Lessons 86–87 M. A. SHOLOKHOV. "THE FATE OF MAN"

Lessons 86–87 M. A. SHOLOKHOV. "THE FATE OF MAN"

Goals: introduce (overview) the biography of M. A. Sholokhov; identify with the meaning of the title of the story “The Fate of Man”, features of the composition.

Progress of lessons

I. Work on the topic of the lesson.

1.Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.

2.Student message“Pages of the life and work of M. A. Sholokhov.”

3.Reading a textbook article(p. 167–170, Part II) and the teacher's story about the history of the creation of the work.

On New Year's days - December 31, 1956 and January 1, 1957 - Pravda published the story "The Fate of a Man", in which the main character was a captured Soviet soldier. And although M. Sholokhov did not dare to say what awaited the prisoners of war in their homeland during the war, the very choice of the hero became an act of civil courage of the writer.

Having appeared in Pravda, the story immediately attracted enormous attention. And it was quite a rare occurrence when short story became an event.

Why? Because the story describes the feat of the people with utmost clarity and truthfulness, and also expresses admiration for the courage of ordinary people.

– What actions of A. Sokolov could you equate to a feat?

– Which lines of the story express its main idea? (Read the last paragraph.)

– What is behind the words “I would like to think” - the wish, assumption or confidence of the author of the story?

– Confirm with examples of episodes where the main character’s perseverance, courage, and his ability to take responsibility for others were demonstrated.

– The war left a deep mark on Andrei’s soul, and his soul turned to stone. (We confirm this with lines of text, pay attention to the details of his portrait, his manner of speaking.)

“The war is over, but something still bothers him and doesn’t let him sleep.” What?

– Why does he decide to take a “new” son? Probably because a person cannot and should not be alone in the world. Life must have meaning, you can fight with hatred, but live only with love. But to whom? Could it be another woman?

– Has the hero changed after Vanyushka’s adoption? Has he been reborn?

4.Analysis of the features of the story composition.

An epic story is the genre definition of “The Fate of Man.”

– What is special about his composition? (The composition is circular: it begins and ends with a conversation between the author and his fellow travelers. The central part is a narration on behalf of the main character, with whom we follow the events, look at them through his own eyes. This makes it possible to comprehend the assessment of the actions he has committed, to understand his experiences. The story Andrei Sokolov can be roughly divided into 3 parts: pre-war life, war, the first post-war years.)

5. Retelling (condensed) main episodes.

– Pre-war life, what is it like?

- Trials of war. Which one is the most important? Why?

6.Analysis of the episode in the church.

– How do the characters behave in this scene? Different characters embody different life positions here. A Christian soldier prefers to die rather than submit to circumstances and give up his beliefs. However, in doing so he becomes responsible for the deaths of four people. Kryzhnev is trying to buy his right to life by paying for it with someone else’s life. The platoon commander resignedly awaits his fate. But only the position of the doctor, “who did his great work both in captivity and in the dark,” evokes Sokolov’s sincere respect and admiration.

– How did the hero himself behave? (Under any conditions, remaining oneself, not betraying one’s duty is the position of Sokolov himself. The hero does not accept either submission or opposition of his life to others. Murder is not easy for Sokolov, especially the murder of “his own.” It’s hard on his soul, but he cannot allow one to save his life at the cost of the death of another, for only in the unity of people does he see salvation.)

– How does the main character’s life turn out after escaping from captivity?

– As the author showed state of mind a hero from whom the war took everything? (The hero interrupts his story twice, each time remembering his wife and children. Expressive portrait details and remarks express the hero’s state.)

– What is the meaning of the title of the story?

Talking about the fate of one person, Sholokhov in an extremely condensed form reveals the horrors of war, its most tragic aspects: injury, captivity, concentration camp, death of a family, destruction of a house, loss of a son on Victory Day.

The title of the story, on the one hand, testifies to the author’s attention to the individual; on the other hand, Sholokhov does not specify the concept of “man” and thereby emphasizes that the fate of the main character is the fate of the entire people who went through the most severe trials during the Great Patriotic War.

II. and that lesson.

making notes in a notebook.

“The symbolic Russian Ivan is this: a man dressed in a gray overcoat, who, without hesitation, gave the last piece of bread and 30 grams of front-line sugar to a child orphaned during the terrible years of the war, a man who selflessly covered his comrade with his body, saved him from the inevitable death, a man who, gritting his teeth, endured and will endure all hardships and hardships, going to great deeds in the name of the Motherland.

