1 monument, material or spiritual. Monuments of nature, material and spiritual culture. Monuments of material culture

Monuments of Caucasian culture Castle "Vovnushki" One of the most mysterious and enigmatic places on the territory of Ingushetia is a medieval castle, which is usually called "Vovnushki", although in the Ingush language it sounds like "Vovnushki", which is translated into Russian as "Place

These are products of human hands, ancient objects, tools and structures preserved on the earth's surface, under a layer of earth or under water. Using them, scientists reconstruct the past human society. The main monuments of material culture: tools, weapons, household utensils, clothing, jewelry, settlements (sites, settlements, villages) and individual dwellings, ancient fortifications and hydraulic structures, roads, mine workings and workshops, burial grounds, drawings on rocks, sunken ancient ships and their cargo, etc.

The most ancient monuments - archaeological: sites - remnants of settlements ancient man. They are usually located on the banks of rivers, lakes, and seas. Over the past centuries, the most ancient sites have been discovered - Paleolithic - buried under layers of sand, clay, soil so deep that they are difficult to detect. It is easier to find later ones - Neolithic: they are often washed away by water, and they are partially exposed. The earth containing traces of human activity is called a cultural layer. It contains ash, coal from fires, garbage, construction waste, household items, etc. The cultural layer is clearly visible in outcrops against the background of sand and clay. Here you can find flint products with pointed edges, ceramics - clay shards, bones of animals and fish, bone and bronze products.

The settlement is the remains of an ancient fortified settlement located on the hills. Near the settlement there are ramparts and ditches. Here you can find interesting metal products - bronze, copper, iron. Around the settlements there was an unfortified settlement - a settlement. Often there are burial grounds - ancient burials and mounds. Mines and workshops abound with various tools of ancient production. The main task of a local historian is to search, study and register historical and archaeological monuments unknown and known to science. Excavations are carried out by specialist archaeologists. Drawings of ancient people on rocks or in caves are still found in different regions of our country (in the Urals, the Caucasus, the Baikal region, Chukotka, etc.). They depict figures of animals and people, hunting scenes, and fantastic creatures. Such drawings are of invaluable importance for science, for knowledge ancient history, art.

Subject to protection and architectural monuments- creations of architects that form part cultural heritage country, people. These are buildings for various purposes: churches, cathedrals, monasteries, chapels, cemeteries, towers, walls, palaces, parks, mansions, public buildings, councils (town halls), wonderful residential buildings, estates, noble and merchant houses, peasant huts and other buildings. Each of them has its own history, closely connected with the history of the region. They are studied not only as monuments of the history of the people, but also as examples of architectural art. Thus, white-stone cathedrals - examples of ancient Russian architecture - captivate with the grace of their forms; architectural structures full of national originality Central Asia, Baltic States, etc.

Among the monuments folk artistic creativity include decorative ornaments, arts and crafts and oral folk art(folklore). In addition to studying buildings as architectural monuments, the young local historian gets acquainted with the decorations of houses, for example, with carvings decorating cornices, window and door frames, roof ridges, shutters on windows, and porches. An ancient type of carving is characteristic, “blind”, when the pattern is not cut through; Its main motifs are plant motifs, sometimes birds, less often animals. A later type of thread is an overhead thread sawn through. In the south of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, painting on the outside of the walls of houses and stoves is often found.

Folk applied arts, or artistic crafts, arose in ancient times. Already primitive man I tried to decorate my life, to create not only practical, but also beautiful clothes, dishes, and utensils. The skills of folk artists have been perfected for centuries. Wood carving, folk jewelry, porcelain and glass work achieve high skill. Since ancient times, stone cutters have also been famous. At the end of the 18th century. The varnish business arose in Russia (the famous villages of Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui, Mstera). Chukotka folk craftsmen are famous for their drawings on walrus tusks, the inhabitants of the Caucasus for patterned carpets made of sheep wool, Uzbek craftsmen for stone carving, etc.

Young local historians collect information about folk art and its samples in every locality of its region. One should not strive to look only for rare, exceptional creations; it is necessary to pay attention to those that are typical for a given village. This will help to identify local characteristics, traditions, and craftsmanship techniques. It is interesting to find old masters and find out facts from the history of the craft, identify the range of products in the past, how and where they were sold, etc. When and at what age did the old masters die, what did they create, do the old people remember the history of the origin of the craft, are there any legends about this topic? Information on the technology of production of products in the past is especially important. What was achieved high quality work? All this and many other information will be of real value if young local historians first familiarize themselves with the relevant literature.

