The Nobel Prize in Literature is an award for achievements in the field of literature, awarded annually by the Nobel Committee in Stockholm. Contents 1 Requirements for nominating candidates 2 List of laureates 2.1 1900s ... Wikipedia
Medal awarded to a Nobel Prize laureate The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, English: Nobel Prize) are one of the most prestigious international prizes, awarded annually for outstanding scientific research, revolutionary inventions or... ... Wikipedia
Medal of the USSR State Prize Laureate The USSR State Prize (1966 1991) is one of the most important prizes in the USSR along with the Lenin Prize (1925 1935, 1957 1991). Established in 1966 as a successor to the Stalin Prize, awarded in 1941-1954; laureates... ...Wikipedia
Swedish Academy Building The Nobel Prize in Literature is an award for achievements in the field of literature, awarded annually by the Nobel Committee in Stockholm. Contents... Wikipedia
Medal of the USSR State Prize Laureate The USSR State Prize (1966 1991) is one of the most important prizes in the USSR along with the Lenin Prize (1925 1935, 1957 1991). Established in 1966 as a successor to the Stalin Prize, awarded in 1941-1954; laureates... ...Wikipedia
Medal of the USSR State Prize Laureate The USSR State Prize (1966 1991) is one of the most important prizes in the USSR along with the Lenin Prize (1925 1935, 1957 1991). Established in 1966 as a successor to the Stalin Prize, awarded in 1941-1954; laureates... ...Wikipedia
Medal of the USSR State Prize Laureate The USSR State Prize (1966 1991) is one of the most important prizes in the USSR along with the Lenin Prize (1925 1935, 1957 1991). Established in 1966 as a successor to the Stalin Prize, awarded in 1941-1954; laureates... ...Wikipedia
Books
- According to the will. Notes on the laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature, Ilyukovich A.. The basis of the publication consists of biographical sketches about all laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature over 90 years, from the moment it was first awarded in 1901 to 1991, supplemented by ...
What is the Nobel Prize?
Since 1901, the Nobel Prize for Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) has been awarded annually to an author from any country who, according to Alfred Nobel's will, has produced "the most outstanding literary work of an idealistic tendency" (Swedish original source: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning). Even though individual works are sometimes noted as particularly noteworthy, here "work" refers to the author's legacy as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides each year who will receive the prize, if anyone is awarded it at all. The Academy announces the selected laureate in early October. The Nobel Prize for Literature is one of five established by Alfred Nobel in his will in 1895. Other awards: Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Peace Prize and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Although the Nobel Prize for Literature has become the most prestigious literary prize in the world, the Swedish Academy has attracted considerable criticism for the way the prize is awarded. Many of the authors who received the prize stopped working. writing activity, while others that were denied the prize by the jury remain widely studied and read. The prize "has come to be widely regarded as political - a peace prize in literary guise." Judges are biased against authors with political views different from their own. Tim Parkes noted skeptically that "Swedish professors... allow themselves to compare a poet from Indonesia, perhaps translated into English, with a novelist from Cameroon, whose work is probably only available in French, and another who writes in Afrikaans, but is published in German and Dutch... ". As of 2016, 16 of the 113 laureates were of Scandinavian origin. The Academy was often accused of favoring European, and in particular Swedish, authors. Some significant figures, such as the Indian academic Sabari Mitra, have noted that although the Nobel Prize in Literature is significant, and tends to outshine other awards, it "is not the only standard of literary excellence."
The “vague” wording that Nobel gave to the criteria for assessing the award leads to ongoing controversy. Originally in Swedish, the word idealisk is translated either as “idealistic” or “ideal”. The Nobel committee's interpretation has changed over the years. In recent years there has been a kind of idealism in defending human rights on a large scale.
History of the Nobel Prize
Alfred Nobel stipulated in his will that his money should be used to establish a series of prizes for those who bring "the greatest benefit to humanity" in the fields of physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature. Although Nobel wrote several wills during of his life, the latter was written just over a year before his death, and signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on November 27, 1895, Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, that is, 31 million Swedish kronor (198 million US dollars). or €176 million as of 2016), to establish and award five Nobel Prizes Due to the high level of skepticism surrounding his will, it was not put into effect until April 26, 1897, when the Storting (Norwegian Parliament) approved it by the Executors. his bequests were Ragnar Sulman and Rudolf Liljequist, who established the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's estate and organize the prizes.
The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee who were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. Following these, the awarding organizations were appointed: the Karolinska Institute on June 7, the Swedish Academy on June 9, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on June 11. The Nobel Foundation then reached agreement on the basic principles according to which the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900, King Oscar II promulgated the newly established statutes of the Nobel Foundation. According to Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy was to award a prize in literature.
Candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature
Every year, the Swedish Academy sends out requests for nominations for Nobel Prize in the field of literature. Members of the Academy, members of literary academies and societies, professors of literature and language, former Nobel Prize winners in literature, and presidents of writers' organizations are all eligible to nominate a candidate. You are not allowed to nominate yourself.
Thousands of requests are submitted each year, and as of 2011, approximately 220 proposals have been rejected. These proposals must be received by the Academy by February 1, after which they are considered by the Nobel Committee. Until April, the Academy reduces the number of candidates to about twenty. By May, the Committee approves a final list of five names. The next four months are spent reading and reviewing the work of these five candidates. In October, Academy members vote and the candidate who receives more than half the votes is declared the winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature. No one can win the award without being on the list at least twice, so many authors are considered multiple times over several years. The Academy speaks thirteen languages, but if a shortlisted candidate works in an unfamiliar language, they hire translators and sworn experts to provide samples of that writer's work. The remaining elements of the process are similar to those for other Nobel Prizes.
Nobel Prize amount
The winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature receives a gold medal, a diploma with a citation, and a sum of money. The amount of the prize awarded depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation that year. If the prize is awarded to more than one laureate, the money is either divided in half between them, or, if there are three laureates, divided in half and the other half divided into two quarters of the amount. If a prize is awarded jointly to two or more laureates, the money is divided between them.