Good name Ivan."

Teacher. Sholokhov cultivates humanism in people. We do not know a work in which this theme would be heard with the same emotional force as in the story “The Fate of Man.” It reminds us of the duty of each of us to notice the suffering of people and strive to help them.

Homework:

1) write a mini-essay “at war in the fate of a child” (about Vanyushka);

2) prepare a selection of poems by A. T. Tvardovsky about his homeland.

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The immortal work of M. A. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man” is a real ode to the common people, whose life was completely broken by the war.

Features of the story composition

The main character here is represented not by a legendary heroic figure, but a simple person, one of the millions of people touched by the tragedy of war.

The fate of man in wartime

Andrei Sokolov was a simple rural worker who, like everyone else, worked on a collective farm, had a family and lived an ordinary measured life. He boldly goes to defend his fatherland from the fascist invaders, thus leaving his children and wife to the mercy of fate.

At the front, the main character begins those terrible trials that turned his life upside down. Andrei finds out that his wife, daughter and youngest son died as a result of an air attack. He takes this loss very hard, as he feels his own guilt for what happened to his family.

However, Andrei Sokolov has something to live for; he still has his eldest son, who during the war was able to achieve significant success in military affairs, and was his father’s only support. IN last days During the war, fate prepared the last crushing blow for Sokolov; his son is killed by his opponents.

At the end of the war, main character, is morally broken and does not know how to live further: he lost his loved ones, his home was destroyed. Andrey gets a job as a driver in a neighboring village and gradually begins to drink.

As you know, fate, which pushes a person into the abyss, always leaves him a small straw through which, if desired, he can get out of it. Andrei's salvation was a meeting with a little orphan boy whose parents died at the front.

Vanechka had never seen his father and reached out to Andrei, because he longed for the love and attention that the main character showed to him. The dramatic peak in the story is Andrei’s decision to lie to Vanechka that he is his own father.

An unfortunate child who did not know love, affection and good relations with tears he throws himself on Andrei Sokolov’s neck and begins to say that he remembered him. So, in essence, two destitute orphans begin a joint life path. They found salvation in each other. Each of them gained a meaning in life.

The moral “core” of Andrei Sokolov’s character

Andrei Sokolov had a real inner core, high ideals of spirituality, steadfastness and patriotism. In one of the episodes of the story, the author tells us how, exhausted by hunger and labor in a concentration camp, Andrei was still able to maintain his human dignity: for a long time he refused the food that the Nazis offered him before they threatened to kill him.

The strength of his character aroused respect even among the German murderers, who ultimately had mercy on him. The bread and lard that they gave to the main character as a reward for his pride, Andrei Sokolov divided among all his starving cellmates.

“Personality and Society” - Is every person a person? How do you understand the expression “autonomous person”? Social environment. Capable of conscious creative activity. Morality, moral choice, moral control. Morality can be good or evil: The concept characterizes a person as a social being.

“Creative personality” - Always defend your right to creativity, the right to choose in decision-making. Personality not only has stable creative achievements, and far exceeds the achievements of his contemporaries in a certain field of creative activity. Psychology of creative self-development. The third stage (characterized by increased professional and creative activity of the individual in a certain type of activity).

“Teacher Personality” - The teacher is focused on creating a positive classroom and school atmosphere. A teacher must be generous. Personality model of a modern school teacher (project). "Effective teacher" Personality of the teacher in modern school. The teacher knows how to transfer knowledge and develop skills in the best possible way. Personally focused: on the teacher, on the student, on all subjects of the educational process.

“Biography of a Personality” - You can’t love what you don’t know. Don't look at what our man is doing. Love is so omnipotent that it regenerates ourselves. Grades 8-9 Formation of the ability to critically evaluate oneself and others. Inclusion in more complex system relations with the world. Age characteristics of students when perceiving biographical material.

“Personality structure” - B.G. Ananyev. A.G. Asmolov identifies the main strategies for studying the structure of personality within the framework of the anthropocentric paradigm: Thus, V.N. Myasishchev characterizes the unity of personality by the dynamics of neuropsychic reactivity. Block of mental processes covering individual characteristics perception, thinking, etc.

