Academician Dmitry Likhachev. What you need to know about Academician Likhachev. The importance of creative and social activities

Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev(November 28, 1906, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire - September 30, 1999, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation) - Russian philologist, art critic, screenwriter, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (until 1991 - USSR Academy of Sciences).

Author of fundamental works devoted to the history of Russian literature (mainly Old Russian) and Russian culture. Author of works (including more than forty books) on to a wide circle problems of the theory and history of ancient Russian literature, many of which have been translated into different languages. Author of 500 scientific and about 600 journalistic works. Likhachev made a significant contribution to the development of the study of ancient Russian literature and art. Likhachev's range of scientific interests is very wide: from the study of icon painting to the analysis of prison life of prisoners. Throughout all the years of his activity, he was an active defender of culture, a promoter of morality and spirituality. He took a direct part in the preservation and restoration of various cultural sites St. Petersburg and its suburbs.

Father - Sergei Mikhailovich Likhachev, electrical engineer, mother - Vera Semyonovna Likhacheva, nee Konyaeva.

In November 1931 he was transferred from the Solovetsky camp to Belbaltlag, worked as an accountant and railway dispatcher on the construction of the White Sea-Baltic Canal.

He was released early in 1932 and returned to Leningrad. In 1932-33 he was the literary editor of Sotsekgiz.* Publication of the article “Features of primitive primitivism of thieves’ speech” in the collection of the Institute of Language and Thought named after. N. Ya. Marra “Language and Thinking.” In 1936, all criminal records against Likhachev were cleared, at the request of Karpinsky.

Twin daughters Vera and Lyudmila Likhachev were born.

Junior, since - senior researcher (IRLI AS USSR).

He was with his family in besieged Leningrad.
Publication of the first book “Defense of Old Russian Cities” (1942), written jointly. with M. A. Tikhanova.

candidate of philological sciences on the topic: “Novgorod chronicles of the 12th century.”

Together with his family, he was evacuated along the Road of Life from besieged Leningrad to Kazan.

Awarded the medal "For the Defense of Leningrad".

Father Sergei Mikhailovich Likhachev died in besieged Leningrad.

Scientific maturity

Publication of books “National Identity Ancient Rus'. Essays from the field of Russian literature of the 11th-17th centuries.” M.-L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences. 1945. 120 p. (phototype reprint book: The Hugue, 1969) and “Novgorod the Great: Essay on the cultural history of Novgorod 11-17 centuries.” L., Gospolitizdat. 1945. 104 p. 10 t.e. (reprint: M., Sov. Russia. 1959.102 p.).

Awarded the medal “For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War” Patriotic War 1941-1945."
Publication of the book “Culture of Rus' in the era of Russian education” nation state. (End of the 14th - beginning of the 16th century)." M., Gospolitizdat. 1946. 160 p. 30 t.e. (phototype reprint of the book: The Hugue, 1967).

Associate Professor, Professor of Leningradsky state university. At the Faculty of History of Leningrad State University he taught special courses “History of Russian Chronicles”, “Paleography”, “History of the Culture of Ancient Rus'”, etc.

Defended his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philology on the topic: “Essays on history literary forms chronicles - 16th century."
Publication of the book “Russian Chronicles and Their Cultural and Historical Significance” M.-L., Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences. 1947. 499 p. 5 t.e. (phototype reprint of the book: The Hugue, 1966).

Member of the Scientific Council of the Institute of Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Publication of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” in the series “ Literary monuments"with translation and comments by D. S. Likhachev.
Publication of “The Tale of Bygone Years” in the “Literary Monuments” series with translation (jointly with B. A. Romanov) and comments by D. S. Likhachev (reprinted: St. Petersburg, 1996).
Publication of the articles “Historical and political outlook of the author of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”” and “Oral Sources artistic system“Tales about Igor’s Campaign.”
Publication of the book: “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”: Historical and literary essay. (NPS). M.-L., Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences. 1950. 164 p. 20 t.e. 2nd ed., add. M.-L., Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences. 1955. 152 p. 20 t.e.

Confirmed with the rank of professor.
Publication of the article " Literature XI-XIII centuries." in the collective work “The History of Culture of Ancient Rus'”. (Volume 2. Pre-Mongol period), which received the USSR State Prize.

The Stalin Prize of the second degree was awarded for the collective scientific work “The History of the Culture of Ancient Rus'. T. 2".
Publication of the book “The Emergence of Russian Literature.” M.-L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences. 1952. 240 p. 5 t.e.

Elected corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Publication of the articles “Folk poetic creativity during the heyday of the ancient Russian early feudal state (X-XI centuries)” and “Folk poetic creativity during the years of feudal fragmentation of Rus' - before the Tatar-Mongol invasion (XII-early XIII centuries)” in the collective work “Russian folk poetic creativity."

Awarded the Prize of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences for the work “The Emergence of Russian Literature.”
Awarded the medal "For Labor Valor".

Head of the Sector, with - Department of Old Russian Literature, Institute of Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

The first speech in the press in defense of ancient monuments (“Literaturnaya Gazeta”, January 15, 1955).

1955-1999

Member of the Bureau of the Department of Literature and Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Member of the Union of Writers of the USSR (Criticism Section), since 1992 - member of the Union of Writers of St. Petersburg.
Member of the Archaeographic Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1974 - member of the Bureau of the Archaeographic Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

First trip abroad - sent to Bulgaria to work in manuscript repositories.
Participated in the work of the IV International Congress of Slavists (Moscow), where he was chairman of the subsection of ancient Slavic literatures. A report was made “Some tasks of studying the second South Slavic influence in Russia.”
Publication of the book “Man in the Literature of Ancient Rus'” M.-L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences. 1958. 186 p. 3 t.e. (reprint: M., 1970; Likhachev D.S. Selected works: In 3 vols. T. 3. L., 1987) and the brochure “Some problems of studying the second South Slavic influence in Russia.” M., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences. 1958. 67 p. 1 t.e.

Deputy Chairman of the permanent Editorial and Textological Commission of the International Committee of Slavists.

Member of the Academic Council of the Museum ancient Russian art them. Andrey Rublev.

A granddaughter, Vera, was born, the daughter of Lyudmila Dmitrievna (from her marriage to Sergei Zilitinkevich, a physicist).

Participated in the I International Conference on Poetics (Poland).

Deputy Chairman of the Leningrad branch of the Soviet-Bulgarian Friendship Society.

