Essay “Romantic love in A. S. Pushkin’s story “The Captain's Daughter.” Read an essay on the topic of Grinev’s love for Masha in Pushkin’s novel The Captain’s Daughter for free

Story by A.S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter” covers many topics. One of the most important is the theme of love. Mutual feelings are at the center of the story young nobleman Pyotr Grinev and the captain's daughter Masha Mironova.

The first meeting of Peter and Masha

Masha Mironova represents the ideal of A.S. Pushkin, expressing fortitude, honor and dignity, the ability to defend one’s love, to sacrifice much for the sake of feelings. It is thanks to her that Peter gains true courage, his character is tempered, and the qualities of a real man are cultivated.

At the first meeting in the Belogorsk fortress, the girl did not make much of an impression on Grinev; she seemed young man a simpleton, especially since his friend Shvabrin spoke very unflatteringly about her.

The inner world of the captain's daughter

But very soon Peter realizes that Masha is a deep, well-read, sensitive girl. A feeling is born between young people, which imperceptibly develops into true, all-conquering love, capable of overcoming all the difficulties encountered along its path.

Trials on the path of heroes

For the first time, Masha shows her steadfastness and reasonableness of character when she does not agree to marry Petya without the blessing of her lover’s parents, because without this simple human happiness will be impossible. For the sake of Grinev’s happiness, she is even ready to give up the wedding.

The girl’s second ordeal falls during the capture of the fortress by Pugachev’s rebels. She loses both parents and is left alone surrounded by enemies. Alone, she withstands Shvabrin’s blackmail and pressure, preferring to remain faithful to her lover. Nothing - neither hunger, nor threats, nor serious illness - can force her to marry another person, despised by her.

Happy ending

Pyotr Grinev finds an opportunity to save the girl. It becomes obvious that they will be together forever, that they are destined for each other. Then the young man’s parents accept her as their own, recognizing the depths of her soul and inner dignity. After all, it is she who saves him from slander and reprisals before the court.

This is how they save each other. In my opinion, they act as a guardian angel for each other. I think that for Pushkin, the relationship between Masha and Grinev is the ideal of a relationship between a man and a woman, headed by love, mutual respect and absolute devotion.

As often happens, through the destinies of simple ones, ordinary people history makes its way. And these destinies become the bright “color of time.” Who is the main character in “The Captain's Daughter” by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin? Representative popular thought and-people's affairs Pugachev? Independent, free in his relations with Pugachev Grinev? Honest Captain Mironov and his wife? Their daughter Masha? Or maybe the people themselves?

In "The Captain's Daughter" the innermost thought is much deeper and more significant. Yes, Pushkin seems to be hiding behind the image of the narrator, a Russian officer, a contemporary of the Pugachev uprising, not only a witness, but also a participant historical events. But it seems to me that behind the historical outline we should in no way forget about human relationships, about the strength and depth of people’s feelings. Everything in the story is full of mercy. Pugachev had to pardon Grinev, because once Grinev saw a person in Pugachev and Pugachev could no longer forget this. Grinev loves and tearfully pities Marya Ivanovna, an orphan who has no one close to her in the whole world. Marya Ivanovna loves and saves her knight from the terrible fate of dishonor.

Great is the power of love! How accurately and briefly the author describes the state of Captain Grinev when he, worried about the fate of Marya Ivanovna, entered the commandant’s house. With a quick glance, Grinev took in the terrible picture of the defeat: “Everything was empty; chairs, tables, chests were broken; The dishes are broken, everything is taken away.” Everything in Marya Ivanovna’s room has been ransacked; Grinev imagined her in the hands of the Pugachevites: “My heart broke... I loudly pronounced the name of my beloved.” In a short scene, a small number of words convey the complex feelings that gripped young hero. We see fear for our beloved, and readiness to save Masha at all costs, and impatience to learn about the girl’s fate, and the transition from despair to sober calm.

We know that both Captain Grinev and Masha are fictitious persons, but without them we could not imagine Pugachev, our knowledge of the life of the 18th century would be poor. And then we would not have those thoughts about honor, human dignity, love, self-sacrifice that appear when reading “The Captain's Daughter.” Grinev did not leave the girl in difficult times and went to the Belogorsk fortress, occupied by Pugachev. Masha had a conversation with Pugachev, from which he learned that Shvabrin was not her husband. She said: “He is not my husband. I will never be his wife! I decided better to die, and I will die if they don’t deliver me.” After these words, Pugachev understood everything: “Come out, red maiden; I give you freedom." Masha saw in front of her a man who was the killer of her parents, but at the same time her savior. From an excess of conflicting feelings, she lost consciousness.

Pugachev released Grinev and Masha, saying:

* “Take your beauty; take her wherever you want, and God give you love and advice!” Grinev’s parents received Masha well: “They saw the grace of God in the fact that they had the opportunity to shelter and caress a poor orphan. Soon they became sincerely attached to her, because it was impossible to recognize her and not love her.”

Grinev’s love for Masha no longer seemed like an “empty whim” to his parents; they only wanted their son to marry the captain’s daughter. Marya Ivanovna, the daughter of the Mironovs, turned out to be worthy of her parents. She took the best from them: honesty and nobility. It is impossible not to compare her with other Pushkin heroines: Masha Troekurova and Tatyana Larina. They have a lot in common: they all grew up in solitude in the lap of nature; once they fell in love, each of them remained forever true to their feelings. Only Masha Mironova did not accept what fate had in store for her, but began to fight for her happiness. Innate selflessness and nobility forced the girl to overcome timidity and go to seek intercession from the empress herself. As we know, she achieved the acquittal and release of her loved one.

Truly, the power of love is enormous. So throughout the novel the character of this girl gradually changed. From a timid, dumb “coward” she became a brave and determined heroine, capable of defending her right to happiness. That is why the novel is called "The Captain's Daughter." She is a true heroine. Her best features will develop and appear over time in the heroines of Tolstoy and Turgenev, Nekrasov and Ostrovsky.

