Most pressing concern
All labor and craft -
This is to new job
It was made better than before.
- educational: acquaintance with ancient folk toys, the vitality of these images in modern folk clay toys;
- developing: develop the ability to use various techniques of decorative painting; achieve unity of form and decor in children's toys; continue to improve the ability to work collectively and enjoy the results teamwork. Formation of skills in working with plastic materials;
- educational: to cultivate a love for folk art, emotional responsiveness to the works of masters from famous centers of folk crafts. Contribute to the formation of artistic taste.
Literature:
- L.A. Latynin “Images” folk art”.
- Encyclopedic Dictionary young artist.
- Magazine “Art” 1983/2.
- N.A. Goryaeva “Decorative and applied art in human life.”
Visual range:
- posters and illustrations depicting clay toys.
- creative works of students.
- tables with examples of the main elements of painting folk clay toys of various crafts.
Musical series:
- cheerful folk music,
- naughty ditties.
Materials:
- clay for children's creativity or plasticine,
- stacks,
- water-based paint for primer.
Leading method: lesson in learning new material with elements of integration; It uses an explanatory and illustrative method within the framework of a problem-based teaching method.
Lesson progress
Organizational moment...
I. Updating knowledge. Motivation.
There is one amazing profession to which people devote their entire lives - toy makers, or simply toy makers.
The origins of toy making go back centuries.
What material were toys made from in ancient times?
Toys were made from wood - dolls, horses - gurneys woven from twigs, rattles made from splinters, birch bark balls and boxes. Today we will talk about clay folk toys. In the distant past it may have had religious significance. It is known, for example, that the Vyatichi greeted the sun god Yarila with the singing of clay pipes, and with magical patterns on toys and a piercing whistle they drove away evil forces from the soul of the deceased.
The whistle - it is also called in different places nozzle, buzzing, ulutka, nightingale - is an ancient and still popular toy in Rus'.
II. Learning new material.
Take a closer look at modern folk toys - and you will notice that the same images live in them. This is a horse, a bird, a woman. The memory of the people and their ancient traditions live in them.
Let's look at toys from different crafts.
Try to find what makes them different from each other.
Filimonovskaya toy.
The village of Filimonovo in Tula region- a famous center for the production of these toys. Filimonov toys have elongated proportions, they look slender and graceful. These toys are sculpted from white clay with a bluish tint.
Filimonov toys almost always whistle.
Images of toys: tall, slender peasant women often hold something in their hands: a child or a chicken with a whistle. The male figures are stately, long-legged, and a little funny.
Animal whistles are also diverse: cows, cows, rams, chicken birds and some unprecedented, fantastic creatures.
Colors: crimson red, yellow and emerald green.
Ornament: alternating rainbow stripes, Christmas trees, circles.
They paint toys, as before, with a chicken feather.
All Filimonovsky masters know how to work “Lyubota”. “Lyubota” is such a scene. The couple dances, makes love, and sorts things out. Everyone has their own. They all love it together. Love to live!
Dymkovo toy.
The most famous clay toy. She was born in Dymkovskaya Sloboda near the city of Kirov. In the old days, holidays were held at bazaars - fairs, which were called “whistle dance” or “whistling”. The entertainment of the holiday was clay toys-whistles. The peasants sculpted them from red local clay and fired them in ovens.
Images of toys: colorfully dressed dandies, nannies - “feeders” with children in their arms, dashing riders, horses, important turkeys, and other images.
Colors: yellow, blue, red, green, white in the background and black.
Ornament: geometric (circles, ovals, cells, stripes, dots).
The appearance of the Dymkovo toy involuntarily reflects the nature of the places where these amazing works of art were born. You can’t help but imagine snow-covered drifts. In the cold, people's faces blush. Against the backdrop of illuminated snow, the color of clothing sounds especially bright.
Abashevskaya toy.
Abashevo whistles are the pride of Penza. Timofey Fedorovich Zotnin, a master from the village of Abashevo, died in 1991, but the business of Abashevo toys has not died and continues to live.
Toy images: the wonderful world of fantastic animals. Cows, bulls, goats and rams are all short-legged, with long necks, with huge horns sparkling with gold and silver.
Colors: red, blue, green, pink, gold and silver
Ornament: characteristic feature- scales, a dark uniform color, and along it a revival.
What do clay toys belonging to different artistic crafts have in common?
III. Conclusions.
Nobody remembers when they first started making clay toys. But even today these crafts live on, and the beautiful art of folk craftsmen continues to live with them. It turns a gray day into a colorful, childishly magical one. He reproaches those who have forgotten about the happiest moments on earth: knowledge, uplifting smart work, meetings with nice, friendly people, touching a living creature - an animal, a bird, grass, leaves. Teaches you to be amazed at the world.
IV. Application of knowledge.
Create your own image of a toy from clay or plasticine. You can make it look like Abashevskaya, Filimonovskaya or Dymkovskaya. Try to make a toy shape with a smooth surface, prepared for decoration.
