspaper “Caucasus” and signed it “M. Bitter". Subsequently, the letter "M." became the name "Maxim", probably in honor of the writer's father.

The meaning of the fictitious surname “Gorky” is clear to any reader of the young author’s first collection of stories and essays (1898): he wrote about thieves and drunkards, sailors and workers, about what he later called “the wild music of labor” and “the leaden abominations of wild Russian life.” " The success of Gorky's stories was stunning: according to the biographical dictionary "Russian Writers", in just eight years - from 1896 to 1904 - more than 1,860 materials were published about the writer. And ahead of him was long life and colossal fame. In particular, his native Nizhny Novgorod was renamed Gorky in 1932, that is, during the author’s lifetime. And the huge city bore the name of the writer, or rather, his pseudonym until 1990.

It should be noted that Alexey Maksimovich did not use a pseudonym for long in his youth Yehudiel Chlamida. Under this name, he wrote several satirical feuilletons on local topics in Samara Gazeta in 1895.

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The first novels of Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977) were published under a pseudonym V. Sirin. In 1920, the future writer came with his parents to Berlin. Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov (1869-1922) was a major political figure, one of the founders of the Constitutional Democratic Party, and in post-revolutionary emigration he continued to be involved in politics, in particular, he published the newspaper “Rul” in Berlin. It is not surprising that Nabokov Jr. began publishing under an assumed name, otherwise the reading public would have been completely bewildered by the abundance of V. Nabokov in periodicals. Under the pseudonym Sirin, “Mashenka”, “Luzhin’s Defense”, “King, Queen, Jack”, a magazine version of “The Gift” and several other works were published. The meaning of the word “Sirin” was beyond doubt among readers: a sad, beautiful-voiced bird of paradise.

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Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev (1880-1934) abandoned his own name and surname, entering the annals of Russian poetry, prose (and poetry) as Andrey Bely. A symbolist pseudonym for the young Bugaev was invented by Mikhail Sergeevich Solovyov, brother of the famous philosopher Vladimir Solovyov. It is believed that the name Andrei was supposed to remind of the first of the called apostles of Christ, and Bely - of the white color, in which all the colors of the spectrum are dissolved.

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In the 1910s, Efim Pridvorov (1883-1945), a native of the Kherson province, began publishing poems under the name Demyan Bedny. The success of his writings was so great that in honor of this “Bolshevik” poetic kind weapons" (as Leon Trotsky spoke of it), the old city of Spassk in the Penza province was renamed Bednodemyanovsk in 1925, and under this name, which long outlived the glory of the proletarian poet, the city existed until 2005.

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Writer Nikolai Kochkurov (1899-1938) chose a self-explanatory pseudonym with a sarcastic undertone: under the name Artem Vesely in the late 1920s and early 1930s, he published several books about the revolution and Civil War(novel “Russia, washed in blood”, story “Rivers of Fire”, play “We”).

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A student of Maxim Gorky, Alexey Silych Novikov (1877-1944), who served in the Russo-Japanese War as a sailor, added one thematic word to his own surname and became known as a marine painter. Novikov-Priboy. He wrote the novel “Tsushima” (1932), one of the most popular military-historical novels in the USSR, and a number of short stories and novellas. It is noteworthy that Novikov-Priboy made his debut as the author of two essays about the Battle of Tsushima, published under the pseudonym A. Worn out.

II. Exotic aliases and hoaxes

Elizaveta Ivanovna Dmitrieva. 1912 Wikimedia Commons

One of the most famous literary hoaxes of the early 20th century was Cherubina de Gabriac. Under this name, in 1909, Elizaveta Ivanovna (Lilya) Dmitrieva (married Vasilyeva, 1887-1928) published her poems in the symbolist magazine Apollo. She was patronized by Maximilian Voloshin (whose, by the way, real name is Kireenko-Voloshin). Together they managed to create a charming and mysterious literary mask, and Apollo, led by Sergei Makovsky, published two cycles of poems by the young and noble Spanish recluse Cherubina. Soon the hoax was revealed, one of the unexpected consequences of this exposure was a duel between Nikolai Gumilyov, who had previously courted Vasilyeva, and Maximilian Voloshin on the Black River (of all places in St. Petersburg!). Fortunately for Russian poetry, this fight ended bloodlessly. It is interesting that Vyacheslav Ivanov, in the “Tower” where Dmitrieva herself visited, according to Voloshin’s memoirs, said: “I really appreciate Cherubina’s poems. They are talented. But if this is a hoax, then it’s brilliant.”