By reading his works, you can perfectly educate the person within you. V. G. Belinsky In any literary work, one way or another, in one form or another, eternal questions– What is considered a moral norm? Where is the line separating morality...

"The Captain's Daughter" - the last major work A. S. Pushkin on a historical theme. The theme of the novel - the peasant uprising of 1773-1775 - is as natural and important in the ideological and creative evolution of the poet as the theme of Peter I and the theme of 1812. But,...

Main characters usually attract readers' attention. literary works- valiant, courageous, generous, ready for heroism. After reading A. S. Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter,” I liked Masha Mironova most of all. At the beginning...

A. S. Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter” was published in December 1836 in the Sovremennik magazine. She became last work, published during the writer’s lifetime. “The Captain's Daughter” is a kind of illustration to the history of the Pugachev uprising...

Target: To give the concept of love in the highest sense of the word, love as a sacrifice.

Tasks:

• Analyze the relationship between Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova.
• Show ways to reveal the beautiful sides of the heroes’ souls.
• Reveal the meaning of suffering in the name of love.
• Explain moral concepts: love, duty, honor, chastity,
• nobility, decency, sacrifice.
• Develop skills text analysis, expressive reading.
• Learn to draw your own conclusions

Equipment:

• portraits of A.S. Pushkin,
• text of the story “The Captain's Daughter”,
• illustrations for the story,
• video film “The Captain's Daughter”,
• video film “Russian riot”,
• cartoon “The Captain's Daughter”,
• computer, TV, projector, VCR, tables.

Lesson Plan

1. Organizational moment.
2. Teacher's word (computer).
3. Conversation with students (table, computer, illustrations).
4. Working with text (texts, projector, illustrations).
5. Work on the topic of the lesson (videos, cartoons, slides). Test of heroes (work in teams)
6. Writing short abstracts (projector, table, books)
7. [episode – mental qualities (character traits)].
8. Record output (slide).
9. Lesson summary.
10. Teacher's word.

covers everything, believes everything,

(1 Cor. 13:1-8).

Lesson progress

1. Organizational moment.

2. The teacher's word.

Today we will talk about love. What is love? How does it arise? What is love like? First, let's carefully read the epigraph:

Love is patient, merciful,
love does not envy, love does not boast,
is not proud, does not act outrageously, does not seek his own,
does not get irritated, does not think evil,
does not rejoice in untruth, but rejoices in the truth;
covers everything, believes everything,
hopes everything, endures everything.
Love never stops...
(1 Cor. 13:1-8).

Nothing more joyful, nothing more beautiful, nothing wiser has been said about love either by poets or philosophers. “Love does not seek its own...” If you love, forget about yourself. Without love you are nothing.

But in order to love like this, you need to learn “not to look for your own” - to renounce selfishness, selfishness. Become free, pure, loving.

A person goes his way from a child to an old man in order to learn to understand and love people, in order to realize: the most precious thing in the world is love. Only love gives a person the ability to see the depth of the human personality, only lovers see the wondrous beauty of the human soul.

Love allows a person to go through all the tests in order to help his loved one.

“Love is not perfect unless it has suffered.”(Ioann Krestyankin)

To better understand what has been said, we turn to the story by A.S. Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter”. Let's take the relationship between Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova as a basis.

3. Conversation with students.

What do you think a person’s upbringing depends on? (From parents, from society, from friends, from teachers).

Therefore, first we will talk about the parents of our heroes. Let's look at the table on the board:

1. Parents of Peter and Masha.

2. The attitude of parents to the love of heroes.

Conclusion: The parents of Peter and Masha were honest, decent, worthy people, they raised good children by their example.

4. Working with text.

Pyotr Grinev fell in love with Masha Mironova because she was beautiful.

Is this statement true or false? Prove using the text.

(The student reads Masha’s portrait from the book.)

Masha is not a beauty. She is modest, shy, timid, a coward, and without a dowry. Grinev fell in love with Masha not because of her beauty. Appearance is not the main thing in love.

5. Work on the topic of the lesson. Working in teams.

(How and in what ways is the love of the heroes manifested?)

6. Brief abstracts.

Peter

Result: happy family life.

Masha

Result: happy family life.

7. Conclusion: Trials make heroes stronger, strengthen their love, and reveal the beautiful sides of their souls.

8. Summary.

As a reward for their trials, the heroes receive the happiness of living in love, having children, grandchildren, and a happy family life.

Using the example of Peter and Masha, the author showed what power true love. Love helps maintain honor, dignity and purity in the most difficult situations. The love of the heroes strengthened and grew in suffering. Peter and Masha “did not look for their own,” they sacrificed themselves for each other.

9. The teacher's word.

Why was it so interesting to read the story, because all the events happened a long time ago? (The theme of love is an eternal theme, always interesting. We receive moral lessons, learn to live and act in life in such a way as to preserve human dignity. We learn to love.

The theme of love in the poetry of A.S. Pushkin.

© Aksenovskaya Z.E.

"The Captain's Daughter"

In 1836, at the end of his life, A. S. Pushkin wrote one of the most beautiful works- "The Captain's Daughter." He seems to be fulfilling his promise made in lyrical digressions Chapter 3 of "Eugene Onegin":

Perhaps, by the will of heaven,

I will stop being a poet

A new demon will possess me...

I will stoop to despicable prose;

Then a novel in the old way

It will take my cheerful sunset.

But I’ll just tell you

Traditions of the Russian family,

Love's captivating dreams

Yes, the morals of our antiquity.

(Wrote A.S. Pushkin in 1824).

Pushkin is married. He now has a large family, for whose well-being he is responsible to God. Now life has presented him with new questions: what should be the relationship between family members? What is the role of the father in the family? what is the role of the mother? how to raise children? What is the family for, its purpose?