The Nobel Prize prize fund has fluctuated since its inception, but as of 2012 it was 8,000,000 kroner (about US$1,100,000), having previously been 10,000,000 kroner. This was not the first time the prize amount was reduced. Starting from a face value of 150,782 kronor in 1901 (equivalent to 8,123,951 Swedish kronor in 2011), the face value was only 121,333 kroner (equivalent to 2,370,660 Swedish kronor in 2011) in 1945. But since then the amount has risen or been stable, peaking at SEK 11,659,016 in 2001.
Nobel Prize medals
Nobel Prize medals struck by the Swedish and Norwegian mints since 1902 are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. The obverse (front side) of each medal depicts the left profile of Alfred Nobel. The Nobel Prize medals in physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine, literature have the same obverses with the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (1833-1896). Nobel's portrait is also featured on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the Economic Prize medal, but the design is slightly different. The image on the reverse side of the medal varies depending on the awarding institution. The reverse sides of the Nobel Prize medals in chemistry and physics have the same design. The Nobel Prize in Literature medal was designed by Eric Lindbergh.
Nobel Prize diplomas
Nobel laureates receive their diploma directly from the King of Sweden. The design of each diploma is specially designed by the institution that presents the award to the laureate. The diploma contains an image and text that indicates the name of the laureate, and usually states why he received the award.
Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature
Selection of candidates for the Nobel Prize
Potential recipients of the Nobel Prize in Literature are difficult to predict because nominations are kept secret for fifty years until a database of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature is made publicly available. On at the moment Only nominations submitted between 1901 and 1965 are available for public viewing. Such secrecy leads to speculation about the next Nobel Prize winner.
What about the rumors spreading around the world regarding certain people who are supposedly nominated for the Nobel Prize this year? - Well, either these are just rumors, or one of the invited persons proposing the nominees leaked the information. Since nominations are kept secret for 50 years, you'll have to wait until you know for sure.
According to Professor Göran Malmqvist of the Swedish Academy, Chinese writer Shen Congwen should have been awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1988 if he had not died suddenly this year.
Criticism of the Nobel Prize
Controversy over the selection of Nobel laureates
From 1901 to 1912, a committee headed by the conservative Carl David af Wiersen assessed the literary value of the work against its contribution to humanity's quest for the "ideal". Tolstoy, Ibsen, Zola and Mark Twain were rejected in favor of authors few read today. In addition, many believe that Sweden's historical antipathy towards Russia is the reason why neither Tolstoy nor Chekhov were awarded the prize. During and immediately after World War I, the Committee adopted a policy of neutrality, giving preference to authors from non-combatant countries. The committee repeatedly passed over August Strindberg. However, he received the special honor of being awarded the Anti-Nobel Prize, which was awarded to him following a storm of national recognition in 1912 by the future Prime Minister Karl Hjalmar Branting. James Joyce wrote books that ranked 1st and 3rd on the 100 list best novels modern works - "Ulysses" and "Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man", but Joyce was never awarded the Nobel Prize. As his biographer Gordon Bowker wrote, "The prize was simply beyond Joyce's reach."
The Academy found Czech writer Karel Capek's novel "War with the Newts" too offensive for the German government. In addition, he refused to provide any non-controversial publication of his that could be cited in evaluating his work, stating: “Thank you for your favor, but I have already written my doctoral dissertation.” Thus, he was left without a bonus.
The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature only in 1909 was Selma Lagerlöf (Sweden 1858-1940) for “the high idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual penetration that distinguish all her works.”
French novelist and intellectual Andre Malraux was seriously considered for the prize in the 1950s, according to Swedish Academy archives reviewed by Le Monde after its opening in 2008. Malraux competed with Camus, but was turned down several times, notably in 1954 and 1955, "until he returned to the novel." Thus Camus was awarded the prize in 1957.
Some believe that W. H. Auden was not awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature because of errors in his 1961 translation of Nobel Peace Prize laureate Dag Hammarskjöld's book Vägmärken /Markings, and statements Auden made during his lecture tour of Scandinavia, suggesting that Hammarskjöld, like Auden himself, was homosexual.
In 1962, John Steinbeck received the Nobel Prize for Literature. The choice was heavily criticized, and was called "one of the Academy's biggest mistakes" by one Swedish newspaper. The New York Times wondered why the Nobel Committee gave the prize to an author whose "limited talent, even in his best books, is diluted by the most base philosophizing," adding: "We find it curious that the honor was not given to a writer... whose importance, influence and perfect literary heritage has already had a more profound impact on the literature of our time." Steinbeck himself, when asked on the day the results were announced whether he deserved the Nobel Prize, replied: "Honestly, no." In 2012 (50 years later), the Nobel Committee opened its archives, and it turned out that Steinbeck was a "compromise option" among shortlisted nominees such as Steinbeck himself, British authors Robert Graves and Lawrence Durrell, French playwright Jean Anouilh, as well as the Danish writer Karen Blixen. Declassified documents indicate that he was chosen as the lesser evil. "There are no clear candidates for the Nobel Prize, and the prize committee is in an unenviable position," writes committee member Henry Olson.
In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, but refused it, stating that "There is a difference between signing 'Jean-Paul Sartre' or 'Jean-Paul Sartre, Nobel Prize Laureate.'" A writer should not allow transform oneself into an institution, even if it takes the most honorable forms."
Soviet dissident writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn, a 1970 laureate, did not attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm for fear that the USSR would prevent his return after his trip (his work there was distributed through samizdat, an underground form of press). After the Swedish government refused to honor Solzhenitsyn with a formal award ceremony as well as a lecture at the Swedish Embassy in Moscow, Solzhenitsyn refused the prize altogether, noting that the conditions set by the Swedes (who preferred a private ceremony) were "an insult to the Nobel Prize itself." Solzhenitsyn accepted the award and cash prize only on December 10, 1974, when he was deported from the Soviet Union.
In 1974, Graham Greene, Vladimir Nabokov, and Saul Bellow were considered for the prize but were rejected in favor of a joint prize given to Swedish authors Eivind Jonson and Harry Martinson, then members of the Swedish Academy and unknown outside their country. Bellow received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1976. Neither Greene nor Nabokov were awarded the prize.
Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges was nominated for the prize several times, but according to Edwin Williamson, Borges' biographer, the Academy did not give him the award, most likely due to his support for some Argentine and Chilean right-wing military dictators, including Augusto Pinochet. whose social and personal connections were quite intricate, according to Colm Tóibín's review of Williamson's Borges in Life. Denying Borges a Nobel Prize for supporting these right-wing dictators contrasts with the Committee's recognition of writers who openly supported controversial left-wing dictatorships, including Joseph Stalin in the cases of Sartre and Pablo Neruda. In addition, the support of Gabriel García Márquez for the Cuban revolutionary and President Fidel Castro was controversial.
The honoring of Italian playwright Dario Fo in 1997 was initially considered "rather superficial" by some critics, as he was primarily seen as a performer, and Catholic organizations found Fo's award controversial since he had previously been denounced by the Roman Catholic Church. The Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano expressed surprise at Fo's choice, noting that "Giving a prize to someone who is also the author of dubious works is unthinkable." Salman Rushdie and Arthur Miller were clear candidates for the prize, but Nobel organizers later was quoted as saying that doing so would be "too predictable, too popular."
Camilo José Cela willingly offered his services as an informant for the Franco regime and voluntarily moved from Madrid to Galicia during civil war in Spain to join the rebel forces there. Miguel Angel Villena's article "Between Fear and Impunity", which collected comments from Spanish novelists on the remarkable silence of the older generation of Spanish novelists regarding the past of public intellectuals under the Franco dictatorship, appeared under a photograph of Sela during his Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm in 1989 .
The selection of the 2004 laureate, Elfriede Jelinek, was protested by Swedish Academy member Knut Anlund, who has not been active at the Academy since 1996. Anlund resigned, claiming that Jelinek's selection had caused "irreparable damage" to the prize's reputation.
The announcement of Harold Pinter as the 2005 winner was delayed for several days, apparently because of Ahnlund's resignation, leading to renewed speculation that there was a "political element" to the Swedish Academy's awarding of the Prize. Although Pinter was unable to deliver his controversial Nobel lecture in person due to ill health, he broadcast it from a television studio and it was transmitted via video to screens in front of an audience at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm. His comments became the source large quantity interpretations and discussions. The question of their "political stance" was also raised in response to the Nobel Prize in Literature being awarded to Orhan Pamuk and Doris Lessing in 2006 and 2007, respectively.
The 2016 choice was Bob Dylan, marking the first time in history that a musician and songwriter has won the Nobel Prize in Literature. The award caused some controversy, particularly among writers who argued that Dylan's work on literary field not equal to the merits of some of his colleagues. Lebanese novelist Rabih Alameddine tweeted that "Bob Dylan winning the Nobel Prize in Literature is like Mrs. Fields' cookies getting 3 Michelin stars." French-Moroccan writer Pierre Assouline called this decision “contempt for writers.” In a live webchat hosted by The Guardian, Norwegian writer Karl Ove Knausgaard said: "I'm very discouraged. I like that the novel committee is opening up to other types of literature - song lyrics and so on, I think it's great. But knowing that Dylan is from the same generation as Thomas Pynchon, Philip Roth, Cormac McCarthy, I find it very difficult to accept." Scottish writer Irvine Welsh said: "I'm a Dylan fan, but this award is just ill-weighted nostalgia spewed out by the senile, rancid prostates of mumbling hippies." Dylan's fellow songwriter and friend Leonard Cohen said no awards were needed to recognize the greatness of the man who transformed pop music with records like Highway 61 Revisited. "To me," Cohen said, "[awarding the Nobel Prize] is like putting a medal on Mount Everest for being the tallest mountain." Writer and columnist Will Self wrote that the award "devalued" Dylan, while he hoped the winner would "follow Sartre's example and reject the award."
Controversial Nobel Prize awards
The prize's focus on Europeans, and Swedes in particular, has been the subject of criticism, even in Swedish newspapers. Most of the laureates were European, and Sweden received more prizes than all of Asia plus Latin America. In 2009, Horace Engdahl, later Permanent Secretary of the Academy, said that “Europe is still the center of the literary world,” and that “the United States is too isolated, too insular. They don't translate enough works, and they don't participate very actively in the larger literary dialogue."
In 2009, Peter Englund, Engdahl's replacement, rejected this view (“In most linguistic fields... there are authors who truly deserve and could receive a Nobel Prize, and this applies both to the United States and to the Americas in in general") and acknowledged the Eurocentric nature of the prize, saying: "I think that's a problem. We tend to respond more readily to literature written in Europe and in Europe. European tradition"American critics have famously objected that their compatriots such as Philip Roth, Thomas Pynchon and Cormac McCarthy have been overlooked, as have Latin Americans such as Jorge Luis Borges, Julio Cortazar, and Carlos Fuentes. while lesser-known Europeans on this continent prevailed. The 2009 award to Herta Müller, previously little known outside Germany but many times named as a Nobel favorite, renewed the view that the Swedish Academy was biased and Eurocentric.
However, the 2010 prize was awarded to Mario Vargas Llosa, who was originally from Peru in South America. When the prize was awarded to the distinguished Swedish poet Tumas Tranströmer in 2011, Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy Peter Englund said that the prize was not awarded on a political basis, describing it as "literature for dummies." The following two awards were given by the Swedish Academy to non-Europeans, Chinese author Mo Yan, and Canadian writer Alice Munro. The victory of the French writer Modiano in 2014 renewed the issue of Eurocentrism. Asked by The Wall Street Journal, "So no Americans again this year? Why?", Englund reminded Americans of last year's winner's Canadian origins, the Academy's commitment to literary excellence and the impossibility of awarding everyone who deserves the prize.
