Writing acquires a special power of influence on human minds thanks to certain linguistic means. The use of stylistic devices makes literary text especially expressive, emotional, leaves the reader with an indelible impression of reading literature.

What is hyperbole in Russian?

Stylistic device, whose name is borrowed from the ancient Greek language and is translated as “exaggeration”, is present in classical and modern works along with metaphor, epithet, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. What is hyperbole in literature? This is a deliberate exaggeration of the properties of phenomena and objects. The language device is used in Russian colloquial speech for emotional enhancement, when there is more than just the transfer of dry information, a personal assessment of what is happening is emphasized.

The figure of speech was the favorite means of expression of the authors of folk tales and epics. The stylistic device was widely used by writers whose works became classics of literature. Visual enhancements contain humorous and satirical stories, poetic creativity. Exaggeration is used wherever it is necessary to highlight one or another fact of reality.

Why is exaggeration used in literature?

Hyperbole catches attention, has a stimulating effect on the imagination, makes you look at the facts of reality in a new way, feel their significance and special role. Exaggeration overcomes the limits set by verisimilitude, imbues a person, thing, or natural phenomenon supernatural characteristics. The expressive means emphasizes the conventionality of the world created by the writer. What is hyperbole in literature? The technique indicates the author’s attitude towards the depicted - sublime, idealistic or, conversely, mocking.

How is artistic exaggeration realized?

To clearly understand what hyperboles are in literature, you need to know the methods of implementing amplification inherent in the text of a work of art. Expressiveness is achieved by the writer through the use of lexical hyperboles, including the words “completely”, “completely”, “all”. The metaphorical device is based on a figurative comparison. Phraseological hyperboles in literature are set expressions. Quantitative amplification includes a number designation.

Lexical hyperboles

Expressiveness is created in literature through the use of certain words:

completely bad, completely incomprehensible handwriting, no good, everyone knows.

Metaphorical hyperboles

The following phrases contain figurative transfer: the whole world is a theater, a forest of hands, a boundless ocean of love, promise mountains of gold.

Phraseological hyperboles

The following exaggerations are common expressions:

the goat understands, I’ll beat you like a baby, the contract is cheaper than the paper it’s written on.

Quantitative hyperbolas

Numerical exaggerations contain the following expressions:

a thousand things to do for the evening, I warned you a million times, a mountain of folders with papers.

Poetic examples of hyperbole in Russian

The expressiveness of a poetic work is achieved by exaggerating the meaning of sentences:

But I love - for what, I don’t know myself -

Its steppes are coldly silent,

Her boundless forests sway,

The floods of its rivers are like seas (M.Yu. Lermontov)

The sunset glowed with one hundred and forty suns... (V.V. Mayakovsky)

Midnight whirlwind - the hero is flying!

Darkness from his brow, dust whistling from him!

Lightning from the eyes runs ahead,

The oak trees lie in a row behind (G.R. Derzhavin).

Goy, Rus', my dear,

The huts are in the robes of the image...

No end in sight -

Only blue sucks eyes (S. Yesenin).

Literary exaggeration in prose

The stylistic device has found application in classical works literature:

Meanwhile, before the eyes of those traveling, a wide, endless plain, intercepted by a chain of hills, spread out. (A.P. Chekhov “Steppe”)

A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper. (N.V. Gogol “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka”)

Unheard of activity suddenly began to boil in all parts of the city... (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin “The History of a City”)

Video: Definition of hyperbole

As you know, the word is the basic unit of any language, as well as the most important component of its artistic means. Proper Use vocabulary largely determines the expressiveness of speech.

In context the word is special world, a mirror of the author's perception and attitude to reality. It has its own metaphorical precision, its own special truths, called artistic revelations; the functions of vocabulary depend on the context.

Individual perception of the world around us is reflected in such a text with the help of metaphorical statements. After all, art is, first of all, the self-expression of an individual. The literary fabric is woven from metaphors that create an exciting and emotionally affecting image of a particular work of art. Additional meanings appear in words, a special stylistic coloring, creating a unique world that we discover for ourselves while reading the text.