V. Analysis of student work. Homework.
Bring the materials necessary for painting a clay toy (gouache, brushes, PVA glue).
Ready-made toys can be used to decorate a school themed exhibition.
Completed:
art teacher
Prosvetova Tatyana Sergeevna
p/s Nizhnedevitsky
Fine art lesson on the topic: “Ancient images in modern folk toys»
Textbook: N.A. Goryaeva, O.V. Ostrovskaya; edited by B.M. Nemensky. Fine arts. Decorative and applied arts in human life. 5th grade. – M.: Enlightenment
Objectives of the lesson: developing an idea of the folk clay toy, its types (Dymkovo, Filimonovskaya, Kargopol); making a sketch of a toy in the color of one of the folk crafts.
Tasks:
1.Formulate students’ understanding of the folk clay toy.
2.Develop thinking, creative and cognitive activity, the ability to reason, compare, generalize, and draw conclusions independently.
3. Cultivate love and interest in traditional Russian culture, your homeland.
Formed UUD:
educational– will learn to extract information from a textbook, analyze it, identify the features of different objects in the process of examining them;
communicative– will learn to participate in collective discussions, construct conceptual speech statements, defend their own opinions, and formulate answers to questions;
regulatory– learn to maintain the goal of an activity until its result is obtained; plan a solution to a learning task; evaluate the results of your work;
personal– take responsibility for their studies and are motivated to educational activities 4 are focused on showing interest in arts and crafts.
Methods and forms of training: explanatory and illustrative, partially search, practical; group, frontal, individual, game.
Educational Resources:Nekrasova M.A. “Folk art of Russia. Folk art as a world of integrity." M., 1983
Durasov G.I. “Kargopol clay toy” - A, 1986
Visual demonstration material l: presentation for the lesson.
Equipment: textbook, gouache, brushes, paper.
Lesson progress
Organizational moment.
Good afternoon, guys! My name is Tatyana Sergeevna. I will teach you this art lesson.
Is everyone ready for class?
What mood did you have when you came to class?
Motivational-target stage.
Where did you come to us like this?
Everything is simple. No tricky tricks.
With a long neck and painted,
For children's play and fun.
I fell in love with you in early childhood -
Grandma was a craftswoman.
You came to me by inheritance
From beautiful people their villages.
Distances are not scary for you.
You are from the ancestors of distant times.
These clay sculptures -
The bells of Rus' are ringing. (Slide 2)
N.V. Denisov
Presume the topic of today's lesson and formulate learning objectives.
(If necessary, the teacher helps the children). (Slide 1)
Introduction to new material.
Guys! From the very early childhood you are surrounded by toys.
Remember which ones? What are they made of? Where?
All factory-made children's toys are similar.
But the toys, the images of which are presented on the board, are all different, there is no second one, because they are made by hand. (Slide 1)
For what purpose did people create toys? What is their purpose?
(The purpose of the toy is to entertain and amuse children.)
In ancient times, clay toys were used in various rituals. They were credited with a special power: to protect, to protect people from all evil. Bright color and the shrill whistle of the toys helped with this.
Introduction to new material.
Today you will learn more about toys that belong to the “ folk craft».
Remember what toys you were introduced to in art lessons in 3rd grade? (Dymkovsky). (Slide 2)
Why are these toys called not Voronezh, not Nizhnedevitsky, but Dymkovo? (Made in the village of Dymkovo).
The village of Dymkovo to this day is located not far from the city of Kirov, and once it was called Vyatka.
What is Dymkovo famous for?
With his toy.
There is no smoky color in it,
What grayness is gray.
There's something of the rainbow in her,
From drops of dew,
There is something of joy in her,
Thundering like bass.
She doesn't look gingerbread
Jubilant and festive
Her youth is a highlight,
She has daring and scope.
Shine ocher with red lead
All over the earth in houses.
V. Fofanov
What are Dymkovo toys made of? (Made from clay).
What pattern decorates the Dymkovo toy? (Geometric).
All toys are not simple,
And the magically painted ones:
Snow-white like birch trees,
Circles, squares, stripes -
A seemingly simple pattern
But I can’t look away.
O. Levitsky
What are the favorite colors of Dymkovo artists? (Blue, orange, white, etc.).
What color is the background of the Dymkovo toy? (White).
The clay toys from the village of Filimonovo, Tula region, are amazingly beautiful and varied. (The teacher draws the students' attention to a slide with pictures of toys). They are called Filimonovsky.
And these clay toys are from the Arkhangelsk region, from Kargopol and nearby villages. These are Kargopol toys. (The teacher draws the students’ attention to a slide with pictures of toys).
Task No. 1
Consider toys belonging to different artistic crafts, and working in groups of 4 people, determine what is common between them and what is their difference? (Slide 2). You can use the textbook (pp. 66 – 74). Stick to the proposed plan. (Slide 3)
Plan
1.What are toys made of?
2.Images of toys.
3. Shape of toys.
4. Primary colors of toys
5.Elements of painting.