“How a man learned to count” - In order to successfully engage in agriculture, mathematical knowledge was needed. One five meant 5, two meant 10. Stone Age mathematics. When arms were not enough, legs were used. How many numbers are there? If you look closely, Roman numerals look like fingers. It was very difficult to add and subtract.

Literature lesson

in 9th grade

on the topic:

M. Sholokhov. "The Fate of Man." Andrei Sokolov is the image of a persistent Russian man who went through war and captivity. Psychological accuracy of the narrative. Humanism of the story.

Teacher E.P. Pershikova.

Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 1

Konstantinovsk

2009

Lesson topic: M. Sholokhov. "The Fate of Man." Andrei Sokolov is the image of a persistent Russian man who went through war and captivity. Psychological accuracy of the narrative. Humanism of the story. (slide No. 1)

Epigraph for the lesson.“That’s why you’re a man, that’s why you’re a soldier, to endure everything, to endure everything, if fate calls for it.”

Lesson objectives:

1.Trace the fate of the hero. Learn to characterize it.

2.Repeat some literary concepts(portrait, landscape, composition, climax)

3.Work with the text, identifying the features of the writer’s artistic workshop.

4.Expand the concept of heroic using the material of the story.

5. Learn to draw conclusions, summarize material, and draw diagrams.

Vocabulary work(proceeds as you turn to the text): humanism, perseverance, courage, patriotism.

Design: illustrations, drawings, book exhibition, presentation.

Musical arrangement: song "Holy War"

music A. Alexandrov, poems by V. Lebedev-Kumach; song “Enemies burned their home”

I. Pre-communicative stage.

Student.(sounds “Holy War”) Slide No. 2

Great Patriotic War... She entered the fate of every person in our country with all her weight, leaving her indelible mark. On one of the first days of the war, a telegram was sent from Veshenskaya to Moscow to the People’s Commissar of Defense: “At any moment I am ready to join the ranks of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Army and defend the socialist Motherland to the last drop of blood. Regimental Commissar of the Reserves of the Red Army, writer Mikhail Sholokhov." The request was granted.

Student. ( slide number 3)

Sholokhov did not see the war from the outside, but was there where the battle was going on, in the trenches, in dugouts, at observation posts. Those who saw him on the battlefields speak of exceptional self-control, courage, fearlessness and emotional attitude towards the soldiers of the writer and war correspondent Mikhail Sholokhov. The writer was awarded military orders. (slide No. 4) In 1943, Sholokhov wrote: “I saw with my own eyes completely burned villages, farms, my fellow countrymen-heroes of my books, I saw orphans, I saw people deprived of shelter and happiness, terribly mutilated corpses, thousands of mutilated lives...”

II. Updating knowledge.

Teacher.(slide No. 5)

What works of M. Sholokhov about the war did we get acquainted with? (“The Science of Hate”, “They Fought for the Motherland”)

Today we will talk about the fate of one of Sholokhov’s heroes, soldier Andrei Sokolov from the story “The Fate of a Man.” We will follow how his life turned out, what mark the war left on his life, we will try to understand how the writer understands the heroic, we will learn to comprehend the writer’s artistic laboratory.

“A man’s eyes are the mirror of his soul.” It is no coincidence that many writers, when creating the image of their hero, will certainly pay attention to his eyes. Let's do a little experiment. Listen now to the description of the eyes literary hero and think about what his worldview might be: hopeless tragedy or fortitude that has conquered tragedy.

“I looked at him from the side, and I felt something uneasy...Have you ever seen eyes, as if sprinkled with ashes, filled with such an inescapable mortal melancholy that it was difficult to look into them? My random interlocutor had such eyes.”

(Sounds: “Enemies burned their home”)

Did you answer? Now let’s test our insight by working on the text of the story.

II. Communication stage.

What special thing did you notice about the composition of the story?

Where have you seen this kind of story structure before?(frame composition or “story within a story”; L. Tolstoy “After the Ball”)

Why do you think the author, for no apparent reason, needed to force his hero to tell his life story to a stranger?(suffered a lot, is overwhelmed with emotions, wants to pour out his soul, it’s easier to do this with a random interlocutor, and even a driver)

Why is the story told in first person? Where did you meet?(A.S. Pushkin “ Captain's daughter»)

Reliability, documentary accuracy, sincerity.