Not only in literary, but also in oral, we use, without thinking, various techniques artistic expression to give it emotionality, persuasiveness, imagery. Let's figure out what artistic techniques there are in the Russian language.

The use of metaphors especially contributes to the creation of expressiveness, so let's start with them.

Metaphor

Artistic techniques in literature it is impossible to imagine without mentioning the most important of them - the way of creating a linguistic picture of the world on the basis of meanings already existing in the language itself.

The types of metaphors can be distinguished as follows:

Fossilized, worn out, dry or historical (boat bow, eye of a needle).
Phraseologisms are stable figurative combinations of words that are emotional, metaphorical, reproducible in the memory of many native speakers, expressive (death grip, vicious circle, etc.).
Single metaphor (eg homeless heart).
Unfolded (heart - “porcelain bell in yellow China” - Nikolay Gumilyov).
Traditionally poetic (morning of life, fire of love).
Individually-authored (sidewalk hump).

In addition, a metaphor can simultaneously be an allegory, personification, hyperbole, periphrasis, meiosis, litotes and other tropes.

The word “metaphor” itself means “transfer” in translation from Greek. IN in this case we are dealing with the transfer of a name from one object to another. For it to become possible, they must certainly have some similarity, they must be adjacent in some way. A metaphor is a word or expression used in a figurative meaning due to the similarity of two phenomena or objects in some way.

As a result of this transfer, an image is created. Therefore, metaphor is one of the most striking means of expressiveness of artistic, poetic speech. However, the absence of this trope does not mean the lack of expressiveness of the work.

A metaphor can be either simple or extensive. In the twentieth century, the use of expanded ones in poetry is revived, and the nature of simple ones changes significantly.

Metonymy

Metonymy is a type of metaphor. Translated from Greek, this word means “renaming,” that is, it is the transfer of the name of one object to another. Metonymy is the replacement of a certain word with another based on the existing contiguity of two concepts, objects, etc. This is the imposition of a figurative word on the direct meaning. For example: “I ate two plates.” Mixing of meanings and their transfer are possible because objects are adjacent, and the contiguity can be in time, space, etc.

Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a type of metonymy. Translated from Greek, this word means “correlation.” This transfer of meaning occurs when the smaller is called instead of the larger, or vice versa; instead of a part - a whole, and vice versa. For example: “According to Moscow reports.”

Epithet

It is impossible to imagine the artistic techniques in literature, the list of which we are now compiling, without an epithet. This is a figure, trope, figurative definition, phrase or word denoting a person, phenomenon, object or action with a subjective

Translated from Greek, this term means “attached, application,” that is, in our case, one word is attached to some other.

The epithet differs from a simple definition in its artistic expressiveness.

Constant epithets are used in folklore as a means of typification, and also as one of essential means artistic expression. In the strict sense of the term, only those whose function are words in a figurative meaning, in contrast to the so-called exact epithets, which are expressed in words in a literal meaning (red berries, beautiful flowers), belong to tropes. Figurative ones are created when words are used in a figurative sense. Such epithets are usually called metaphorical. Metonymic transfer of name may also underlie this trope.

An oxymoron is a type of epithet, the so-called contrasting epithets, forming combinations with defined nouns of words that are opposite in meaning (hateful love, joyful sadness).

Comparison

Simile is a trope in which one object is characterized through comparison with another. That is, this is a comparison of different objects by similarity, which can be both obvious and unexpected, distant. It is usually expressed using certain words: “exactly”, “as if”, “similar”, “as if”. Comparisons can also take the form of the instrumental case.

Personification

When describing artistic techniques in literature, it is necessary to mention personification. This is a type of metaphor that represents the assignment of properties of living beings to objects of inanimate nature. It is often created by referring to such natural phenomena as conscious living beings. Personification is also the transference of human properties to animals.

Hyperbole and litotes

Let us note such techniques of artistic expression in literature as hyperbole and litotes.

Hyperbole (translated as “exaggeration”) is one of the expressive means of speech, which is a figure with the meaning of exaggeration of what is being said. we're talking about.

Litota (translated as “simplicity”) is the opposite of hyperbole - an excessive understatement of what is being discussed (a boy the size of a finger, a man the size of a fingernail).