He answered all these questions in The Captain's Daughter. But even before this novel, there was a book that gave detailed answers to many of these questions - this is “Domostroy”. And we feel that Pushkin studied it. The poet wrote the words: “Genius reveals the truth at one glance.” And with the insight of a genius, having seen its essence, its rational grains and, consequently, the Orthodox point of view on the family (Domostroi is based on the teaching of the Holy Fathers about the family and economy), he creates his own view of the family in the work “The Captain's Daughter”.

G. Fedotov in one of his articles he said that “the longer Pushkin lives, the deeper the Christian seeds grow in him.” He wrote the novel “The Captain's Daughter” on the eve of his death (three months), and it seems to me that this is the “most Orthodox” work of A. S. Pushkin.

Theme of the Father.

It is impossible not to notice that one of the most important themes in “The Captain's Daughter” is the theme of the Father, his role in the family.

Let's turn to Christianity, how does it talk about the father?

The Heavenly Father acts, first of all, as a merciful Father, endlessly loving and forgiving. People also say this: He is long-suffering and abounding in mercy.

“The Lord is not slack in fulfilling his promise, as some count slackness; but he bears with us long, not wanting anyone to perish, but for all to come to repentance.”

God - loving Father. He is unusually close to us, but we must approach Him with complete reverence and awe - Thy will be done! Christianity speaks of the vertical relationship of the Creator to creation, to man.

It is precisely this attitude that we see in the Grinev family from the father to the household members: what the father said is a final and irrevocable decision, and is not subject to discussion. Moreover, it is accepted in advance as the only correct and fair one by both the son and the mother. Without his father's blessing, Peter does not undertake a single fateful act. (No leaving for service, no marriage).

And in another family - the Mironovs - it’s the same. When it became clear to everyone that the matter brewed by Pugachev was taking a sharp turn, Vasilisa Egorovna said: “Ivan Kuzmich, God is free in life and in death: bless Masha. Masha, come to your father.” And in this family the father is the head. They don't start lunch without it.

Both families in this work have vertical relationships. Exactly the way they should be, according to Pushkin. An interesting fact is that after A.S. Pushkin’s wedding, his mother-in-law, Natalya Ivanovna, tried to take control of his family into her own hands. But she failed, and thus Pushkin proved that a man is the master of the house. He also believed that the father's blessing was especially important.

Why is the father's blessing absolutely necessary? What does it mean?
In the book of Sirach we read;

“The father’s blessing establishes the children’s homes” (Sirach 3:9).

"Do not seek glory in the dishonor of your father, for the dishonor of your father is not your glory. A man's glory comes from the honor of his father." (Sirach 3:10).

The father's blessing, as we see, has enormous power.

So, Pushkin’s opinion coincides with the truths of the Bible.

The husband is the head of the family not because he is a man, but because he is the image of Christ in the family. A father must present an image of boundless love, devoted, selfless love, love that is ready to do anything to save, protect, console, delight, and educate his family.

Misunderstanding of the role of the father as the deputy of the Heavenly Father, responsible before God for the family, leads to a distortion of the entire spiritual life, and as a consequence, the family life.

"The Captain's Daughter" also answers the question of what is the role of the mother in the family.

Mother's theme.

If the father is the Vicar of God on earth, then the prototype for a woman is the Mother of God. This was the understanding among the people.

Pushkin’s attitude towards the Mother of God was complex. I remember the creative spring of 1821. It occupies a special place, in my opinion, in the history of his work.

Holy Week 1821 fell between April 5-11. It was an alarming week: the poet wrote "Rebekah" and the program of a blasphemous poem, full of sensuality and shamelessness. This poem is known as "Gavriliad" since its hero is the Archangel Gabriel. The poem has 500 lines, part of it is carefully finished, which means it was not written all at once, although there is not a single draft, not a single autograph has reached us. The poet then destroyed everything. He will write: “An incomprehensible emotion attracted me to the evil one.”

The demons swirled around and tormented the poet during this fateful Holy Week. Although at the same time he wrote the bright “Muse” and suddenly, interrupting the “important hymns inspired by the gods”, drowning out “love for the lofty”, other, giggling voices burst into his singing, small demons flash around him.

A year and a half later I sent this joke to P. Vyazemsky among other “dirty tricks”. Vyazemsky was delighted with “Gavriliad” and wrote: “Pushkin sent me one of his wonderful pranks.” And he is not alone, but many enthusiastic Russian readers of Voltaire’s flat, obscene “Virgin,” Love adventures in the Bible" and "Wars of the Gods" The guys accepted and approved "Gavriliad" as funny joke. They would not tolerate jokes about liberal ideas, but they were allowed to make fun of the Mother of God.

In "Gavriliad" the remnants of the original French were reflected for the last time. literary influences, frivolous atheism, among which Pushkin spent his bookish youth.

The last lines of this poem sound like an eerie prophecy. These lines are especially terrible for us, who know what kind of death awaited the poet:

But the days pass, and time turns gray

My head will be silently silvered

And an important marriage with a kind wife

Before the altar he will unite me;

Joseph is a wonderful comforter!

I beg you, on bended knee,

Oh, horned protector and guardian,

Please bless me then.

Grant me blessed patience

I pray you, send it to me again and again

Restful sleep, confidence in your spouse,

There is peace in the family and love for one's neighbor.

Like demons, grimacing and laughing, in a magic mirror they vaguely outlined his own future before the poet. And he laughed with them, not knowing that he was laughing at himself. But, as you know, “what you laugh at, you will serve.”

In 1828, the case of "Gavriliad" arose and there is something terrible in the fact that a blasphemous poem forced a sincere honest Pushkin lie, humiliate, renounce - Pushkin, who never renounced political poems, even the most harsh ones.