General:
Made from clay;
Ancient images: figures of people, birds, animals;
They have a generalized form;
Many colors are used in painting;
Using solar signs
Differences in toys:
Filimonov toys have elongated shapes; primary colors are crimson red, yellow and emerald green;
There are many details in Dymkovo toys: frills, flounces, braids, flagella;
Kargopol toys are squat; they contain a fairy-tale creature - Polkan Horse
Task 2. Who came on what horse?
The teacher shows students images of horses and riders related to different artistic crafts, and students must guess who rode which horse. (Slide 4)
Game "Incident at the Museum".
This game requires 2 participants: 1 - museum curator, 2 - detective.
Imagine for a moment that a toy from one of the crafts has disappeared from the museum. Its location is already known, but it is among other toys and this complicates its search. To find a missing toy, the museum curator needs to give it a verbal description. The detective, guided by this description, searches for the missing one among the presented toys. (Slide 5)
Independent work of students.
Making a sketch of a toy in the color of one of the crafts. (Slide 6)
Physical education minute
Lesson summary. Reflection.
Exhibition of student work and discussion.
Whose work did you like the most?
What is most successful about them, I wonder?
Continue the sentences:
Today I found out. . .
I'm on a mission. . .
Now I can. . .
Homework: plasticine, gouache paints.
Literature used:
N.A. Goryaeva, O.V. Ostrovskaya; edited by B.M. Nemensky. Fine arts. Decorative and applied arts in human life. 5th grade. – M.: Enlightenment.
Goryaeva N.A. Fine art lessons. Decorative and applied arts in human life. Lesson-based developments. 5th grade \ N.A. Goryaeva; edited by B.M. Nemensky. – M.: Enlightenment. 20012
O.V. Sviridova. Fine arts. 5th grade: lesson plans according to the B.M. program Nemensky / author-comp. O.V. Sviridova. – Volgograd: Teacher. 2006
in fine arts according to the Federal State Educational Standard of the second generation on the topic “Ancient images in modern folk toys” Type of lesson combined lesson Technology of lesson construction problem-dialogical Lesson topic Ancient images in modern folk toys Purpose of the lesson Formation of spiritual and moral development; education of citizenship and patriotism, love for the Motherland through the example of studying leading folk crafts; instilling interest in decorative and applied arts, careful attitude to the traditions of the people; development of the artistic taste of students - to teach them to see the beauty and expressiveness of the figurative representation of life in toys of the distant past and the present; formation of skills to navigate one’s knowledge system: to distinguish the new from the already known; acquire new knowledge: find answers to questions using a textbook, your life experience and information received in class. Basic terms, concepts Kargopol, Filimonovo, Dymkovo, toy maker, artel, folk craft, painting, baked clay Planned result Personal To form: respect for the culture and art of one’s country, a holistic worldview, communicative competence in communicating with peers, the need for independent practical creative activity, the ability to carry out self-assessment based on the criterion of success in educational activities Meta-subject
Be able to determine and formulate a goal in a lesson, work according to a plan, evaluate the correctness of actions at the level of an adequate retrospective assessment, plan your actions in accordance with the task, express your assumption (Regulatory UUD); be able to formulate your thoughts orally, listen and hear your partner (Communicative UUD) be able to navigate your knowledge system: distinguish new from what is already known, acquire new knowledge: find answers to questions using a textbook, your life experience, and information obtained on lesson (Cognitive UUD). Subject Be able to compare, evaluate the shape, decor of toys belonging to various artistic crafts, recognize and name toys of leading folk crafts; carry out your own artistic design associated with the creation of an expressive form based on folk traditions; master the basic elements of folk ornament characteristic of a particular craft and the features of the color scheme Frontal work Work in groups Individual work Textbook for grade 5 Fine arts. “Decorative and applied art in human life”, authors N.A. Goryaeva, O.V. Ostrovskaya Samples of clay toys (Kargopol, Filimonovskaya, Dymkovskaya), tables with painting samples, computer presentation, toy templates, paints. Stages of the lesson Teacher's activities Students' activities Formed skills Motivation for learning activities.