Undeserved Nobel Prizes
In the history of the Nobel Prize for Literature, many literary achievements have been missed. Literary historian Kjell Espmark acknowledged that when “early awards are concerned, poor choices and glaring omissions are often justified. For example, instead of Sully Prudhomme, Aiken, and Heise, Tolstoy, Ibsea, and Henry James should have been awarded." There are omissions that are beyond the control of the Nobel Committee, for example due to premature death author, as was the case with Marcel Proust, Italo Calvino, and Roberto Bolaño. According to Kjell Espmark, “the main works of Kafka, Cavafy and Pessoa were published only after their deaths, and the world learned about the true greatness of Mandelstam’s poetry primarily from unpublished poems that his wife saved from oblivion long after his death in Siberian exile.” British novelist Tim Parkes attributed the endless controversy surrounding the Nobel committee's decisions to "the fundamental frivolity of the prize and our own stupidity in taking it seriously," and also noted that "eighteen (or sixteen) Swedish citizens will have a certain authority in judging the works of Swedish literature but what group could ever truly embrace in their minds the infinitely varied work of dozens of different traditions, and why should we ask them to do so?
Equivalents to the Nobel Prize in Literature
The Nobel Prize for Literature is not the only literary prize for which authors of all nationalities are eligible. Other notable international literary awards include the Neustadt Literary Prize, the Franz Kafka Prize, and the Man Booker International Prize. Unlike the Nobel Prize for Literature, the Franz Kafka Prize, the Man Booker International Prize, and the Neustadt Prize for Literature are awarded every two years. Journalist Hepzibah Anderson noted that the International Booker Prize "is rapidly becoming a more significant award, serving as an increasingly competent alternative to the Nobel." Booker International Prize"emphasizes the overall contribution of one writer to fiction on the world stage" and "focuses only on literary excellence". Since it was only established in 2005, it is not yet possible to analyze the importance of its influence on potential future winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature. Only Alice Munro (2009) has been awarded both. However, some Man Booker International Prize winners, such as Ismail Kadare (2005) and Philip Roth (2011), are considered candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature. The Neustadt Prize for Literature is considered one of the most prestigious international literary prizes, and is often referred to as the American equivalent of the Nobel Prize. Like the Nobel Prize or the Man Booker Prize, it is awarded not for a single work, but for the entire work of an author. The Prize is often seen as an indicator that a particular author can be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Gabriel Garcia Marquez (1972 - Neustadt, 1982). - Nobel), Czeslaw Milosz (1978 - Neustadt, 1980 - Nobel), Octavio Paz (1982 - Neustadt, 1990 - Nobel), Tranströmer (1990 - Neustadt, 2011 - Nobel) were initially awarded the Neustadt International literary prize, before they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Another award worth considering is the Princess of Asturias Prize (formerly the Irinian Asturias Prize) for Literature. In its early years, it was awarded almost exclusively to writers who wrote in Spanish, but later the prize was also awarded to writers working in other languages. Writers who have received both the Princess of Asturias Prize for Literature and the Nobel Prize for Literature include Camilo José Cela, Günther Grass, Doris Lessing, and Mario Vargas Llosa.
The American Literature Prize, which does not include a cash prize, is an alternative to the Nobel Prize in Literature. To date, Harold Pinter and José Saramago are the only writers to have received both literary prizes.
There are also prizes that recognize the lifetime achievements of writers in specific languages, such as the Miguel de Cervantes Prize (for authors writing in Spanish, established in 1976), and the Camões Prize (for Portuguese-language authors, established in 1989). Nobel laureates who have also been awarded the Cervantes Prize: Octavio Paz (1981 - Cervantes, 1990 - Nobel), Mario Vargas Llosa (1994 - Cervantes, 2010 - Nobel), and Camilo José Cela (1995 - Cervantes, 1989 - Nobel). José Saramago is to date the only author to have received both the Camões Prize (1995) and the Nobel Prize (1998).
The Hans Christian Andersen Prize is sometimes called the "Little Nobel". The award deserves its name because, like the Nobel Prize in Literature, it takes into account the lifetime achievements of writers, although the Andersen Prize focuses on one category of literary works (children's literature).
The Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded for the 107th time - the 2014 winner was the French writer and screenwriter Patrick Modiano. Thus, since 1901, 111 authors have already received the literature prize (four times the award was awarded to two writers at the same time).
Alfred Nobel bequeathed that the prize be awarded for “the most outstanding literary work in an ideal direction,” and not for circulation and popularity. But the concept of a “bestselling book” already existed at the beginning of the 20th century, and sales volumes can at least partially speak about the skill and literary significance of the writer.
RBC has compiled a conditional rating of Nobel laureates in literature based on the commercial success of their works. The source was data from the world's largest book retailer Barnes & Noble on the best-selling books of Nobel laureates.
William Golding
Winner of the 1983 Nobel Prize in Literature
"For novels that, with the clarity of realistic narrative art combined with the diversity and universality of myth, help to comprehend the existence of man in the modern world"
Over a nearly forty-year literary career, the English writer published 12 novels. Golding's novels Lord of the Flies and The Descendants are among the Nobel laureates' best-selling books according to Barnes & Noble. The first, released in 1954, brought him worldwide fame. In terms of the significance of the novel for the development of modern thought and literature, critics often compared it with Salinger’s “The Catcher in the Rye.”
The best-selling book at Barnes & Noble is Lord of the Flies (1954).
Toni Morrison
Winner of the 1993 Nobel Prize in Literature
« A writer who brought to life an important aspect of American reality in her dreamy and poetic novels.”
American writer Toni Morrison was born in Ohio into a working-class family. She began pursuing creative writing while attending Howard University, where she studied English Language and Literature. Morrison's first novel, The Bluest Eye, was based on a story she wrote for a university poetry group. In 1975, her novel “Sula” was nominated for the National book prize USA.
Best selling book at Barnes & Noble - The Bluest Eye (1970)
John Steinbeck
Winner of the 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature
"For his realistic and poetic gift, combined with gentle humor and keen social vision"
Among Steinbeck's most famous novels are The Grapes of Wrath, East of Eden, and Of Mice and Men. All of them are included in the top dozen bestsellers according to the American store Barnes & Noble.
By 1962, Steinbeck had already been nominated for the prize eight times, and he himself believed that he did not deserve it. Critics in the United States greeted the award with hostility, believing that his later novels were much weaker than his subsequent ones. In 2013, when documents from the Swedish Academy were revealed (they had been kept secret for 50 years), it turned out that Steinbeck was a recognized classic American literature- awarded because he was "the best in a bad crowd" of candidates for that year's award.