In 1826, when the poet had already created "Prophet" he suddenly writes, “You are the Mother of God, there is no doubt...” Not without wit, he plays on the image of a woman who has aroused love for herself. She gives birth to cupid, the god of love, and therefore becomes the “Mother of God.” And then again playful thoughts addressed to the true Mother of God. Why such insensitivity? Why does the poet, who had a “classical sense of proportion and an unerring artistic taste” (I.A. Ilyin) there was no desire to stop. Unfortunately, there is still no true reverence when thinking about God, about the spiritual. Although in the fairy tale "O dead princess and the seven heroes" princess "to the character of such a meek one."

In a poem "Madonna"(1830) Pushkin paints the Virgin Mary and Her Child like this:

She with greatness, He with reason in his eyes -

We looked, meek, in glory and rays

My wishes came true. Creator

Sent you to me, you, my Madonna.

Yes, he loves Natalya Nikolaevna Goncharova. Yes, she is beautiful, but in her comparison comparison
makes almost blasphemous. The final line of the sonnet rings false:

The purest beauty, the purest example

The word "lovely" in the dictionary V.I. Dahl is given in the following interpretation:

seduction, charm that seduces to the highest degree; deception, temptation, cunning, deceit, deceit, seduction from an evil spirit.

In Pushkin, the word “charm” sounds in a positive sense.

This is the background to this issue. But in “The Captain’s Daughter” Pushkin’s view of the Mother of God is that of an absolutely Orthodox person. To be convinced of this, let us turn to the Life of the Mother of God.

The Mother of God possessed many Virtues, but the highest of them are three: the deepest humility, fiery love for God, physical and spiritual purity.

If the mother possesses these qualities, then peace, tranquility, prosperity, and order will reign in the house. According to Domostroi, there was a clear division of responsibilities in the family, a division of labor between spouses. In “Domostroy” she is the mistress of the house, so many women were characterized by “strong courage and immutable intelligence - qualities that are certainly masculine, which is why they could firmly rule another home - Russia. Russian history shows the strong Russian character of both Princess Olga and Martha Posadnitsy But the last word in the family was still with the father. He had the right to punish and exercised general leadership in the house.

There are two families in the novel. Let's see what the role of the mother is in the family.

The Grinev family.

In the Grinevs' house, the mother takes care of the housework. We find her making jam, literally on the very first pages.

When a husband needs his son’s passport, he turns to his wife, she knows where and what is, there must be order in the house.

The basis of life was work, hence the sharp condemnation of laziness, idleness, drunkenness - everything that distracts from work.

Peter is seventeen years old, and he is still chasing pigeons and playing with a kite. His father dramatically changes his lifestyle: “so as not to hang himself.”

The thought of imminent separation “struck mother so much that she dropped the spoon into the saucepan, and tears streamed down her face.” She knew her husband’s character well: “he did not like to change his intentions or delay their implementation.” But, as we see, Peter also knew this, he knew and respected his father for this. “His word did not diverge from his deed.” The day of Petrusha’s departure was also set. As expected, everything was prepared for him for the journey; his mother took care of it. Seeing off her son, she “in tears” ordered him to take care of his health. This shows us her humility.

When Pyotr Andreich "loaded up" in the Simbirsk tavern, Savelich read him an instruction: "... And who did you go to? It seems that neither the father nor the grandfather were drunkards; there is nothing to say about mother: ... from birth, except for kvass, they didn’t deign to take anything from their mouths...” Savelich’s remark is also a characteristic of Peter’s parents.

Let us recall another episode where we see the role of the mother in the Grinevs’ house: “The washerwoman Palashka... and the cowwoman Akulka,” as Pyotr Grinev writes in his memoirs, “complaining with tears about the monsieur who had seduced their inexperience, they threw themselves at mother’s feet, apologizing in criminal weakness." And he continues: “Mother didn’t like to joke about this and complained to the priest” (remember, only the father could punish). To remain silent in such a situation and not to punish is to indulge immorality. This is how the image of Pyotr Grinev’s mother emerges quite clearly from individual strokes. Every family has children. Raising children is a difficult task. The theme of education is also in the Gospel.

We know four Gospels, but in them there are only a few phrases belonging to the Mother of God.

First episode. When Jesus was 12 years old, they came to Jerusalem for a feast. Upon completion

holidays were returning home. He was not among his relatives and friends. Not finding Him, they returned to Jerusalem, looking for Him. They found Him three days later "in the temple, sitting in the midst of the teachers, listening to them and asking Him; ... And His Mother said to Him: Child! What have You done to us? Behold, Your father and I have been looking for You with great sorrow" [Lk . 2,45,48].

But there is a similar episode in the Grinev family. Having learned about his injury in a duel with Shvabrin, the father writes in a letter to his son: “Your mother, having learned about your duel, fell ill and is now lying down.” And also the lines: “What will become of you? I pray to God that you will improve, although I have no hope for His great mercy.”

The mother fell ill at the thought that her son could have been killed. Perhaps an equally terrible thought flashed through: “Have I gone astray from the true path?” Peter's parents also probably mentally exclaimed: “Child! What have you done to us?”

We see great mother's love, but also filial too. Having received a letter from his father, Peter says: “... what upset me most of all was the news of my mother’s illness.” He always says the word "mother" in relation to her. And her father calls her that, which means he loves her and feels sorry for her, despite all the severity, even the severity of his character.

The entire life of the Mother of God was spent in anxiety for her Son. Let us remember the following episode from Her life.

After fasting for forty days, the Lord returned to Galilee. He taught in synagogues and was glorified. He also came to Nazareth, where he was raised, and also taught in the synagogue. But the envious scribes and Pharisees began to reason among themselves: what kind of new teaching is this? We know this Teacher. He is the son of a carpenter, a Galilean. Ridicule and curses rained down on Him. Jesus rebuked them. Their hearts were filled with rage, they drove Jesus out of the city and took him to the top of the mountain to overthrow Him from there. At this time, the Mother of God was in Nazareth, she hurried there. From the furious screams and angry faces of the Nazarenes, the Mother of God understood what horrors threatened Her Son. But His hour had not yet come. Jesus passed unharmed among them and left Nazareth.