Goals: to update the requirements for the student in terms of educational activities; creating conditions for students to develop an internal need for inclusion in educational activities; establish thematic framework; clarify the type of lesson and outline the steps of educational activities. Updating knowledge and recording individual difficulties in a trial action. Objectives: To organize the implementation of a trial learning activity by students. Organize students’ recording of individual difficulties; Identify the location and cause of the difficulty; Objectives: identify the location of the difficulty; Build a project for solving the difficulty. Goals: Create motivation to build a project to get out of the difficulty. Discovery of new knowledge Goals: to organize the learning of new things by students
method of action with pronunciation in external speech Inclusion in the system of knowledge and repetition. Objectives: To organize students’ implementation independent work in the textbook to find information on the topic of the lesson. Independent work. Goals: to organize students’ independent work on new knowledge; organize self-test according to the standard, self-assessment Reflection of educational activities in the lesson. Objectives: To record the new content of the lesson; Organize reflection and self-assessment by students of their own learning activities. Check and help students prepare for the lesson. progress of the lesson. Hello guys! Check how yours is organized workplace, remove everything unnecessary from your desks. Very often, behind the events and in the bustle of days, we don’t remember the old days, we forget about it. Although flights to the moon are more familiar to us, Let us remember Russian customs, Let us remember our antiquity. It is no coincidence that works are exhibited in the classroom folk art. In today's lesson we will consolidate our knowledge about folk toys and generalize our ideas about folk traditions of decorating our lives and giving joy to other people. Lesson topic: “Ancient images in modern folk toys”
Look at toys from different crafts and try to find what distinguishes them from each other. Please note that all clay toys have a generalized shape, are very plastic, and are painted with traditional patterns. Ancient ornamental signs that cover toys can be found in embroidery, painting, and other works of folk art. Today we will look at three centers for the production and painting of clay toys. And our toy makers will help us figure this out. Material for students Dymkovo toy This toy is called “Dymkovo” according to its place of origin. From the bank of the Vyatka River, on which the city of Kirov stands, you can see the settlement beyond the river. In winter the stoves were heated, and in summer there was often fog. The settlement seemed to be in a haze. That’s how they called it – Dymkovo. Hence the name of the toy. It is still affectionately called “haze”. In the beginning there were toys - whistles. People gathered for a walk, to welcome spring and farewell to winter. They will whistle and sing in the street. So they called for spring You are a little bird, You are green, You fly across the blue sea You take the spring keys Lock up the winter - Unlock the summer. The toy, fashioned from clay, was fired in a kiln. Then they whitened it with chalk diluted in milk. And they painted with paints ground on egg yolk in the following pattern: circles, straight and wavy lines, cells, spots, dots. The colors are bright - bright: yellow, blue, green, red, crimson, black. Let's take a look at it. (slide show). What does this pattern mean? Circles of the sun are a symbol of life. Dots, crosses - the beginning of life - a person. Squares with dots - seeded field. Squares home Lines - peace, water. Folk craftsmen have a lot of invention and imagination. For example, the Dymkovo turkey is not a turkey, but a bird.
Filimonovskaya toy Now look at this beauty. According to local legend, the founder of the village (back in the time of Ivan the Terrible) was the potter Filimon. Hence Filimonovo. So, what is the name of the toy? How do these toys differ from Dymkovo toys? Of course, the painting is very bold. And what else? That's right, they have elongated proportions. All animals have highly elongated necks. Cows look like giraffes, bears look like Gorynych snakes. It's all about the clay. Filimonovites call it blueberry because of its oily-black color and fat content. When sculpting, the clay dries out and the toys quickly become covered with cracks. You have to constantly smooth out the cracks with a damp hand, involuntarily narrowing and stretching your torso. After firing, the toy becomes white and pink. This is where the painting begins. Not with a brush, but with a quill pen. Paint from a brush does not stick to clean clay. What pattern are the Filimonov toys decorated with? Yes, mostly stripes. There is no strict geometric painting. This is a combination of colored stripes, dots, circles, ovals, stars, triangles. The details of the painting can be deciphered. The circle is the sun, the triangle is the earth, fir trees and sprouts are a symbol of vegetation and life. All patterns remind us of the connections between man and nature. Please note that all toys are whistles. Where's the whistle? That's right, in the tail of animals and birds. Such toys are painted with aniline paints ground in egg yolk. Three main colors are used: red, yellow, blue. Sometimes purple and green are used. Kargopol toy. Her homeland is the Russian north. Kargopol district of the Arkhangelsk region. The toys seem clumsy and heavy. Large-headed, with short arms and legs, a slightly flattened face, turning into a shovel for men. Horse - Polkan was one of the most favorite images of the famous toy player Ulyana Babkina. Notice how beautiful and unusual in color the Kargopol toys are. Painted in bright or muted colors, they are distinguished by simple and clear patterns. On the surface of the figures are ancient symbols of the sun - large fiery red circles, crosses, rings, as well as motifs of grains of ears of grain and plant branches. Guys, let's see what all the toys have in common? Right! They are all made of clay. What are the differences? Patterns Form Working with the textbook (from 74.)