To fit a huge amount of life material into the framework of the story (stops at the main thing)

Reveals a person not only in action, but also in reflection (reveals inner world, gives an idea of ​​the motives and the strength of the human spirit).

What do you think the story would lose if there were no idiosyncratic comments from the author-narrator?(help to see the excitement of both the hero and the author, author's attitude to the hero).

Find these comments, re-read how the author shows the hero’s state of mind?(abruptly interrupted the story, something was bubbling and gurgling in his throat, “the excitement was transferred to me,” etc.)

Read the sketches of nature at the beginning of the story and after Sokolov’s story about the death of the family. What is the role of the opening landscape? How and why does the author-narrator’s perception of the landscape change after the hero’s words filled with deep tragedy?

(in Sholokhov, the world of nature and the world of man are a single stream of life; the passing spring reminds of the past war (find examples: a fallen fence, devastation, a fragile boat), but nature comes to life, it cannot be killed, it is a symbol of the rebirth of the world (find confirmation); after the story it seems different) (slide No. 6)

Talking about his front-line life, Andrei Sokolov says: “That’s why you’re a man, that’s why you’re a soldier, to endure everything, to endure everything, if fate calls for it.” Remember the facts of life that confirm this idea. Name climaxes narratives.

Retell the episodes “In the Church” and “Psychological Duel with Muller.” How do the hero’s actions and behavior characterize him?

What motives motivated Andrei when he decided to adopt Vanyusha? How can you evaluate this action? Can this act be called heroic? If possible, then why?

Teacher.

Now let's think about what is special about the depiction of the heroic in this story? Remember excerpts from the novel “They Fought for the Motherland.” Compare. Draw a conclusion.

Drawing up a block diagram. (entry in notebook) (slide No. 8)

Features of the heroic.

Not on the battlefield, but in captivity

In spiritual combat with the enemy

In the fortitude of post loss

In a sense of responsibility to the future.

What do you see as the origins of the hero’s heroism?

Manifestation of Russian national character

Conscientiousness (life before the war, farewell to his wife)

Hard work

Maybe something else? (let me speak)

(slide No. 9)

Summing up the lesson.

How do you understand the meaning of the story's title? Literary scholars believe that in Sholokhov’s story the writer’s thought moves from the fate of man to the fate of humanity. What do you think about this?

Homework.

Write a short discussion on the topic “What is the meaning of the title of the story “The Fate of a Man.”

The one who is under the hammer of fate is pathetic

Drooping - scared - without a fight:

A worthy husband comes out of the fight

In the radiance of proud peace,

And he lives again - without bowing his head...

N. Ogarev

Sholokhov's story “The Fate of Man” became a milestone in the disclosure military theme. Sholokhov more than once turned to the idea of ​​price great victory, about the terrible losses suffered by the country. Image in full height tragic fate an ordinary soldier who bore the brunt of the war became main task story.

Who is he - a hero “without fear and reproach”? This question might have remained unanswered if not for “The Fate of a Man” by M. Sholokhov, which shows a modest ordinary participant in the war, a hard worker, an unremarkable person, Andrei Sokolov.

The author dedicates it to him talented work, admires his feat, sees in him a faithful son of the fatherland. His story can be called a heroic song in honor of the Russian soldier and one can share with the author his delight, admiration for the hero’s courage, the inflexibility of his will, and the feeling of compassion. The work is penetratingly, extremely sincerely written, structured as a story within a story (a skillful author’s technique to achieve the greatest authenticity in the presentation of the events spoken of). The author shows not just a historical moment, he depicts a specific person at war with his thoughts, feelings, and experiences.

The narrative begins with a description of the “first post-war spring,” “friendly and assertive.” Spring is always a rebirth to life, the finding of hope, the rise of the best both in all of nature and in the human heart, and Sholokhov begins with a bright chord, but immediately warns: “... in this bad time of roadlessness.” After all, these broken, difficult roads of war, the roads of fate, are the heroes coming to us: Vanyushka and Andrei Sokolov.

By mentioning the impassability, Sholokhov wants to prepare the reader for something alarming (a bitter story about the hero’s suffering and deprivation), as well as kind and sincere (about a rebirth to life, finding the happiness of lost fatherhood).

Its main character, Andrei Sokolov, is both the narrator and actor. In the description of the hero’s portrait, what is most striking is “the eyes filled with inescapable mortal melancholy.” These “as if sprinkled with ashes” eyes, as if in a mirror, reflected his whole life, full of unbearable torment and irreparable losses.