Tradition also indicates the location of the event: this mountain is located on the southern side of Nazareth. And on the upper ledge, through the zeal of the first Christians, in memory of the torment endured here by the Mother of God, the “Church of the Frightened Mother” was built.

Each mother can be given one such “Church of the Frightened Mother”. Including the mother of Peter Grinev.

The most terrible event in the entire life of the Virgin Mary is the crucifixion of the Son, Her presentation to the Cross. The Gospel of John says: “At the Cross of Jesus stood His Mother and His Mother’s sister...” There is no indication anywhere that she uttered a word. Numb with suffering, she remained silent and watched. Are there words with which She could console Her Son? Moreover, She knew that He was born for this hour. But church poetry says that the Mother’s lips whispered: “The world rejoices, accepting deliverance from You, and My womb lit at form, How crucified You... » The Mother of God always suffered in silence. To suffer in silence was her lot on earth. Sometimes they talk about the cause of death like this: he bled to death. So the Mother of God had an eternal procession of invisible martyrdom.

Every mother has her own Golgotha, for the Grinev family this is the news of their son’s betrayal.

When the Grinevs’ parents received the news that Peter had been arrested for participation “in the plans of the rebels” and that only “out of respect for the merits and old age Father" Catherine II pardoned Peter and ordered him to be exiled "to the remote region of Siberia for eternal settlement, everyone suffered. The rumor of his arrest “struck the whole... family,” and his father “was almost killed by this unexpected blow.”

Peter's mother cries silently, in front of her father she “didn’t dare to cry,” “in order to restore his cheerfulness,” “frightened by his despair.” When the torment of the heart is unbearable, you really want to scream, moan, cry out loud. And here the situation is such that the mother cannot even cry. Then at such moments you burn with an unquenchable fire.

Precisely the words of the Mother of God "My womb is burning" best and most accurately reflect the state of Pyotr Grinev’s mother.

As we see, the correlation between the life of the Mother of God and a simple Russian woman is obvious.

Mironov family.

The story shows another family - the Mironov family.

Pyotr Andreevich Grinev came to serve in the Belogorsk fortress, came to Captain Mironov to introduce himself and report on his arrival: “I entered a clean room, decorated in the old-fashioned way.”

It was as if he had found himself in his native element. The captain was not there, and Vasilisa Egorovna, his wife, ordered everything. For her, the fortress is home. She manages all household affairs: “She looked at the affairs of the service as if they were her master’s, and managed the fortress as accurately as her own house.” She ordered the constable to be called and ordered: “Maksimych! Give the mister officer an apartment, and a cleaner one... Take Pyotr Andreevich to Semyon Kuzov.” Immediately she turns to him with a question: “Well, Maksimych, is everything all right?”

“Everything, thank God, is quiet,” the Cossack answered, “only Corporal Prokhorov got into a fight in the bathhouse with Ustinya Negulina over a bunch of hot water.” Here he immediately asks:

Ivan Ignatyich! - the captain said to the crooked old man. - Sort out Prokhorov and Ustinya, who is right and who is wrong. Punish both of them.

The advice is correct: in a quarrel, both are always to blame.

She herself punishes Grinev and Shvabrin for the duel. Ivan Ignatich says: “She ordered everything without the knowledge of the commandant.”

Shvabrin calmly noted that only Ivan Kuzmich could judge them, “that’s his business.” The commandant objected: “... aren’t husband and wife one spirit and one flesh?”

Grinev was received... “like family.” In the fortress there is a domestic hierarchy of values. Rhythm everyday life"cabbage soup" and "guests" dictate. Vasilisa Yegorovna says to Palashka: “Tell the master: the guests are waiting, the cabbage soup will catch a cold.” They don't start dinner without their father. The head of the house here is the father. During dinner, Vasilisa Yegorovna did not stop talking for a minute and said to Pyotr Grinev: “And here, my father, we only have one girl, Palashka; thank God, we live small. One problem: Masha; dowry? a fine comb, a broom, and an altyn of money (God forgive me!), with which to go to the bathhouse. It’s good if you can find it. kind person; otherwise you sit as an eternal bride among the girls." It seems that they live very calmly, but this is an apparent calmness. Vasilisa Egorovna said out loud what her soul ached about every day. And she, as we see, lived in constant anxiety for the fate of her daughter .

In quiet times, the fortress was “ruled” by Vasilisa Egorovna. But when the fortress was besieged by Pugachev, when things took a sharp turn and when bullets began to whistle past her ears, she calmed down, turned to her husband and said: “Ivan Kuzmich, in life and death God is free: bless Masha. Masha, come.” Then she says: “Let’s send Masha. Don’t even ask me in a dream: I won’t go. There’s no point in me parting with you in my old age and looking for a lonely grave on a foreign side. Live together, die together.”

AnthonySurozhsky wrote that for the sake of the husband and wife she must “leave everything, forget everything, break away from everything out of love for him and follow him wherever he goes, if necessary, even to suffering, if necessary - to the Cross.”

That’s what Vasilisa Egorovna did.

So, in The Captain's Daughter there are two families.

In both, the parents' marriages were for love. Vasilisa Egorovna and Avdotya Vasilievna were women, wives, housewives, mothers.

Peter Grinev's father "married the girl Avdotya Vasilyevna Yu., the daughter of a poor nobleman." People usually don’t marry a poor woman under duress. We lived in harmony. Married a girl. Pushkin emphasized. He has every word in its place.

Blessing his daughter, Captain Mironov said: “If there is a kind person, God give you love and advice. Live as Vasilisa Egorovna and I lived.” And in this family love, peace reigned, they held on to their love for each other.

But this one began family world from the image of a girl who later becomes a faithful wife. Let's see how and how the author of the work draws the image of a girl.