1960-1999

Member of the Academic Council of the State Russian Museum.
Member of the Soviet (Russian) Committee of Slavists.

Participated in the II International Conference on Poetics (Poland).
Since 1961, member of the editorial board of the journal “Izvestia of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Department of Literature and Language".
Publication of books: “Culture of the Russian people 10-17 centuries.” M.-L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences. 1961. 120 p. 8 t.e. (2nd ed.) M.-L., 1977. and “The Lay of Igor’s Campaign” - the heroic prologue of Russian literature.” M.-L., Goslitizdat. 1961. 134 p. 30 t.e. 2nd ed. L.,HL.1967.119 p.200 t.e.

Deputy of the Leningrad City Council of Workers' Deputies.

Trip to Poland
Publication of the books “Textology: Based on the material of Russian literature of the X - XVII centuries.” M.-L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences. 1962. 605 p. 2500 e. (reprint: Leningrad, 1983; St. Petersburg, 2001) and “Culture of Rus' during the time of Andrei Rublev and Epiphanius the Wise (late XIV - early XV centuries)” M.-L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences. 1962. 172 p. 30 t.e.

(republished: Likhachev D.S. Thoughts about Russia. St. Petersburg, 1999).

Elected foreign member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
Presidium of the People's Assembly People's Republic Bulgaria was awarded the Order of Cyril and Methodius, 1st degree.
Participated in the V International Congress of Slavists (Sofia).
Sent to Austria to give lectures.

Member of the Artistic Council of the Second Creative Association of Lenfilm.

Since 1963, member of the editorial board of the USSR Academy of Sciences series “Popular Science Literature”.

Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun (Poland).
Trip to Hungary to read papers at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
A trip to Yugoslavia to participate in a symposium dedicated to the study of the work of Vuk Karadzic, and to work in manuscript repositories.

Trip to Poland to give lectures and reports.
Trip to Czechoslovakia for a meeting of the permanent Editorial and Textual Commission of the International Committee of Slavists.
Trip to Denmark for the South-North Symposium, organized by UNESCO.

Member of the Organizing Committee of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments.

Member of the Commission for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of the Union of Artists of the RSFSR.

Awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor for services to the development of Soviet philological science and in connection with the 60th anniversary of his birth.
Trip to Bulgaria for scientific work.
Trip to Germany for a meeting of the permanent Editorial and Textual Commission of the International Committee of Slavists.

A granddaughter, Zina, was born, the daughter of Vera Dmitrievna (from her marriage to Yuri Kurbatov, an architect). Currently, Zinaida Kurbatova is a correspondent for Vesti St. Petersburg on Russia 1 channel.

Elected honorary doctor of the University of Oxford (Great Britain).
Trip to the UK to give lectures.
Participated in the General Assembly and scientific symposium of the Council for History and Philosophy of UNESCO (Romania).
Publication of the book “Poetics of Old Russian Literature” L., Science. 1967. 372 p. 5200 e., awarded the State Prize of the USSR (republished: Leningrad, 1971; Moscow, 1979; Likhachev D.S. Selected works: In 3 volumes. T. 1. Leningrad, 1987)
Member of the Council of the Leningrad city branch of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments.
Member of the Central Council, member of the Presidium of the Central Council of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments.

Member of the Academic Council of the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of History of the USSR of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Elected corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.
Participated in the VI International Congress of Slavists (Prague). I read the report “Ancient Slavic Literatures as a System.”

Awarded the USSR State Prize for the scientific work “Poetics of Old Russian Literature.”
Participated in a conference on epic poetry (Italy).

Member of the Scientific Council on the complex problem “History of World Culture” of the USSR Academy of Sciences. S - member of the Council Bureau.

Academician

Elected full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Elected foreign member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Awarded a 1st degree diploma from the All-Union Society “Knowledge” for the book “Man in the Literature of Ancient Rus'.”
Awarded an honorary doctorate of science from the University of Edinburgh (UK).
Publication of the book “The Artistic Heritage of Ancient Rus' and Modernity” L., Science. 1971. 121 p. 20 t.e. (together with V.D. Likhacheva).

Mother Vera Semyonovna Likhacheva died.

Member of the editorial board of the “Concise Literary Encyclopedia”.

Head of the Archaeographic Group of the Leningrad Branch of the Archive of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Awarded a 1st degree diploma from the All-Union Society “Knowledge” for participation in collective scientific work “ Brief history USSR. Part 1."
Elected an honorary member of the historical and literary school society "Boyan" (Rostov region).
Elected foreign member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Participated in the VII International Congress of Slavists (Warsaw). The report “The Origin and Development of Genres of Old Russian Literature” was read.
Publication of the book “The Development of Russian Literature in the 10th - 17th Centuries: Epochs and Styles” L., Science. 1973. 254 p. 11 t.e. (reprint: Likhachev D.S. Selected works: in 3 volumes. T. 1. L., 1987; St. Petersburg, 1998).

Member of the Academic Council of the Leningrad Institute of Theater, Music and Cinematography.

Member of the Leningrad (St. Petersburg) branch of the Archaeographic Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1975 - member of the bureau of the Branch of the Archaeographic Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Member of the Bureau of the Archaeographic Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Chairman of the editorial board of the yearbook “Cultural Monuments. New discoveries” of the Scientific Council on the complex problem “History of World Culture” of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Chairman of the Scientific Council on the complex problem “History of World Culture” of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Awarded the medal “Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.”
Awarded the VDNKh gold medal for the monograph “The Development of Russian Literature - 17th Century.”
He spoke out against the expulsion of A.D. Sakharov from the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Trip to Hungary to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Participated in the MAPRYAL (International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature) symposium on comparative literature (Bulgaria).
Publication of the book “Great Heritage: Classic works Literature of Ancient Rus'" M., Sovremennik. 1975. 366 p. 50 t.e. (reprinted: M., 1980; Likhachev D.S. Selected works: in 3 volumes. T.2. L., 1987; 1997).

1975-1999

Member of the editorial board of the publication of the Leningrad branch of the Institute of History of the USSR of the USSR Academy of Sciences “Auxiliary historical disciplines”.

