The famous Russian Slavophile writer Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov (born in Ufa on September 20, 1791, died on April 30, 1859) came from an old noble family. Under the influence of his mother, a very educated woman at that time, Sergei Aksakov and early age he re-read everything available to him that could be obtained in Ufa, then was sent to the Kazan gymnasium, where, by the way, his studies were interrupted for a year due to the boy’s homesickness. In 1805, Sergei was transferred to the newly founded Kazan University (until 1808). The success of his teaching was hampered, by the way, by Aksakov’s hobbies for hunting of all kinds (baiting wolves and foxes, gun hunting, fishing and catching butterflies) and his passion for the theater. The first connected him with nature, the second occupied his mind with theatrical affairs and, given the state of the theater at that time, led him onto the wrong path of “sublime” literature. Getting to know Shishkov directed Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov on the path of Slavism, which prepared the subsequent Slavophilism.
In 1812, Aksakov settled in Moscow, leaving his service, and became friends with a circle of Moscow theatergoers, under whose influence he translated Boileau, Molière and Laharpe and ardently stood for the old, pompous trend of literature (fierce polemics with N. Polevoy). In 1820 Aksakov married Ol. Sem. Zaplatina and left for his father’s Trans-Volga patrimony, the village of Znamenskoye or Novo-Aksakovo, and in 1826 he finally moved to Moscow, where he joined the censorship committee. In 1834 - 1839 Aksakov served in the survey school (later the Konstantinovsky Survey Institute) first as an inspector, then as a director. In 1837, Sergei Timofeevich received a large inheritance from his father, which allowed him to live widely and hospitably in Moscow as a private person. Aksakov had a strong, healthy and robust physique, but from the mid-1840s. began to get sick (with his eyes); In recent years, the disease has become painful.
Portrait of Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov. Artist I. Kramskoy, 1878
Aksakov's literary activity began early. In 1806, he started with A. Panaev and Perevoshchikov the “Journal of Our Studies,” where he carried out Shishkov’s ideas. Such were Aksakov's artistic inclinations until the early 1830s, when, under the influence of his son, Konstantin Sergeevich Aksakov, Pavlov, Pogodin and Nadezhdina Sergei Timofeevich's tastes take a different direction. Acquaintance and closeness with Gogol (from 1832) had a decisive influence on the turning point in Aksakov’s views. His first fruit was the essay “Buran” (Almanac “Dennitsa” by Maksimovich, 1834). The essay was a great success, and Aksakov no longer strayed from the path that Gogol had pushed him onto. “Notes on Fishing” (1847), “Stories and Memoirs of a Hunter” (1855) created Aksakov’s fame for his amazingly integral and clear attitude to nature, artistry of style and descriptions, and the success of “Family Chronicle”, begun back in 1840 and completed in 1856 (excerpts in the Moscow Collection of 1846, without the name of the author) exceeded all the hopes of the author. Criticism, both Westernizing and Slavophile, placed Sergei Aksakov next to Homer, Shakespeare, and W. Scott; but the first one (Dobrolyubov) derived from the “Family Chronicle” gloomy picture despotism of Russian landowner life, the second - (Khomyakov) argued that Aksakov was the first to look at our life from a positive point of view. In fact, Sergei Timofeevich painted portraits of people close to him in spirit and blood directly. “The Childhood Years of Bagrov the Grandson” (1858) is weaker, because the author does not treat the subject of his depiction with such love and only tries to be spontaneous. Their success was less, like “Literary and Theatrical Memoirs”. The last story“Natasha” (the marriage of Aksakov’s sister to the famous professor Kartashevsky) remained unfinished.
Perhaps it would be difficult to find another example of the importance of theoretical views for artistic creativity than that which is wonderful and cautionary tale Aksakov's literary activity. The ideas of false classicism, mixed with the even more stilted ideas of literary Slavism of the Shishkov school, positively deadened the artistic talent of Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov, but the influence of Gogol, which freed him from all rhetorical stilts and destroyed his previous literary understanding, awakened long-dormant forces already at the age when he could it was more likely to expect their weakening.
Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov
Aksakov Sergei Timofeevich (1791-1859) - a writer distinguished by a subtle and original sense of nature. Author of "Notes on Fishing" and "Notes of a Gun Hunter"; memoirs: "Memoirs", "Literary and theatrical memories"; autobiographical dilogy "Family Chronicle". One of the most famous and respected Muscovites. Since 1827, censor at the Moscow Censorship Committee, then director of the Land Survey Institute. In the 1830s. theater reviewer, journalist.
AKSAKOV Sergey Timofeevich(09/20/1791-04/30/1859), writer, came from an old noble family. He spent his childhood on the family estate of the Orenburg province. He studied at the Kazan gymnasium and at Kazan University. In n. In the 1820s he published a series of romantic and parody poems. In 1821 he was elected a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature at Moscow University. In 1826 he finally settled in Moscow. His home became one of the centers literary life Moscow. Aksakov “Saturdays” were attended by A. N. Verstovsky, N. I. Nadezhdin, S. P. Shevyrev, M. S. Shchepkin, N. V. Gogol(who became a close friend of Aksakov), and in n. In the 1840s, Aksakov’s house was one of the centers of meetings for members of the Slavophile circle. In 1827 - 32 Aksakov was a censor, then chairman of the Moscow Censorship Committee (dismissed from office for missing a parody of the police), from 1833 an inspector, then director of the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute (until 1838).