For the first time we see Masha Mironova through the eyes of Pyotr Grinev: “Then a girl of about eighteen entered, chubby, ruddy, with light brown hair, smoothly combed behind her ears, which were on fire." The burning ears speak of her modesty. Further we read: “At first glance, she didn’t really... like her.” Grinev, because Shvabrin described her as “a complete fool.” She “she sat down in the corner and began to sew.” And Masha was not raised to be a slacker. And as a conclusion, his words sound: “I found in her a prudent and sensitive girl.” Dahl, this is prudence in words and deeds, worldly wisdom, useful caution and prudence. “Sensitive” is an impressionable person. keen feelings, highly developed moral feelings, again according to Dahl.

Pyotr Andreevich takes a dowry-free woman as his wife. But Savelich is right when he says, “that such a bride does not need a dowry.” Her prudence, her purity, chastity, the fire of her love for God - this is her best dowry.

The saints greatly extol the purity of the body. It is no coincidence that “the Lord, Jesus Christ wanted to have His Pure Mother, putting on Her pure flesh, as in royal purple,” according to the church fathers.

The feat of virginity, chastity, about which the venerable SeraphimSarovsky spoke as about the highest feat, today it acquires special beauty. “Virginity is the highest virtue of all the virtues. And even if they had a lack of other good deeds, then it alone would be enough to replace all other virtues - virginity is an equally angelic state,” Masha possessed purity of soul and body - these are the features of the Mother of God. She also has a burning love for God.

Marya Ivanovna is as firm in her faith as flint. The poor girl is wooed by Shvabrin, “a smart man, with a good family name, and has a fortune.” But she doesn’t marry him. Why? Here is her answer: “... but when I think that it will be necessary to kiss him under the aisle in front of everyone... No way! not for any well-being!” She, a beggar, does not want to receive material well-being at this price. In the face of God, people lie that they love the unloved! She does not want impurity, insincerity of heart. She wants to be clean not only in body and soul, but also with her lips. At first, Peter’s father did not give his blessing to his son to marry the captain’s daughter: he did not know then what kind of treasure this girl was. And she refused to marry Grinev without the blessing of his parents, keeping Peter from sin. Then she tells him: “If you love someone else... I will pray for you.” Note “for you”, not “for you”. This is an example of pure, high Christian love. She never spoke a word against her parents. Pushkin emphasizes her humility, meekness, spiritual and physical purity, chastity, ardent love for God, that is, Masha possesses the traits of the Mother of God. And for her purity, the Lord rewards her with prudence - prudence, and the gift of reasoning is given to those “who are pure in heart, body and lips” (“The Ladder”). The Fathers of the Church say that “humility is the ability to see the truth.” And she was given this. She gives a correct assessment of Shvabrin, saying about him: “He is very disgusting to me, but it’s strange: I wouldn’t want for anything in the world if he didn’t like me the same way.” She saw his anger.

Pushkin thereby wants to say that Masha Mironova’s parents fulfilled their task, their parental destiny, raising a wonderful daughter.

Pushkin, when he was about to marry Natalya Nikolaevna, also asked his parents for their blessing:

"I ask for your blessing not as a mere formality, but because it necessary for our happiness. May the second half of my life bring you more comfort than my sad youth."

As we see, he came to understand the need for this. But he also understood something else: the power of his mother’s prayer. His letters to his wife very often ended with the words:

"Christ is with you, my children... I kiss and baptize Masha, Red Sashka and you. The Lord is with you... Farewell, all mine. Christ is risen, Christ is with you... I hug you, I bless the children, you too. Everyone Every day you pray, standing in the corner." (July 14, 1834)

“I thank you for praying to God on your knees in the middle of the room. I pray to God little and hope that your pure prayer is better than mine both for me and for us” (August 3, 1834).

And these were not just ritual words, but an expression of genuine feelings. With relatives and dear people, Pushkin did not play with words, especially with such words: he knew their value too well.

Let's remember the next episode. Marya Ivanovna went to St. Petersburg “to seek protection and help from strong people, like the daughter of a man who suffered for his loyalty.” Peter's mother prayed for her son, for the successful completion of the matter. There is nothing higher than a mother's prayer. And she helps her son. It is said: a mother’s prayer will reach you from the bottom of the sea. This is what they say only about a mother’s prayer. He transferred his understanding of his mother’s prayer to the pages of the story.

AND. A. Ilyin writes:

“Pushkin searched and studied all his life... And what he found, he found not as abstract reflection, but as his own being. Himself was becoming what he taught to be. He taught not by teaching, and not by wanting to teach, but by becoming and embodying.”

Let us remember: “marriage is a kind of asceticism, renunciation. A strict, religious, moral marriage is only a slightly softened monasticism - monasticism alone or with children as disciples,” wrote K. Leontyev.

In church, crowns are worn over the heads of those getting married; these crowns are symbols of martyrdom. Martyrdom because a person decides to live for another, stepping over his egoism and giving up life for himself. And this is not for one day, but for life.

After all, love is a desire, a desire to give oneself everything to another. This is exactly how Pushkin understood marriage.

This is exactly what the outstanding Russian philosopher emphasizes in his article about Pushkin IN. WITH. Soloviev.

ABOUT education.

In "The Captain's Daughter" the theme of education is clearly visible. Let's listen to what the Church Fathers say about this.

“Everything for parents should be secondary in comparison with caring about raising children,” taught JohnZlatoust.

A. S. Pushkin wrote from Mikhailovsky to his brother:

“Do you know my activities? Before lunch I write notes, I have lunch late; after lunch I ride horseback, in the evening I listen to fairy tales - and thereby compensate for the shortcomings of my damned upbringing. What a charm these fairy tales are.” (1824, November). We know that Pushkin did not receive proper education as a child.

He will say again: “Lack of education is the root of all evil.” (He apparently judges this from his own experience).

But in the story, the parents work and raised their children to be hardworking. The Mironovs’ house is always clean, daughter Masha knew how to sew.

In the Grinevs' house, the mother is always at work, but they did not spoil their son either, they did not want him to grow up as a slacker, and they sent him to the service.