Participated in a special meeting of the USSR Academy of Sciences on the book by O. Suleimenov “Az and I” (banned).
Participated in the conference “Tarnovo School. Disciples and followers of Efimy Tarnovsky" (Bulgaria).
Elected a corresponding member of the British Academy.
Publication of the book “The Laughing World of Ancient Rus'” L., Science. 1976. 204 p. 10 t.e. (co-authored with A. M. Panchenko; re-ed.: L., Nauka. 1984.295 pp.; “Laughter in Ancient Rus'” - joint with A. M. Panchenko and N. V. Ponyrko; 1997 : " Historical poetics literature. Laughter as a worldview").

1976-1999

Member of the editorial board of the international magazine “Palaeobulgarica” (Sofia).

The State Council of the People's Republic of Bulgaria awarded the Order of Cyril and Methodius, 1st degree.
The Presidium of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and the Academic Council of the Sofia University named after Kliment Ohridski awarded him the Cyril and Methodius Prize for the work “Golemiah svyat na ruskata literature”.

He was awarded a diploma from the Union of Bulgarian Journalists and the honorary sign “Golden Pen” for his great creative contribution to Bulgarian journalism and publicism.
Elected an honorary member of the Brigantine literary club for high school students.
Trip to Bulgaria to participate in the international symposium “Tarnovskaya art school and Slavic-Byzantine art of the 12th-15th centuries.” and for lecturing at the Institute of Bulgarian Literature of the BAN and the Center for Bulgarian Studies.
Trip to the GDR for a meeting of the permanent Editorial and Textual Commission of the International Committee of Slavists.
Publication of the book “The Lay of Igor’s Campaign” and the culture of his time” L., Kh.L. 1978. 359 p. 50 t.e. (reprint: Leningrad, 1985; St. Petersburg, 1998)

Initiator, editor (jointly with L. A. Dmitriev) and author of introductory articles to the monumental series “Monuments of Literature of Ancient Rus'” (12 volumes), published by the publishing house “ Fiction"(the publication was awarded the State Prize in 1993).

The State Council of the People's Republic of Bulgaria awarded the honorary title of laureate of the International Prize named after the brothers Cyril and Methodius for exceptional services in the development of Old Bulgarian and Slavic studies, for the study and popularization of the work of the brothers Cyril and Methodius.
Publication of the article “Ecology of Culture” (Moscow, 1979, No. 7)

Member of the editorial board of the book series “Literary Monuments of Siberia” of the East Siberian Book Publishing House (Irkutsk).

The Secretariat of the Union of Writers of Bulgaria awarded him the honorary badge “Nikola Vaptsarov”.
Trip to Bulgaria to give lectures at Sofia University.

Awarded a Certificate of Honor from the “All-Union Voluntary Society of Book Lovers” for his outstanding contribution to research ancient Russian culture, Russian books, source studies.

The State Council of the People's Republic of Bulgaria awarded the “International Prize named after Evfimy Tarnovsky”.

Awarded the honorary badge of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
Participated in the conference dedicated to the 1300th anniversary of the Bulgarian state (Sofia).
Publication of a collection of articles “Literature - reality - literature”. L., Soviet writer. 1981. 215 p. 20 t.e. (reprint: Leningrad, 1984; Likhachev D.S. Selected works: In 3 vols. T. 3. Leningrad, 1987) and the brochure “Notes on the Russian.” M., Sov. Russia. 1981. 71 p. 75 t.e. (reprint: M., 1984; Likhachev D.S. Selected works: In 3 volumes. T. 2. L., 1987; 1997).

A great-grandson, Sergei, was born, the son of his granddaughter Vera Tolts (from his marriage to Vladimir Solomonovich Tolts, a Sovietologist and Ufa Jew).

Daughter Vera died in a car accident.

Member of the editorial board of the almanac of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments “Monuments of the Fatherland”.

Awarded a Certificate of Honor and a prize from Ogonyok magazine for the interview “The memory of history is sacred.”
Elected honorary doctor of the University of Bordeaux (France).
The editorial board of the Literaturnaya Gazeta awarded the prize for active participation in the work of the Literaturnaya Gazeta.
Trip to Bulgaria to give lectures and consultations at the invitation of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
Publication of the book “Poetry of Gardens: Towards the Semantics of Garden and Park Styles” L., Nauka. 1982. 343 p. 9950 e. (reprint: Leningrad, 1991; St. Petersburg, 1998).

Awarded the VDNKh Diploma of Honor for creating a manual for teachers “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.”
Elected honorary doctor of the University of Zurich (Switzerland).
Member of the Soviet Organizing Committee for the preparation and holding of the IX International Congress of Slavists (Kyiv).
Publication of the book for students “Native Land”. M., Det.lit. 1985. 207 p.

1983-1999

Chairman of the Pushkin Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

The name of D. S. Likhachev was assigned to small planet No. 2877, discovered by Soviet astronomers: (2877) Likhachev-1969 TR2.

1984-1999

Member of Leningradsky scientific center Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

Awarded anniversary medal“Forty years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.”
The Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences awarded the V. G. Belinsky Prize for the book “The Lay of Igor’s Campaign” and the culture of his time.”
The editorial board of the Literaturnaya Gazeta awarded the title of laureate of the Literaturnaya Gazeta for active cooperation in the newspaper.
Awarded an honorary doctorate of science from Loránd Eötvös University of Budapest.
A trip to Hungary at the invitation of the Lorand Eötvos University of Budapest in connection with the 350th anniversary of the university.
Participated in the Cultural Forum of the participating states of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Hungary). The report “Problems of preservation and development of folklore in the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution” was read.
Publication of the books “The Past to the Future: Articles and Essays” L., Science. 1985. 575 p. 15 t.e. and “Letters about the good and the beautiful” M., Det.lit. 1985. 207 p. (reprint: Tokyo, 1988; M., 1989; Simferopol, 1990; St. Petersburg, 1994; St. Petersburg, 1999).

In connection with the 80th anniversary Awarded the title of Hero Socialist Labor with the presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.
The State Council of the People's Republic of Bulgaria awarded the Order of Georgi Dimitrov (the highest award in Bulgaria).
Awarded the Veteran of Labor medal.
Included in the Book of Honor of the All-Union Society “Knowledge” for active work in promoting artistic culture and providing methodological assistance to lecturers.
Awarded the title of laureate of “Literary Russia” for 1986 and awarded the Ogonyok magazine prize.
Elected honorary chairman of the International Society for the Study of the Works of F. M. Dostoevsky (IDS).
Elected an honorary member of the book and graphics section of the Leningrad House of Scientists named after. M. Gorky.
Elected a corresponding member of the “Irises” section of the Moscow City Club of Amateur Flower Growers.
Participated in the Soviet-American-Italian symposium “Literature: Tradition and Values” (Italy).
Participated in a conference dedicated to “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” (Poland).
The book “Studies on Old Russian Literature” has been published. L., Science. 1986. 405 p. 25 t.e. and the brochure “The Memory of History is Sacred.” M., True. 1986. 62 p. 80 t.e.