In the 2nd half. 1840s, despite deteriorating health, intensive literary activity Aksakova. “Notes on Fishing,” published in 1847, brought him wide literary fame. The main place in Aksakov’s literary heritage is occupied by the autobiographical stories “Family Chronicle” (1856) and “ Childhood years of Bagrov-grandson ” (1858); adjacent to them are “Memoirs” (1856); “Literary and theatrical memories” (1856), “Biography of M. N. Zagoskin” (1853), “The story of my acquaintance with Gogol” (1880).
V. A. Fedorov
Aksakov Sergei Timofeevich (1791 - 1859), prose writer. Born on September 20 (October 1, new year) in Ufa into a noble noble family. He spent his childhood on the Novo-Aksakov estate and in Ufa, where his father served as prosecutor of the Upper Zemstvo Court.
He studied at the Kazan gymnasium, and in 1805 he was admitted to the newly opened Kazan University. Here Aksakov’s interest in literature and theater manifested itself; he began to write poetry and successfully performed in student plays. Without graduating from university, he moved to St. Petersburg, where he served as a translator in the Commission for Drafting Laws. However, he was more interested in the artistic, literary and theatrical life of the capital. Turns me on wide circle dating
In 1816 he married O. Zaplatina and left for his family estate Novo-Aksakovo. The Aksakovs had ten children, to whose upbringing they paid exceptional attention.
In 1826 the Aksakovs moved to Moscow. In 1827 - 32 Aksakov acted as a censor, from 1833 to 1838 he served as an inspector at the Konstantinovsky Land Survey School, and then as the first director of the Land Survey Institute. But he still paid the main attention to literary and theatrical activities. The essay "Buran", published in 1834, became the prologue to Aksakov's future autobiographical and natural history works. At this time, he actively acts as a literary and theater critic.
Aksakov's house and the Abramtsevo estate near Moscow are becoming a kind of cultural center where writers and actors, journalists and critics, historians and philosophers meet.
In 1847 he published “Notes on Fishing,” which had great success. In 1849, “Notes of a Gun Hunter” was published, in which the author showed himself as a soulful poet of Russian nature. In the fifties, Aksakov’s health deteriorated sharply, blindness loomed, but he continued to work. His autobiographical books, “Family Chronicle” (1856) and “Childhood Years of Bagrov the Grandson” (1858), written on the basis of childhood memories and family legends, became especially popular.
In the last years of his life, such memoirs as “Literary and Theatrical Memoirs” and “Meetings with the Martinists” were also created.
Materials used from the book: Russian writers and poets. Brief biographical dictionary. Moscow, 2000.
Aksakov Sergei Timofeevich (09/20/1791-04/30/1859), writer. Born in Ufa into an old, poor noble family. He spent his childhood in Ufa and on the family estate in Novo-Aksakov. Without graduating from Kazan University, he moved to St. Petersburg, where he served as a translator in the Commission for Drafting Laws. In 1827–32 he served as a censor in Moscow, in 1833–38 as an inspector at the Konstantinovsky Land Survey School, then as director of the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute. From 1843 he lived mainly on the Abramtsevo estate near Moscow. Here he was visited by N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, M.S. Shchepkin. A prominent place in Russian memoir literature is occupied by Aksakov’s memoirs “The History of My Acquaintance with Gogol” (published 1890). In the 2nd half. 20 - n. In the 1930s he was engaged in theater criticism, spoke out against the epigones of classicism and routine in performing arts, calling on actors for “simplicity” and “naturalness” of performance. Aksakov appreciated innovative character games by P. S. Mochalov and M. S. Shchepkin. In 1834 Aksakov published the essay “Buran,” which marked the beginning of his writing activity. In his first books: “Notes on Fishing” (1847), “Notes of a Gun Hunter of the Orenburg Province” (1852), “Stories and Memoirs of a Hunter about Various Hunts” (1855), originally intended for a narrow circle of fishing and hunting lovers, Aksakov proved himself to be a writer of wealth folk word and subtle observation, like a soulful poet of Russian nature. I. S. Turgenev wrote that Aksakov’s hunting books enriched “our common literature.” Aksakov’s outstanding talent was revealed in the books “Family Chronicle” (1856) and “Childhood of Bagrov the Grandson” (1858).
The main place in Aksakov’s legacy is occupied by autobiographical fiction, based entirely on “memories of a former life” and family traditions. It was created under the deep influence of Gogol’s creativity and personality on Aksakov and in the atmosphere of “family” Slavophilism, which allowed him to clearly understand the virtues and indigenous traditions of folk life, the living “natural sympathy” of which he had previously not known the value of. Aksakov the artist rejected all violence, arbitrariness and awakened love for life, for people, for nature in its traditional, eternal aspect, poeticized the life of the estate, the strength of family foundations. Aksakov himself had 14 children (6 sons and 8 daughters), and the family was extremely friendly; its existence rested on traditionally patriarchal principles, on the coordination of the inclinations of all its members, on the harmony of moods and views; the children idolized the “otesenka” and deeply loved their mother (the inspirer of their Orthodox upbringing, who combined devotion to family and social temperament, knowledge of spiritual and modern fiction and possessed a literary gift, which manifested itself in her letters). L.N. Tolstoy, who actively communicated with the Aksakovs in 1856-59, found “harmony” and unity with national morality in their entire home life. In such a moral atmosphere, the main pathos of the “memoirs” was formed and strengthened, about which I. Aksakov wrote: “... warm objectivity... which shuns all exateration, harshness, is full of love and benevolence towards people and gives a place to each phenomenon, recognizing its causality, kindness and bad things in life."