"Education... must tell the child new way life. Its main task is not to fill the memory and not to educate the intellect, but to ignite the heart,” he said AND. A. Ilyin, wonderful Russian philosopher, about the purpose of education.

The parents in both families were believers and raised their children like this: they lit the hearts of their children with fire great love to God. In all difficult moments, all members of the Grinev family live, trusting in the mercy of God. But Pushkin, at the end of his life, came to the same thought: main task families is education children V God, believers And living By laws God.

UpbringingatGrinev plays a very important role. The head of the family is the father (as already noted), and his order is part of the upbringing of Pyotr Grinev. Pyotr Andreevich never disobeys his parents, and this shows us his prudence. An excellent example for his son is his father himself, who was a “respectable man,” as the general calls him. His parents early childhood took care of raising their son. They hire him a French teacher so that he is brought up no worse than others. But, having learned about the tricks of Monsieur Beaupré, the father immediately removes him from the teenager. In this way he intuitively follows the truth of the Gospel: “Do not be deceived: bad communities corrupt good morals. .

We again find clear examples that raising children in the Grinev and Mironov families was truly successful in the story:

When Peter was arrested, they put a chain on his feet and shackled it tightly, he realized that such a beginning did not bode well, and therefore, “he resorted to the consolation of all those who mourned and, for the first time tasting the sweetness of prayer poured out from a pure but torn heart, calmly I fell asleep, not caring what would happen to me." Completely relied on the will of God. Peter always relies only on God at critical moments. When Pugachev occupied the fortress and hanged the commandant of the fortress, Ivan Ignatievich, it was Peter’s turn. When Pugachev gave the command: “Hang him!”, Peter “began to read a prayer to himself, bringing to God sincere repentance for all sins and begging Him for the salvation of all those close to my heart.” Peter loves his father very much. He has a dream: he arrived “to the master’s courtyard ... of the estate.” He even worries in his sleep: “My first thought was the fear that my father would be angry with me for my involuntary return to my parents’ roof and would consider me for deliberate disobedience.” This is not the fear of punishment, it is the fear of losing the love of the father.

Peter Grinev, when he sent Masha to his family, was not worried about her fate, since he knew that she would be accepted by his parents “with that sincere cordiality that distinguished the people of the old century. They saw the grace of God in the fact that they had the opportunity to shelter and caress the poor orphan." He speaks so highly of his parents. Being away from home, he realized what his parents were like.

The Mironov family also loves God. Blessing his daughter, the father gives Masha an order: “Pray to God: he will not leave you.”

After the death of her father and mother, left homeless, without a piece of bread, “having neither relatives nor patrons,” she writes in a note to Pyotr Grinev: “God was pleased to suddenly deprive me of my father and mother”... We, the present, when trouble happens to us, we perceive everything differently - as punishment, and only ask: “Lord, why did you punish me?! Why me?” We grumble, but she thanks God for the suffering. Maria Ivanovna believes in God so much that she always relies on His love in everything, knowing that He does everything for the good of man. It often amazes modern reader. Pushkin understood everything correctly: we must thank God for both sorrow and joy.

When Ivan Kuzmich was late for dinner, Vasilisa Egorovna said to him: “...If I had sat at home and prayed to God, it would have been better that way...”

That is, just faith is enough and everything will be fine - it was Pushkin who first expressed this idea. It will be expressed later F. M. Dostoevsky as a result of his thoughts:

“The Russian people are all in Orthodoxy. They don’t have anything else in them - and they don’t need to, because Orthodoxy is everything.”

This is what he talks about NikolaiVasilievichGogol in "Selected places from correspondence with friends":

“This (Orthodox) Church... alone is able to resolve all... our questions.”

The love of Masha and Peter has passed the test of life. For Masha’s sake, he travels from Orenburg to Pugachev’s camp to rescue her from Shvabrin. But she also agreed that it would be better to die, but not to be Shvabrin’s wife. They went through all the trials that befell everyone with dignity, and deserved each other, because people say that a good husband or wife must be earned.

The parents of Masha and Peter fulfilled their duty, but they, in turn, raised good children.

"Their descendants prosper in the Simbirsk province."

This is how it should be, for the Lord Himself instills faith in a person with the words:

“I was young and old, and I have not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his descendants begging for bread: he has mercy every day and lends, and his descendants will be a blessing.”

[Ps. 36, 25-26]

The epilogue of the novel speaks specifically about the prosperity of descendants. Peter and Masha had children, and the serfs - only three hundred souls, which are now owned by ten people, but they live together and prosper.

Grandchildren continue to develop the traditions of their fathers. They were kind and offered the author his grandfather’s diary themselves, having heard that he was going to write about those times. They also keep Catherine’s letter, which praises “the mind and heart of the captain’s daughter.” One can be proud of Catherine's praise, for she was a good connoisseur people (by IN. ABOUT. Klyuchevsky).

Conclusions.

So, in The Captain's Daughter there are three images of women. In three images - the fate and example of the Russian woman in the concept of Pushkin. From the bride (Masha Mironova) to the wife who will go to Calvary for her husband (Vasilisa Egorovna). Isn’t this his view of a woman, a family, the upbringing and future of children?

"The Captain's Daughter", in my opinion, is Pushkin's great repentance before the Mother of God and his last forgiveness to his already departed mother.

Pushkin once said about the Gospel: “There is a book in which every word is interpreted, explained, preached to all ends of the earth, applied to all possible circumstances of life and events of the world.” In the story, he showed us the correlation between the fate of a Russian woman and the fate of the Mother of God, the main milestones, stages of Her life are also milestones, stages of the fate of any woman: a girl, pure in soul and body, modest; when she gets married, becoming a wife and mother, she begins her eternal journey through martyrdom with invisible blood: “Child! What have you done to us!”, “My Womb is Burning!”, “Church of the Frightened Mother.”

And this correlation is obvious, moreover, it is one of the evaluation criteria women's destinies.