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In the mid-1910s, Moscow publications regularly published poems, feuilletons and parodies of caustic Don Aminado. This exotic name chose Aminad Petrovich Shpolyansky (1888-1957), lawyer and writer, memoirist. His parodies famous poets beginning of the century, including Balmont and Akhmatova, enjoyed great success. After the revolution, Shpolyansky emigrated. His aphorisms, popular among readers of emigrant Russian-language periodicals, were included in the collection “Neskuchny Sad” as a single cycle entitled “New Kozma Prutkov.”

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The pseudonym of Alexander Stepanovich Grinevsky (1880-1932) should be classified as exotic: the author of timeless romantic stories « Scarlet Sails" and "Running on the Waves", the creator of the sonorous fictional cities of Zurbagan and Liss signed his books with a short foreign name Green.

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The name of Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Buchinskaya, née Lokhvitskaya (1872-1952) says little to the modern reader, but her nickname is Teffi- is known much better. Teffi is one of the most caustic authors in Russian literature, the author of the inimitable “Demonic Woman” and a long-term employee of “Satyricon”, the main humor magazine pre-revolutionary Russia. In the story “Pseudonym,” Teffi explained the origin of this name from “one fool,” because “fools are always happy.” In addition, by choosing a strange, meaningless, but sonorous and memorable word, the writer bypassed the traditional situation when female writers hide behind male pseudonyms.

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Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev (1905-1942) used dozens of pseudonyms, but the most famous of them is Kharms. The questionnaire that the poet filled out in 1925 has been preserved. He gave his last name as Yuvachev-Kharms, and when asked if he had a pseudonym, he replied: “No, I’m writing Kharms.” Researchers have linked this short, memorable word to English harm(“harm”), French charme(“charm”), Sanskrit dharma(“religious duty, cosmic law and order”) and even Sherlock Holmes.

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To section exotic nicknames I just have to get there Grivadiy Gorpozhaks. Unfortunately, this author penned only one work - a parody of a spy novel called “Gene Green - Untouchable” (1972). Three authors were hiding behind the impossible Grivadiy: poet and screenwriter Grigory Pozhenyan (1922-2005), military intelligence officer and writer Ovid Gorchakov (1924-2000) and none other than Vasily Aksenov himself (1932-2009). Perhaps, after Kozma Prutkov, this is the most striking collective literary pseudonym.

III. Translated surnames, or anagrams

I. Repin and K. Chukovsky. Caricature of Mayakovsky from the album “Chukokkala”. 1915 feb-web.ru

Almost certainly the most popular author of the 20th century who wrote in Russian is Korney Chukovsky: in Russia it is difficult to grow up without Aibolit and Telefon, Mukha-Tsokotukha and Moidodyr. The author of these immortal children's fairy tales was named Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneychukov (1882-1969) at birth. In his youth, he created a fictitious first and last name from his last name, and a few years later he added the patronymic Ivanovich to them. The children of this remarkable poet, translator, critic and memoirist received the middle names Korneevichi and the surname Chukovsky: such a “deep” use of a pseudonym is not often found.

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Create nicknames by rearranging letters own name, - old literary game. For example, the famous fabulist Ivan Andreevich Krylov (1769-1844) several times used the wild but cute signature Navi Volyrk. In the 20th century, Mark Aleksandrovich Landau (1886-1957), better known as Mark Aldanov, author of the tetralogy “The Thinker” french revolution, a trilogy about the Russian revolution ("The Key", "Escape", "The Cave") and several other large and small works.

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Alias value Gaidar, taken by Arkady Petrovich Golikov (1904-1941), a classic of Soviet children's literature, still raises questions. According to Timur Arkadyevich, the writer’s son, the answer is this: ““G” is the first letter of the Golikov surname; “ai” is the first and last letter name; “d” - in French “from”; “ar” - the first letters of the name hometown. G-AY-D-AR: Golikov Arkady from Arzamas.”