Depicting the “home” life of the Russian nobility, poeticizing the everyday events of local life, looking closely at their moral origins and consequences, Aksakov remains true to the nature of his talent and his creative attitude - to reproduce absolutely reliable life material. Aksakov considered himself only a “transmitter” and “storyteller” of real events: “I can write only by standing on the basis of reality, following the thread of a true event... I do not possess the gift of pure fiction at all.” Aksakov's prose is purely autobiographical, but despite the extreme limitations of artistic fiction, his characters and situations are filled with undeniable typicality. Having been one of the founders of Russian autobiographical prose, Aksakov also became its first classic.
The first excerpt of “memoirs of a former life” was written in 1840, published in 1846 in the “Moscow Literary and Scientific Collection”; others appeared in periodicals in the 1950s. Then Aksakov united them under the general title “Family Chronicle” (M., 1856, without the 4th and 5th passages, published together with “Memoirs”; 2nd complete ed. M., 1856). A private chronicle of three generations of the Bagrovs is recreated on the basis of a wide panorama of landowner life in the 18th century. The images of landowners are vivid types of “estate” life: Stepan Mikhailovich Bagrov, a strong, fair, enterprising “owner”, “an exalted old man at heart” with “radical” principles, but also with the features of an autocratic nobility, which generated around itself “the mud of tricks, slavery , lies"; his son Alexei, an ordinary “village nobleman,” albeit with an amazing sense of love for nature; daughter-in-law Sophia, beautiful, proud, intelligent, educated, devoted mother, is one of the best heroines of Russian literature; Kurolesov, a powerful and active landowner, but a libertine and sadist, poisoned by the serfs. Focused in his plan and pathos on the moral re-education of man, Aksakov, however, does not avoid social exposure of feudal reality.
Full collection Op. T. 1-6. St. Petersburg, 1886;
Collection Op. T. 1-6. St. Petersburg, -1910; T. 1-4. M., 1955-56;
Favorite Op. M.; L., 1949;
The story of my acquaintance with Gogol. M., 1960.
XX century Historical destinies of representatives of the Aksakov family
At the beginning of the 20th century, there were three branches of the ancient noble family of the Aksakovs: Ufa-Samara, Tula-Ryazan and Kaluga-Moscow.
The fates of the Aksakovs who remained in Russia were typical for most Russian nobles. In the first half of the 20th century, they suffered all the hardships of this difficult period the history of Russia - war, emigration, and after the revolution - various oppressions, restrictions, repressions.
UFA-SAMARA BRANCH
The Ufa-Samara branch of the family at the beginning of the 20th century was represented by the daughter of Grigory Sergeevich Aksakov, Olga Grigorievna Aksakova, as well as the family and descendants of his son, Sergei Grigorievich Aksakov.
Olga Grigorievna Aksakova
Olga Grigorievna Aksakova. Collection of the State Historical-Artistic and literary museum-Reserve "Abramtsevo".
Olga Grigorievna Aksakova was born on December 26, 1848 in Simbirsk. She was baptized in 1849 in the Spasovoznesensky Cathedral, the recipients were Nikolai Timofeevich Aksakov and lieutenant Ekaterina Vasilievna Krotkova.
Olga was the beloved granddaughter of the writer Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov; the book “The Childhood Years of Bagrov’s Grandson” and the fairy tale “The Scarlet Flower” are dedicated to her. She did not get married and devoted herself to social work. In 1889, near the city of Belebey, she founded a kumys treatment institution. On her estate, she started a “model” farm, from which dairy products, meat and vegetables were supplied to the kumiss clinic.
According to researchers, "". The archive, which was initially kept by her mother, finally passed to her after the division of property with her brother Sergei. Olga Grigorievna Aksakova not only kept the archive, but sorted and described the documents, and prepared them for publication in 1889.
Olga Grigorievna Aksakova. Collection of the memorial house-museum of S.T. Aksakov in Ufa. “Dad remembered Olga Grigorievna, his aunt and godmother. She is known to everyone as the beloved granddaughter of S.T. Aksakova. Dad was her favorite nephew, it was to him that she wanted to leave an inheritance. Dad recalled with humor her tight-fistedness, how she traveled to Strakhov on a train in third class.” From the memoirs of I.S. Aksakova.
The life of Olga Grigorievna Aksakova after 1917 attracted the attention of researchers back in the early 1960s. Journalist F.G. Popov collected several facts about it from local archives and learned from eyewitnesses. recent years life.
In accordance with the paradigm accepted in Soviet historiography, the writer’s granddaughter was ranked among the “progressive figures.” that she supported “revolutionary change.” In particular, it was emphasized that when the teaching of the Law of God was canceled in schools, and parents stopped letting their children go to school, O.G. Aksakova gathered the peasants and, after talking with them, convinced them of the unreasonableness of such an act.