Sarcasm, irony and humor

We continue to describe artistic techniques in literature. Our list will be complemented by sarcasm, irony and humor.

Sarcasm means "tearing meat" in Greek. This is evil irony, caustic mockery, caustic remark. When using sarcasm, it creates comic effect, however, there is a clear ideological and emotional assessment.
Irony in translation means “pretense”, “mockery”. It occurs when one thing is said in words, but something completely different, the opposite, is meant.
Humor is one of the lexical means of expressiveness, translated meaning “mood”, “disposition”. Sometimes entire works can be written in a comic, allegorical vein, in which one can sense a mocking, good-natured attitude towards something. For example, the story “Chameleon” by A.P. Chekhov, as well as many fables by I.A. Krylov.

The types of artistic techniques in literature do not end there. We present to your attention the following.

Grotesque

The most important artistic techniques in literature include the grotesque. The word "grotesque" means "intricate", "bizarre". This artistic technique represents a violation of the proportions of phenomena, objects, events depicted in the work. It is widely used in the works of, for example, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (“The Golovlevs,” “The History of a City,” fairy tales). This is an artistic technique based on exaggeration. However, its degree is much greater than that of a hyperbole.

Sarcasm, irony, humor and grotesque are popular artistic techniques in literature. Examples of the first three are the stories of A.P. Chekhov and N.N. Gogol. The work of J. Swift is grotesque (for example, Gulliver's Travels).

What artistic technique does the author (Saltykov-Shchedrin) use to create the image of Judas in the novel “Lord Golovlevs”? Of course it's grotesque. Irony and sarcasm are present in the poems of V. Mayakovsky. The works of Zoshchenko, Shukshin, and Kozma Prutkov are filled with humor. These artistic techniques in literature, examples of which we have just given, as you can see, are very often used by Russian writers.

Pun

A pun is a figure of speech that represents an involuntary or deliberate ambiguity that arises when used in the context of two or more meanings of a word or when their sound is similar. Its varieties are paronomasia, false etymologization, zeugma and concretization.

In puns, the play on words is based on homonymy and polysemy. Anecdotes arise from them. These artistic techniques in literature can be found in the works of V. Mayakovsky, Omar Khayyam, Kozma Prutkov, A. P. Chekhov.

Figure of speech - what is it?

The word "figure" itself is translated from Latin as " appearance, outline, image." This word has many meanings. What does this term mean in relation to artistic speech? Syntactic means of expression related to figures: questions, appeals.

What is a "trope"?

“What is the name of an artistic technique that uses a word in a figurative sense?” - you ask. The term “trope” combines various techniques: epithet, metaphor, metonymy, comparison, synecdoche, litotes, hyperbole, personification and others. Translated, the word "trope" means "turnover". Literary speech differs from ordinary speech in that it uses special phrases that embellish the speech and make it more expressive. IN different styles different ones are used means of expression. The most important thing in the concept of “expressiveness” for artistic speech is the ability of a text or a work of art to have an aesthetic, emotional impact on the reader, to create poetic pictures and vivid images.

We all live in a world of sounds. Some of them evoke positive emotions in us, others, on the contrary, excite, alarm, cause anxiety, calm or induce sleep. Different sounds evoke different images. Using their combination, you can emotionally influence a person. Reading works of art literature and Russian folk art, we are especially sensitive to their sound.

Basic techniques for creating sound expressiveness

Alliteration is the repetition of similar or identical consonants.
Assonance is the deliberate harmonious repetition of vowels.

Alliteration and assonance are often used simultaneously in works. These techniques are aimed at evoking various associations in the reader.

Technique of sound recording in fiction

Sound recording is an artistic technique that is the use of certain sounds in a specific order to create a certain image, that is, the selection of words that imitate sounds real world. This technique in fiction is used both in poetry and prose.

Types of sound recording:

Assonance means “consonance” in French. Assonance is the repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds in a text to create a specific sound image. It promotes expressiveness of speech, it is used by poets in the rhythm and rhyme of poems.
Alliteration - from This technique is the repetition of consonants in a literary text to create some sound image, in order to make poetic speech more expressive.
Onomatopoeia - transmission in special words, reminiscent of the sounds of phenomena in the surrounding world, auditory impressions.