Finally, there is oral folk art - folklore, which is studied by the science of folkloristics. She explores verbal, song, musical (instrumental), choreographic, dramatic and other collective creativity of the masses. The task of local historians is to collect works of local creativity of all genres: tales, fairy tales, epics, songs, ditties, lamentations, spells, riddles, proverbs, sayings, folk drama. How to record? It is important to maintain the accuracy of the recording, word for word, without cutting, releasing or redoing anything. Write down all repetitions and interjections, otherwise the rhythm and special coloring of the story will be disrupted; One should also not miss all the features of the local dialect. Since it is very difficult to record in time, they often resort to using a voice recorder. The narrator's speech must not be interrupted by questions or remarks. Required condition- write down information about the performer (last name, first name, patronymic, nationality, age, local resident or visitor, specialty, literacy, address). It is important to know from whom the performer learned his art.

Incredible facts

Throughout history, civilizations have erected religious monuments to honor their gods. Unfortunately, not all holy creations of the past have survived to this day. Of many, only ruins remained, others were destroyed during numerous wars.

Ani, sometimes called the "city of 1001 churches", is a shining example both. The city, which now lies within Turkey's borders, was once a thriving metropolis. Christians flocked to the bustling city to visit its many churches, monuments, monasteries and tombs. Ani flourished for several centuries, but over time, wars gradually began to destroy it. An earthquake that occurred in 1319 devastated the city, and although still a small population remained there, the city is now very deserted and slowly crumbling.

But many religious monuments are luckier, so in the list below we look at some of the most fascinating works of art that have survived to this day.

10. Ossuary in Sedlec

The ossuary in Sedlec (Czech Republic) was built under the cemetery of the Cistercian monastery. When the abbot returned with a jar of earth from the Holy Land in 1278, the cemetery became a popular burial site. Later, when the Black Death swept through Europe, many people made pilgrimages to Sedlec, hoping to eventually be buried at this holy site. For example, in 1318 alone, about 30,000 people were buried in the Sedlec Ossuary.

As a result, a huge number of bodies began to accumulate, and even after the cemetery was expanded, it quickly filled to capacity. In the 1400s, a church was built in the center of the cemetery, with a crypt underneath it. Then, in the 1500s, a monk began removing the bones and transporting them to the crypt. In the 1870s, Frantisek Rint, a local woodcarver, collected all the bones in a special way (he managed to collect the bones of about 40,000 people!), and today everyone can look at them. Using massive chandeliers and magnificent coats of arms adorning the mighty walls, Rint created the beauty of death in a unique and unforgettable way.

9. Pantheon

Marcus Agrippa created the Pantheon to serve as a temple for all the gods and goddesses who were worshiped in Ancient Rome. Today it is one of the best preserved buildings built during the heyday of the Roman Empire, although it has since been illuminated as a Christian church. This religious transformation helped save the Pantheon from destruction in the Middle Ages, however, its structure underwent some changes during the transition period. Now all the walls and all the niches are decorated with paintings, frescoes, sculptures and statues.

However, the architecture still looks familiar: the Pantheon has inspired many famous buildings, such as St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, the pantheons in London and Paris, the United States Capitol, the Jefferson Memorial, and others.

8. Temple - Karnak complex

It is perhaps not surprising that the most impressive religious monument in the world can be found in Egypt. The Karnak Temple complex in Thebes is the largest ever built by man. Temples, shrines, chapels and palaces are dedicated to various gods and goddesses, but the most bright flower complex is the Temple of Amun. Also in the complex you will find many obelisks, carved reliefs and columns, a sacred lake and stone sphinxes.

The Karnak complex, of course, was not built all at once; most of it appeared over time, then was destroyed, again restored and rebuilt. It is impossible to accurately restore its original appearance, but even examining the ruins, it becomes clear that the place was incredibly beautiful.

7. Karni Mata Temple

There is a special Hindu temple in northwestern India where devotees may be taken by surprise by the very animals that are revered there. And all because rats are worshiped there; in total, about 20,000 of them live there. Moreover, people not only explore the temple up and down, traveling through it, they actually interact with rats in the most amazing way.

You will be considered lucky if a rat runs across your legs, however, the biggest luck will be when you see the famous white rats, there are only about five of them in the whole temple, so this is very rare.

Built in the early 1900s, the temple is dedicated to Karni Mata, who was believed by her followers to be an incarnation of Goddess Durga. The legend differs somewhat depending on the area where you hear it, however, in simple form She says that Karni Mata made a deal with the god of death Yama, who promised her that the members of her clan would be reincarnated in the form of rats after death and would guard her in the temple until the clan was reborn. And the rats will be protected there forever. It is strictly prohibited to enter the temple wearing shoes!

