A graphic designer specializes in designing the environment using graphics. It works with signs, billboards, posters, indexes, signs and diagrams that we see in large numbers around, and also takes care of the readability of the information we need, such as Internet sites, magazines, newspapers, leaflets, book covers and CDs, restaurant menus, product catalogs, business cards, as well as packaging of products, manufactured goods and graphic design of shop windows.

An interior designer is a specialist in creating new projects for a harmonious environment to improve human living conditions.

A clothing designer is a light industry specialist who develops sketches of new clothing models.

Font design is the most inconspicuous and at the same time the most responsible work in the field graphic design and visual communications. Creating signs that encode and transmit information is a high-class skill.

The visualization designer works in the field of architecture and interior design. But this specialty is also quite often found in the field of graphic design, especially in packaging design studios. The visualization designer develops the project and, in addition to other documentation and drawings, provides the customer with its visualization, made using three-dimensional programs.

The art of beautiful writing, which a calligrapher masters, still finds its connoisseurs.

Landscape designer is a specialist in the artistic organization of gardens, parks, and personal plots.

Layout designer is a master in creating models of existing or planned buildings and structures.

The craft of a doll maker is a game, fine art and handicraft at the same time.

Machine embroidery master is a specialist in working with an embroidery machine.

Wicker weaving is an ancient profession that is experiencing a new flourishing.

Hand embroidery is a type of applied art in which images are made by hand with a needle or crochet.

A mosaic artist is an artist or master of decorative and applied arts who works using the mosaic technique.

An artistic bookbinder is a master bookbinder who creates bindings and covers for books.

From English VIP - Very Important Person important person). Such a specialist monitors the clothes and shoes of the VIP person who hired him, and also takes care of the dressing room and manages household chores related to the wardrobe.

A glassblower is a craftsman who creates products from heated glass mass using blowing and other techniques.

The job of a technical designer is in many ways similar to the job of a prepress specialist. The only difference is that a prepress specialist often works directly in a printing house, while a technical designer’s workplace is almost always located only in an advertising agency or design studio.

Phytodesigner (Designer – florist)

A phytodesigner is a specialist in landscaping and interior decoration using plant compositions.

Decorative and applied arts.

Decorative and applied arts (DAI)- the art of making household items that have artistic and aesthetic qualities and are intended not only for practical use, but also for decorating homes, architectural structures, parks, etc.

The entire life of primitive tribes and civilizations was connected with paganism. People worshiped different deities, objects - grass, sun, bird, tree. In order to “appease” some gods and “drive away” evil spirits, ancient man, when building a house, always supplemented it with “amulets” - relief, window frames, animals and geometric signs that have symbolic and symbolic meaning. Clothing necessarily protected the owner from evil spirits with a stripe of ornament on the sleeves, hem and collar; all the dishes also had a ritual ornament.

But since ancient times, it has been common for man to strive for beauty in the objective world around him, so images began to acquire an increasingly aesthetic appearance. Gradually losing their original meaning, they began to decorate the item more than to carry any magical information. Embroidered patterns were applied to fabrics, ceramics were decorated with ornaments and images, first extruded and scratched, then applied with clay of a different color. Later, colored glazes and enamels were used for this purpose. Metal products were cast in shaped forms, covered with chasing and notching.

Decorative and applied arts include and artistically made furniture, dishes, clothing, carpets, embroidery, jewelry, toys and other items, as well as ornamental paintings and sculptural and decorative decoration of interiors and facades of buildings, facing ceramics, stained glass, etc. Intermediate forms between DPI and easel art are very common - panels, tapestries, lampshades, decorative statues, etc. - which form part of the architectural whole, complement it, but can also be considered separately, as independent works of art. Sometimes in a vase or other object, the first place is not functionality, but beauty.

The development of applied art was affected by the living conditions of each people, as well as the natural and climatic conditions of their habitat. DPI is one of the oldest forms of art. For many centuries it developed among the people in the form of folk artistic crafts.

Embroidery. It has its origins in ancient times, when bone and then bronze needles were used. They embroidered on linen, cotton, and woolen clothing. In China and Japan they embroidered with colored silks, in India, Iran, and Turkey - with gold. They embroidered ornaments, flowers, animals. Even within one country there were completely different types embroideries depending on the area and the nationality living there, such as red thread embroidery, colored embroidery, cross stitch, satin stitch, etc. Motifs and colors often depended on the purpose of the item, festive or everyday.

Application. Multi-colored pieces of fabric, paper, leather, fur, straw are sewn or glued onto a material of a different color or finish. Application in folk art, especially of the peoples of the North, is extremely interesting. Appliques are used to decorate panels, tapestries, and curtains. Often the application is performed simply as an independent work.

Stained glass. This is a decorative composition made of colored glass or other material that transmits light. In classical stained glass, individual pieces of colored glass were connected to each other by spacers made of the softest material - lead. These are the stained glass windows of many cathedrals and temples in Europe and Russia. The technique of painting on clear or colored glass with silicate paints, then fixed by light firing, was also used. In the 20th century stained glass windows began to be made from transparent plastics.

Modern stained glass is used not only in churches, but also in residential premises, theaters, hotels, shops, subways, etc.

Painting. Compositions made with paints on the surface of fabrics, wood, ceramics, metal and other products. Paintings can be either narrative or ornamental. They are widely used in folk art and serve as decoration for souvenirs or household items.

Ceramics. Products and materials made from clay and various mixtures with it. The name comes from an area in Greece that has been a center of pottery production since ancient times, i.e. for the manufacture of pottery and utensils. Ceramics are also called facing tiles, often covered with paintings. The main types of ceramics are clay, terracotta, majolica, faience, porcelain, stone mass.

Lace. Openwork thread products. According to the technique of execution, they are divided into hand-made (woven on turned sticks - bobbins, sewn with a needle, crocheted or knitted) and machine-made.

Weaving from birch bark, straw, wicker, bast, leather, thread, etc. one of the oldest species decorative and applied art (known since Neolithic times). Weaving was mainly used to make dishes, furniture, car bodies, toys, and boxes.

Thread. A method of artistic processing of materials, in which sculptural figures are cut out with a special cutting tool or an image is made on a smooth surface. Wood carving was the most widespread in Rus'. It covered the frames of houses, furniture, and tools. There is carved sculpture made of bone, stone, plaster, etc. Many carvings relate to jewelry (stones, gold, bronze, copper, etc.) and weapons (wood, stone, metals).

Arts and crafts(from Latin deco - decorate) - a wide section of art that covers various industries creative activity aimed at creating artistic products with utilitarian and artistic functions. A collective term that conventionally unites two broad types of arts: decorative and applied. Unlike works of fine art, intended for aesthetic pleasure and belonging to pure art, numerous manifestations of decorative and applied creativity can have practical use in everyday life.

Works of decorative and applied art meet several characteristics: they have aesthetic quality; designed for artistic effect; used for home and interior decoration. Such products are: clothing, dress and decorative fabrics, carpets, furniture, art glass, porcelain, earthenware, jewelry and other artistic products. In academic literature since the second half of the 19th century century established classification of branches of decorative and applied arts by material(metal, ceramics, textiles, wood), by technique(carving, painting, embroidery, printing, casting, embossing, intarsia (paintings made from different types of wood), etc.) and according to the functional characteristics of the use of the item(furniture, dishes, toys). This classification is due to the important role of the constructive and technological principles in the decorative applied arts and its direct connection with production.

TYPES OF DECORATIVE AND APPLIED ARTS

TAPESTRY -(fr. gobelin), or trellis, - one of the types of decorative and applied art, a one-sided lint-free wall carpet with a plot or ornamental composition, hand-woven by cross-weaving threads. The weaver passes the weft thread through the warp, creating both the image and the fabric itself. In the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, a tapestry is defined as “a hand-woven carpet on which a painting and specially prepared cardboard of a more or less famous artist are reproduced using multi-colored wool and partly silk.”

BATIK - hand painting on fabric using reserve compounds.

On fabric - silk, cotton, wool, synthetics - paint corresponding to the fabric is applied. To obtain clear boundaries at the junction of paints, a special fixative is used, called reserve (reserve composition, based on paraffin, gasoline, water based- depending on the chosen technique, fabric and paints).

Batik painting has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the 20th century.

HEEL -(stuffing) - a type of decorative and applied art; obtaining a pattern, monochrome and color designs on fabric manually using forms with a relief pattern, as well as fabric with a pattern (printed fabric) obtained by this method.

Forms for heeling are made from carved wood (manners) or typesetting (typesetting copper plates with nails), in which the pattern is typed from copper plates or wire. When printing, a paint-coated form is placed on the fabric and hit with a special hammer (mallet) (hence the name “printing”, “stuffing”). For multi-color designs, the number of printing plates must correspond to the number of colors.

Printmaking is one of the ancient types of folk arts and crafts, found among many nations: Western and Central Asia, India, Iran, Europe and others.