The first edition of the novel “The Grapes of Wrath,” with a circulation of 50 thousand copies, was illustrated and cost $2.75. In 1939, the book became a bestseller. To date, the book has sold more than 75 million copies, and a first edition in good condition costs more than $24,000.
Ernest Hemingway
Winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature
"For the narrative mastery once again demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence it has had on modern style"
Hemingway became one of nine literary laureates to whom the Nobel Prize was awarded for a specific work (the story "The Old Man and the Sea"), and not for literary activity generally. In addition to the Nobel Prize, The Old Man and the Sea brought the author a Pulitzer Prize in 1953. The story was first published in Life magazine in September 1952, and in just two days, 5.3 million copies of the magazine were purchased in the United States.
Interestingly, the Nobel Committee seriously considered awarding the prize to Hemingway in 1953, but then chose Winston Churchill, who wrote more than a dozen books of a historical and biographical nature during his life. One of the main reasons for not delaying the awarding of the former British Prime Minister was his venerable age (Churchill was 79 years old at that time).
Gabriel Garcia Marquez
Winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature
"For novels and stories in which fantasy and reality combine to reflect the life and conflicts of an entire continent"
Márquez became the first Colombian to receive a prize from the Swedish Academy. His books, including Chronicle of a Death Proclaimed, Love in the Time of Cholera, and The Autumn of the Patriarch, outsold all books ever published in Spanish except the Bible. Described by Chilean poet and Nobel laureate Pablo Neruda as “the greatest work in the Spanish language since Cervantes’ Don Quixote,” One Hundred Years of Solitude has been translated into more than 25 languages and has sold more than 50 million copies worldwide.
The best-selling book at Barnes & Noble is One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967).
Samuel Beckett
Winner of the 1969 Nobel Prize in Literature
"For innovative works in prose and drama, in which the tragedy of modern man becomes his triumph"
A native of Ireland, Samuel Beckett is considered one of the most prominent representatives of modernism; Along with Eugene Ionescu, he founded the “theater of the absurd.” Beckett wrote in English and French, and his most famous work - the play "Waiting for Godot" - was written in French. The main characters of the play throughout the entire play are waiting for a certain Godot, meeting with whom can bring meaning to their meaningless existence. There is practically no dynamics in the play, Godot never appears, and the viewer is left to interpret for himself what kind of image he is.
Beckett loved chess, attracted women, but led a secluded life. He agreed to accept the Nobel Prize only on the condition that he would not attend the presentation ceremony. Instead, his publisher, Jérôme Lindon, received the prize.
William Faulkner
Winner of the 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature
"For his significant and artistically unique contribution to the development of the modern American novel"
Faulkner initially refused to go to Stockholm to receive the prize, but his daughter persuaded him. When asked by US President John F. Kennedy to attend a dinner in honor of Nobel Prize winners, Faulkner, who said to himself “I’m not a writer, but a farmer,” replied that he was “too old to travel so far for a dinner with strangers.”
According to Barnes & Noble, Faulkner's best-selling book is his novel As I Lay Dying. “The Sound and the Fury,” which the author himself considered his most successful work, did not have commercial success for a long time. In the 16 years after its publication (in 1929), the novel sold only three thousand copies. However, at the time of receiving the Nobel Prize, The Sound and the Fury was already considered a classic of American literature.
In 2012, the British publishing house The Folio Society released Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury, where the text of the novel is printed in 14 colors, as the author himself wanted (so that the reader could see different time planes). The publisher's recommended price for such a copy is $375, but the circulation was limited to only 1,480 copies, and a thousand of them were already pre-ordered at the time of the book's release. At the moment, you can buy a limited edition of “The Sound and the Fury” on eBay for 115 thousand rubles.
Doris Lessing
Winner of the 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature
"For his insight into women's experiences with skepticism, passion and visionary power"
British poet and writer Doris Lessing became the oldest winner of the Swedish Academy Literary Prize, in 2007 she was 88 years old. Lessing also became the eleventh woman to win this prize (out of thirteen).
Lessing was not popular with mass literary critics, since her works were often devoted to pressing social issues (in particular, she was called a propagandist of Sufism). However, The Times magazine places Lessing fifth on its list of the "50 greatest British authors since 1945".
The most popular book at Barnes & Noble is Lessing's 1962 novel The Golden Notebook. Some commentators rank it among the classics of feminist fiction. Lessing herself categorically disagreed with this label.
Winner of the 1957 Nobel Prize in Literature
"For his enormous contribution to literature, highlighting the importance of human conscience"
Algerian-born French essayist, journalist and writer Albert Camus has been called the “conscience of the West.” One of his most popular works, the novel “The Outsider,” was published in 1942, and in 1946, sales of an English translation began in the United States, and in just a few years more than 3.5 million copies were sold.
When presenting the prize to the writer, member of the Swedish Academy Anders Exterling said that “Camus’s philosophical views were born in an acute contradiction between the acceptance of earthly existence and the awareness of the reality of death.” Despite Camus's frequent association with the philosophy of existentialism, he himself denied his involvement in this movement. In a speech in Stockholm, he said his work was built on the desire to "avoid outright lies and resist oppression."
Alice Munro
Winner of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature
The prize was awarded with the wording “ master of the modern genre short story»
Canadian short story writer Alice Munro has been writing short stories since she was a teenager, but her first collection (Dance of the Happy Shadows) was published only in 1968, when Munro was already 37. In 1971, the writer published a collection of interconnected stories, Lives of Girls and Women, which was praised by critics as a “novel of education” (Bildungsroman). Among other literary works are the collections “Who are you, exactly?” (1978), “The Moons of Jupiter” (1982), “The Fugitive” (2004), “Too Much Happiness” (2009). The 2001 collection “The Hate Me, Friendship, Courtship, Love, Marriage” served as the basis for the Canadian feature film Away from Her directed by Sarah Polley.
Critics have called Munro "the Canadian Chekhov" for his narrative style, characterized by clarity and psychological realism.
The best selling book at Barnes & Noble is “ Dear Life"(2012).
Only five Russian writers have received the prestigious international Nobel Prize. For three of them, this brought not only worldwide fame, but also widespread persecution, repression and expulsion. Only one of them was approved by the Soviet government, and its last owner was “forgiven” and invited to return to his homeland.