These artistic techniques in poetry are very common; without them, poetic speech would not be so melodic.

The meaning of the word HYPERBOLE in the Literary Encyclopedia

HYPERBOLA

[Greek - ??????????] - a stylistic figure of obvious and deliberate exaggeration, aimed at enhancing expressiveness, for example. "I've said this a thousand times." Hyperbole is often combined with other stylistic devices, giving them an appropriate coloring: hyperbolic comparisons, metaphors, etc. (“the waves rose like mountains”). The character or situation portrayed may also be hyperbolic. G. is also characteristic of the rhetorical, oratorical style, as a means of pathetic elation, as well as

538 romantic style, where pathos meets irony. Of the Russian authors, Gogol is especially inclined to G., of the newest poets - Mayakovsky (see “Stylists”).

Literary encyclopedia. 2012

Hyperbole in fiction

It has been known since ancient times. In ancient Russian epics there is often exaggeration when describing heroic heroes and their exploits:

Hyperboles often occur in fairy tales and folk songs: “that’s mine, my heart groans like autumn forest buzzing.”

The author of the ancient Russian story About Prince Vsevolod often uses hyperbole, he writes: “You can sprinkle the Volga with oars, and scoop up the Don with helmets,” to show how numerous his squad is. Here exaggeration is used to exalt the poetic characterization of the prince.

For the same purpose N.V. Gogol uses hyperboles to poetically describe the Dnieper River: “a road, without measure in width, without end in length.” “A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper.” “And there is no river. equal to him in the world.”

But more often Gogol uses it in his satirical works with irony and humor, ridiculing and exaggerating the shortcomings of his heroes.

Hyperboles in the monologues of the heroes of Gogol’s “The Inspector General”:

Osip - “It was as if a whole regiment had blown trumpets.”
Khlestakov - “...Thirty-five thousand couriers alone,” “as I pass... it’s just an earthquake, everything is trembling and shaking,” “the State Council itself is afraid of me.”
Mayor - “I would grind you all into flour!”

Gogol often uses artistic exaggeration on the pages of his work “Dead Souls.”

"Countless as sea sands, human passions..."

Emotional and loud hyperbole in poetry V. Mayakovsky:

“The sunset glowed with one hundred and forty suns...”
“Shine and no nails! This is the slogan of mine and the sun”

In verse A. Pushkin , S. Yesenina and many other poets use artistic exaggeration in describing events and landscape.

"No end in sight

Only blue sucks eyes.”

S. Yesenin

In colloquial speech, exaggeration is used every day without thinking. We especially often resort to it in a state of passion, irritation, so that the interlocutor better understands our feelings.

“I’ve already called a hundred times, presented thousands of troubles, and almost died of anxiety,”

“I explain it to you twenty times, but you still do it wrong.”

“You’re late again, you’ve waited forever again.”

Sometimes when declaring love:

“I love you like no one can love, more than anyone in the world.”

Litotes and its meaning

Antonym of hyperbole - litotes, artistic understatement. In their colloquial speech, people constantly use both exaggeration and understatement.

Before you have time to blink your eye, life has flown by. When you wait, a second drags on for years. The waist is thin, thinner than a reed.

Hyperbole and litotes, together with other artistic techniques, make Russian speech expressive, beautiful and emotional.

Don't miss: artistic technique in literature and the Russian language.

Zooming in and out in fiction

Writers, when creating the literary text of their work, can realistically describe life without resorting to exaggeration or understatement of surrounding objects. But some authors understate or exaggerate not only words, but also objects in the surrounding world, creating a fantastic, unreal world.

A striking example serves Lewis Carroll's fairy tale "Alice in Wonderland". The heroine of a fairy tale finds herself in a world where she and all the heroes she meets change their sizes. Authors need this technique to express their thoughts and views on certain problems and suggest ways to eradicate them. You can remember “Gulliver in the Land of Lilliput” by Jonathan Swift.

Writers with a satirical, romantic and heroic orientation in their work often resort to fantasy. It is creative, original, invented by the author, but based on the real social and living conditions of the authors. The writer creates a fantastic work, but his situations echo real events.