Printing is low-productivity and has almost completely been replaced by printing designs on fabric on printing machines. It is used only in some handicrafts, as well as for reproducing large patterns, the repeating part of which cannot fit on the shafts of printing machines, and for coloring piece products (curtains, tablecloths). The characteristic patterns of folk printing are used to create modern decorative fabrics.

BEADING - type of decorative and applied arts, handicrafts; creating jewelry, artistic products from beads, in which, unlike other techniques where it is used (weaving with beads, knitting with beads, wire weaving with beads - the so-called bead weaving, bead mosaic and bead embroidery), beads are not only a decorative element, but also a constructive and technological one. All other types of needlework and creative arts (mosaics, knitting, weaving, embroidery, wire weaving) are possible without beads, but they will lose some of their decorative capabilities, and beadwork will cease to exist. This is due to the fact that beading technology is original in nature.

EMBROIDERY - a well-known and widespread handicraft art of decorating all kinds of fabrics and materials with a wide variety of patterns, from the coarsest and densest, such as cloth, canvas, leather, to the finest materials - cambric, muslin, gauze, tulle, etc. Tools and materials for embroidery: needles, threads, hoops, scissors.

KNITTING - the process of making fabric or products (usually clothing items) from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools manually (crochet hook, knitting needles, needle, fork) or on a special machine (mechanical knitting). Knitting, as a technique, refers to a type of weaving.

Crochet

Knitting

MACROME -(fr. Macramé, from Arabic. - braid, fringe, lace or Turkish. - scarf or napkin with fringe) - knot weaving technique.

LACE MAKING - production of mesh fabric from woven thread patterns (linen, paper, wool and silk). There are laces sewn with a needle, woven with bobbins, crocheted, tambour and machine.

CARPET WEAVING – the production of artistic textiles, usually with multi-colored patterns, serving primarily to decorate and insulate rooms and to ensure noiselessness. Artistic Features carpets are determined by the texture of the fabric (pile, lint-free, felted), the nature of the material (wool, silk, linen, cotton, felt), the quality of dyes (natural in antiquity and the Middle Ages, chemical from the second half of the 19th century), format, ratio of border and the central field of the carpet, the ornamental set and composition of the pattern, and the color scheme.

QUILLING - Paper rolling(also quilling English. quilling - from the word quill (bird feather)) - the art of making flat or three-dimensional compositions from long and narrow strips of paper twisted into spirals.

The finished spirals are given different shapes and thus quilling elements, also called modules, are obtained. They are already the “building” material in creating works - paintings, postcards, albums, photo frames, various figurines, watches, jewelry, hairpins, etc. The art of quilling came to Russia from Korea, but is also developed in a number of European countries.

This technique does not require significant material costs to begin its development. However, paper rolling cannot be called simple, since to achieve a decent result you need to show patience, perseverance, dexterity, accuracy and, of course, develop the skills of rolling high-quality modules.

SCRAPBOOKING -(English scrapbooking, from English scrapbook: scrap - scrapping, book - book, literally “book of scrapbooks”) - a type of handicraft art that consists of making and decorating family or personal photo albums.

This type of creativity is a way of storing personal and family history in the form of photographs, newspaper clippings, drawings, notes and other memorabilia, using a unique way of preserving and communicating individual stories using special visual and tactile techniques instead of the usual story. The main idea of ​​scrapbooking is to preserve photographs and other mementos of events for a long time for future generations.

CERAMICS -(ancient Greek κέραμος - clay) - products from inorganic materials (for example, clay) and their mixtures with mineral additives, manufactured under high temperature followed by cooling.

In the narrow sense, the word ceramics means clay that has been fired.

The earliest ceramics were used as dishes made from clay or mixtures of it with other materials. Currently, ceramics is used as a material in industry (mechanical engineering, instrument making, aviation industry, etc.), construction, art, and is widely used in medicine and science. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were created for use in the semiconductor industry and other areas.

MOSAIC -(fr. mosaique, Italian mosaico from lat. (opus) musivum - (work) dedicatedto the muses) - decorative, applied and monumental art of various genres, the works of which involve the formation of an image by arranging, setting and fixing on the surface (usually on a plane) multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials.

JEWELRY ART - is a term that denotes the result and process of creativity of jewelry artists, as well as the entire set of objects and works of jewelry created by them, intended primarily for the personal decoration of people, and made from precious materials, such as precious metals and precious stones. In order for a piece of jewelry or item to be unambiguously classified as jewelry, this piece of jewelry must satisfy three conditions: at least one precious material must be used in this piece of jewelry; artistic value, and it must be unique - that is, it should not be replicated by the artist-jeweler who makes it.

In the professional jargon of jewelers, as well as by students and students of educational institutions specializing in “jewelry,” a slang version of the word “jewelry” is often used.

Although it is believed that the concept of “jewelry” includes all jewelry made using precious materials, and the concept of “costume jewelry” includes jewelry made from non-precious materials, but, as we see, at present the difference between jewelry and costume jewelry is becoming somewhat blurred , and the assessment of whether a given product is classified as jewelry or costume jewelry is each time made by experts individually in each specific case.

LACQUER MINIATURE - Miniature painting on small objects: boxes, boxes, powder compacts, etc. is a type of decorative, applied and folk art. Such painting is called varnish because colored and transparent varnishes serve not only as full-fledged painting materials, but also the most important means artistic expressiveness of the work. They add depth and strength to the colors and at the same time soften and unite them, as if melting the image into the very flesh of the product.

The homeland of artistic varnishes is the countries of the Far East and Southeast Asia: China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, where they have been known since ancient times. In China, for example, back in the 2nd millennium BC. e. The sap of the lacquer tree was used to cover cups, boxes, and vases. Then lacquer painting was born, which reached the highest level in the East.

This type of art came to Europe from India, Iran, and the countries of Central Asia, where in the 15th-17th centuries. Lacquer miniatures made with tempera paints on papier-mâché objects were popular. European masters significantly simplified the technology and began to use oil paints and varnishes.

In Russia, artistic varnishes have been known since 1798, when the merchant P.I. Korobov built a small factory of papier-mâché lacquerware in the village of Danilkovo near Moscow (later merged with the neighboring village of Fedoskino). Under his successors, the Lukutins, Russian masters developed unique techniques for Fedoskino painting. They have not been lost to this day.

 Palekh miniature - folk craft that developed in the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region. The lacquer miniature is made with tempera on papier-mâché. Usually boxes, caskets, little capsules, brooches, panels, ashtrays, tie pins, pincushions, etc. are painted.

 Fedoskino miniature - a type of traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting with oil paints on papier-mâché, which developed at the end of the 18th century in the village of Fedoskino near Moscow.

 Kholuy miniature - folk craft that developed in the village of Kholui, Ivanovo region. The lacquer miniature is made with tempera on papier-mâché. Usually boxes, little boxes, pincushions, etc. are painted.

ART PAINTING ON WOOD

 Khokhloma - An ancient Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, done in red, green and black on a gold background. When painting, it is not gold, but silver tin powder that is applied to the tree. After this, the product is coated with a special composition and processed three or four times in the oven, which achieves a honey-golden color, giving the light wooden utensils a massive effect.

 Gorodets painting - Russian folk art craft. Exists with mid-19th century century in the area of ​​the city of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors. In 1936, an artel was founded (since 1960, the Gorodets Painting Factory), producing souvenirs; masters - D. I. Kryukov, A. E. Konovalov, I. A. Mazin.

 Mezen painting - Palaschel painting is a type of painting of household utensils - spinning wheels, ladles, boxes, bratins, which developed by the beginning of the 19th century in the lower reaches of the Mezen River. The oldest dated spinning wheel from Mezen painting dates back to 1815, although graphic motifs of similar painting are found in handwritten books of the 18th century, made in the Mezen region.

ART PAINTING ON METAL

 Zhostovo painting - folk craft of artistic painting of metal trays, existing in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region.

 Enamel - (Old Russian finipt, khimipet, from Middle Greek χυμευτόν, the same from χυμεύω - “I mix”) - the production of works of art using glassy powder, enamel, on a metal substrate, a type of applied art. The glass coating is long-lasting and does not fade over time, and enamel products are particularly bright and pure in color.

Enamel acquires desired color after firing using additives that use metal salts. For example, adding gold gives glass a ruby ​​color, cobalt gives it a blue color, and copper gives it a green color. When solving specific painting problems, the brightness of enamel can, unlike glass, be muted.

 Limoges enamel - (fr.émail de Limoges), formerly known as the Limoges work ( fr.Œuvre de Limoges, lat. Opus lemovicense) is a special technique for processing enamel products, called champlevé enamel, which appeared in the middle of the 12th century in the French city Limoges, historical province Limousin. Having received the deepest recognition in Western Europe, enamellers stopped using this technique in the middle of the 14th century.