When in 1919, White Guard troops entered the village of Yazykovo, where the writer’s granddaughter lived, the peasants were accused of offending Olga Grigorievna Aksakova. “Having learned about this, Olga Grigorievna came to the village administration, where the Kolchakites were in charge, and categorically denied the accusation, saying, “.
One of the buildings of the kumiss clinic founded by O.G. Aksakova. Photo from the 1900s. Collection of the memorial house-museum of S.T. Aksakov in Ufa.
In the article by F.G. Popova also noted that “in friendly conversations with young people, she expressed confidence that our people will overcome the devastation in the country and achieve unprecedented success.” An example of caring for the writer’s granddaughter was the pension assigned in 1920 “by order of the district party committee of the Buzuluk executive committee.” Thus, one of the many myths was created that O.G. Aksakova unconditionally supported Soviet power, and she, in turn, carefully took care of the elderly landowner.
However, the sources and, in particular, the report written by the famous historian, later academician M.N. Tikhomirov, about the removal of the Aksakov archive from the village of Yazykova, makes significant adjustments to the interpretation of the Soviet period.
Kitchen of the kumiss hospital.
M.N. Tikhomirov testified that the “amazingly good” attitude of the peasants towards Olga Grigorievna Aksakova did indeed exist, but was determined not only by sympathy for her, but also by philistine reasons, since her estate was very small and was not of interest “for destruction”. The attitude of the local authorities, who considered the estate as the property of the volost, turned out to be different. The county authorities took measures to protect the estate and issued a safe conduct letter. O.G. Aksakova was appointed a “reserve teacher” with instructions to protect the family archive. However, such measures did not save her from excessive and inappropriate guardianship, as well as the rudeness of the authorities. In February 1920, the commissioner for the registration of valuables sent her a letter in which she tactlessly threatened to “bring her to legal responsibility” if the archive was not preserved intact. Such a reminder was unnecessary; Olga Grigorievna understood the historical value of the archive and took care of it even before this instruction.
In 1921, she became a research fellow at the Society of Archaeology, History and Ethnography at Samara University. Carrying out his instructions, recent months During her lifetime, the writer’s beloved granddaughter made copies of the most valuable documents in the archive. At the request of the society (and not at the initiative of the district authorities, as indicated in Soviet works), O.G. Aksakova.
Concern for the estate and its values turned out to be ostentatious and declarative. Despite the desperate protests of Olga Grigorievna, it was local government began to plunder the meeting. In the spring of 1921, a commission came to the estate and seized several albums, drawings and an autographed copy of “Notes of a Hunter.” In the spring of the following year, Yazykovo was visited by representatives of the Mogutinsky volost executive committee, who selected several pieces of furniture and a “parrot lamp”. Then policeman Sermyagin appeared, carried out a search and seized two albums with blank sheets. He treated O.G. extremely rudely. Aksakova. In response to the protests, the policeman elbowed the elderly woman in the chest. It is quite possible that these events accelerated the death of the writer’s granddaughter, which followed on April 7, 1921 in the village of Yazykovo, Buzuluk district. The date of her death was unknown to emigrant genealogists. N.N. Mazaraki simply indicated that Olga Grigorievna Aksakova
After her death, the protection of the Aksakov archive was temporarily taken over by Khionia Semenovna Likhacheva, a former servant of O.G. Aksakova, who lived with her for more than 30 years. “It is to these two women that the Aksakov archive mainly owes its salvation, almost miraculous, amid the general destruction of the landowners’ estates,” summed up. A local woman also took part in the fate of the archive. She traveled to Samara and attracted the attention of provincial authorities to the values of the estate.
The question of transferring documents to some central repository was raised during the lifetime of Olga Grigorievna Aksakova. At the beginning of March 1921, the Society of Archaeology, History and Ethnography accepted the proposal of its chairman A.S. Bashkirov and sent M.N. Tikhomirov in Yazykovo to agree with Olga Grigorievna on the transfer of materials from Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov to Samara. However, while he was getting ready, the writer’s granddaughter died. M.N. Tikhomirov fulfilled the order and removed the most valuable memorial items, leaving “only things of relatively minor importance.” In the report, the historian listed in detail the exported property: furniture, manuscripts, photographs, portraits, . He developed measures to preserve the memorial site: transfer the estate to the jurisdiction of the Samara branch of the Main Science or the Society of Archaeology, History and Ethnography, entrust the management and protection of the house to Kh.S. Likhacheva, to express gratitude to Kh.S. Likhacheva and A.G. Smaragdova for saving the Aksakov archive.
Sergei Grigorievich Aksakov
Sergei Grigorievich Aksakov, born in Ufa. He was baptized in the City-Ufa Trinity Church, the recipients were the actual state councilor Pyotr Ivanovich Bulgakov and his sister.
Like his father, Sergei Grigorievich served in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, starting his career in 1887 in one of its most significant divisions - the Zemstvo Department.