Carefully examine the painting of the toys. Pay attention to the main elements of painting, the colors used by masters of various crafts. Paint a toy based on one of the crafts. Guys! Now close your eyes and imagine that we are not in a classroom, but in a workshop, and you are all not students, but master artists. Look at your tables, there are toys made of clay, but before you paint, look carefully at the elements of the patterns that are characteristic of this toy that you have chosen. Don't forget about the color scheme. Think about how many colors you will use to paint the selected toy? Which? What painting elements will you use? Get to work (music plays while children work independently). After completion, the teacher collects the work to organize an exhibition, while the children read rhymes about each toy). Most respected gentlemen! Look here! All sorts of toys for all manners: Here are the young ladies and gentlemen. The ladies have scarlet cheeks and lips, elegant dresses and warm fur coats. The maiden in the crown is beautiful, She has a blush on her face, She is beautiful, She stands without breathing! Look what a horse
Just touch him with your hand. He and you together will gallop away two hundred miles. And with a tail and a mane. That's how beautiful it is! And here is a goat standing on slender legs. All the beauty of a goat is in its horns. He shakes his head. Look at me! Yasha's friend blows a horn, sits on the back of a beautiful pig! Turkey turkey turkey! You look like a chest. The chest is not simple, Red, yellow, blue! Tell yourself “I’m great, I thought, I tried, I made discoveries.” Thanks for the lesson. Well done! Setting up for the lesson. Self-assessment of readiness for the lesson. Students check the correct location of school supplies.
Listen consciously Students unite in artel groups for the chosen trade. A single master may appear. Listen and complete tasks; Formulate the tasks to be solved in the lesson Listen consciously Under the guidance of the teacher, identify the location of the difficulty Trained students (toy makers), using the information search method, supplement the answers The rest of the students watch the presentation Participate in the conversation Children work in pairs. After working with the textbook, they take a test to identify craft patterns. Students paint a toy, then present their product at the fair, praising it so that they want to buy it. And buyers ask questions about toys. Teachers answer questions and independently record acquired knowledge. They say that they learned, they know, they were able to. Do a self-assessment in the LUUD weekly:
the action of meaning-making. Establishment by students of a connection between the purpose of educational activity and its motive; Self-control on the organization of the workplace CUUD: planning educational cooperation with the teacher and peers, the ability to navigate one’s knowledge system: to distinguish the new from the already known. The ability to listen and understand the speech of others. Be able to express your thoughts with sufficient completeness and accuracy ECUD: goal setting, (setting an educational task based on the correlation of what is already known and what is still unknown) planning (drawing up a plan and sequence of actions) PUUD: independent identification and formation of a cognitive goal, structuring knowledge, Be able to express your thoughts orally (KUUD) Be able to find required material, highlight the main thing from the text read. Be able to formulate a story, support a dialogue among classmates Be able to formulate your thoughts orally (KUD) Be able to listen and hear (KUD) Be able to make the necessary additions and adjustments to the method of action in the event of a discrepancy between the real action and its product (RUUD) Ability to master the monologue form of speech ( CUUD) Cognitive UUD (be able to apply information retrieval methods, including using computer tools) Search and selection of necessary information (PUUD) Free orientation and perception of texts of scientific, journalistic styles (PUUD, general educational UUD) Semantic reading (PUUD. General educational UUD)
Logical UUD be able to generalize, analyze, compare and classify Reflection on methods of action, control and evaluation of the process and results of activity (PUUD, general education) Identification and awareness by students of what has already been learned and what still needs to be learned, the level of assimilation. Be able to evaluate the correctness of performing an action in a lesson with an adequate retrospective assessment (RAUD) Ability to self-assessment based on the criterion of success of educational activities (Personal AUD)
Folk decorative art in our country is an organic part folk culture. Poetic images, the emotions inherent in him are dear and understandable to all people. It instills a sense of beauty and helps to form a harmoniously developed personality. Being based on long-standing artistic traditions, decorative art has a positive effect on the education of the person of the future. The works that are created by masters from the people are a reflection of the love for native land, the ability to see and understand the beauty of the world around us.
Main types of decorative arts
Long centuries of home production in peasant families, and starting from the 18th-19th centuries, handicrafts supplied cities and villages with a variety of utensils made of clay, wood and metal, printed fabrics, ceramic and wooden toys, carpets, etc. Dymkovo figurines, famous for their brightness and cheerfulness in wood, became the most popular and clay whistles, Lukutin painted lacquer boxes. Each of these items is a work of folk decorative art. Wooden gold - Khokhloma painting - is of great interest in Russia and abroad.
There were original crafts on Far East, Russian North, Siberia, Caucasus. Metal processing in Dagestan Kubachi, ceramic painting in Balkhar, and wood carving with silver Untsukul became famous. Folk decorative art, the types of which are very diverse, is presented in different corners our huge country.
Vologda lace - folk decorative art
Vologda lace gained popularity in European capitals at the end of the 18th century. And in our time, many foreigners mistakenly believe that lace in Russia is woven only in Vologda. In fact, Yelets, Kirishi, Vyatka also have reason to be proud of their products. Almost all of them have their own unique characteristics. So, Mikhailovsky colored lace is very interesting. In our country, they have become no less popular than those from Vologda. Nevertheless, just like hundreds of years ago, people go to Vologda for the snow-white miracle.
Openwork carving
Openwork carving decorates small bone objects: boxes, caskets, pendants, brooches. A work of folk decorative art - bone lace - this is the poetic name for openwork carving.
The most widespread are three types of ornaments in bone cutting:
- Geometric - a plexus of straight and curved lines.
- Vegetable.
- Rocaille - stylization of the shape of a sea shell.