Subsequently, starting from the end of the 15th century, in France appeared new technology making enamel objects - artistic enamel, or also known as painted enamel. Very quickly, artistic enamel, like champlevé enamel, at one time, began to be produced exclusively in Limousin workshops.

Currently, when producing enamel products, some craftsmen use classical techniques, while others use technology updated with modern advances.

ART PAINTING ON CERAMICS

 Gzhel - one of the traditional Russian centers for the production of ceramics. The broader meaning of the name "Gzhel", which is correct from a historical and cultural point of view, is a vast area consisting of 27 villages united in the "Gzhel Bush". “Gzhel Bush” is located approximately sixty kilometers from Moscow along the Moscow-Murom-Kazan railway line. Now “Gzhel Bush” is part of the Ramensky district of the Moscow region. Before the revolution, this area belonged to Bogorodsky and Bronnitsky districts.

 Dymkovo toy - Vyatka toy, Kirov toy - one of the Russian folk clay arts and crafts. It originated in the trans-river settlement of Dymkovo near the city of Vyatka (now on the territory of the city of Kirov).

There is no analogue of the Dymkovo toy. The bright, elegant Dymkovo toy has become a kind of symbol of the Vyatka land.

 Filimonovskaya toy - ancient Russian applied art craft, formed in the village of Filimonovo, Odoevsky district Tula region. According to archaeologists, the Filimonov craft is more than 700 years old. According to other data, about 1 thousand years.

ARTISTIC CARVING

 Stone carving (Glyptics)(from Greek glypho - cut out, hollow out) - the art of carving on colored and precious stones, gemmah. One of the most ancient arts.

 Wood carving - a type of decorative and applied art (carving is also one of the types of artistic woodworking along with sawing and turning), as well as art in general.

 Bone carving - a type of decorative and applied art. In Russia, it is distributed mainly in the Northern regions: Arkhangelsk region (Kholmogory carved bone), Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Yamal carved bone), the city of Tobolsk (Tobolsk carved bone), Yakutia and Chukotka (Chukchi carved bone)

ART TREATMENT OF LEATHER - 1) A type of decorative and applied art, the production of various items from leather for both household and decorative art purposes; 2) textile industry, decoration of clothing, footwear, leather goods. Techniques:

EMBOSSING- There are several types of embossing. In industrial production, various stamping methods are used, when the pattern on the skin is squeezed out using molds. In the manufacture of artistic products, stamping is also used, but typesetting stamps and embossing are used. Another method is embossing with filling - cutting out elements of the future relief from cardboard (lignin) or pieces of blinders and placing them under a layer of pre-moistened yuft, which is then pressed along the contour of the relief. Small details are extruded without lining due to the thickness of the leather itself. When it dries, it hardens and “remembers” the relief decor. Thermal stamping is the extrusion of decor on the surface of the leather using heated metal stamps.

PERFORATION- or carving is one of the oldest techniques. Actually, it boils down to the fact that using punches of various shapes, holes are cut out in the leather, arranged in the form of an ornament. This technique is also used to create complex compositions like stained glass or arabesque (for example, in jewelry, wall panels, etc.).

WEAVING- one of the processing methods, which consists of joining several strips of leather using a special technique. Jewelry often uses macrame elements made from “cylindrical” cord. In combination with perforation, weaving is used to braid the edges of products (used for finishing clothes, shoes, bags).

PYROGRAPHY- a new technique, but with an ancient pedigree. Apparently, leather burning was initially a side effect of thermal embossing (the first mention was in Russia in the 12th century, and in Europe in the 13th century), but then it was widely used as an independent technique. In its classic form, pyrography is the application of various ornaments to the surface of thick leather (blinders, saddle cloth). This was done using heated copper stamps and was used mainly for finishing horse harness. Modern pyrography owes its expressive capabilities to the invention of a burning device (pyrograph). With the help of pyrography, very thin and complex designs can be applied to the skin. It is often used in combination with engraving, painting, and embossing when creating panels, jewelry, and making souvenirs.

ENGRAVING- used when working with heavy, dense leathers (blinders, saddle cloth, less often - yuft). This is done like this: a pattern is applied to the front surface of the soaked leather using a cutter. Then, with a road worker or a graver (or any oblong-shaped metal object), the slots are widened and filled with acrylic paint. When dry, the contour drawing retains its clarity and the lines retain their thickness. Another method is to use a pyrograph instead of a road builder. In this case, the color and thickness of the lines, as well as the depth of the engraving, are regulated by changing the degree of heat of the pyrograph needle.

APPLICATION- in leatherworking - gluing or sewing pieces of leather onto a product. Depending on what product is being decorated, the application methods differ slightly. Thus, when finishing items of clothing, decorative elements are made of thin leather (feather, chevro, velor) and sewn to the base. When creating panels, making bottles or souvenirs, appliqué fragments can be made from any type of leather and glued to the base. Unlike intarsia, when applying appliqué, it is permissible to connect elements “overlapping”.

INTARSIA- essentially the same as inlay or mosaic: image fragments are mounted end-to-end. Intarsia is made on a textile or wooden base. Depending on this, leather grades are selected. When working with a textile base, thin plastic leathers are used (opoek, chevro, velor and thin yuft), and when working on a board - heavy ones (blinds, saddle cloth). To achieve the proper quality, accurate patterns of all fragments of the composition are made from a preliminary sketch. Then, using these patterns, elements are cut out from pre-dyed leather and glued to the base using bone glue or PVA emulsion. The intarsia technique is used mainly to create wall panels, but in combination with other techniques it can be used in the manufacture of bottles, souvenirs, and furniture decoration.

In addition, the leather can be painted, it can be molded into any shape and relief (by soaking, gluing, filling).

ARTISTIC METAL PROCESSING

Metal-plastic - technique of creating relief images on metal. One of the types of decorative and applied art. It differs from embossing in that it is produced exclusively on thin sheets of metal up to 0.5 mm thick by extruding the outline of the design with special tools (and not by striking, as in embossing), due to which smooth deformations of the metal are formed. A thicker sheet cannot be processed in this way, and a sheet thinner than 0.2 mm may tear. Metal-plastic has been used since ancient times to decorate furniture, make various decorative elements, or as an independent work of art.

Due to the simplicity and accessibility of the techniques, it was included in curriculum Soviet school in the 20s. However, then this technique was forgotten, and only recently has interest in it increased again.

Christian tin miniature - a modern type of Christian decorative and applied art for creating miniature sculptures of small forms. The craft appeared at the end of the 20th century in Russia against the background of the revival of the life of the Russian Orthodox Church after communist persecution. It represents a separate direction from military-historical tin miniatures, which uses a combination of Christian round sculpture, iconography and ancient technology of tin casting and metal-plastic.

Miniatures can depict figures of holy saints of God or scenes from biblical history. The figurines are not objects of cultic religious worship. Miniatures are a living tradition of the Byzantine art craft of carving ivory round sculpture, which was lost in the 12th century. The only difference is in the technical design.

This type of Christian creativity is perceived ambiguously in the church, since the icon is traditional in Orthodoxy. The rejection of sculpture in Orthodoxy is due to the fact that there were bans on sculpture in the church. But the most authoritative theorist of church art, L. A. Uspensky, notes: “ Orthodox Church not only has she never banned sculptural images, but... such a ban cannot exist at all, since it could not be justified by anything.” Since the first centuries, the Church has not rejected sculpture. This is evidenced by the fairly numerous statues of the “Good Shepherd” that have survived to this day.

Artistic forging - production by the metal processing method, which has the general name of forging, of any forged products for any purpose, which necessarily have the properties of a work of art.

Artistic casting from precious metals, bronze and brass

Artistic casting from cast iron

Coinage - the technological process of making a drawing, inscription, image, which consists of knocking out a certain relief on a plate. One of the types of decorative and applied arts.

It is one of the options for artistic metal processing.

The embossing technique is used to create dishes, decorative panels, and various jewelry.

Relief on sheet metal is created using specially made tools - embossing and punching hammers, which are made from both metal and wood.

For embossing work, metals such as brass, copper, aluminum and steel with a thickness of 0.2 to 1 mm, and in some cases gold and silver are used.

A relief or design can be minted by placing a sheet of metal on the end of a birch or linden ridge, on felt, thick rubber, a canvas bag with river sand, or a layer of plasticine or resin. In some cases, a lead plate is more convenient.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

additional education for children

"Center for Extracurricular Activities"

Educational and methodological material

Material prepared

teacher of additional education,

Head of the association "Slavic Pattern"

Fedorova T.G.

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

2014

"Design in decorative and applied arts"

Decorative arts play a special role in the development of children’s emotional and aesthetic attitude towards national culture. Decorating the interior of your home is great art, requiring certain knowledge, skills, patience and aesthetic taste.

Decorative and applied art organically combines disciplines such as fine art and labor.Being part of the material and spiritual culture of society, decorative and applied arts are most strongly connected with human life and everyday life. This material presents the theoretical basics of fine and decorative arts.