6. Temple Mount

There is no doubt that the Middle East is the focal point of all religious monuments, and Jerusalem has more holy relics than anywhere else. Consider the Temple Mount: Practitioners of both Islam and Judaism revere the site for many reasons.

For Jews, the Temple Mount is the place where a number of fundamental events took place. important events who made it a shrine. For example, Jews believe that this is the place where God gathered the earth that he used when he created Adam, this is the place where Adam, Cain, Abel, Noah and Abraham made sacrifices to God, and it is also the exact place where King Solomon rested. .

Muslims revere Abraham, David and Solomon as prophets, but this is not the main reason for their interest in this religious monument. They believe that it was during the ascent from the mountain gorge that Muhammad formed the image of paradise. The Temple Mount is also home to the Al-Aqsa Mosque: one of the oldest and most beautiful in the Muslim world, and it is considered the third most important place of prayer.

5. Temple of the Jaguar

The Temple of the Jaguar is often referred to as Temple No. 1 or Pyramid No. 1 and is one of many impressive Mayan temples located atop a tall pyramid in the Central American jungle. Located in ancient city Tikal (now Guatemala), it was built as a tomb for one of the city's most successful rulers.

In fact, Tikal has many ruins of religious sites, leading scholars to believe that spiritual rituals and pious practices played a fundamental role in the ancient Mayan civilization. Temples, shrines, ceremonial platforms and tombs are scattered throughout the settlement of Tikal, in addition to the Temple of the Jaguar, you will find the Temple of the Mask and the Temple of the Double-Headed Serpent.

4. Angkor Wat

The construction of the ancient temple known today as Angkor Wat took about 30 years of hard work, and judging by the ruins that remain today, this time was not wasted. This is the largest of the temples of the metropolis of Angkor (modern Cambodia), which is famous for its architecture and beautiful works of art art.

Detailed scenes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata (sacred Hindu texts) adorn the huge stone-carved walls of the temple. The temple itself and most of the frescoes were created in the 12th century, during the reign of King Suryavarman II, although several sculptural works of lower quality were added in the 16th century. The walls are decorated with some legendary historical battles such as the Battle of Kurukshetra and the Battle of Lanka.

3. Great Mosque of Djenne

The first and true Great Mosque of Djenné in Mali began to "function" in the 13th century, however, most The entire structure was demolished in the 1830s, leaving only a small part of it. What we see today was completed in 1906-1907.

Perhaps the most interesting fact about the mosque is that it is the largest building in the world built from mud brick. It may seem a little strange that the mosque is still standing, since the ferocious floods during the rainy season, as well as fluctuations in temperature and humidity, would have taken their toll long ago if not for the annual maintenance.

2. St. Paul's Cathedral

St Paul's Cathedral is an important part of London and is also the permanent seat of the bishop. The Church has existed in several incarnations since its founding in the seventh century. Since then, many important events have been held at this place, including Queen Elizabeth's 80th birthday, Prince Charles' marriage to Lady Diana, Winston Churchill's funeral, etc.

However, during the Second World War the cathedral was inactive. It was hit several times by bombs, but fortunately the damage was minor. During one military air raid, Churchill acted as protector of the monument: as bombs rained down on the city, he concentrated most of the firefighting resources around the cathedral. He stressed then that this religious monument is too important to be lost in the flames, and if it is lost, then the fighting spirit of the country will go with it. Citizens, among whom were many famous intellectuals, artists, historians, volunteered to help and defended the cathedral, organizing regular vigils near it, therefore, as soon as the threat of fire arose, it was immediately eliminated.

1. Monasteries of Meteora

The Meteora Monasteries are a "collection" of Orthodox Greek monasteries that look like a bird's nest perched on top of a giant sandstone. About a thousand years ago, ascetic hermits climbed to the top of this sandstone and became the first people to settle there. In fact, the monasteries were created between the 14th and 16th centuries, and in case of threat, the monks were able to easily defend their homes, since the only way to reach them was a long rope ladder. If the monks saw danger, they quickly assembled their ladders.

Of the 24 existing monasteries, six continue to function to this day. Additionally, infrastructural advances, including stone staircases and bridges, have helped the area become a popular tourist destination. However, if you decide to go there, be aware that there is a strict dress code: shoulders must be covered, men are allowed only in long wide trousers, and women in long skirts.

These are products of human hands, ancient objects, tools and structures preserved on the earth's surface, under a layer of earth or under water. Using them, scientists reconstruct the past of human society. The main monuments of material culture: tools, weapons, household utensils, clothing, jewelry, settlements (sites, settlements, villages) and individual dwellings, ancient fortifications and hydraulic structures, roads, mine workings and workshops, burial grounds, drawings on rocks, sunken ancient ships and their cargo, etc.