The technique of openwork carving is used to create compositions based on ornaments and plots. The raw material is ordinary cow bone.
Fine work on openwork carving requires special tools: needle files, gravers, rivets, jigsaws.
Beading
Beadwork can be proud of its centuries-old history, just like the beads themselves. Residents Ancient Egypt were the first to master the complex skill of weaving necklaces based on small colored glass balls, and also decorated clothes with them. However, bead production truly flourished in the 10th century. For many years the inhabitants of Venice carefully kept the secrets of their craft. Luxurious beads were used to decorate wallets and handbags, shoes, clothes and other elegant items.
When beads appeared in America, they replaced traditional materials used by indigenous people. Here they used it to decorate cradles, baskets, earrings, and snuff boxes.
The peoples of the Far North decorated high fur boots, fur coats, reindeer harnesses, and hats with beaded embroidery.
Batik
Batik - do-it-yourself fabric painting using fixing compounds. The technique is based on the observation that rubber glue and paraffin, when applied to fabric, do not allow paint to pass through.
There are several varieties of batik - knotted, hot, shibori, cold.
The name "batik" is Indonesian, which means "to draw", "hatch", "to cover with drops".
This painting has been used since ancient times by the peoples of India and Indonesia. Batik came to Europe in the 20th century.
painting
Painting is one of the most ancient types of decorative art. For centuries it has been an organic part original culture and the lives of the people. This type of decorative art is widespread.
Here are some types of painting:
- Zhostovo painting is a famous Russian craft that appeared in the 19th century in the village of Zhostovo, not far from Moscow. It belongs to the most popular crafts where Russian folk painting is created. The famous Zhostovo trays are painted by hand. Most often, bouquets of flowers are depicted on a black background.
- Gorodets painting is a craft that appeared in mid-19th century in the city of Gorodets. The painting is bright and laconic. Her themes include horse figurines, genre scenes, and floral patterns. She decorated doors, shutters, furniture, spinning wheels.
- Khokhloma painting is one of the oldest folk crafts. Originated in the 17th century in Khokhloma, not far from Nizhny Novgorod. Khokhloma painting is a decorative painting of wooden objects, done on a golden background with black, red, or less often green. After applying the design, the product is coated with a special composition and processed three times in an oven, which allows you to achieve a unique honey-golden color. Traditional for Khokhloma are rowan berries and red strawberries, branches and flowers. Animals, fish and birds often appear in the compositions, turning the work into a genuine work of folk decorative art. Wooden gold - this is what Khokhloma painting is often called.
Let's get acquainted with various folk crafts used in kindergarten for the development of children.
Dymkovo toy
The products of Kirov craftsmen amaze with their bright patterns, non-standard proportions and shapes. Everyone is delighted by the elegant, wonderfully decorated and painted dandy ladies, ponies, roosters, and goats. The first Dymkovo toys appeared in 1811. At the Vyatka holiday, clay dolls with paintings were sold. Clay toys were made by craftsmen from the village of Dymkovo. They did this with their families.
Now the factory producing Dymkovo toys operates in Kirov.
Filimonovskaya toy
No less famous is the center of folk crafts in the village of Filimonovo near Tula, where wonderful clay toys are born. People and animals made by masters are distinguished by their whimsical shape and great expressiveness. These are peasant women, ladies, soldiers, cows, horse riders, and sheep. Filimonov toys cannot be confused with others, since they bear their own unique features in the form of modeling and painting. They play with all the colors of the rainbow.
A child who sees a Filimonov toy with a non-standard color and shape awakens his creativity.
Kargopol toy
Kargopol - ancient city, whose residents have long been engaged in pottery making. Mostly they made dishes, but some craftsmen made clay toys. True, in 1930 the fishery fell into decline. The restoration of the Kargopol workshops took place in 1967.
Kargopol toys look stricter against the backdrop of the bright Dymkovo and Filimonov ones. The color range consists of brown, black and dark green. There are many funny images here, simple, but at the same time breathing warmth and humor. These are peasant women, bearded men, dolls with spinning wheels.
Gzhel dishes
Not far from Moscow is the village of Gzhel. Since the 14th century, pottery has been practiced here. Among the dishes that kvass workers produced were plates and toys, which were painted with brown and yellowish-green ceramic paints. Now porcelain products produced in Gzhel have worldwide fame. The reason for this is the uniqueness of the shape and pattern. Gzhel porcelain is distinguished by blue painting done on a white background. True, the blue is not uniform. If you look closely, you can find the finest shades and halftones, evoking thoughts of the blue of the sky, river and lake water. In addition to dishes, toys and small sculptures are produced in Gzhel. Everything that the masters do amazes with the harmony of content and form. This is a real work of folk decorative art. Everyone dreams of purchasing Gzhel.