Target:

1. Communicating and consolidating knowledge of fine and decorative arts.
2. Getting to know products folk craftsmen, types of paintings, with concepts : applique, collage, coloring, layout, composition and its laws.
3. Introduction to concepts:perspective and its laws, color science, drawing and painting, types, laws and techniques of depiction.
4. Development of individual artistic and creative abilities through aesthetic education and mastering the language of fine and decorative arts.

Simple and beautiful artistic products of folk craftsmen help to instill in children a love of native land, see and love nature, appreciate the traditions of their native places, respect the work of adults.

Design – designing things, cars, interiors, based on the principles of combining convenience, economy and beauty.

Designer – artist-constructor, design specialist

Application (from Lat. attaching) - a method of creating ornaments and images by sewing, gluing on fabric, paper, etc. multi-colored pieces of any material (fabric, paper, fur, straw, etc.) of a different color or design, as well as an ornament or image created using a method that gives them a special relief. Appliqué is one of the oldest ways to decorate clothes and is still used today by many peoples.

Collage (from the French gluing) is a technical technique in fine art, gluing onto any base materials that differ from it in color and texture, as well as a work entirely made using this technique. Collage is used mainly in graphics for the sake of the emotional acuity of the texture of the work, the unexpectedness of the combination of various materials. Collage was introduced by the Cubists, Futurists and Dadaists (gluing scraps of newspapers, photographs, wallpaper, pieces of fabric, wood chips, etc. to canvas)

Layout (from French and Italian - sketch) - an architectural, volumetric-spatial image (from plaster, wood, plastics, cardboard and other materials) of an already constructed or designed building, architectural ensemble, city. Layouts are made at various scales. The layout either reproduces the original in all details, such a layout is called a model, or with varying degrees of approximation; serves to check and improve the architectural composition. Models are also an important element of museum exhibitions.

Composition is a core discipline in design. As a result of studying the Composition course, students should gain the knowledge and practical skills they need in further independent creative work. Training in “Composition”, which includes “Fundamentals of Composition”, “Paper Construction”, is based on the logical connection of tasks from planar to volumetric, from volumetric to spatial solutions, with a gradual complication of concepts and requirements. From theoretical calculations to practical exercises, from them to your own conclusions and creatively completed tasks. The proposed scheme of specific tasks allows the teacher to be creative and place emphasis, depending on the requirements of the time, trends in design, group size, etc. In composition lessons, it is recommended to widely use visual material: photographic material, transparencies, specialized publications, etc. Also in the composition program, students are invited to get acquainted with very interesting and fashionable types of decorative and applied arts, such as “Batik” and “Tapestry”.

Color – general character combinations of colors in a painting, drawing, exhibition.

Composition - subsequence visual techniques, organizingconstruction of a work of art and arrangement of its main elements and parts in a certain system and sequence

The general composition includes the laws of creating works of art on a two-dimensional picture plane, designed for their perception with the help of a person’s emotional feelings. All works of art created using volumetric-spatial structures belong to a special composition.

Laws of composition:

• symmetry,
• asymmetry,
• balance and rhythm,
• statics and dynamics,
• subordination of the secondary to the main,
• highlighting the visual center,
• contrast and nuance,
• centrifugality and extension, etc.

Specifics of the compositionof various objects and products is that their shape corresponds to its purpose, the material from which they are made, and the design scheme that determines their structure.

The composition must unite the disparate and diverse, must harmonize individual elements with each other, find ways to mutually subordinate all elements of the interior to a single goal -artistic image.

Types of compositions . In architectural composition, the following types are considered: volumetric-spatial, volumetric-frontal and deep-spatial.

Volume-spatialcomposition is a creative connection of volumetric structures with each other, taking into account the area on which they are located.

Surround-frontcomposition is the connection of volumes with each other at the eye level of the observer. It is used in the process of creating the appearance of a product.

Depth-spatialcomposition is the compositional connection of three-dimensional objects between themselves and space. This method is used in creative interior design.

Perspective - the science of spatial image of the surrounding world. Laws of perspective: all objects are perceived as decreasing as they move away from the viewer; all horizontal lines, parallel to each other, extending away from the viewer into depth. A person’s vision and perception are subject to change under the influence of systematic training and the acquisition of life experience.

Laws of perspective:all objects are perceived as decreasing as they move away from the viewer; all horizontal lines, parallel to each other, extending away from the viewer into the depths, i.e., not parallel to the picture plane, converge at the main vanishing point; all horizontal lines parallel to the picture plane retain their horizontal direction; all vertical lines remain vertical in perspective; All circles and circles in perspective take on the shape of ellipses.

An important factor in the development of composition is the process of shaping in nature, art and technology. Conceptabout form and shapingincludes an understanding of the laws of the theory of shape formation as a science: the concept of architectonics as the harmonious construction of the form of a product; combinatorics, which studies the patterns of variant placement of three-dimensional and flat figures in two- and three-dimensional space

Unity - a quality essential to composition in any art form. Without unity, composition does not exist. Using examples from life, as well as analysis of products selected from visual aids, the essence of the concept is revealed, emphasizing the difference in the perception of individual objects and objects that make up sets and ensembles.

Unity is expressed in the use of methods of organizing form, subordinated primarily to functional requirements. Unity is an aesthetic category because, along with functional dependence, form is influenced by the laws of perception - the laws of beauty.

Equilibriumas a property of composition - a constructive property, an aesthetic property. Balance in the picture is achieved by searching for and correctly placing the center of the composition. The center of the composition is an object (part of an object, a group of objects), which is located so that it attracts the viewer’s attention with its semantic meaning. It must contain artistic and emotional meaning and expediency.

Then students train in finding the compositional center and techniques for achieving balance in a work of art, analyzing paintings and products selected by the teacher as samples.

Flower science - a science that studies and explains the phenomena of color, the origin of the color of bodies and all observable objects, the changes that colors undergo under different lighting and at different distances. The combination and interaction of colors and the basics of their harmonization. The objective of the course is to give students a certain amount of theoretical knowledge and teach them to apply this knowledge in practical activities. The knowledge gained helps in independent creative activity: it develops students’ thinking and artistic abilities, the ability to present, compare and analyze color. Ability to analyze and study the color features of works of art by artists different eras, directions and styles. Mastering the subject should also be aimed at expanding the range of interests of students, nurturing in them an emotional and aesthetic attitude to reality, and creative imagination.

This color science program consists of topics that include both theoretical foundations and practical work. Students perform basic practical work in the classroom under the guidance of a teacher. To secure educational material homework is also completed. Practical work must be analyzed and discussed by the teacher and students. Classes should be accompanied by a demonstration of reproductions from paintings by artists and a display of best works students. Depending on the age of the students, appropriate changes can be made: rearranging topics, increasing or decreasing practical work in general and by topic.

Drawing and Painting –this course is aimed at the comprehensive artistic development of students: the development artistic perception, on mastering theoretical knowledge of the fundamentals of painting and drawing and, above all, on practical mastery of the skills of constructing a form, artistic means images of reality. These tasks reflect the sequential goal of interrelated tasks, gradually becoming more complex and carried out on the basis of working from life. The method of teaching drawing and painting is based on a comprehensive study of nature. In all painting tasks, strict adherence to competent drawing is necessary. During the teaching process, the teacher must take into account individual characteristics each student, carefully preserving and developing the positive aspects of his talent. The painting material is watercolor, later – gouache, tempera, oil. The size of the work should generally not exceed the natural size of the image object.

Types of drawing. The basis of all types of fine art, including graphics, is drawing. The word “drawing” replaced the Old Slavonic words “banner”, “sign”, meaning “creation of an image”, and “drawing”, “inscription”, indicating the technique of making the image. Since the 18th century, the word “drawing” has become a term denoting image as the creation of an image using lines, features that are important for recognizing the characteristics of an object: shape, size, structure, movement, which are conveyed in all types of art.

The simplicity of line drawing techniques and the universality of the principles of form construction have made drawing the basis of graphics and other forms of art. When comparing a drawing, for example, with a drawing, its remarkable features become apparent. Firstly, the drawing is done by hand. This speeds up the execution of the image and, therefore, makes it possible to quickly respond to various events of current life. Secondly, the drawing is done by eye capturing an object not only as it is, but also as it appears. This visible image is understandable and accessible to everyone. Thirdly, drawing visual; it illusoryly conveys the main external signs of an object, its materiality, volume, illumination, spatial arrangement, etc. Fourth, the drawing not only depicts the diverse external signs of the object and the environment, but through their relationships expresses the internal content of this object and environment evokes certain thoughts and feelings in the viewer.

For a more complete study of the features of the drawing, several types are conventionally distinguished, differing in visual, material and technical means and in purpose.