Nobel Prize- one of the most prestigious awards, which is awarded annually for outstanding scientific research, significant inventions and significant contributions to culture and the development of society. There is one comical, but not accidental story connected with its establishment. It is known that the founder of the prize, Alfred Nobel, is also famous for the fact that it was he who invented dynamite (pursuing, however, pacifist goals, since he believed that opponents armed to the teeth would understand the stupidity and senselessness of the war and stop the conflict). When his brother Ludwig Nobel died in 1888, and newspapers mistakenly “buried” Alfred Nobel, calling him a “merchant of death,” the latter seriously wondered how society would remember him. As a result of these thoughts, Alfred Nobel changed his will in 1895. And it said the following:
“All my movable and immovable property must be converted by my executors into liquid assets, and the capital thus collected must be placed in a reliable bank. The income from the investments should belong to a fund, which will distribute them annually in the form of bonuses to those who, during the previous year, have brought the greatest benefit to humanity ... The specified interest must be divided into five equal parts, which are intended: one part - to the one who makes the most important discovery or invention in the field of physics; the other - to the one who makes the most important discovery or improvement in the field of chemistry; the third - to the one who makes the most important discovery in the field of physiology or medicine; the fourth - to the one who creates the most outstanding literary work of an idealistic direction; fifth - to the one who will make the most significant contribution to the unity of nations, the abolition of slavery or the reduction of the strength of existing armies and the promotion of peaceful congresses ... It is my special desire that in the awarding of prizes the nationality of the candidates will not be taken into account ... ".
Medal awarded to a Nobel laureate
After conflicts with Nobel’s “deprived” relatives, the executors of his will - his secretary and lawyer - established the Nobel Foundation, whose responsibilities included organizing the presentation of bequeathed prizes. A separate institution was created to award each of the five prizes. So, Nobel Prize in literature came under the purview of the Swedish Academy. Since then, the Nobel Prize for Literature has been awarded annually since 1901, except for 1914, 1918, 1935 and 1940-1943. It is interesting that upon delivery Nobel Prize Only the names of the laureates are announced; all other nominations are kept secret for 50 years.
Swedish Academy building
Despite the apparent disinterest Nobel Prize, dictated by the philanthropic instructions of Nobel himself, many “left” political forces still see obvious politicization and some Western cultural chauvinism in the awarding of the prize. It is difficult not to notice that the vast majority of Nobel laureates come from the USA and European countries(more than 700 laureates), while the number of laureates from the USSR and Russia is much smaller. Moreover, there is a point of view that the majority of Soviet laureates were awarded the prize only for criticism of the USSR.
Nevertheless, these five Russian writers are laureates Nobel Prize according to literature:
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin- laureate of 1933. The prize was awarded “for the strict mastery with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose.” Bunin received the prize while in exile.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak- laureate of 1958. The prize was awarded “for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel.” This prize is associated with the anti-Soviet novel “Doctor Zhivago”, therefore, in conditions of severe persecution, Pasternak is forced to refuse it. The medal and diploma were awarded to the writer’s son Evgeniy only in 1988 (the writer died in 1960). It is interesting that in 1958 this was the seventh attempt to present Pasternak with the prestigious prize.
Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov- laureate of 1965. The prize was awarded “For the artistic strength and integrity of the epic about Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia." This award has a long history. Back in 1958, a delegation of the USSR Writers' Union that visited Sweden contrasted the European popularity of Pasternak with the international popularity of Sholokhov, and in a telegram to the Soviet ambassador in Sweden dated April 7, 1958 it was said:
“It would be desirable to make it clear to the Swedish public through cultural figures close to us that the Soviet Union would highly appreciate the award Nobel Prize Sholokhov... It is also important to make it clear that Pasternak as a writer is not recognized by Soviet writers and progressive writers of other countries.”
Contrary to this recommendation, Nobel Prize in 1958, it was nevertheless awarded to Pasternak, which resulted in severe disapproval of the Soviet government. But in 1964 from Nobel Prize Jean-Paul Sartre refused, explaining, among other things, his personal regret that Sholokhov was not awarded the prize. It was this gesture of Sartre that predetermined the choice of the laureate in 1965. Thus, Mikhail Sholokhov became the only Soviet writer who received Nobel Prize with the consent of the top leadership of the USSR.
Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn- laureate of 1970. The prize was awarded “for the moral strength with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature.” From the beginning creative path Solzhenitsyn only 7 years passed before the prize was awarded - this is the only such case in the history of the Nobel Committee. Solzhenitsyn himself spoke about the political aspect of awarding him the prize, but the Nobel Committee denied this. However, after Solzhenitsyn received the prize, a propaganda campaign was organized against him in the USSR, and in 1971, an attempt at physical destruction was made when he was injected with a toxic substance, after which the writer survived, but was ill for a long time.
Joseph Alexandrovich Brodsky- laureate of 1987. The prize was awarded “for comprehensive creativity, imbued with clarity of thought and passion of poetry.” Awarding the prize to Brodsky no longer caused such controversy as many other decisions of the Nobel Committee, since Brodsky by that time was known in many countries. In his first interview after he was awarded the prize, he himself said: “It was received by Russian literature, and it was received by an American citizen.” And even the weakened Soviet government, shaken by perestroika, began to establish contacts with the famous exile.
The Nobel Prize was created by and named after the Swedish industrialist, inventor and chemical engineer, Alfred Nobel. It is considered the most prestigious in the world. The laureates receive a gold medal depicting A. B. Nobel, a diploma, and a check for a large sum. The latter consists of the amount of profits that the Nobel Foundation receives. In 1895 he made a will, according to which his capital was placed in bonds, shares and loans. The income that this money brings is divided equally into five parts every year and becomes a prize for achievements in five areas: chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, literature, and also for activities to strengthen peace.
The first Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded on December 10, 1901, and has since been awarded annually on that date, which is the anniversary of Nobel's death. The winners are awarded in Stockholm by the Swedish king himself. After receiving the award, Nobel Prize winners in literature must give a lecture on their work within 6 months. This is an indispensable condition for receiving the award.