Decorative arts in kindergarten
The art of folk craftsmen is a treasure not only for adults. It is also important for children, who can enthusiastically play with both wooden dolls and clay toys made by Kirov craftsmen. The art of the people awakens children's interest due to the originality of ideas, imagery and colorfulness. It is understandable to children, since its content is simple and concise, but at the same time it opens up to the child the beauty of the world around him. Here are your favorite ones fairy tale images animals made of clay or wood, and ornaments with flowers, berries and leaves, seen more than once in life. Craftsmen who make clay toys often paint their works with ornaments made from geometric shapes: stripes, rings, circles. These drawings also resonate with children. All clay and wooden products in kindergartens are not only interior decoration. Guided by an experienced teacher, the children pay close attention to them, drawing and modeling them based on samples of folk products.
Folk decorative art in kindergarten enters the lives of children, bringing them joy, expanding their horizons, providing positive influence to artistic taste. In preschool educational institutions there should be a sufficient number of handicrafts. This allows you to decorate the interiors of groups, updating them after a while. Art products are shown to children during conversations about folk craftsmen. All such items should be stored in the cabinets of the pedagogy office. They must be constantly replenished and distributed among the fisheries. Younger children need to buy fun toys, turned wooden toys. Guys middle group Filimonov and Kargopol ones are better suited. Older children have access to all types of folk toys, including clay and wooden ones.
Decorative modeling in conditions kindergarten provides for the creation by children of dishes and various figures on the theme of folk toys. In addition, children can make small-sized jewelry for dolls, souvenirs for mothers, grandmothers and sisters for the March 8 holiday.
Under the influence of activities with objects of folk crafts, children are more deeply and interested in illustrations on Russian themes; toys, with the richness of their themes, spur the child’s imagination during modeling classes, making his knowledge richer about the world that surrounds him. Activities using folk art objects as illustrations provide an opportunity to develop the minds of children.
However, a positive effect from this is achieved only if children are systematically and systematically introduced to objects of decorative and applied art. Based on the knowledge gained, they create with their own hands decorative works. They are invited to reproduce a work of folk decorative art (any). A photo, if the work itself is not available, will help the child imagine what he will draw or sculpt.
The desire of children to create beautiful objects is largely determined by the attention of the teacher himself to these issues. He must have information about folk crafts and be aware of the history of their appearance. If the teacher knows what folk craft this or that toy can be attributed to, and knows how to talk interestingly about the craftsmen who make these toys, the children will be interested, and they will have a desire to engage in creativity.
Fine arts in junior classes
Folk decorative art in project activities junior schoolchildren allows children to return to the roots of folk culture, to spiritual heritage. IN modern world studying the riches of national culture is the most important task of moral education of children, turning them into patriots of their country. The soul of the nation is embodied in folk crafts, it awakens historical memory generations. It is impossible to raise a full-fledged personality, develop its moral potential, and the aesthetic taste of children if conversations about creativity are reduced to abstract reasoning. After all, the works of craftsmen are illustrations best qualities folk character: this is an awakening of respect for one’s own history and traditions, love for the homeland in general and for the place where one was born in particular, modesty, the desire for beauty, a sense of harmony.
How to organize the educational process so that love for the homeland is not just a nice phrase, but actually corresponds to the inner essence of the younger generation? What can be done if there are no performances that vividly and imaginatively reveal the theme of patriotism? This issue certainly requires an integrated approach. must be addressed systematically.
So that the child understands what we're talking about, it is proposed to consider a piece of folk decorative art (any) during the lesson. An example of such a work will help to understand the issue.
The modern era requires turning to the very origins of art. Preservation, enhancement of folk art, development of its traditions - such difficult tasks face teachers, educators, and artists.
Visual arts in high school
As children grow older, they begin to understand more and more what a work of folk decorative art is. Grade 6 also systematically studies this issue.
The work program for studying fine arts in grade 6 provides for three main types of creative activity:
- Fine work (painting, drawing).
- Decorative creativity (ornaments, paintings, appliqués).
- Observing the world around you (conversation).
These varieties allow children to get acquainted with the areas artistic creativity. Already during the acquaintance, it becomes clear how closely interconnected these areas are and how noticeably they complement each other in the process of solving the problems set by the program. Each work of folk decorative art must be subjected to detailed analysis. 6th grade is the time to develop artistic taste.
Fine arts are taught at school in close connection with other subjects. It uses knowledge gained from the study of literature, music, Russian language, history, technology, and biology. This makes it possible to understand the practical meaning of fine arts lessons, their vital necessity. The literature course also studies a topic such as “Works of folk decorative art.” An essay (6th grade) allows the student to demonstrate knowledge of the subject. Children evaluate the products of folk craftsmen in it. They must draw up a work plan and describe a piece of folk decorative art (any). 5-6 sentences for each point of the plan will be enough.
Folk decorative art and Russia
Both Tatarstan and other regions of Russia were touched by folk art. Tatar decorative creativity bright and multifaceted. It has its roots in the ancient times of paganism - the 7th-8th centuries. In the Kazan Khanate and Volga Bulgaria, the development of art followed Islamic traditions. The leading direction was various This type of pattern widely manifests itself in various types Tatar art. Ornaments adorn embroidery, wood and stone carvings, ceramics, jewelry, and calligraphy. The zoomorphic style became widespread in the products of Bulgarian craftsmen of pagan times.