One of the wedding photographs of Sergei Grigorievich and Serafima Ivanovna Aksakov. Personal collection of I.S. Aksakova. The city of Lobnya, Moscow region. Russia
Subsequently, he was transferred to the Warsaw province, was the commissar for peasant affairs of the Wroclaw district, then returned to serve in his homeland, became the zemstvo chief of the Buzuluk district, where he owned an estate - the village of Strakhov. According to information preserved by his descendants, Sergei Grigorievich played the violin beautifully and suffered from epilepsy.
Sergei Grigorievich Aksakov died on November 8, 1910 in St. Petersburg and was buried on November 14 in the Strakhovo estate.
Sergei Grigorievich Aksakov married on April 29, 1884 in St. Petersburg to Serafima Ivanovna Sveshnikova (1860 - ca. 1919), daughter of captain 1st rank, then rear admiral Ivan Ivanovich Sveshnikov and his wife Elizaveta Nikolaevna
Sergei Grigorievich Aksakov had five children - three sons (Nikolai, Sergei and Konstantin) and two daughters (Maria and Elizaveta).
Serafima Ivanovna Aksakova (née Sveshnikova). Collection of the State Historical, Artistic and Literary Museum - Reserve "Abramtsevo".
The youngest daughter Elizaveta was born in 1886, died on March 24, 1888, and was buried in the Novodevichy Convent in St. Petersburg along with her grandmother.
Maria Sergeevna Aksakova
She was married to a famous ophthalmologist, Doctor of Medicine. During the Second World War, Associate Professor A.A. Gastev lectured at the department of the St. Petersburg State Medical Academy named after. I.I. Mechnikov. From 1938 to 1945 held the position of dean of the Faculty of Surgery, created by order of the People's Commissariat of Health of October 19, 1936 No. 95. Sibling A.A. Gasteva Vladimir was married to Maria Sergeevna’s cousin, Kira, daughter of private assistant professor Mitrofan Ivanovich Sveshnikov.
The niece of Maria Sergeevna Aksakova (married to Gasteva) has an old photograph of a soldier from the First World War, on the reverse side of which words of sincere gratitude to Maria Sergeevna are poorly written for her attention “to the wounded soldiers.” Personal collection of I.S. Aksakova. The city of Lobnya, Moscow region. Russia.
A.A. died Gastev ok. 1968, buried in Leningrad at the Okhtinsky cemetery (according to information from I.S. Aksakova, Maria Sergeevna’s niece).
During the First World War, Maria Sergeevna voluntarily began working in the hospital as a nurse. IN family archive Irina Sergeevna Aksakova has preserved a photograph of one of the soldiers, Alexander Alekseevich Ivanov, whom Maria Sergeevna looked after after being wounded. On the reverse side of the photograph, touching words of gratitude addressed to M.S. are semi-literately written. Aksakova, and the date was set to April 23, 1915.
Konstantin Sergeevich Aksakov. Photo from the beginning of the twentieth century. Personal collection of I.S. Aksakova. The city of Lobnya, Moscow region. Russia.
It was to his elder sister Maria that her brother, composer Sergei Sergeevich Aksakov, left family heirlooms (books and things) for safekeeping when, in troubled times, his family set off on a long journey to China through the territory occupied by the armies of A.V. Kolchak.
There were no children in the Gastev family. Maria Sergeevna Aksakova died on December 25, 1922 and was buried in.
Konstantin Sergeevich Aksakov
Together with his brother Sergei, he studied at the prestigious Polivanovskaya Gymnasium in Moscow. He suffered from infantile paralysis, which he jokingly attributed to his poor control of his legs and arms. Despite his physical handicap, he loved to dance, and a pronounced stutter did not prevent him from performing recitations literary works. Tatyana Aleksandrovna Aksakova recalled that because of his poor diction, she did not appreciate him in her youth. At the beginning of the 20th century, Konstantin Sergeevich Aksakov led his own private theater.
After the revolution, he lived with his brother Sergei Sergeevich Aksakov in Harbin, and after 1928 in Shanghai. Konstantin Sergeevich Aksakov died in Shanghai, was cremated, and his ashes were buried.
Sergey Sergeevich Aksakov
Sergei Sergeevich Aksakov, later a famous Russian - Soviet composer born December 24, 1890 in Samara. His fate and the fate of his descendants are described in Chapter III, “Aksakovs in Emigration.”
Konstantin Sergeevich (left) with his brother Sergei Sergeevich (right) before a bike ride. Photo from the beginning of the twentieth century. Personal collection of I.S. Aksakova. The city of Lobnya, Moscow region. Russia.
TULA-RYAZAN BRANCH
The Tula-Ryazan branch of the family at the beginning of the 20th century was represented by the children of Pyotr Nikolaevich Aksakov, Nikolai, Alexander and Vasily.
Of these, two especially stood out - Nikolai Petrovich and Alexander Petrovich, who distinguished themselves in the field social activities and literature.
Nikolai Petrovich Aksakov
The famous poet and publicist Nikolai Petrovich Aksakov was born. He was educated at home, then studied at universities in Germany and France. In 1868, in Hesse, he defended his dissertation “The Idea of Divinity,” for which he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Since 1868 he lived in Moscow, since 1895 - in St. Petersburg. Showed particular interest in history Slavic peoples. He was the secretary of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature and the chairman of the Aksakov Society. By public views joined the Slavophiles but criticized certain provisions of their theory, in particular -.