According to the use of visual media, drawings are linear and tonal. A linear drawing is, as a rule, light, light, and generalized. An artistic image is created with lines, tables, diagrams, and drawings are made on the chalkboard (Fig. 1a).

Drawing in tone allows you to give a more complete description of the object and environment by conveying the volume of the form,illumination, materiality and spatial relationships. Such a drawingcalled tonal or tonal.

The mass and contour of some objects very clearly expresses character, movement and other properties. Therefore, they are sometimes chosen to depict them simplest form tone pattern - silhouette - contour pattern filled with one even tone.

Depending on the technique used, drawings can be original or printed. Original drawings are made by hand by the artist in one copy. Prints are made with a cliche, an imprint on paper and are called prints. There are several types of printmaking. The main ones are engraving (on wood - woodcut, on linoleum - linocut, on metal - etching) and lithography (a print from a lithographic stone on which a drawing is made with a lithographic pencil and etching with acids).

According to their intended purpose, a distinction is made between academic drawings and creative drawings. Academic drawing is a long-term drawing performed for the purpose of learning to draw, mastering drawing techniques and studying various forms and features. It is characterized by fixation of all the main features that determine the appearance of the subject of the image. A creative drawing is a work of fine art that figuratively expresses the artist’s thoughts, feelings and worldview.

In educational and creative work, a sketch, a study, and a sketch are widely used. A sketch is a short-term drawing. The main means of sketching is the line, supplemented by sparse shading or rubbing. A detailed study of the subject of the image or part of it is carried out through a sketch. It traces and notes over a relatively long period of time the most important external and internal properties and characteristics of an object. The living material studied in etudes and sketches is actually used to create a creative drawing or painting, the composition of which begins with a preliminary drawing - a sketch.

Painting objects.The word “painting” is derived from the words “vividly” and “write”. “To paint,” explains Dahl, “to depict faithfully and vividly with a brush or words, a pen.” For the painter, depicting correctly means accurately conveying the external appearance of what he saw and its most important features. We managed to convey them correctly using graphic means - line and tone. But it is impossible to convey vividly with these limited means the multicolor of the surrounding world, the pulsation of life in every centimeter of the colored surface of an object, the charm of this life and constant movement and change. Painting, one of the types of fine art, helps to truly reflect the color of the real world.

Color - the main visual and means of expression in painting - has tone, saturation and lightness; it seems to fuse into a whole everything characteristic of an object: both what can be depicted by a line and what is inaccessible to it. Painting, like graphics, uses light and dark lines, strokes and spots, but unlike it, these lines, strokes and spots are colored. They convey the color of the light source through glare and brightly lit surfaces, sculpt a three-dimensional form with an object (local) color and the color reflected by the environment, establish spatial relations and depth, depict the texture and materiality of objects. Colors themselves are perceived emotionally, and taken as characteristic features of an object, they become “objectified”, capable of extremely strongly influencing a person and evoking in him not only general, but also specific associations and feelings. The task of painting is not only to show something, but also to reveal the inner essence of what is depicted, to reproduce “typical characters in typical circumstances.” Therefore, a truthful artistic generalization of the phenomena of life is the basis of realistic painting. Multi-colored strokes, lying one after another and changing their shade, depict a vibrating surface. Everything they present seems to be full of movement and deep meaning.

Painting is divided into monumental, decorative, theatrical and decorative, miniature and easel.

Monumental painting is a special type of large-scale paintings that decorate the walls and ceilings of architectural structures. She reveals the holding of large social phenomena who have had a positive impact on the development of society, glorifies them, perpetuates them, contributing to the education of people. The sublimity of the content of monumental painting, the significant size of its works, and the connection with architecture require large color masses, strict simplicity and laconism of composition, clarity of contours and generality of plastic form.

Decorative painting is used to decorate buildings and interiors in the form of colorful panels, which with realistic images create the illusion of breaking through the wall, visually increasing the size of the room, or, on the contrary, using deliberately flattened forms, they assert the flatness of the wall and the enclosure of the space. Patterns, wreaths, garlands and other types of decor that decorate works of monumental painting and sculpture tie together all the elements of the interior, emphasizing their beauty and consistency with the architecture. Decorative painting They also decorate things: caskets, caskets, stands, trays, chests, etc. Its themes and forms are subordinated to the purpose of things, which is described in detail in the next chapter.

Theatrical and decorativepainting (scenery, costumes, makeup, props, made according to the artist’s sketches) helps to further reveal the content of the performance. Special theatrical conditions for perceiving the scenery require taking into account multiple points of view of the public, their great distance, impact artificial lighting and colored lights. The scenery gives an idea of ​​the place and time of the action, and activates the viewer’s perception of what is happening on stage. The theater artist strives to acutely express the individual character of the characters, their social status, the style of the era, and much more in sketches of costumes and makeup.

Miniature painting received great development in the Middle Ages, before the invention of printing. Handwritten books were decorated with the finest headpieces, endings, and detailed miniature illustrations. Russian artists of the first half of the 19th century skillfully used the miniature painting technique to create small (mainly watercolor) portraits. Pure deep watercolor colors, their exquisite combinations, and the exquisite fineness of the writing distinguish these portraits, full of grace and nobility.

Easel painting done on a machine - an easel - uses wood, cardboard, paper as a material basis, but most often canvas stretched on a stretcher. An easel painting, being an independent work, can depict absolutely everything: factual and fictional by the artist, inanimate objects and people, modernity and history - in a word, life in all its manifestations. Unlike graphics, easel painting has a richness of color, which helps emotionally, psychologically, multifacetedly and subtly convey the beauty of the world around us.

Painting divided into oil, tempera, fresco, wax, mosaic, stained glass, watercolor, gouache, pastel. These names were derived from the binder or from the method of using material and technical means.

Oily painting is done with paint rubbed off in vegetable oils. Thick paint thins out when oil or special thinners and varnishes are added to it. Oil paint You can work on canvas, wood, cardboard, paper, metal.

Tempera painting is done with paint prepared with egg, yolk or casein. Tempera paint is dissolved with water and applied paste or liquid to the wall, canvas, paper, wood. In Rus', tempera was used to create wall paintings, icons and patterns on household items. Nowadays, tempera is used in painting and graphics, in decorative and applied arts and in artistic design.

Fresco painting decorates interiors in the form of monumental and decorative compositions applied to wet plaster with water-based paints. The fresco has a pleasant matte surface and is durable in indoor conditions.

Wax painting (encaustic) was used by artists Ancient Egypt, as evidenced by the famous “Fayyum portraits” (1st century AD). The binder in encaustic painting is bleached wax. Wax paints are applied in a molten state to a heated base, after which they are cauterized.

Mosaic painting, or mosaic, is assembled from individual pieces of smalt or colored stones and fixed on a special cement primer. Transparent smalt, inserted into the ground at different angles, reflects or refracts light, causing the color to flare and shimmer. Mosaic panels can be found in the subway, in theater and museum interiors, etc.

Stained glass painting is a work of decorative art intended to decorate window openings in any architectural structure. Stained glass is made from pieces of colored glass held together by a strong metal frame. The luminous flux, breaking through the colored surface of the stained glass window, draws spectacular, multi-colored patterns on the floor and walls of the interior.

Purpose and content painting require the selection of such material and technical means with the help of which the artist’s ideological and creative intent can be most fully expressed. Painting helps a person to see the beauty of the world contained in the most ordinary things, cultivates attention to the environment, the desire to comprehend its meaning.

Ornament - a pattern consisting of rhythmically ordered elements is intended to decorate various objects. Ornament - system for decorating items of clothing and utensils.

Motive - the main attribute of an ornament that determines its content and influences the structural basis. In the structure of the ornaments, one can trace the shape (pattern) and field of the ornament.

Symmetry - a natural phenomenon in the organization of the beautiful shape of objects in nature and the composition of the ornament. Asymmetry introduces some variety into the compositional structure of the ornament, but is not always consistent with the shape of the object.

The repetition of elements in a striped pattern takes place in the form of mirror reflection, translation or rotation.

Sequence of creating an ornament:

• clarification of the purpose and objectives of the composition of the ornament and assessment of the ornamented object;
• collection and study of reference and information material;
• sketches and sketches of ornamental motifs;
• drawing of the ornamented object, taking into account the place of the ornamental stripe on it;
• making a final sketch of the ornament in color or material.

DECORATIVE AND APPLIED ARTS, a type of art, the creation of products that combine artistic and utilitarian functions. Works of decorative and applied art are related to the everyday needs of people and form an integral part of the human environment. The basis and source of decorative and applied art is folk art. The sphere of decorative and applied arts includes products of traditional arts and crafts, art industry and professional author's art. The term “applied art” arose in the 18th century in England and was applied mainly to the creation of household products (painting dishes, fabrics, finishing weapons). In the 20th century, Russian art history adopted the term “decorative and applied art” as a designation for the section of decorative arts, which also includes theatrical and decorative art and design.