When the social reality that gave rise to the creation of this fantastic work passes, the new generation no longer understands everything where such fantastic inventions came from.

Hyperbole and litotes make a literary text more expressive and help convey emotions more accurately. Without them creative work it would be boring and faceless. Not only the authors, but also ordinary people in everyday conversations they cannot do without them, although they do not know their names, but simply emotionally express their feelings and thoughts.

To answer the question, please give examples of hyperbole... asked by the author Light the best answer is The Serpent Gorynych hit Ivan Tsarevich and drove him knee-deep into the damp earth...

Reply from Yita Dragileva[guru]
Hyperbole (Greek hyperbole - excess, exaggeration; from hyper - through, over and bole - throw, throwing) is a stylistic figure of obvious and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the said thought, for example “I said this a thousand times” or “ We have enough food for six months.”
Language, as a phenomenon, often uses the same words to denote different concepts. The term “hyperbole” was introduced into scientific use by the ancient Greek mathematician Apollonius of Perga. But if in mathematics the word “hyperbole” is used in its original Greek meaning, then the medieval Latin version of this word - hyperbole - from the 13th century began to be used to denote a stylistic and rhetorical device of excessive exaggeration of any properties of the depicted object, phenomenon, etc., in order to enhance the impression.
In stylistics, hyperbole is used to enhance the expressiveness of speech. This word has an antonym - litota (see), that is, a deliberate understatement (a boy the size of a finger, a man the size of a fingernail, a thumbnail). And there is a synonym - exaggeration.
Hyperbole is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of the size, strength, or significance of any object or phenomenon. For example: “The sunset glowed at one hundred and forty suns” (Mayakovsky). Hyperbole is used to enhance the emotional impact on the reader, as well as to more clearly highlight certain aspects of the depicted phenomenon. For example: “And the mountain of bloody bodies prevented the cannonballs from flying” (M. Yu. Lermontov). Or from N.V. Gogol: “Hare pants, the width of the Black Sea”; “A mouth the size of the arch of the General Staff building.” Hyperbole plays the greatest role in satire. Hyperbole can be idealizing and destructive.
Hyperbole has manifested itself in human thinking and consciousness since the primitive system. Thinking primitive people, undoubtedly, was very different in its characteristics from the thinking of civilized people.
An important feature of primitive communal consciousness was also that it did not yet have a distinction between the really existing and the fantastic. Primitive hunters not only highly valued in the phenomena of each genus its most valuable and powerful representatives - its ancestors and rulers, and not only animated them in their imagination; at the same time, they naively and unconsciously exaggerated their physical size, their strength, intelligence, cunning, dexterity, etc. They thought, but on the principle of hyperbole, turning into fantasy. This was an inevitable consequence of the dependence of primitive people on the forces of nature, their lack of understanding of the laws of its life, their inability to master these laws, and the ensuing feelings of fear, dependence, defenselessness, or surprise, admiration, and gratitude.
Taylor gives several examples of this statement. Thus, he quotes a statement from one missionary about the views North American Indians: “They say... that all animals of every species have an older brother, who serves as, as it were, the beginning and root of all other individuals; this elder brother is amazingly strong and great. The big brother of the beavers, they told me, could be as big as our hut.” Or: the “king” of snakes, in the imagination of the blacks of South-West Africa, “was a huge monster, surpassing them all in size and considered, as it were, their ancestor.” Taylor also refers to primitive beliefs, reflected in ancient Russian fairy tales, according to which “on the island of Buyan” there lives a snake, the oldest of all snakes, the prophetic raven - the elder brother of all ravens. Bird, the largest and oldest of all birds, with an iron beak and copper claws, and the Queen Bee, the oldest of bees."

Reply from Alsou[guru]
Exaggeration---"It will open its mouth wider than the Gulf of Mexico" (Mayakovsky)
“He ate three plates” (Krylov “Demyanov’s ear”)

Reply from Irina ostrenko[guru]
A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper (Gogol)
The sunset glowed with one hundred and forty suns (Mayakovsky)
I saw how she squints -
With a wave, the mop is ready (Nekrasov)