IV. Pseudonyms for journalism

Illustration from the book “Key to the upper Devonian of southern New York: designed for teachers and students in secondary schools.” 1899 A chisel is a tool for working metal or stone. Internet Archive Digital Library

To publish under a pseudonym as literary critic- a long-standing magazine tradition even by modest (chronologically, not qualitatively) Russian standards. And the sun of Russian poetry did not disdain to sign with a fictitious name (Feofilakt Kosichkin). So by the beginning of the 20th century, pseudonyms for publicists had just become optional. For example, Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilev (1886-1921), publishing in his own magazine “Sirius”, used the pseudonym Anatoly Grant. And Yuri Karlovich Olesha (1899-1960), collaborating in the famous satirical department of the Gudok newspaper, signed as Chisel.

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The journalistic pseudonym had to be catchy, otherwise readers might not pay attention to it. Thus, the poetess and writer Zinaida Gippius (1869-1945) signed critical articles in the magazines “Scales” and “Russian Thought” as Anton Krainy. Among the guises of Valery Bryusov (1873-1924) were Aurelius, And Harmody, And Pentaur. And the author of popular stories for young people at the beginning of the 20th century, book historian and memoirist Sigismund Feliksovich Librovich (1855-1918) was published in the “Bulletin of Literature”, signing Lucian the Strong.

V. Pseudonyms “according to circumstances”

Ivan III tears up the Khan's letter. Painting by Alexey Kivshenko. 1879 Wikimedia Commons

Seventeen-year-old Anna Andreevna Gorenko (1889-1966) did not dare to publish her first poems under her own name and took her great-grandmother’s surname as a pseudonym - Akhmatova. Under Tatar name it remained in literature. In her autobiographical essay “Budka,” written in 1964, she focused on the importance of this name for history: “My ancestor Khan Akhmat was killed at night in his tent by a bribed Russian killer, and with this, as Karamzin narrates, the Mongol yoke ended in Rus'.”

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Both authors of The Twelve Chairs and The Golden Calf wrote under pseudonyms. Evgenia Petrova(1902-1942) was actually named Evgeniy Petrovich Kataev, he was the younger brother of Valentin Kataev (1897-1986) and chose to become famous under a fictitious (semi-fictitious in his case) name. Ilya Ilf(1897-1937) at birth received the name Ilya Arnoldovich Fainzilberg, but shortened it almost to the initials - Il-f.

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A separate chapter in the story about pseudonyms should be written by writers who changed their German, Polish, Jewish surnames to Russian. Thus, the author of “The Naked Year” and “The Tale unextinguished moon» Boris Pilnyak(1894-1938) at birth bore the surname Vogau, but changed it for the publication of his first youthful works and subsequently published only under a fictitious surname, meaning a resident of a village where wood was cut.

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Vikenty Vikentievich Veresaev(1867-1945), author of the timeless "Notes of a Doctor", came from the old noble family of Smidovich; major figure in the Bolshevik movement and party leader in Soviet era Pyotr Smidovich is the writer’s second cousin.

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The traveler Vasily Yanchevetsky (1874-1954), having taken up historical fiction and succeeded in this field, shortened his surname to Jan. Readers of “Lights on the Mounds,” “Genghis Khan,” and “Batu” know him by this name.

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Author of "Two Captains" Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin(1902-1989) was born into the Zilber family, but, having entered the literary field, he borrowed the name from a friend of A.S. Pushkin, the daring hussar and rake Pyotr Kaverin. It is remarkable that Zilber defended his dissertation at Leningrad University on Osip Senkovsky, the most popular mid-19th century to a writer who became famous under the pseudonym Baron Brambeus. And Osip Ivanovich was a master of pseudonyms: he signed, among other things, “Ivan Ivanov, son of Khokhotenko-Khlopotunov-Pustyakovsky, retired second lieutenant, landowner of various provinces and cavalier of integrity” and “Dr. Karl von Bitterwasser.”