Chairman of the Board of the Soviet Culture Fund (since 1991 - Russian Culture Fund).

He was awarded the medal and the Bibliophile's Almanac prize.
Awarded a diploma for the film “Poetry of Gardens” (Lentelefilm, 1985), which was awarded second prize at the V All-Union Film Review of Architecture and Civil Engineering.
Elected as a deputy of the Leningrad City Council of People's Deputies.
Elected member of the Commission on the Literary Heritage of B. L. Pasternak.
Elected foreign member of the Italian National Academy.
Participated in the international forum “For a nuclear-free world, for the survival of humanity” (Moscow).
Trip to France for the XVI session of the Permanent Mixed Soviet-French Commission on Cultural and Scientific Relations.
A trip to the UK at the invitation of the British Academy and the University of Glasgow to give lectures and consultations on cultural history.
A trip to Italy for a meeting of the informal initiative group to organize the fund “For the Survival of Humanity in a Nuclear War.”
Publication of the book " Great Way: The formation of Russian literature of the 11th-17th centuries.” M., Sovremennik. 1987. 299 p. 25 t.e.
Edition " Selected works"in 3 vols.

Member of the editorial board of the magazine " New world", with - member of the Public Council of the magazine.

Participated in the international meeting “International Fund for the Survival and Development of Humanity.”
Elected honorary doctor of Sofia University (Bulgaria).
Elected corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences (Germany).
Trip to Finland for the opening of the exhibition “Time of Change, 1905-1930 (Russian Avant-garde).”
A trip to Denmark for the opening of the exhibition “Russian and Soviet art from personal collections. 1905-1930."
Trip to the UK to present the first issue of the magazine “Our Heritage”.
Publication of the book: “Dialogues about yesterday, today and tomorrow.” M., Sov. Russia. 1988. 142 p. 30 t.e. (co-author N. G. Samvelyan)

A great-granddaughter, Vera, was born, the daughter of the granddaughter of Zinaida Kurbatova (from her marriage to Igor Rutter, an artist, a Sakhalin German).

Awarded European (1st) Prize for cultural activities in 1988.
Awarded the International Literary and Journalistic Prize of Modena (Italy) for his contribution to the development and dissemination of culture in 1988.
Together with other cultural figures, he advocated the return of the Solovetsky and Valaam monasteries to the Russian Orthodox Church.
Participated in a meeting of European ministers of culture in France.
Member of the Soviet (later Russian) branch of the Pen Club.
Publication of the books “Notes and Observations: From notebooks different years" L., Soviet writer. 1989. 605 p. 100 t.e. and “On Philology” M., Higher School. 1989. 206 p. 24 t.e.

People's Deputy of the USSR from the Soviet Cultural Foundation.

Member of the International Committee for the Revival of the Library of Alexandria.
Honorary Chairman of the All-Union (since 1991 - Russian) Pushkin Society.
Member of the International Editorial Board created for the publication " Full meeting works of A. S. Pushkin" in English.
Laureate of the International Prize of the City of Fiuggi (Italy).
Publication of the book “School on Vasilievsky: A Book for Teachers.” M., Enlightenment. 1990. 157 p. 100 t.e. (jointly with N.V. Blagovo and E.B. Belodubrovsky).

Awarded the A.P. Karpinsky Prize (Hamburg) for the research and publication of monuments of Russian literature and culture.
Awarded an honorary doctorate of science from Charles University (Prague).
Elected honorary member of Serbian Matica (SFRY).
Elected an honorary member of the World Club of St. Petersburgers.
Elected an honorary member of the German Pushkin Society.
Publication of the books “I Remember” M., Progress. 1991. 253 p. 10 t.e., “Book of Anxiety” M., News. 1991. 526 p. 30 t.e., “Thoughts” M., Det.lit. 1991. 316 p. 100 t.e.

Elected foreign member of the Philosophical Scientific Society of the United States.
Elected honorary doctor of the University of Siena (Italy).
Awarded the title of Honorary Citizen of Milan and Arezzo (Italy).
Participant of the International Charity Program “New Names”.
Chairman of the public anniversary Sergius Committee for preparations for the celebration of the 600th anniversary of the repose of St. Sergius of Radonezh.
Publication of the book " Russian art from antiquity to the avant-garde." M., Art. 1992. 407 p.

Presidium Russian Academy Sciences was awarded the Big Gold Medal. M. V. Lomonosov for outstanding achievements in Humanities.
State Prize awarded Russian Federation for the series “Monuments of Literature of Ancient Rus'”.
Elected foreign member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Awarded the title of the first Honorary Citizen of St. Petersburg by decision of the St. Petersburg Council of People's Deputies.
Elected honorary doctor of the St. Petersburg Humanitarian University of Trade Unions.
The book “Articles” was published early years" Tver, Tver. OO RFK. 1993. 144 p.

Chairman of the State Jubilee Pushkin Commission (for the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the birth of A.S. Pushkin).
Publication of the book: "Great Rus': History and artistic culture X-XVII centuries" M., Art. 1994. 488 p. (jointly with G.K. Wagner, G.I. Vzdornov, R.G. Skrynnikov).

Participated in the International Colloquium “The Creation of the World and the Purpose of Man” (St. Petersburg - Novgorod). Presented the project “Declaration of the Rights of Culture”.
Awarded the Order of the Madara Horseman, first degree, for exceptional services in the development of Bulgarian studies, for promoting the role of Bulgaria in the development of world culture.
On the initiative of D. S. Likhachev and with the support of the Institute of Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the International Non-Governmental Organization “Fund for the 200th Anniversary of A. S. Pushkin” was created.
Publication of the book “Memoirs” (St. Petersburg, Logos. 1995. 517 p. 3 i.e. reprinted 1997, 1999, 2001).