In April 1893, Nikolai Petrovich Aksakov entered the service of the State Control, was sent to the Department of Railway Reporting, where he served for about , but did not have a rank.
Nikolai Petrovich Aksakov died on April 5, 1909 in St. Petersburg. There is no information about the marriage and offspring of Nikolai Petrovich Aksakov in the sources known to us.
Alexander Petrovich Aksakov
He entered the service in 1877 at the Ministry of State Property, since 1892 - a collegiate registrar, served in local bodies of the Tver, Novgorod, Yaroslavl provinces, mainly in the provincial statistical committees.
During the general population census Russian Empire In 1897 he was a member of the Yaroslavl provincial census commission. In 1901 he was assigned to the Ministry, since 1904 - junior auditor of the Department of Military and Naval Accounting of the State Control with the rank of collegiate assessor, then - court adviser.
Alexander Petrovich Aksakov developed a theory about ways to correct criminals, considering the main thing to be work for the benefit of people and God. He proposed reforming the Russian prison system, but his projects were not implemented. He published the collection “Brotherly Life” (1910–1911) and the magazine “Zerna” (1916–1917). His brother Fyodor Petrovich and sister Praskovya Petrovna collaborated in the last publication, and edited the newspaper “Yuzhnoe Slovo”. He died in 1917, was single.
Vasily Petrovich Aksakov
Their younger brother Vasily Petrovich Aksakov elected military career. He was born on September 1, 1857 in the city of Serpukhov. He graduated from the II Military Konstantinovsky School and in 1880 was appointed as an ensign in the 6th reserve artillery brigade. In 1885 he was transferred to the 1st Grenadier Artillery Brigade, and in 1891 - to the Ivangorod Fortress Artillery. During his service he reached the rank of staff captain. Due to poor health, he was constantly sent to artillery units located in the southern part of the country: in 1896 - to the Sevastopol Fortress Artillery for 1 year, in 1900 - to the Caucasian District Artillery Directorate for the same period. In February 1902, Vasily Petrovich Aksakov was finally enlisted in the field foot reserve.
Vasily Petrovich Aksakov was married to the Moscow bourgeois Matryona His equal Zolotareva. Judging by the formal lists, they did not have children. Vasily Petrovich Aksakov died in 1908 and was buried in the village of Chashnikovo, Zubtsovsky district.
In the course of this research, it was not possible to find information about representatives of the Tula-Ryazan branch after 1917. It is possible that it was suppressed. This assumption is shared by the descendants of Praskovya Petrovna Kvashnina-Samarina (née Aksakova).
Russian literature XIX century
Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov
Biography
SERGEY TIMOFEEVICH
Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov, Russian writer, literary and theater critic, author of the books “Notes on Fishing” (1847), “Notes of a Gun Hunter of the Orenburg Province” (1852), “Stories and Memoirs of a Hunter about Various Hunts” (1855), “Family Chronicle" (1856); memoirs “Literary and Theatrical Memoirs” (1858), “The Story of My Acquaintance with Gogol” (1880) and many others, he is best known to the general reader as the author of the story “The Childhood Years of Bagrov-Vkuk” (1858) and the fairy tale “The Scarlet Flower”, which was originally an appendix to the story. A.'s books occupy a special place in Russian literature of the 19th century. Their main subject is unpretentious (the natural world, the patriarchal life of several generations of a noble family, family legends), their language, according to many, is perfect. “We should all learn from him,” wrote I. S. Turgenev, admiring the language of Aksakov’s prose.
A. was born in 1791 in Ufa. His father, Timofey Stepanovich, was a prosecutor, his mother, Maria Nikolaevna, came from the official aristocracy and was distinguished by rare intelligence and education. M. N. Aksakova had an exceptional influence on the formation of the future writer; a relationship of rare trust and friendliness developed between mother and son.
Their early years A. spent in Ufa and on the family estate Novo-Aksakovo in the Orenburg province. He graduated from the Kazan gymnasium and entered Kazan University. While still in high school, he began to write poems, “verses without rhymes,” in the spirit of sentimental poetry. At the university he became interested in theater, actively participated in the work of the student theater, and had the gift of recitation. The fame of A. the reader was so wide that G.R. Derzhavin was looking forward to the young man’s arrival in St. Petersburg to listen to his poems performed by him.
In 1808, A. came to St. Petersburg and entered the service as a government official. Meets G. R. Derzhavin, A. S. Shishkov, takes part in the meeting literary circle, headed by Shishkov, “Conversation of lovers of the Russian word.” He made his debut in print in 1812 with the fable ‘The Three Canaries’. In 1811 he moved to Moscow, became close to Moscow theater circles, translated plays by Schiller, Moliere, Boileau, and appeared in print as a theater critic.
From the 1820-1830s. the house of A., who in 1816 married the daughter of Suvorov general O. S. Zaplatina, becomes one of the centers of literary theatrical life Moscow. The Aksakov “subbotniks” have been regularly attended by major Moscow cultural and artistic figures for many years - actor M. S. Shchepkin, historian M. P. Pogodin, writer M. N. Zagoskin, Moscow University professors S. P. Shevyrev and N. I. Nadezhdin. In the spring of 1832, Gogol began to visit the Aksakovs, who maintained his friendship with A. throughout his life. When the sons Konstantin and Ivan grew up (and in total there were 14 children in A.’s family), a circle of Slavophiles settled in the Aksakovs’ house, which included K. and I. Aksakovs, A.S. Khomyakov, and the Kireevsky brothers. A. took an active part in their conversations and disputes.