A special feature of Russian decorative art is its mass character. In Russia, decorative art is most often anonymous. Gambs furniture and Faberge jewelry are the exception rather than the rule. Unnamed masters created masterpieces of painting, weaving, dishes and toys. Russian artistic production can be proud of the creation of great values in various fields.
First evidence high development blacksmithing and jewelry production can be found among the Scythians and tribes who lived in territories stretching from the Black Sea to Siberia. Here the advantage was given to the Scythian animal style. The Northern Slavs, who were in contact with the inhabitants of Scandinavia, included fragments of human and animal bodies, which were intricately intertwined, in their ornaments. In the Urals, Finno-Ugric tribes made amulets with images of bears and wolves, made of wood, stone or bronze.
There were many icon painting workshops throughout Russia. In Palekh, Ivanovo region, the finest plots have been developed folk tales and songs on black varnish. From Ancient Byzantium the filigree art of embossing, graining, niello, carved openwork on wood and bone came to us. In the 17th century, decorative art developed into developed artistic production. These are Rostov painted enamel, Nizhny Novgorod carvings on huts, blackening on silver in Veliky Ustyug. Palaces and temples were decorated with the works of folk masters of decorative art.
In Peter's times, Western European things came into fashion: upholstered furniture, earthenware. Since the 18th century, mirrors began to be widely used. M.V. Lomonosov mastered the art of producing glass, mirrors and mosaic smalt. Talented architects of the 18th and early XIX centuries have been developing projects for decorative interior decoration items. Some architects of that era began their creative path from decorative work, for example Rossi and Voronikhin. The imperial court and the highest nobility of Russia supplied numerous orders to private enterprises that managed to reach the heights of excellence. Such enterprises include the Kuznetsovsky faience and porcelain factories and the Popovsky porcelain factory.
The study of folk art and folk crafts shows that the popularization of works of folk art is the most in the best possible way affects both adults and children. This cultivates aesthetic taste, promotes the emergence of spiritual needs, and evokes a feeling national pride and humanity. After all, amazing colorful objects are created folk craftsmen, people whom nature has endowed with talent, imagination and kindness.
Authors of the article
Serebryakova Ekaterina - 6th grade.
Morozova Anna - 5th grade.
Purpose of the study
What meaning do the images of toys from different crafts express? What do they have in common and what distinguishes them from each other?
Hypothesis
All clay toys are very plastic and have a generalized shape
Study plan
Visit the exhibition "Dymkovo Toy", shown in one of the school museums.
Listen, then discuss the history of the development of toys of various folk crafts.
Try to create your own image of a toy from clay or plasticine. Paint a toy based on one of the crafts.
Organize an exhibition of student work.
Create presentations about clay toys of various crafts.
What distinguishes clay toys belonging to different artistic crafts, and what do they have in common?
Dymkovo toy
There is an amazing profession to which people devote their entire lives - toy makers.
In ancient times, clay toys were participants in ancient rituals. They were credited with a special power: to guard and protect people from all evil. The bright color and piercing whistle played a magical role.
If you look at toys from different crafts, you can see that they are all painted with traditional patterns. The village of Filimonovo in the Tula region is a famous production center Filimonovskaya toys. These toys have elongated proportions, soft contours, they look slender and graceful. Filimonov toys almost always whistle. Favorite colors of Filimonov's toys are raspberry-red, yellow, and emerald-green.
Motherland Kargapolskaya clay toys - Russian North. Kargapol toys are painted in bright and muted colors; they are distinguished by simple and clear patterns. On the surface of the figures are ancient symbols of the sun - large fiery red circles, crosses, rings, as well as motifs of grains, ears of grain and plant branches.
Among Russian clay toys, the most famous are, perhaps, Dymkovo. Dymkovsky toys are a real miracle. Here you can see dressed-up dandies, and nannies - “nursers” with children in their arms, and dashing horsemen, and other images. The silhouette is characterized by soft smoothness and roundness. There are so many molded details here: elegant frills, flounces, braids, flagella! They make the figures more expressive. In painting the Dymkovo toy they use yellow and blue, crimson-red and green, white in the background and black.
Take a closer look at modern folk toys - and you will notice that the same images live in them. This is Horse, Bird, Baba. These images express enormous meaning; the memory of the people and their ancient traditions live in them.
Conclusions
When considering toys from different crafts, we will notice that they are united by the images that live in them: unprecedented animals, a woman with a child, a man - a worker. Ancient ornamental signs that cover toys can be found in embroidery, painting, and other works of folk art.
Resources
Decorative and applied arts in human life: a textbook for 5th grade. general education institutions, N.A. Goryaeva, O.V. Ostrovskaya; edited by B.M. Nemensky, 4th ed. - M., Education, 2005.