Awarded the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, II degree, for outstanding services to the state and great personal contribution to the development of Russian culture.
Awarded the Order of Stara Planina, first degree, for his enormous contribution to the development of Slavic and Bulgarian studies and for his great services in strengthening bilateral scientific and cultural relations between the Republic of Bulgaria and the Russian Federation.
Publication of books: “Essays on the philosophy of artistic creativity” St. Petersburg, Blitz. 1996. 158 p. 2 vol. (reissue 1999) and “Without evidence” St. Petersburg, Blitz. 1996. 159 p. 5 t.e..

Laureate of the Presidential Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of literature and art.
Awarding the prize “For the honor and dignity of talent”, established by the International Literary Fund.
The private Tsarskoye Selo art prize was awarded under the motto “From the artist to the artist” (St. Petersburg).
Publication of the book “On the Intelligentsia: Collection of Articles.”

A great-granddaughter, Hannah, was born, the daughter of the granddaughter of Vera Tolz (from her marriage to Yor Gorlitsky, a Sovietologist).

1997-1999

Editor (jointly with L. A. Dmitriev, A. A. Alekseev, N. V. Ponyrko) and author of the introductory articles of the monumental series "Library of Literature of Ancient Rus' (published vols. 1 - 7, 9 -11) - Nauka publishing house "

Awarded the Order of the Apostle Andrew the First-Called for his contribution to development national culture(first gentleman).
Awarded a Gold Medal of the first degree from the Interregional Non-Profit Charitable Foundation in Memory of A. D. Menshikov (St. Petersburg).
Awarded the Nebolsin Prize of the International Charitable Foundation and vocational education them. A. G. Nebolsina.
Awarded the International Silver Commemorative Badge “Swallow of the World” (Italy) for his great contribution to the promotion of ideas of peace and the interaction of national cultures.
Publication of the book “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign and the Culture of His Time. Works recent years" St. Petersburg, Logos. 1998. 528 p. 1000 e.

One of the founders of the “Congress of the St. Petersburg Intelligentsia” (along with Zh. Alferov, D. Granin, A. Zapesotsky, K. Lavrov, A. Petrov, M. Piotrovsky).
Awarded a souvenir Golden Jubilee Pushkin Medal from the “Foundation for the 200th Anniversary of A. S. Pushkin.”

Publication of the books “Thoughts about Russia”, “Novgorod Album”.

Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev died on September 30, 1999 in St. Petersburg. He was buried in the cemetery in Komarovo on October 4. The monument at the scientist’s grave was completed famous sculptor V. S. Vasilkovsky.

The importance of creative and social activities

D. S. Likhachev made a significant contribution to the development of the study of ancient Russian literature. He is responsible for some of the best research on such literary monuments as “The Tale of Bygone Years”, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, “The Prayer of Daniil the Zatochnik”, etc. Likhachev also took an active part in the reconstruction of the Monrepos park near St. Petersburg. Likhachev contributed greatly to the development of the book series “Literary Monuments”, being the chairman of its editorial board since 1970. Famous actor, People's Artist of the Russian Federation Igor Dmitriev described the main significance of D. S. Likhachev in the development of Russian culture:

Civil position

Foreign member of the Academies of Sciences of Bulgaria, Hungary, and the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Serbia. Corresponding member of the Austrian, American, British (1976), Italian, Göttingen academies, corresponding member of the oldest US society - the Philosophical Society. Member of the Writers' Union since 1956. Since 1983 - Chairman of the Pushkin Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences, since 1974 - Chairman of the Editorial Board of the yearbook “Cultural Monuments. New discoveries." From 1993 to 1993 he headed the editorial board of the “Literary Monuments” series, since 1987 he has been a member of the editorial board of the “New World” magazine, and since 1988 of the “Our Heritage” magazine.

The Russian Academy of Art Studies and Musical Performance awarded him the Order of Arts “Amber Cross” (). Awarded an Honorary Diploma of the Legislative Assembly of St. Petersburg (

"Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev lived, worked at full capacity, worked every day, a lot, despite poor health. From Solovki he received a stomach ulcer and bleeding.

Why did he remain healthy until he was 90? He himself explained his physical stamina as “resistance.” None of his school friends survived.

“Depression - I didn’t have this condition. Our school had a revolutionary tradition, and we were encouraged to formulate our own worldview. Contradict existing theories. For example, I gave a talk against Darwinism. The teacher liked it, although he did not agree with me.

I was a cartoonist, I drew on school teachers. They laughed along with everyone else. They encouraged boldness of thought and fostered spiritual disobedience. All this helped me resist bad influences in the camp. When I failed at the Academy of Sciences, I did not attach any importance to it, was not offended and did not lose heart. We failed three times!” He told me: “In 1937, I was fired from the publishing house as a proofreader. Every misfortune was good for me. The years of proofreading work were good, I had to read a lot.

They didn’t take me to the war, I had a white ticket due to a stomach ulcer.

Personal persecution began in 1972, when I spoke out in defense of the Catherine Park in Pushkin. And until that day they were angry that I was against the logging in Peterhof and the construction there. This is the sixty-fifth year. And then, in 1972, they became frenzied. They forbade me to be mentioned in print and on television.”

A scandal broke out when he spoke on television against renaming Peterhof to Petrodvorets and Tver to Kalinin. Tver played a colossal role in Russian history, how can you refuse! He said that the Scandinavians, Greeks, French, Tatars, and Jews meant a lot to Russia.

In 1977, he was not allowed to attend the congress of Slavists.

Membership was given in 1953. In 1958 they failed at the Academy, in 1969 they were rejected. He managed to save the Kremlin in Novgorod from development with high-rise buildings, saved the earthen rampart, then in St. Petersburg - Nevsky Prospect, the Ruska portico.

“The destruction of monuments always begins with arbitrariness, which does not need publicity.” He extracted ancient Russian literature from insulation by incorporating it into the structure European culture. He had his own approach to everything: natural scientists criticize astrological predictions for being unscientific. Likhachev - because they deprive a person of free will. He did not create a doctrine, but he created the image of a defender of culture.

He told me how, while sitting at a meeting at the Academy of Sciences, he got into a conversation with the writer Leonov about a certain Kovalev, an employee of the Pushkin House, the author of a book about Leonov. “He’s mediocre,” said Likhachev, “why do you support him?”

To which he began to defend him and seriously said: “He is our leading scientist in Leonology.” They listened to a report on socialist realism. Leonov told Likhachev: “Why don’t they mention me? Socialist realism - that’s me.”