Final thoughts on the topic.

The poet and I experienced pure youthful love with its heart frozen with fear and trembling with delight; And numbness of the lips from the great grief of unrequited love; but also the fullness of happiness, where

And deity and inspiration,

And life, and tears, and love;

And also jealousy to the point of gnashing of teeth and self-denial in the name of the happiness of your beloved: “...God grant that your beloved be different” the way you were loved by me.

Life is difficult, it confronted the poet with a problem love triangle, that is, “freedom of feelings.” Pushkin told us that freedom of feelings will always color life in tragic tones, and offered a solution to the problem, salvation: “I will be faithful to him forever,” that is, fulfillment of duty. The decision is correct, because the poet suffered through torment, in the struggle with his conscience, with his passionate heart.

He is against such love when only the lust of the body is satisfied, when “everything goes into the body,” he is for real, pure, high love. Beauty is purity.

IN recent years he glorifies girlish purity. Moreover, he warns readers that love, which serves only to satisfy lust, perverts human nature, his nature, which we are witnessing today.

How modern Pushkin is! We all want to put it somewhere on a distant shelf, but it just won’t disappear into the academic wilderness. He is alive, always modern and, in his versatility and genius, our eternal companion and mentor.

The writer, with his brilliant story “The Captain's Daughter,” answered many questions (they are indicated at the beginning of the work). But I would like to draw attention to the fate of the Russian woman in the work. We clearly see its correlation with the life of the Mother of God and Her destiny. The milestones and stages of Her life are the milestones and stages of the life of an earthly woman: girlhood with its mental and physical purity, meekness and humility; life in marriage, almost equal to monastic asceticism, full of anxiety, tragedy, when lips, parched with grief, often whisper: “Child! What have you done to us?”, “My womb is burning...” Every woman has her own Golgotha, and every woman can have her own Church of the Frightened Mother.

Of course, we all understand that the Son of the Mother of God atoned for the sins of the world and the suffering of the Mother of God is immeasurable. It is blasphemous to even compare the torment of the Mother of God and the torment of a simple woman. We carry only our sins, but due to our weakness, this burden seems terrible and unbearable to us.

The words spoken by the Mother of God at the wedding feast in Cana of Galilee: “What will He say, That do it” is a crown, a reward for any mother. But not every mother can say them about her son, but only the one who raised wonderful person.

“The Captain’s Daughter,” I think, is Pushkin’s great and modest repentance to the Mother of God, and his last “forgiveness.”

References:

Hieromonk Philadelph "The Zealous Intercessor", M., Russian Spiritual Center, 1992 ..

Goricheva T. Christianity and modern world. St. Petersburg, "Aletheia", 1996

Ilyin I.A. "Pushkin's prophetic calling" (article)

Nepomnyashchiy V. Poet and fate. M., " Soviet writer", 1983

A.A. Akhmatova Article about Pushkin

The story by A. S. Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter” tells about the distant dramatic events that took place in Russia in the 18th century - the peasant uprising under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev. Against the backdrop of these events, the story unfolds about the faithful and devoted love of two young people - Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova.

Aa╪b╓╟, located forty kilometers from Orenburg.CommandantThe fortress was captain Ivan Kuzmich Mironov. Here, in the fortress, Pyotr Grinev meets his love - Masha Mironova, the daughter of the commandant of the fortress, a girl “about eighteen years old, chubby, ruddy, with light brown hair, smoothly combed behind the ears.” Here, in the garrison, lived another officer exiled for a duel - Shvabrin. He was in love with Masha, wooed her, but was refused. Vengeful and angry by nature, Shvabrin could not forgive the girl for this, tried in every possible way to humiliate her, said obscene things about Masha. Grinev stood up for the girl’s honor and called Shvabrin a scoundrel, for which he challenged him to a duel. In the duel, Grinev was seriously wounded and after being wounded he was in the Mironovs’ house.

Masha diligently looked after him. When Grinev recovered from his wound, he declared his love to Masha. She in turn told him about her feelings for him. It seemed that they had cloudless happiness ahead. But the love of young people still had to go through many tests. At first, Grinev’s father refused to bless his son for his marriage with Masha on the grounds that Peter, instead of honorably serving his Fatherland, was engaged in childish things - fighting a duel with a tomboy like himself. Masha, loving Grinev, never wanted to marry him without the consent of her parents. A quarrel arose between the lovers. Suffering from love and from the fact that his happiness could not take place, Grinev did not suspect that much more difficult trials awaited them ahead. “Pugachevism” reached the Belogorsk fortress. Its small garrison fought courageously and bravely, without betraying the oath, but the forces were unequal. The fortress fell. After the capture of the Belogorsk fortress by the rebels, all officers, including the commandant, were executed. Masha’s mother Vasilisa Egorovna also died, and she herself miraculously remained alive, but fell into the hands of Shvabrin, who kept her locked up, persuading her to marry. Remaining faithful to her lover, Masha decided to die rather than become the wife of Shvabrin, whom she hated. Having learned about Masha’s cruel fate, Grinev, risking his own life, begs Pugachev to free Masha, passing her off as the daughter of a priest. But Shvabrin tells Pugachev that Masha is the daughter of the deceased commandant of the fortress. With incredible efforts, Grinev still managed to save her and send her along with Savelich to. estate to his parents. It would seem that there should finally be a happy ending. However, the trials of the lovers did not end there. Grinev is arrested, accused of being in league with the rebels, and an unjust sentence is passed: exile to eternal settlement in Siberia. Having learned about this, Masha goes to St. Petersburg, where she hoped to find protection from the Empress as the daughter of a man who suffered for his loyalty to the Empress. Where did this timid provincial girl, who had never been to the capital, get such strength, such courage? Love gave her this strength, this courage. She also helped her achieve justice. Pyotr Grinev was released and all charges against him were dropped. Thus, faithful, devoted love helped the heroes of the story endure all the hardships and trials that befell them.