A specific feature of works of decorative and applied art is the inextricable connection between the utilitarian and the artistic, the unity of usefulness and beauty, function and decoration. Utilitarianism allows us to classify works of decorative and applied art according to their practical purpose (tools, furniture, dishes, etc.); the function of an object clearly determines its design. The quality that gives an object of decorative and applied art the status of a work of art is decorativeness. It is realized not only in decorating an object with any particular details (decor), but also in its general compositional and plastic structure. The decor has its own emotional expressiveness, rhythm, proportions; he is able to change shape. The decor can be sculptural-relief, pictorially-painted, graphically-carved (see also Engraving); he uses both ornament (including decorative inscriptions - hieroglyphs, calligraphy, Slavic script, etc., revealing the meaning of the images), and various visual elements and motifs ("world tree", birds and animals, plants, etc.) in accordance with a certain decorative and stylistic system (see also Bucranius, Griffin, Rose, Sphinx). In the plate system of decorative and applied art, there is the possibility of using the so-called pure form as the antithesis of any decor: it can manifest itself in the intrinsic beauty of the material, revealing its structural, plastic, color qualities, harmony of proportions, grace of silhouette and contours.

Vessel. Painted ceramics. 3rd millennium BC. Yangshao (China). Museum of Decorative and Applied Arts (Vienna).

Another fundamental feature of decorative and applied art is syntheticism, which implies the combination of various types of creativity (painting, graphics, sculpture) and different materials in one work. Synthetic in its internal nature, a work of decorative and applied art is often involved in a synthesis of arts, in an ensemble of artistic objects, and may depend on architecture (furniture, decorative sculpture, panels, tapestry, carpet, etc.). As a result of this dependence, decorative and applied art in all eras sensitively and clearly followed changes in styles and changes in fashion.

In decorative and applied art, the image of a thing is determined by the connection between its aesthetic form and functional purpose. On the one hand, there is the concept of the utilitarian and non-representational nature of decorative and applied art as “making things”: a purely practical task does not imply the creation of a full-fledged image (for example, the goal of pottery or basket weaving is not the image of things, but the creation of the thing itself). However, other examples (anthropomorphic ceramics, etc.), which carry a mimetic principle, allow us to speak about imagery as the primary task of creativity in the decorative and applied arts, manifested primarily in associations and analogies (the shape of an object may resemble a flower bud, a drop, a figure of a person or animal, a sea wave, etc.). The dualism of aesthetic and functional tasks determines the figurative specificity of decorative and applied art (limitation of the specificity of images, the tendency to abandon chiaroscuro and perspective, the use of local colors, flatness of images and silhouettes).

Decorative and applied art as a type of artistic activity is associated with the manual labor of a master, which has become an independent branch of production. Further social division of labor leads to the replacement of handicraft production with machine production (manufactures, factories, factories); functional design and decoration become the work of different specialists. This is how the art industry arises, where methods of “applied art” find their place - decorating products with painting, carving, inlay, embossing, etc.

The question of the relationship between manual and machine labor in the production of objects of decorative and applied art was especially acute in the 2nd half of the 19th century, in the context of the problem of “depersonalization” (in the words of W. Morris) of the production of artistic crafts and theories of limited application popular in this era machines as a prerequisite for revival national traditions. Contrasting folk handicrafts and mass production, Morris at the same time suggests ways to synthesize them, allowing the creation of a new type of decorative and applied art. Design, which became a new type of artistic activity in the field of industrial (mass) production in the mid-19th century, limited decorative and applied arts primarily to the creation of small-run series of handmade products (see also Industrial Art).

Typology. Each field of arts and crafts has a wide variety of forms; their evolution is directly related to the development of technology, the discovery of new materials, the change in aesthetic ideas and fashion. Works of decorative and applied art vary in functionality, form and material.

One of the oldest types of decorative and applied art is tableware. Its forms varied depending on the material (wooden, metal, clay, porcelain, ceramic, glass, plastic) and purpose (ritual, household, dining, decorative; see also Artistic vessels). Decorative and applied art also includes: religious accessories (banners, frames, lamps - in Christianity; Muslim vessels for ablution, prayer rugs “namazlik”, etc.; Jewish seven-branched menorahs; Buddhist lotus thrones and temple incense burners); interior items (furniture, lighting fixtures, vases, mirrors, writing instruments, boxes, fans, snuff boxes, tiles, etc.); household craft utensils (spinning wheels, rollers, ruffles, rubles, spindles, etc.); glyptic works; jewelry art; means of transportation (carts, chariots, carriages, sleighs, etc.); weapon; textiles (see also Batik, Embroidery, Lace, Printed fabric, Weaving; textiles also include carpets, tapestries, tapestries, kilims, felts, etc.); clothes; partly - small plastic (primarily a toy).

The materials used in decorative and applied arts products are just as diverse. The oldest are stone, wood, and bone. Hardwoods were used for the construction of homes, for the manufacture of furniture, household products [pine, oak, walnut (in Renaissance art), Karelian birch (in the era of Russian classicism and Empire style), maple (especially in the Art Nouveau era), mahogany, pear] ; soft varieties (for example, linden) - for making dishes and spoons. Since the 17th century, imported exotic types of wood began to be used in Europe.

Clay processing techniques such as freehand modeling and molding were decisive in the creation of clay products in the initial stages. In the 3rd millennium BC, a potter's wheel appeared, allowing the production of thin-walled dishes.

Ceramics (fired clay) includes terracotta (plain and lacquered), majolica, semi-faience, earthenware, opaque, porcelain, bisque, the so-called stone mass. The main methods of decorating ceramics are molding, polishing, polishing, color painting, engraving, glazing, etc.

Fabrics have been widely used since the Neolithic era. Outstanding examples of decorative and applied art are ancient Egyptian multi-color linen fabrics, Coptic ones using the batik printing technique; Chinese silk fabrics, Indian muslins, Venetian damask.

Masters of decorative and applied arts often used precious, semi-precious and colored ornamental stones: diamonds, rubies, emeralds, sapphires, jade, lapis lazuli and carnelian, malachite, jasper, etc. (amber also belongs to ornamental materials). Among the various types of processing, cabochons (rounded stones) dominated for a long time, then faceted stones appeared. There are complex techniques - the so-called Florentine mosaic (images made of marble and semi-precious stones), Russian mosaic (pasting the round surface of vases with plates of colored stones), etc.

Casket with a depiction of a crucifix and angels. Wood, silver, enamel. 1st quarter of the 13th century. Limoges (France). Hermitage (St. Petersburg).

Among the metals there are precious (gold, silver, platinum), non-ferrous (copper, tin), alloys (bronze, electric, pewter), as well as steel, cast iron and aluminum. Along with noble metals, almost all ancient civilizations processed copper, bronze, and later iron. Gold and silver were initially the main metals in the decorative and applied arts, and their shortage was compensated for by various techniques (electroplating and gilding; from the mid-19th century - electroplating). The main metal processing techniques are niello, granulation, embossing, shotting, artistic casting, artistic forging, basma (a type of jewelry technique that imitates embossing), embossing.

Enamel is a special technique and at the same time material, the oldest samples which is found in China. Enamel was usually used as a component complex works decorative and applied arts (for example, the technique of covering engraved images on metal with multi-colored transparent enamel or decorative painting with enamel paints).

Setting of the so-called Gospel from Lorsch. Ivory. 9th century Aachen. Victoria and Albert Museum (London).

Glass, according to its technological parameters, is divided into transparent and opaque, colorless and colored, etc. There are also different original forms from hand-cut glass, blown glass (“winged” Venetian glasses), from cut English crystal, from pressed glass (appeared in 1820 in the USA), colored laminated or milk glass, filigree, engraved, carved, ground or tint glass. Glass processing techniques include inter-glass gilding, painting, millefiori, artistic etching, and iridescence.

The birthplace of artistic varnishes is the Ancient East. In Europe they have been known since the 16th century; in the 17th century, Dutch masters began to paint wooden boxes gilded ornament on a black background. Later, the production of painted varnishes arose in many countries. Products made from papier-mâché coated with varnish appeared in Europe in the 18th century, and they reached their peak of popularity in the 19th century, especially in England, Germany and Russia. In the 20th century, Russia became the main center of lacquer art (Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui and Mstera).

The use of tortoiseshell and ivory dates back to antiquity; then their use was revived in European art in the Middle Ages and, especially, at the end of the 18th century (English and French snuff boxes and teapots, Kholmogory bone carving). Mother of pearl came into fashion in the 1st half of the 19th century for decorating papier-mâché and varnish products, and finishing cutlery.

Historical sketch. The first artistically processed objects appeared in the Paleolithic era. During the Neolithic period, ceramic products became widespread. Various cultures create vases with masterly graphic artistic designs, expressive sacred-mythological plots, painted ceramics with ornamental and other motifs (for example, Chinese vessels of the Neolithic era, 5-3rd millennium BC; ceramics from Susa, 4th millennium BC; Trypillian ceramics, late 3rd millennium BC).