The problem of personality and power is not only a problem of the intelligentsia. This is a problem for all decent people, no matter what strata of society they come from. Decent people are intolerant not of power as such, but of injustice emanating from power.

Dmitry Sergeevich behaved quietly until his opinion mattered to society and to the authorities special significance. He worked, tried to be invisible and worried about his own conscience, about his soul, wanting to avoid as much as possible any, even the slightest, participation in contacts with the authorities, especially from participation in its unseemly affairs. Likhachev began to argue with the authorities and act publicly for the benefit of society almost as soon as he received sufficient social status, as soon as he felt his weight and realized that he was being taken into account.

His first actions noticed in society were his speeches about renaming streets and cities, in particular his speech on Leningrad television. Perm was Molotov, Samara - Kuibyshev, Yekaterinburg - Sverdlovsk, Lugansk - Voroshilovgrad, etc. Our television was then headed by Boris Maksimovich Firsov, in my opinion, a very smart and decent person. Dmitry Sergeevich’s speech was quite correct in form, but in essence it was a daring challenge to the authorities. It turned out that it was difficult to punish Likhachev for him, because it was inconvenient. Kara suffered Firsov. He was fired, and it was a big loss for the city. Thus, the problem of “speaking or not speaking” against the authorities completely unexpectedly took on a different dimension for Dmitry Sergeevich. By speaking in a newspaper or on television, he put at risk not only himself, but also those people who gave him the opportunity to express their views, addressing society and a mass audience.

The second victim of the authorities in connection with the Likhachev speeches was editor-in-chief"Leningradskaya Pravda" Mikhail Stepanovich Kurtynin. He was fired after Likhachev’s article in defense of parks. Kurtynin, like Firsov, was a good editor, and this event was also a loss for the city. Did Likhachev understand that other people could suffer as a result of his speeches? Maybe he understood, most likely he could not help but understand. But he could not remain silent. Of course, in both cases, both Firsov and Kurtynin themselves were well aware that they were taking risks, but, apparently, they were driven by the same thing as Dmitry Sergeevich - conscience, decency, love for hometown, civic feeling.

To remain silent or speak out, regardless of the dangerous consequences, is a difficult question not only for Likhachev, it is also a difficult question for me. This choice sooner or later faces each of us, and here everyone must make their own personal decision.

Be that as it may, Likhachev began to speak. What actually happened for him as a result? He left the shelter. For example, the problem of Tsarskoye Selo Park was not formally a problem for Likhachev as a specialist. He came into conflict with the authorities not as a professional, a specialist in ancient Russian literature, but as a cultural figure, public figure, - in the name of their civic convictions. It is significant that along this path he could have encountered not only personal troubles, but also obstacles to his scientific work. And so it happened: he became restricted from traveling abroad. I would not go beyond the scope of literary studies - I would travel abroad to various congresses and meetings. His work is a rare example in academic life. More often, people choose silence in exchange for expanded professional opportunities.

But if you take such things into account, then you need to close off any possibility of expressing your civic feelings and build relations with the authorities according to the principle “what do you want?” This is the second problem that Dmitry Sergeevich had to face, and he also solved it in favor of fulfilling his public duty.”

Granin D.A., Likhachev’s recipes / Quirks of my memory, M., “OLMA Media Group”, 2011, p. 90-93 and 98-100

Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev is a famous scientist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, thinker, philologist, art critic, author of fundamental works on the history of Russian literature and culture, hundreds of scientific and journalistic works translated into many foreign languages. He was awarded high titles and a number of government awards. Born on November 28, 1906 in St. Petersburg and lived long life, in which there were deprivations and persecutions, grandiose achievements and world recognition. He studied at the Gymnasium of the Imperial Philanthropic Society, then moved to the famous Karl Ivanovich May Gymnasium, and in 1917 he continued his education in the Soviet labor school them. L. D. Lentovskaya (now school No. 47 named after D. S. Likhachev). In 1923 he entered Petrograd University, into the ethnological and linguistic department of the Faculty of Social Sciences. He graduated from the university in 1928 and was almost immediately arrested for participating in the student group “Space Academy of Sciences,” sentenced to five years “for counter-revolutionary activities” and sent to the Solovetsky special-purpose camp. Dmitry Sergeevich called this period “the most significant period of his life,” his “second and main university.” Cold, hunger, illness, hard work, pain and suffering - he experienced all this himself. From time to time, mass executions were carried out in the camp, and he miraculously managed to escape execution. It was here that he learned to cherish every day, appreciate sacrificial mutual assistance and remain himself in any situation. “It is clear that someone else was taken instead of me. And I need to live for two. So that the one who was taken for me would not be ashamed,” he later wrote. In November 1931, Likhachev was transferred to the construction of the White Sea-Baltic Canal and in August 1932 was released early from prison as a labor shock worker. Dmitry Sergeevich returns to Leningrad, works as a literary editor and proofreader in various publishing houses, and in 1938 receives an invitation to the Pushkin House - Institute of Russian Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He begins to write and publish books, defends his dissertation for the degree of candidate of philological sciences. Then - the war, the terrible Leningrad blockade. Together with his family, he is evacuated along the Road of Life to Kazan and continues to work. Soon he becomes an associate professor, a professor, gives a course of lectures at the Faculty of History, again defends his dissertation, this time on a different topic, writes and publishes his works. The range of his interests is unusually wide. The main topic of Likhachev the scientist is ancient Russian literature, but there were other topics that Likhachev the writer simply could not ignore. In his wonderful book “Letters about Kindness,” addressed mainly to youth, he writes: “In life, the most valuable thing is kindness, and at the same time, smart, purposeful kindness...”. And again: “There is light and darkness, there is nobility and baseness, there is purity and dirt: one must grow to the former, but is it worth descending to the latter? Choose the worthy, not the easy.” Eight days before his death, he handed over to the publishing house the manuscript of a revised and expanded version of the book “Thinking about Russia,” on the first page of which it was written: “I dedicate it to my contemporaries and descendants.”

Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev died on September 30, 1999 in the same city where he was born, and he lived, according to his own statement, in only three cities: St. Petersburg, Petrograd and Leningrad. The greatest gift of this outstanding scientist and writer to us, our descendants, is his books, articles, letters and memoirs. For his contemporaries, he was the “conscience of the nation,” “the son of the twentieth century.”