In 1837, A. bought the Abramtsevo estate, where he began working on the materials of the “Family Chronicle”. A noticeable weakening of vision prompted A. to intensive literary work A passionate hunter, fisherman and A. decides to describe his experience of ‘life in nature’ and the experiences and impressions associated with it.
In 1847, “Notes on Fishing” was published, which was preceded by an epigraph that largely determined the further direction of A.’s work: “I am going into the world of nature, into the world of calm, freedom...” The book was a great success. Then “Notes of a rifle hunter of the Orenburg province” (1852), “stories and memories of a hunter about various hunts” (1855) appear. The hunting trilogy is a genre of free memoirs with incidents, anecdotes, hunting tales, etc. included in the narrative text.
The main place in artistic heritage A. takes autobiographical prose. The Family Chronicle (1856) traces the lives of three generations of the Bagrov estate nobles. The book “The Childhood Years of Bagrov-Vkuk” (1858) is a continuation of the “Chronicles”. Moreover, “childhood years” is a work written for children. In one of the letters to his granddaughter Olenka, his favorite, A. promises to compose a book for her “... about the young spring, // about the flowers of the fields, // about little birds (...) // about the forest Bear, // about the white mushroom (... )". In the process of work, the author’s concept expanded and changed significantly. A book appeared describing the life of a child from infancy to the age of nine against the backdrop of a carefully recreated life of a Russian estate at the end of the 18th century, against the backdrop of pictures of nature that were grandiose in their degree of spirituality.
The main subject of the book was determined by the author himself - the life of a person in childhood, children's world, created under the influence of daily new impressions... A person’s life is in a child." Little Seryozha grows up, learns about the world, which seems to him bright, mysterious, endless. The reader sees the objects and phenomena described in the book through his eyes little hero, feels the freshness and spontaneity of children's perception. Everyday paintings, natural life, Seryozha’s experiences and impressions, simple and important events his life - conversations with his mother, the death of his grandfather, the birth of his brother - are combined into a single canvas of a narrative book.
Seryozha Bagrov is certainly an autobiographical hero, and, of course, inherits distinctive feature A. - passionate love for nature, its deep understanding. Thus, the arrival of spring is an event of great importance in Seryozha’s life: “... everything was noticed by me accurately and carefully, and every moment of spring was celebrated by me as a victory.” Nature is one of the main characters in the story. A.’s descriptions of her are not paintings, not landscapes in the generally accepted sense, but life itself, breathing freely and manifesting itself in various ways. You have to have a special kind of soul, a special look, to feel this. The hero of the book possesses this gift to the fullest. “Finally we entered the urema (the floodplain of the river - I.A.), a green, blooming, fragrant urema. The cheerful singing of birds rushed from all sides (...) Whole swarms of bees, wasps and bumblebees hovered and buzzed around the trees in bloom. My God, how fun it was!” - this is how Seryozha sees the Siberian spring.
The narrative is based on a leisurely, thorough and at the same time capacious oral history. The language of A. has long been recognized as a model of Russian literary speech. Gogol, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Belinsky, Tyutchev and others spoke with praise about A.’s style. The book “The Childhood Years of Bagrov the Grandson” was very warmly received by critics and readers. In the history of Russian literature, A.’s story stood next to Tolstoy’s trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”. Until now, “the childhood years of Bagrov the grandson” are one of best works autobiographical-memoir prose, in the center of which the hero is a child.
Aksakov Sergei Timofeevich was born into the family of a prosecutor in 1791 on September 20 according to the old calendar or October 1 according to the new calendar. His father's name was Timofey Stepanovich, and his mother's name was Maria Nikolaevna. The writer's parents were smart, educated and came from the bureaucratic aristocracy. Aksakov and his mother had an excellent relationship; they understood and trusted each other like no one else. The family lived in the Orenburg province, Ufa, in their Novo-Aksakovo mansion. The guy began his entire education at a gymnasium in Kazan, and then graduated from the university there. I started writing poetry. In 1808, the poet went to serve in St. Petersburg. In 1811 he moved to Moscow, translating plays by German authors. Aksakov meets a girl, the general’s daughter Olga Semyonovna Zaplatina, whom he marries in 1816. The Aksakov family becomes large, 14 children to be exact. In 1837, the family bought the Abramtsev mansion, where they began their work on the “Family Chronicle”. Due to diligent writing, the author's vision noticeably diminishes. He begins to get involved in fishing and hunting. He outlined his observations in the book “Notes on Fishing” in 1847. Then he took up writing books about hunting: “Stories and Memoirs of a Hunter about Various Hunts” and “Notes of a Gun Hunter of the Orenburg Province.” His book “I’m going into the world of nature, into the world of calm, freedom...” was also a great success among Aksakov’s readers.
The name of Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov, first of all, is inextricably linked with “The Childhood Years of Bagrov the Grandson” and “ A scarlet flower" These works occupy a special place not only in Russian, but also in world literature.