The most ancient eastern civilizations reached the same high level in the development of decorative and applied arts as in the field of architecture and sculpture ( artistic treatment stone, metal, wood, jewelry, ivory carving, etc.). Jewelers of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia mastered various subtle techniques for processing precious metals. Ancient Eastern art produced unsurpassed examples of polychrome glazed ceramics; in Egypt, earthenware products (silica-based) were produced - architectural details, sculpture, necklaces, bowls and goblets. The Egyptians (along with the Phoenicians) also made objects from glass (around the 3rd millennium BC); The heyday of glass workshops, as well as other crafts, occurred in the New Kingdom (various forms of vessels made of blue or polychrome glass, etc.). Egyptian furniture was made from local ebony (black) wood and imported species (cedar, cypress), decorated with inserts of blue and black faience, covered with gold leaf and inlaid with ivory and painting (some of its forms later greatly influenced the European Empire style). In many regions of China, thin-walled vessels (bowls, vases, jugs and goblets) were discovered, distinguished by their stylistic originality, variety of shapes and bizarre zoomorphic images. In India, a highly developed urban civilization of the Bronze Age left expressive household items, painted pottery, and textiles discovered during excavations at Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. In Western Iran, in Luristan, a culture represented by the Luristan bronzes developed.

The originality of decorative and applied art of the Aegean world (see Aegean culture) influenced the art of other countries (Egypt of the New Kingdom, the Middle East) - jewelry, chased cups and bowls, rhytons. The leading type of artistic craft is ceramics (polychrome with stylized patterns, plant motifs, with images of sea animals and fish). Among the highest achievements in the history of decorative and applied art is ancient Greek ceramics - first of all, red- and black-figure vessels coated with varnish, where the form is organically connected with the plot painting and ornament, has clear tectonics, a rich rhythm of lines and proportions (see Vase painting). Ceramics and jewelry made in Greece were exported to many countries around the world, resulting in the widespread expansion of Greek artistic traditions. In the decorative and applied arts of the nomadic tribes of Asia and Europe, the Thracians, Celts, and some Finno-Ugric tribes, different forms of animal style developed; in the middle of the 1st millennium AD, its peculiar form appeared among the Germans; the traditions of the animal style were preserved in medieval art.

The Etruscans, being under strong Greek influence, were able to create an equally distinctive culture with their bucchero ceramics, painted terracotta, and jewelry. Their craving for demonstrative luxury embodied in objects of decorative and applied art was passed on to their successors - the ancient Romans. They borrowed relief ceramics and fabric decoration from the Etruscans, and forms and ornaments from the Greeks. In Roman decor there is a lot of excessive, devoid of Greek taste: lush garlands, bucranias, griffins, winged cupids. During the imperial era, vases made of semi-precious stones (agate, sardonyx, porphyry) became fashionable. The highest achievement of Roman decorative and applied art was the invention of glass blowing techniques (1st century BC), the production of transparent, mosaic, engraved, two-layer, imitating cameo, and gilded glass. Among the metal products are silver vessels (for example, a treasure from Hildesheim), bronze lamps (found during excavations in the city of Pompeii).

The stability of traditions distinguishes the Far Eastern and Indian cultures as a whole, where they were preserved in the medieval era characteristic species and arts and crafts forms (ceramics and varnishes in Japan, wood, metal and textiles in India, batik in Indonesia). China is characterized by stable images and traditions of stone-cutting, pottery and jewelry, a variety of materials: silk, paper, bronze, jade, ceramics (primarily the invention of porcelain), etc.

In ancient (pre-Columbian) America, there were several civilizations (Olmecs, Totonacs, Mayans, Aztecs, Zapotecs, Incas, Chimu, Mochica, etc.), which had a high material culture. The main crafts were pottery, artistic stone processing, including semi-precious rocks, using original technology turquoise mosaics on wood, textiles, jewelry. Ceramics are among the best achievements of ancient American art, unlike others that did not know the potter's wheel (Zapotec funeral urns, Toltec vases, Mixtec polychrome vases, vessels with engraved Mayan ornaments, etc.).

Feature medieval art countries of the Middle East, North Africa (Maghreb) and regions of Europe inhabited by Arabs - a craving for color, for valuable decoration, geometric patterns (with plant motifs stylized to the point of abstraction, see Arabesque); The fine tradition was also preserved in the decorative and applied arts of Iran. The main types of decorative and applied arts in Muslim countries were ceramics, weaving, and the production of weapons and luxury goods. Ceramics (mostly ornamental, covered with luster or polychrome painting on a white and colored background) were produced in Iraq (Samarra), Iran (Susa, Ray), medieval Egypt (Fustat), Syria (Raqqa), Central Asia(Samarkand, Bukhara). Hispano-Moorish ceramics (Valencia faience) had a great influence on European decorative arts of the 15th and 16th centuries. Blue-white chinese porcelain influenced the ceramics of the Golden Horde, Iran, etc. In the 16th century, Turkish polychrome faience from Iznik flourished. Muslim culture also left many examples of artistic glass, metal (decorated with engraving, chasing, enamel), and weapons. The Islamic world has traditionally enjoyed to a greater extent carpets rather than furniture; they were produced in many countries (in the Caucasus, India, Egypt, Turkey, Morocco, Spain, Central Asia); The leading place in carpet weaving belongs to Iran. In Egypt they produced multi-colored woolen trellis fabrics, linen fabrics, and printed material; in Syria, in Spain during the Cordoba Caliphate and Arab masters in Sicily - silk, brocade; in Turkey (in Bursa) - velvet; in Iran (in Baghdad) - silk draperies; in Damascus - so-called damask fabrics.

Byzantium became the heir to many artistic crafts of antiquity: glassmaking, mosaic art, bone carving, etc., and also masterfully mastered new ones - the technique of cloisonné enamel, etc. Religious objects and (under the influence of oriental cultures) luxury goods; Accordingly, the style of Byzantine decorative and applied art was refined, decorative and lush at the same time. The influence of this culture extended to the states of Europe (including Ancient Rus'), also Transcaucasia and the Middle East (in Russia, reminiscences of this influence persisted until the Russian-Byzantine style of the 19th century).

In Europe, new forms of decorative and applied art developed during the Carolingian Renaissance under the influence of Byzantium and countries Arab world. In the culture of the Romanesque era, monasteries and city guild corporations played an important role: stone and wood carving, the manufacture of metal products, forged doors and household utensils were practiced. In Italy, where the traditions of late antiquity continued to be preserved, bone and stone carving, the art of mosaics and glyptics, and jewelry developed; In all these areas, masters have achieved the highest perfection. Gothic inherited many of the crafts characteristic of that era; features of the Gothic style are clearly manifested in ivory and silver products, enamels, tapestries and furniture [including wedding chests (in Italy - cassone, decorated with carvings and paintings)].

IN Ancient Rus' special achievements belonged to jewelry, wood and stone carving. Characteristic types Russian furniture included caskets, tower tables, cabinets, chests, and tables. The authors of pictorial compositions in the form of a “grass pattern” were icon painters, “banner-bearers”; they also painted chests, tables, boards for gingerbread cakes, chess, gilded rattles, etc.; decorative “carving” of the 17th century was called “Fryazhsky herbs”. Utensils, dishes, tiles, religious objects were produced in the workshops of Kyiv, Novgorod, Ryazan, Moscow (Patriarchal workshops, the Silver Chamber, from the 2nd half of the 17th century - the Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin), Yaroslavl, Kostroma, also in Kirillo-Belozersky, Spaso -Prilutsky, Sergiev Posad monasteries. From the 2nd half of the 17th century, the rapid development of folk crafts began in Russian decorative and applied arts (tile production, wood carving and painting, lace making and weaving, silversmithing and pottery).

During the Renaissance artistic craft acquires a fundamentally authorial and predominantly secular character. New types of decorative and applied art are appearing, genres and techniques forgotten since ancient times are being revived. Most significant changes occur in the production of furniture (cabinets with a folding front board, a chest-bench with a back and armrests, etc.); The decoration uses a classic order and a characteristic ornament - grotesques. Silk weaving of Genoa, Florence and Milan, Venetian glass, Italian majolica, glyptics, jewelry art (B. Cellini), artistic metalworking [“lobed style” in Dutch and German silver (the Yamnitzer family)], enamels, glass and French flourished. ceramics (produced by Saint-Porcher; master B. Palissy).