1. D. Likhachev. Native Land. (txt; 615 Kb) (epub; 1 Mb) (fb2; 1 Mb)	2. D. Likhachev. In besieged Leningrad. (txt; 1.2 Mb) (epub; 1 Mb) (fb2; 1 Mb)

3. D. Likhachev. Memories. (txt; 615 Kb) (epub; 1 Mb) (fb2; 1 Mb)	4. D. Likhachev. Notes about Russian. (txt; 1.2 Mb) (epub; 1 Mb) (fb2; 1 Mb)

5. D. Likhachev. Thoughts about life. Memories.

Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev lived, worked at full capacity, worked every day, a lot, despite his poor health. From the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp he received a stomach ulcer and bleeding.

Why did he remain healthy until he was 90? He himself explained his physical stamina as “resistance.” None of his school friends survived. “Depression - I didn’t have this condition. Our school had a revolutionary tradition, and we were encouraged to formulate our own worldview. Contradict existing theories. For example, I gave a talk against Darwinism. The teacher liked it, although he did not agree with me.

I was a cartoonist, I drew school teachers. They laughed along with everyone else. They encouraged boldness of thought and fostered spiritual disobedience. All this helped me resist bad influences in the camp. When I failed at the Academy of Sciences, I did not attach any importance to it, was not offended and did not lose heart. We failed three times!”

He told me: “In 1937, I was fired from the publishing house as a proofreader. Every misfortune was good for me. The years of proofreading work were good, I had to read a lot. They didn’t take me to the war, I had a white ticket due to a stomach ulcer.

In 1977, he was not allowed to attend the congress of Slavists.

Likhachev was given a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences in 1953. In 1958 they failed at the Academy, in 1969 they were rejected.

He managed to save the construction of the Kremlin with high-rise buildings in Novgorod, and he saved Nevsky Prospekt and the Ruska portico in St. Petersburg. “The destruction of monuments always begins with arbitrariness, which does not need publicity.”

He brought ancient Russian literature out of isolation, incorporating it into the structure of European culture.

He had his own approach to everything: natural scientists criticize astrological predictions for being unscientific. Likhachev - because they deprive a person of free will.

He did not create a doctrine, but he created the image of a defender of culture, a true citizen

Even in dead-end cases, says Dmitry Sergeevich, when everything is deaf, when they don’t hear you, be kind enough to express your opinion. Don't remain silent, speak up. I force myself to speak so that at least one voice can be heard.

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Daniil Alexandrovich Granin-Russian Soviet writer, a public figure, raises the problem of the ability to cope with life’s difficulties with dignity.

The problem raised by Daniil Granin is still relevant today. The author illustrated how Dmitry Likhachev overcomes life's difficulties with dignity. Ever since his school days he was encouraged for his boldness of thought, which is probably why he developed such abilities how to confront circumstances, express your opinion, defend your point of view and learn lessons from every misfortune.

The author is convinced that man having qualities inherent in Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, he will be able to survive life’s obstacles with dignity. Daniil Granin calls for learning lessons from every misfortune, not to be offended and not to lose heart.

I completely agree with the opinion of the author, who calls for having your own approach to life’s difficulties. Indeed, in order to survive the difficulties of life with dignity, you need a strong character, courage of thought, and your own point of view.

An example of how man was strong-willed We see how life did not break him despite all the misfortunes that befell him in the story “The Fate of a Man” by Mikhail Sholokhov. G

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Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev (1906-1999) - Soviet and Russian philologist, cultural critic, art critic, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (USSR Academy of Sciences until 1991). Chairman of the Board of the Russian (Soviet until 1991) Cultural Foundation (1986-1993). Author of fundamental works devoted to the history of Russian literature (mainly Old Russian) and Russian culture. Below is his note “On science and non-science.” The text is based on the publication: Likhachev D. Notes on Russian. - M.: KoLibri, Azbuka-Atticus, 2014.

Around conversations about intelligence

Education cannot be confused with intelligence. Education lives by old content, intelligence - by creating new things and recognizing the old as new. Moreover...Deprive a person of all his knowledge, education, deprive him of his very memory, but if at the same time he retains receptivity to intellectual values, love of acquiring knowledge, interest in history, taste in art, respect for the culture of the past, skills of a well-mannered person, responsibility in the decision moral issues and the richness and precision of one’s language - spoken and written - this will be intelligence. Of course, education cannot be confused with intelligence, but education is of great importance for a person’s intelligence. How more intelligent person, the greater his craving for education. And here one attracts attention important feature education: the more knowledge a person has, the easier it is for him to acquire new ones. New knowledge is easily “fitted” into the stock of old ones, remembered, and finds its place.

I will give the first examples that come to mind. In the twenties, I knew the artist Ksenia Polovtseva. I was amazed by her acquaintances with many famous people beginning of the century. I knew that the Polovtsevs were rich, but if I had been a little more familiar with the history of this family, with the phenomenal history of its wealth, how many interesting and important things I could have learned from it. I would have a ready-made “packaging” to recognize and remember. Or an example from the same time. In the twenties we had a library rare books, owned by I.I. Ionov. I wrote about this once. How much new knowledge about books I could have acquired if I had known at least a little more about books in those days. The more a person knows, the easier it is for him to acquire new knowledge. They think that knowledge is interpreted and the range of knowledge is limited by certain amounts of memory. Quite the opposite: the more knowledge a person has, the easier it is to acquire new ones. The ability to acquire knowledge is also intelligence.

And besides, an intellectual is a person of a “special disposition”: tolerant, easy in the intellectual sphere of communication, not subject to prejudices, including those of a chauvinistic nature. Many people think that intelligence once acquired then remains for life. Misconception! The spark of intelligence must be maintained. Read, and read with choice: reading is the main, although not the only, educator of intelligence and its main “fuel.” “Don’t extinguish your spirit!” Study the tenth foreign language much easier than the third, and the third is easier than the first. The ability to acquire knowledge and the very interest in knowledge grow in everyone individual in geometric progression. Unfortunately, in society as a whole, general education is falling and the place of intelligence is being replaced by semi-intellectuality.

An imaginary conversation “directly” with my imaginary opponent-academician in the living room of “Narrow”. He: “You extol intelligence, but in your meeting, broadcast on television, you refused to define exactly what it is.” Me: “Yes, but I can show you what semi-intelligence is. Do you often visit Uzkoy?” He: “Often.” Me: “Please tell me: who are the artists of these 18th century paintings?” He: “No, I don’t know that.” Me: “Of course it’s difficult. Well, what are the subjects of these paintings? It's easy." He: “No, I don’t know: some kind of mythology.” Me: “This is a lack of interest in others cultural values and there is lack of intelligence.”