The decision on who is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature is made by the Swedish Academy, located in Stockholm, as well as the Nobel Committee itself, which announces only the number of applicants, without naming their names. The selection procedure itself is secret, which sometimes causes angry reviews from critics and ill-wishers who claim that the award is given for political reasons and not for literary achievements. Main argument, which is cited as evidence, are Nabokov, Tolstoy, Bokhres, Joyce, who were bypassed for the prize. However, the list of authors who received it still remains impressive. There are five writers from Russia who have won the Nobel Prize in Literature. Read more about each of them below.
The 2014 Nobel Prize for Literature has been awarded for the 107th time, going to Patrick Modiano and screenwriter. That is, since 1901, 111 writers have received the award (since four times it was awarded to two authors at the same time).
It would take quite a long time to list all the laureates and get to know each of them. The most famous and widely read Nobel Prize winners in literature and their works are brought to your attention.
1. William Golding, 1983
William Golding received the award for his famous novels, of which there are 12 in his oeuvre. The most famous, Lord of the Flies and The Descendants, are among the best-selling books written by Nobel laureates. The novel Lord of the Flies, published in 1954, brought the writer worldwide fame. Critics often compare it to Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye in terms of its significance for the development of literature and modern thought in general.
2. Toni Morrison, 1993
The Nobel Prize winners in literature are not only men, but also women. One of them is Toni Morrison. This American writer was born into a working-class family in Ohio. After attending Howard University, where she studied literature and English, she began writing her own works. Her first novel, The Bluest Eye (1970), was based on a story she wrote for a university literary circle. It is one of Toni Morrison's most popular works. Her other novel, Sula, published in 1975, was nominated for the US National.
3. 1962
Most famous works Steinbeck - "East of Eden", "The Grapes of Wrath", "Of Mice and Men". The Grapes of Wrath became a bestseller in 1939, selling more than 50,000 copies and now selling more than 75 million copies. Until 1962, the writer was nominated for the prize 8 times, and he himself believed that he was unworthy of such an award. And many American critics noted that his later novels were much weaker than his previous ones, and responded negatively to this award. In 2013, when some documents from the Swedish Academy (kept secret for 50 years) were declassified, it became clear that the writer was awarded because he was "the best in bad company" that year.
4. Ernest Hemingway, 1954
This writer became one of nine winners of the literature prize, to whom it was awarded not for creativity in general, but for a specific work, namely for the story “The Old Man and the Sea.” The same work, first published in 1952, brought the writer the following year, 1953, another prestigious award - the Pulitzer Prize.
In the same year, the Nobel Committee included Hemingway in the list of candidates, but the winner of the award that time was Winston Churchill, who by that time had already turned 79 years old, and therefore it was decided not to delay the presentation of the award. And Ernest Hemingway became a well-deserved winner of the award the following year, 1954.
5. Marquez, 1982
The winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1982 included Gabriel García Márquez among their ranks. He became the first writer from Colombia to receive an award from the Swedish Academy. His books, including Chronicle of a Death Proclaimed, The Autumn of the Patriarch, and Love in the Time of Cholera, became the best-selling works written in Spanish in its history. The novel One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967), which another Nobel Prize laureate, Pablo Neruda, called the greatest creation in Spanish after Cervantes' Don Quixote, has been translated into more than 25 languages, and the total circulation of the work was more than 50 millions of copies.
6. Samuel Beckett, 1969
The Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded to Samuel Beckett in 1969. This Irish writer is one of the most... famous representatives modernism. It was he who, together with Eugene Ionescu, founded the famous “theater of the absurd”. Samuel Beckett wrote his works in two languages - English and French. The most famous creation of his pen was the play "Waiting for Godot", written in French. The plot of the work is as follows. The main characters throughout the play are waiting for a certain Godot, who should bring some meaning to their existence. However, he never appears, so the reader or viewer has to decide for himself what kind of image it was.
Beckett was fond of playing chess, enjoyed success with women, but led a rather secluded lifestyle. He did not even agree to come to the Nobel Prize ceremony, sending his publisher, Jerome Lindon, in his place.
7. William Faulkner, 1949
He also initially refused to go to Stockholm to receive the award, but was eventually persuaded by his daughter to win the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1949. John Kennedy sent him an invitation to a dinner organized in honor of Nobel Prize winners. However, Faulkner, who all his life considered himself “not a writer, but a farmer,” in his own words, refused to accept the invitation, citing old age.
The author's most famous and popular novels are The Sound and the Fury and As I Lay Dying. However, success did not come to these works immediately; for a long time they practically did not sell. The Sound and the Fury, published in 1929, sold only three thousand copies in its first 16 years of publication. However, in 1949, by the time the author received the Nobel Prize, this novel was already an example classical literature America.
In 2012, a special edition of this work was published in the UK, in which the text was printed in 14 different colors, which was done at the request of the writer so that the reader could notice different time planes. The limited edition of the novel was only 1,480 copies and sold out immediately after its release. Now the cost of a book of this rare edition is estimated at approximately 115 thousand rubles.
8. 2007
The Nobel Prize for Literature in 2007 was awarded to Doris Lessing. This British writer and poet received the award at the age of 88, making her the oldest recipient. She also became the eleventh woman (out of 13) to receive the Nobel Prize.
Lessing was not very popular with critics, since she rarely wrote on topics devoted to pressing social issues; she was even often called a propagandist of Sufism, a teaching that preaches the renunciation of worldly vanity. However, according to The Times magazine, this writer ranks fifth on the list of the 50 greatest British authors published since 1945.
Doris Lessing's most popular work is the novel "The Golden Notebook", published in 1962. Some critics classify it as an example of classic feminist prose, but the writer herself categorically disagrees with this opinion.
9. Albert Camus, 1957
The Nobel Prize in Literature was also awarded to French writers. One of them, a writer, journalist, and essayist of Algerian origin, Albert Camus, is the “conscience of the West.” His most famous work is the story "The Stranger", published in 1942 in France. Made in 1946 English translation, sales began, and within a few years the number of copies sold amounted to more than 3.5 million.
Albert Camus is often classified as a representative of existentialism, but he himself did not agree with this and in every possible way denied such a definition. Thus, in a speech delivered at the presentation of the Nobel Prize, he noted that in his work he sought to “avoid outright lies and resist oppression.”