The most ancient monuments are archaeological: sites are the remains of ancient human settlements. They are usually located on the banks of rivers, lakes, and seas. Over the past centuries, the most ancient sites have been discovered - Paleolithic - buried under layers of sand, clay, soil so deep that they are difficult to detect. It is easier to find later ones - Neolithic: they are often washed away by water, and they are partially exposed. The earth containing traces of human activity is called a cultural layer. It contains ash, coal from fires, garbage, construction waste, household items, etc. The cultural layer is clearly visible in outcrops against the background of sand and clay. Here you can find flint products with pointed edges, ceramics - clay shards, bones of animals and fish, bone and bronze products.

The settlement is the remains of an ancient fortified settlement located on the hills. Near the settlement there are ramparts and ditches. Here you can find interesting metal products - bronze, copper, iron. Around the settlements there was an unfortified settlement - a settlement. Often there are burial grounds - ancient burials and mounds. Mines and workshops abound with various tools of ancient production. The main task of a local historian is to search, study and register historical and archaeological monuments unknown and known to science. Excavations are carried out by specialist archaeologists. Drawings of ancient people on rocks or in caves are still found in different regions of our country (in the Urals, the Caucasus, the Baikal region, Chukotka, etc.). They depict figures of animals and people, hunting scenes, and fantastic creatures. Such drawings are of invaluable importance for science, for the knowledge of ancient history, and art.

Architectural monuments - creations of architects that form part of the cultural heritage of the country and people - are also subject to protection. These are buildings for various purposes: churches, cathedrals, monasteries, chapels, cemeteries, towers, walls, palaces, parks, mansions, public buildings, councils (town halls), wonderful residential buildings, estates, noble and merchant houses, peasant huts and other buildings. Each of them has its own history, closely connected with the history of the region. They are studied not only as monuments of the history of the people, but also as examples of architectural art. Thus, white-stone cathedrals - examples of ancient Russian architecture - captivate with the grace of their forms; The architectural structures of Central Asia, the Baltic states, etc. are full of national originality.

The monuments of folk art include decorative jewelry, arts and crafts and oral folk art (folklore). In addition to studying buildings as architectural monuments, the young local historian gets acquainted with the decorations of houses, for example, with carvings decorating cornices, window and door frames, roof ridges, shutters on windows, and porches. An ancient type of carving is characteristic, “blind”, when the pattern is not cut through; Its main motifs are plant motifs, sometimes birds, less often animals. A later type of thread is an overhead thread sawn through. In the south of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, painting on the outside of the walls of houses and stoves is often found.

Folk applied art, or artistic crafts, arose in ancient times. Already primitive man tried to decorate his life, to create not only practical, but also beautiful clothes, dishes, and utensils. The skills of folk artists have been perfected for centuries. Wood carving, folk jewelry, porcelain and glass work achieve high skill. Since ancient times, stone cutters have also been famous. At the end of the 18th century. The varnish business arose in Russia (the famous villages of Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui, Mstera). Chukotka folk craftsmen are famous for their drawings on walrus tusks, residents of the Caucasus for patterned carpets made of sheep wool, Uzbek craftsmen for stone carving, etc.

Young local historians collect information about folk art and its samples in every locality of their region. One should not strive to look only for rare, exceptional creations; it is necessary to pay attention to those that are typical for a given village. This will help to identify local characteristics, traditions, and craftsmanship techniques. It is interesting to find old masters and find out facts from the history of the craft, identify the range of products in the past, how and where they were sold, etc. When and at what age did the old masters die, what did they create, do the old people remember the history of the origin of the craft, are there any legends about this topic? Information on the technology of production of products in the past is especially important. How was high quality work achieved? All this and many other information will be of real value if young local historians first familiarize themselves with the relevant literature.

Finally, there is oral folk art - folklore, which is studied by the science of folkloristics. She explores verbal, song, musical (instrumental), choreographic, dramatic and other collective creativity of the masses. The task of local historians is to collect works of local creativity of all genres: tales, fairy tales, epics, songs, ditties, lamentations, incantations, riddles, proverbs, sayings, folk drama. How to record? It is important to maintain the accuracy of the recording, word for word, without cutting, releasing or redoing anything. Write down all repetitions and interjections, otherwise the rhythm and special coloring of the story will be disrupted; One should also not miss all the features of the local dialect. Since it is very difficult to record in time, they often resort to using a tape recorder. The narrator's speech must not be interrupted by questions or remarks. A prerequisite is to write down information about the performer (last name, first name, patronymic, nationality, age, local resident or visitor, specialty, literacy, address). It is important to know from whom the performer learned his art.

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