The creative “range” of Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov is much wider. Being an avid fisherman and hunter, he embodied all his collected rich experience in “Notes on Fishing”, published in 1847, “Notes of a Gun Hunter of the Orenburg Province” (1852), “Stories and Memoirs of a Hunter about Various Hunts” (1855).
A talented literary and theater critic, Aksakov subtly notices the nuances of theatrical life, which he then outlines in “Literary and Theater Memoirs” (1858). According to the recognition of many literary scholars, Aksakov’s “Family Chronicle” is filled with immense depth and breadth of narration, which gives significance small world"chronicles". Unfortunately, due to illness, “The Story of My Acquaintance with Gogol” remained unfinished, which, undoubtedly, could have become the “pearl” of S.T.’s work. Aksakova.
In the works of S.T. Aksakov reveals to the reader the uncomplicated, simple and measured way of life of several generations of a family, picturesque pictures of nature. The language of Aksakov’s works is pure, easy and perfect.
Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov was born in 1791 in Ufa. His father, Timofey Stepanovich, served as a prosecutor, his mother, Maria Nikolaevna, a hereditary aristocrat, was very smart and well-read. Sergei did not just love, but rather idolized his mother, responding to her love, love and friendship. Under the influence of his mother, Sergei is interested in literature and tries to notice interesting facts in nature, develops a sense of beauty.
Sergei Aksakov spent his childhood on his father’s estate, Novo-Aksakovo, Orenburg province.
After home schooling, the boy enters the Kazan gymnasium, and continues his studies at Kazan University. At the gymnasium, his poetic talent awakens and he begins to write poetry. As a student, he immersed himself in student theater productions and recited poetry. The fame of the young reader spreads throughout Russia, and even Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin wished for the young man to arrive in St. Petersburg as soon as possible to hear him read.
The St. Petersburg life of 17-year-old Sergei Aksakov begins with entering the service as a government official. IN Northern capital he is introduced to G.R. Derzhavin, A.S. Shishkov, he begins to attend Shishkov’s “Conversation of Lovers of the Russian Word.” Then, in 1811, Aksakov moved to Moscow, where he began translating plays by Schiller, Moliere, Boileau, and became part of a close theater circle Moscow, acting as a theater critic.
In 1812, Aksakov’s first fable, “The Three Canaries,” was published.
Moscow life is to Aksakov’s liking; he becomes the center of the theatrical and literary life of the capital. Young wife, O.S. Zaplatina, whom Aksakov brought to the house in 1816, shows herself to be a hospitable hostess. For many years, all of Moscow knew about Aksakov’s “subbotniks”, where all the “color” of culture and art gathered. Frequent guests of the Aksakovs were actors, historians, writers, and university professors. Since the spring of 1832, N.V. entered the Aksakovs’ house. Gogol, who will remain attached to this family throughout his life.
As their sons, Konstantin and Ivan, grow up, another society begins to gather in the Aksakov house. Artists are being replaced by Slavophiles. Sergei Timofeevich takes an active part in disputes with A.S. Khomyakov, Kireevsky brothers.
In 1837, Sergei Timofeevich moved to the Abramtsevo estate, which he had recently purchased, to begin work on the “Family Chronicle” in peace and quiet. Problems with vision prompt Sergei Timofeevich to decide to formalize his thoughts into works. He, Aksakov, in the epigraph to “Notes on Fishing,” writes that he is going to retire to the lap of nature in peace and quiet. This is a clearly outlined line for all his further work. Then, at intervals of three years, he publishes “Notes of a rifle hunter of the Orenburg province” and “Stories and memories of a hunter about various hunts.” This trilogy is a unique collection of incidents from the lives of hunters, hunting and fishing tales, and observations of nature.
In 1856, “Family Chronicles” were published, telling about the unhurried patriarchal life of three generations of the Bagrov nobles. The continuation of the Chronicle is “The Childhood Years of Bagrov the Grandson.” "Family Chronicle" "Childhood" is inferior in literary terms, but is a unique book about the life of a child from 1 to 9 years old. It was conceived as a book for Olenka’s granddaughter, but in the process of creation it grew into a chronicle of a child’s life in the bosom of Russian nature, in an 18th-century estate.
The reader discovers an indescribably wonderful children's world, full of new everyday impressions and experiences. The reader sees the world through the eyes of a growing child, naive, vulnerable, finding a discovery in every leaf. With childlike spontaneity, the reader begins to see the world through the eyes of a child: bright, endless, huge. Every event for Seryozha - important point life, be it the death of a grandfather or the birth of a sibling.
The main character of the story, Seryozha, is autobiographical. He loves and understands nature. Every moment of her birth and awakening is important to him. Moreover, nature itself is the independently acting hero of the story, filling the world with the lace of the spring forest and the fragrant smells of the river. Even now, in the 21st century, “The childhood years of “Bagrov the grandson” are one of the recognized standards of Russian literature.
The language of Aksakov’s works is unique and multifaceted. Contemporaries, writers and literary critics spoke about him with delight.
Aksakov died of a serious illness on April 30, 1859 in Moscow.
Please note that the biography of Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov presents the most important moments from his life. This biography may omit some minor life events.