10. Alice Munro, 2013
In 2013, nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature included Alice Munro on their list. A representative of Canada, this novelist became famous in the short story genre. She began writing them early, from her teenage years, but the first collection of her works, entitled “Dance of the Happy Shadows,” was published only in 1968, when the author was already 37 years old. In 1971, the next collection, “The Lives of Girls and Women,” appeared, which critics called “an education novel.” Her other literary works include the books: “Who Are You, Exactly?”, “The Fugitive,” and “Too Much Happiness.” One of her collections, “The Hateful Friendship, Courtship, Love, Marriage,” published in 2001, was even made into a Canadian film called “Away From Her,” directed by Sarah Polley. The author’s most popular book is “Dear Life,” published in 2012.
Munro is often called the "Canadian Chekhov" because the writers' styles are similar. Like the Russian writer, he is characterized by psychological realism and clarity.
Nobel Prize laureates in literature from Russia
To date, five Russian writers have won the prize. The first laureate was I. A. Bunin.
1. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, 1933
This is a famous Russian writer and poet, an outstanding master of realistic prose, and an honorary member St. Petersburg Academy Sci. In 1920, Ivan Alekseevich emigrated to France, and when presenting the award, he noted that the Swedish Academy acted very bravely by awarding the emigrant writer. Among the contenders for this year’s prize was another Russian writer, M. Gorky, however, largely thanks to the publication of the book “The Life of Arsenyev” by that time, the scales nevertheless tipped in the direction of Ivan Alekseevich.
Bunin began writing his first poems at the age of 7-8 years. Later, his famous works were published: the story “The Village”, the collection “Sukhodol”, the books “John the Weeper”, “The Gentleman from San Francisco”, etc. In the 20s he wrote (1924) and “ Sunstroke"(1927). And in 1943, the pinnacle of Ivan Aleksandrovich’s work, the collection of stories “Dark Alleys,” was born. This book was devoted to only one topic - love, its “dark” and gloomy sides, as the author wrote in one of his letters.
2. Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, 1958
The Nobel Prize winners in literature from Russia in 1958 included Boris Leonidovich Pasternak on their list. The poet was awarded the prize at a difficult time. He was forced to abandon it under threat of exile from Russia. However, the Nobel Committee regarded Boris Leonidovich’s refusal as forced, and in 1989 transferred the medal and diploma to his son after the writer’s death. The famous novel "Doctor Zhivago" is Pasternak's true artistic testament. This work was written in 1955. Albert Camus, laureate in 1957, spoke with admiration of this novel.
3. Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov, 1965
In 1965, M. A. Sholokhov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Russia has once again proven to the whole world that it has talented writers. Having begun his literary activity as a representative of realism, depicting the deep contradictions of life, Sholokhov, however, in some works finds himself captive of the socialist trend. During the presentation of the Nobel Prize, Mikhail Alexandrovich made a speech in which he noted that in his works he sought to praise “the nation of workers, builders and heroes.”
In 1926 he started his main novel, Quiet Don, and completed it in 1940, long before he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Sholokhov's works were published in parts, including "Quiet Don". In 1928, largely thanks to the assistance of A.S. Serafimovich, a friend of Mikhail Alexandrovich, the first part appeared in print. The second volume was published the following year. The third was published in 1932-1933, already with the assistance and support of M. Gorky. The last, fourth, volume was published in 1940. This novel had great value both for Russian and world literature. It was translated into many languages of the world, became the basis of the famous opera by Ivan Dzerzhinsky, as well as numerous theatrical productions and films.
Some, however, accused Sholokhov of plagiarism (including A.I. Solzhenitsyn), believing that most The work was copied from the manuscripts of F. D. Kryukov, a Cossack writer. Other researchers confirmed the authorship of Sholokhov.
In addition to this work, in 1932 Sholokhov also created “Virgin Soil Upturned,” a work telling about the history of collectivization among the Cossacks. In 1955, the first chapters of the second volume were published, and at the beginning of 1960 the last ones were completed.
At the end of 1942, the third novel, “They Fought for the Motherland,” was published.
4. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, 1970
The Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970 was awarded to A. I. Solzhenitsyn. Alexander Isaevich accepted it, but did not dare to attend the award ceremony because he was afraid of the Soviet government, which regarded the decision of the Nobel Committee as “politically hostile.” Solzhenitsyn was afraid that he would not be able to return to his homeland after this trip, although the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970, which he received, increased the prestige of our country. In his work, he touched upon acute socio-political problems and actively fought against communism, its ideas and the policies of the Soviet regime.
The main works of Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn include: “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” (1962), story “ Matrenin Dvor", the novel "In the First Circle" (written from 1955 to 1968), "The Gulag Archipelago" (1964-1970). The first published work was the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", which appeared in the magazine " New world". This publication aroused great interest and numerous responses from readers, which inspired the writer to create the Gulag Archipelago. In 1964, Alexander Isaevich’s first story received the Lenin Prize.
However, a year later he lost the favor of the Soviet authorities, and his works were prohibited from being published. His novels “The Gulag Archipelago”, “In the First Circle” and “Cancer Ward” were published abroad, for which the writer was deprived of citizenship in 1974 and he was forced to emigrate. Only 20 years later he managed to return to his homeland. Appears in 2001-2002 a lot of work Solzhenitsyn "Two hundred years together." Alexander Isaevich died in 2008.
5. Joseph Alexandrovich Brodsky, 1987
The winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1987 joined their ranks with I. A. Brodsky. In 1972, the writer was forced to emigrate to the USA, so the world encyclopedia even calls him American. Among all the writers who received the Nobel Prize, he is the youngest. With his lyrics, he comprehended the world as a single cultural and metaphysical whole, and also pointed out the limitations of the perception of man as a subject of knowledge.
Joseph Alexandrovich wrote not only in Russian, but also in English poems, essays, literary criticism. Immediately after the publication of his first collection in the West, in 1965, Brodsky came to international fame. TO the best books of the author include: “Embankment of the Incurable”, “Part of Speech”, “Landscape with Flood”, “The End” belle époque", "Stop in the Desert" and others.