Decorative and applied art of the Baroque era is characterized by a special pomp and dynamics of compositions, an organic connection between all elements and details (dishes and furniture), preference is given to voluminous, large forms. In the production of furniture (cabinets, cabinets, chests of drawers, sideboards, etc.) polished wood, gilded bronze fittings and Florentine mosaics, inlay (applied bronze, marquetry using ebony, metal, mother-of-pearl, tortoiseshell, etc.) were used. - in the products of the workshop of A. Sh. Bulya). The tapestry manufactories of Europe were influenced by Flemish carpet art (Brussels manufactories); Genoa and Venice were famous for woolen fabrics and printed velvet. Delft faience arose in imitation of Chinese. In France, the production of soft porcelain, faience (Rouen, Moustiers) and ceramics (Nevers), textiles (manufactories in Lyon), the production of mirrors, and tapestries are developing.

In the Rococo era (18th century), fragile and sophisticated asymmetrical lines predominated in the shapes and decorations of objects. In England they produce silver dishes (P. Lameri), candelabra, etc. In Germany, lush rocaille forms are found among metal products (I. M. Dinglinger). New forms of furniture are emerging - bureaus (desk-bureau, bureau-plate and bureau-cylinder), various types of tables, a soft upholstered bergere chair with a closed back, a dressing table made of 2 parts; Painted panels, marquetry, and inlay are used for decoration. New types of fabrics (moire and chenille) appear. In England, T. Chippendale made furniture in the Rococo style (chairs, tables and bookcases), using Gothic and Chinoiserie motifs. At the beginning of the 18th century, the first European porcelain manufactory was opened in Meissen (Saxony) (sculptor I. Kändler). The Chinoiserie style penetrates both European porcelain (Meissen, Chantilly, Chelsea, Derby, etc.), and Russian (Imperial Porcelain Factory near St. Petersburg), as well as textiles, glass and furniture ((French lacquers of the Martin brothers). In the 1670s, lead glass with a new composition (the so-called English crystal) appeared in England; the technique for its production spread widely in the Czech Republic, Germany, and France.

The decorative and applied arts of the Classical era of the 2nd half of the 18th century, and later the Empire style, were influenced by archaeological excavations in the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii (see Pompeian style). The style created by the Adam brothers (England), which affirmed the unity of external decor and interior decoration, breathed new life into decorative and applied art, in particular into furniture (works by J. Hepwhite, T. Sheraton, T. Hope, brothers Jacob, J. A . Risiner), plastic jewelry (French gilded bronze by P. F. Tomir), artistic silver (cups and dishes by P. Storr), carpets and fabrics, jewelry. Simplicity and clarity are distinguished by glass decanters from the Cork Glass Company, Baccarat vases, and crystal cascade chandeliers. In porcelain, by the end of the 18th century, Meissen gave way to the status of the main European porcelain manufacturer to French Sèvres porcelain; outstanding examples began to be created at factories in Vienna, St. Petersburg and Berlin. In England, J. Wedgwood's Etruria factory appeared, producing ceramics in imitation of antique cameos and vases. In Russia, many major architects were involved in the creation of works of decorative and applied art (A. N. Voronikhin and K. I. Rossi designed furniture and vases, M. F. Kazakov and N. A. Lvov - chandeliers).

In the Biedermeier era, works of decorative and applied art reflected the desire for a comfortable life, which led to the appearance of comfortable, simple furniture with round, simple shapes made from local types of wood (walnut, cherry, birch), elegant glass cut jugs and glasses with elegant paintings (works by A. Kotgasser etc.). The period of eclecticism (mid-19th century) manifested itself in the stylistic diversity of used historical styles, also in unifying approaches and artistic techniques. The inspiration for Neo-Rococo was the decoration of 18th century art; in Russia it appeared in the porcelain products of the A.G. Popov factory with its polychrome floral painting on a colored background. The revival of Gothic (neo-Gothic) was determined by the desire of artists to introduce a romantically sublime style into decorative and applied art and only indirectly reproduced truly Gothic motifs; elements of ornament were borrowed rather than forms of Gothic art (Bohemian glass by D. Beeman, works in porcelain and glass for the palace of Nicholas I “Cottage” in Peterhof). The Victorian style in England was reflected in the creation of heavy furniture and the wide distribution of its “small forms” (bookcases, umbrella holders, gaming tables, etc.). Unglazed porcelain imitating marble has become popular again. New types and techniques have appeared in glass (primarily Bohemian) - multi-layer colored “flash” glass, opaque cameo glass and black (hyalite) glass, imitating lithialyl gemstones. Since the mid-1840s, a new direction appeared in France at the glass factories of Baccarat, Saint-Louis and Clichy, and later in England, Bohemia and the USA (the creation of millefiere paperweights, etc.). Alloy of elements various styles determined the development of furniture and the emergence of new industrial technologies and materials: forms made of glued and bent wood (M. Thonet), papier-mâché, carved wood and cast iron.

The protest against eclecticism, initiated in Great Britain by the Arts and Crafts Society, contributed to the formation of the Art Nouveau style at the end of the 19th century; it blurred the boundaries between the decorative, applied and fine arts and took different forms in many countries. Art Nouveau decor is most often likened to ornamental motifs of natural forms; widely used curved lines, wavy contours, asymmetrical designs (furniture by V. Horta, L. Majorelle, E. Guimard, artistic multi-layered colored glass with floral and landscape motifs by E. Galle, O. Daum, L. Tiffany, jewelry by R. Lalique). The artists of the Vienna Secession, like the Scot C. R. Mackintosh, on the contrary, used symmetry and restrained rectilinear forms. The works of J. Hofmann, often performed together with G. Klimt (furniture, glass, metal, jewelry), are distinguished by elegance and sophistication. In European porcelain production, the leading place was occupied by works with underglaze painting from the Copenhagen Royal Manufactory. In Russian Art Nouveau, in its national-romantic branch, the neo-Russian style manifested itself - especially in the activities of the Abramtsevo art circle (works by V. M. Vasnetsov, M. A. Vrubel, E. D. Polenova), the Talashkino workshop of Princess M. K. Tenisheva, workshops of the Stroganov School.

The modern history of decorative and applied arts begins not only with the revival of handmade creativity (W. Morris and others), but also with the emergence at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries throughout Europe and the USA of a new type of creative activity - design and its further active development in 1920s (Bauhaus, Vkhutemas). Art Deco design became the basis of almost all home interiors, cultivating discreet luxury and comfort (geometric shapes, stylized and simplified ornamentation, exotic veneered furniture with rectilinear shapes, functional tableware and flower vases).

Russian art after 1917 developed on a new ideological and aesthetic basis.

Artists tried to use art to convey the spirit of the era (the so-called propaganda porcelain), to create a comprehensive rational environment for broad sections of the population. Since the late 1950s, in Soviet decorative and applied arts, along with the active development of the art industry (Leningrad porcelain factories, Verbilok, Dulevo porcelain factory, Konakovo faience factory, Leningrad glass factory, Gusev crystal factory, etc.) and folk crafts (Gzhel ceramics , Zhostovo painting, Skopino ceramics, Dymkovo toys, etc.; see Artistic crafts) author’s art has also reached a high level.

The development of decorative and applied arts in the 20th century was determined by the coexistence and interpenetration of traditional and avant-garde principles. Thin ones have become of great importance expressive possibilities new materials, imitation and creative citation. In the era of postmodernism, a special attitude arises towards the decorative artifact as an autonomous entity, which is demonstratively “not interested” in serving a person and is alienated from him. As a result, this led to a “crisis of self-identification” in the decorative and applied arts, caused by the emergence of competition from related types of art (primarily design). However, this crisis paradoxically opens up new prospects for decorative and applied art in terms of expanding and revising its own figurative specificity, mastering new genres and materials (ceramoplastics, fiberglass, textile plastics, mini-tapestry, mosaics in wooden frames, etc.).

Lit.: Molinier E. Histoire générale des arts appliqués à industrie. R., 1896-1911. Vol. 1-5; Arkin D. The art of everyday things. Essays on the latest art industry. M., 1932; Fontanes J, de. Histoire des métiers d'art. R., 1950; Baerwald M., Mahoney T. The story of jewelry. L.; N.Y., 1960; Kagan M. About applied art. Some theoretical issues. L., 1961; Russian decorative art / Edited by A. I. Leonov. M., 1962. T. 1-3; Saltykov A. B. Selected. works. M., 1962; Barsali I. V. European enamel. L., 1964; Kenyon G. N. The glass industry of the Weald. Leicester, 1967; Cooper E. A history of pottery. L., 1972; Davis F. Continental glass: from Roman to modern times. L., 1972; Moran A. de. History of decorative and applied arts. M., 1982; Osborne N. The Oxford companion to the decorative arts. Oxf., 1985; Boucher F. A history of costume in the West. L., 1987; Nekrasova M. A. The problem of ensemble in decorative arts// The art of the ensemble. Artistic object. Interior. Architecture. Wednesday. M., 1988; Illustrated encyclopedia of Antiques. L., 1994; Makarov K. A. From the creative heritage. M., 1998; Materials and techniques in the decorative arts: an illustrated dictionary / Ed. by L. Trench. L., 2000.

T. L. Astrakhantseva.