Andrei begins the sad story about himself like this: “At first my life was ordinary.” And indeed, there is nothing unusual about her: Andrei is proud of his smart wife and children. It’s not for nothing that he speaks in such detail about his pre-war life: “The children eat porridge with milk, there is a roof over their heads, they are dressed, they have shoes, therefore everything is in order,” as if he is trying to record every day, every hour, every moment.

And this orderliness, structure, family happiness are cut short, just like a tightly broken stretched string: “And here it is, war.” This phrase symbolizes a sharp transition from peace to war, from happiness to sorrow, from life to death. How difficult it was for the hero to part with his family, his “heart was torn to pieces” at the sight of his grief-stricken wife and crying children. The scene is so shocking that tears involuntarily well up in your eyes, and it is at this moment that the author interrupts Andrei’s story: “Don’t, friend, don’t remember!”

As you read, you catch yourself thinking: if it’s hard to even listen, what was it like to go through! You follow with participation the beginning of the tests - the first terrible turn of the prisoner’s fate. Then events develop in a spiral, like a snowball, acquiring new, increasingly severe blows.

Not on the battlefield, but under conditions of fascist captivity, Andrei accomplishes his feat; he endures terrible beatings, inhumane bullying, and humiliation. The hero fearlessly looks death in the eye and courageously endures the horrors of the concentration camp. And no one, under any circumstances, can kill, crush the strength of spirit of a Russian person, bring him to his knees: “I have my own, Russian dignity and pride, and they did not turn me into a beast, no matter how hard they tried.”

The hero, having seemingly overcome all the trials, returns home, but in the place of the house... is a funnel. There is a funnel in Andrei’s soul; there is nothing left for him (“everything collapsed in one moment”) except his last hope - his eldest son. How proud the father is of the young commander’s military prowess, with what trepidation he cannot wait to meet his little blood.

And here fate must decide differently: the son is killed almost a day before the victory. From this blow, the hero’s heart is twisted by mortal melancholy and dull hopelessness; for him, it would seem, life has lost its meaning, he is left alone in the whole world. “I buried my son,” says Sokolov, “and it was as if something in me broke, and my unshed tears in my heart dried up...” Neither the war nor personal losses broke Andrei, he did not harden his heart, did not withdraw into himself. The hero also accomplished a great civic and humanistic feat - he adopted a “little ragamuffin,” an orphan boy: “It’s impossible for us to disappear apart.”

Sholokhov’s theme of overcoming tragic, undeserved loneliness is associated with the image enormous power life itself. Having adopted a boy who no one needs, but in whose soul there was still hope for a “good share,” Sokolov himself becomes a “representative” of the indestructible humanity of the world. This is how the chain of “good for good” stretches, expressing the people’s view of the ethical meaning of life.

With what love and affection Andrey raises his son, with what tenderness he looks at his blue “little eyes”. The only thing that worries my father: “my heart is swaying, the piston needs to be changed”; He’s afraid that he won’t make it, that he won’t see how Vanyushka will live and grow. But the author leaves the reader hope that Andrei Sokolov will be able to raise his son and make him a real person.

The hero of the story is a collective image, despite the real prototype. This is not just the story of a soldier’s life, but the fate of a man who embodied the very type of Russian national character.

The fate of the main character attracts my attention because, without being outstanding personality, he shows moral restraint and firmness in the most dramatic circumstances. Sholokhov thereby proves the greatness of the Russian man, capable of enduring any difficulties, showing mercy and mental fortitude. “The Fate of a Man” by M. Sholokhov is not just a story about the difficult fate of a person in war - it is a song of praise to strong people.

A similar solemn motif can be heard in many works dedicated to the war, such as “The Khatyn Tale” by Ales Adamovich, “To Live Until Dawn” by V. Bykov, and in the poems of K. Simonov.

The theme of the feat is expressed and cried out in all its heroic power in M. Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of a Man.” It shows a Russian soldier who went through the hell of war, who, despite everything, strives for happiness and love, who is not just a symbol of the fortitude and courage of a man from the people, but also a symbol of humanism. “And I would like to think that this Russian man, a man of unbending will, will endure and grow up next to his father’s shoulder, one who, having matured, will be able to endure everything, overcome everything on his way, if his Motherland calls him to do so.”