The spontaneity of culture and the culture of immediacy. Culture is always sincere. She is sincere in her self-expression. And a cultured person does not pretend to be something or someone, unless pretense is part of the task of art (theatrical art, for example, but it should also have its own spontaneity). At the same time, spontaneity and sincerity must have a kind of culture, and not turn into cynicism, into turning oneself inside out in front of the viewer, listener, reader. Every kind of work of art is made for others, but true artist in creativity he seems to forget about these “others”. He is a “king” and “lives alone.” One of the most valuable human qualities- individuality. It is acquired from birth, “given by fate” and developed by sincerity: to be oneself in everything - from the choice of profession to the manner of speaking and to the gait. Sincerity can be cultivated in oneself.

Letter to N.V. Mordyukova

Dear Nonna Viktorovna!
Forgive me for writing to you on a typewriter: my handwriting is very bad. Your letter brought me great joy. Although I received many letters, receiving a letter from you meant a lot to me. This is also a recognition that I could hold my own on stage! And indeed, a miracle happened to me. I went on stage completely tired: a night on the train, then rested in a hotel, random food, arriving in Ostankino an hour and a half in advance for negotiations, installation of lights; and I’m 80, and I was in the hospital for six months before that. But after fifteen minutes the audience “fed me up.” Where did the fatigue go? The voice, which had completely shrunk before, suddenly withstood three and a half hours of speaking! (There is one and a half left in the program.) I don’t understand how I sensed the layout of the hall. Now about the fleas. These are not “fleas”, but the most important thing. And how did you grasp this most important thing?!

Firstly, about intelligence. I deliberately missed the answer to the question: “What is intelligence?” The fact is that I had a program on Leningrad television from the Youth Palace (also an hour and a half), and I talked a lot about intelligence there. This program was watched by Moscow TV workers, apparently, it was they who repeated this question, but I did not want to repeat myself, keeping in mind that the Moscow program would be watched by the same viewers in Leningrad. You can’t repeat yourself - this is mental poverty. I was a schoolboy in the North with the Pomors. They amazed me with their intelligence, special folk culture, culture vernacular, special handwriting literacy (Old Believers), etiquette for receiving guests, food etiquette, work culture, delicacy, etc., etc. I can’t find words to describe my admiration for them. It turned out worse with the peasants of the former Oryol and Tula provinces: they were downtrodden and illiterate due to serfdom and poverty.

And the Pomors had a sense of self-esteem. They were thinking. I still remember the story and admiration of the head of the family, a strong Pomeranian, about the sea, surprise at the sea (attitude as to a living being). I am convinced that if Tolstoy had been among them, communication and trust would have been established immediately. The Pomors were not just intelligent - they were wise. And none of them would want to move to St. Petersburg. But when Peter took them as sailors, they provided him with all his naval victories. And they won in the Mediterranean, Black, Adriatic, Azov, Caspian, Aegean, Baltic... - the entire 18th century! The North was a country of complete literacy, and they were recorded as illiterate, since they (northerners in general) refused to read the civil press. Thanks to their high culture, they also preserved folklore. And the people who hate intellectuals are the semi-intellectuals who really want to be full intellectuals.

Semi-intellectuals are the most terrible category of people. They imagine that they know everything, they can judge everything, they can make decisions, decide destinies, etc. They don’t ask anyone, don’t consult, don’t listen (they are deaf and morally). Everything is simple for them. A real intellectual knows the value of his “knowledge.” This is his basic “knowledge”. Hence his respect for others, caution, delicacy, prudence in deciding the fate of others and strong will in upholding moral principles (only a person with weak nerves, unsure of his rightness, knocks on the table with his fist).

Now about Tolstoy’s hostility towards aristocrats. I didn't explain it well here. In all his writings, Tolstoy had a “bashfulness of form”, a dislike for external gloss, for the Vronskys. But he was a true aristocrat of spirit. Same with Dostoevsky. He hated the very form of aristocracy. But he made Myshkin a prince. Grushenka also calls Alyosha Karamazov a prince. They have an aristocratic spirit. The polished, finished form is hated by Russian writers. Even Pushkin’s poetry strives for simple prose—simple, brief, without embellishment. Flauberts are not in the Russian style. But this is a big topic. I have a little about this in the book “Literature - Reality - Literature”. Interesting: Tolstoy did not like opera, but appreciated cinema. Appreciate it! There is more life simplicity and truth in cinema. Tolstoy would have recognized you very much. Would you be happy about this? And I don't confuse a role with an actor. Already from your letter and from your understanding of roles it is clear to me: you are gifted with inner aristocracy and intelligence.

Thank you!
Yours D. Likhachev.

A nation that does not value intelligence is doomed to destruction. People at the lowest levels of social and cultural development, have the same brain as people who graduate from Oxford or Cambridge. But it is “not loaded” completely. The goal is to give full opportunity for cultural development to all people. Don’t leave people with “unoccupied” brains. For vices and crimes lurk precisely in this part of the brain. And also because the meaning of human existence is in the cultural creativity of everyone. Progress often consists of differentiation and specification within some phenomenon (living organism, culture, economic system, etc.). The higher an organism or system stands on the stages of progress, the higher the principle that unites them. In higher organisms, the unifying principle is the nervous system. The same is true in cultural organisms - the unifying principle is the highest forms of culture. The unifying principle of Russian culture is Pushkin, Lermontov, Derzhavin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Glinka, Mussorgsky, etc. But not only people, geniuses, but also brilliant works are captured (this is especially important for ancient Russian culture).

The question is how higher forms can arise from lower ones. After all, the higher the phenomenon, the fewer elements of chance it contains. System from unsystematicity? Levels of laws: physical, higher than the physical - biological, even higher - sociological, the highest - cultural. The basis of everything is in the first steps, the unifying force is in the cultural level. The history of the Russian intelligentsia is the history of Russian thought. But not every thought! The intelligentsia is also a moral category. It is unlikely that anyone will include Pobedonostsev and Konstantin Leontyev in the history of the Russian intelligentsia. But at least Leontyev should be included in the history of Russian thought. The Russian intelligentsia also has certain beliefs. And above all: it was never nationalistic and did not have a sense of its superiority over “ common people", over "population" (in its modern connotation).